HEAT, WORK,

AND
ENERGY
QUARTER 4 MODULE 5
BLOOKET
TIME!
OBJECTIVES
❖Explain how heat causes the
internal energy to increase.

❖Demonstrate that heat can be

turned into work.

❖Infer that doing work can

release heat.
❖Explain how heat transfer
energy.
In Grade 7, you learned that
heat is related to
temperature. Heat transfer
may change one’s
temperature or one’s phase.
This change in temperature,
either a decrease or an
increase, means that there is
an energy transfer in the
form of heat. On the other
hand, phase change means
that there is a change in
body’s INTERNAL ENERGY.
THERMODYNAMIC
❖Thermodynamics is a branch of
S
Physics looking at how changes in
energy, work, and the flow of heat
influence each other.
❖It can explain the workings of an
internal combustion engine, a
refrigerator, and the sun.
❖Thermodynamics is mainly concerned
with the transformation of heat into
mechanical energy.
❖It plays an important part in
technology, in as much as majority of
raw energy available for our
consumption is liberated in the form
of heat.
THERMODYNAMICS
❖Thermodynamics is a branch of
Physics looking at how changes in
energy, work, and the flow of heat
influence each other.
❖It can explain the workings of an
internal combustion engine, a
refrigerator, and the sun.
❖Thermodynamics is mainly concerned
with the transformation of heat into
mechanical energy.
❖It plays an important part in
technology, in as much as majority of
raw energy available for our
consumption is liberated in the form
of heat.
 FIRST LAW OF
THERMODYNAMICS
Since heat is a form of energy, it has the
capacity to do work. When the law of
conservation of energy is applied to
heat systems, we call it the First Law of
Thermodynamics.

It states that whenever heat is added to

a system, an equal amount of some
other form of energy appears.

Work can be converted into heat, in the

same manner that heat can be
converted into work.
https://www.toppr.com/guides/physics/thermodynamics/first-law-of-thermodynamics/
 FIRST LAW OF
THERMODYNAMICS

∆𝑼 = 𝑸 − 𝑾
where:
∆𝑼= the change in the system’s internal energy
𝑾 = the net work done by the system
𝑸 = the net amount of heat flowing into a system
during a given process.

In this equation, we have the following conventions:

1. Q is positive if heat is added to the system.
2. W is positive if the work is done by the system.
3. Q is negative if heat leaves the system.
4. W is negative if work is done on the system.
 FIRST LAW OF
THERMODYNAMICS
∆𝑼 = 𝑸 − 𝑾

SAMPLE PROBLEM # 1:

How much heat will the thermal energy of the

system be raised if a 150 J of energy is added to a
system and does 50 J of external work.

Given: ∆𝑈 = 𝑄 − 𝑊
Q = 150 J
W = 50 J ∆𝑈 = 150 𝐽 − 50 𝐽
∆𝑈 = ?
∆𝑈 = 100 𝐽
 FIRST LAW OF
THERMODYNAMICS
∆𝑼 = 𝑸 − 𝑾

SAMPLE PROBLEM # 2:

A 4000 J of heat is added to a system and 4500 J

of work is done on the system. What is the change
in internal energy of the system?

Given: ∆𝑈 = 𝑄 − 𝑊
Q = 4000 J
W = -4500 J ∆𝑈 = 4000 𝐽 − (−4500 𝐽)
∆𝑈 = ?
∆𝑈 = 8,500 𝐽
 FIRST LAW OF
THERMODYNAMICS
ADIABATIC PROCESS

The thermodynamic process in which there is

no exchange of heat from the system to its
surrounding neither during expansion nor
during compression.

Adiabatic changes of
volume can be achieved
by performing the
process rapidly so that
heat has little time to
enter or leave.

https://byjus.com/physics/adiabatic-process/
 FIRST LAW OF
THERMODYNAMICS
ADIABATIC PROCESS

The thermodynamic process in which there is

no exchange of heat from the system to its
surrounding neither during expansion nor
during compression.

It can also be done by

thermally insulating a
system from its
surroundings (with
Styrofoam, for example).
 FIRST LAW OF
THERMODYNAMICS

A common example of a near adiabatic process

is the compression and expansion of gases in
the cylinders of an automobile engine. So, when
work is done on the gas by adiabatically
compressing it, the gas gains internal energy
and becomes warmer. When a gas adiabatically
expands, it does work on its surroundings and
gives up internal energy and thus becomes
cooler.
https://byjus.com/physics/adiabatic-process/
 LIMITATIONS OF THE
FIRST LAW OF
THERMODYNAMICS
❖ The limitation of the first law of thermodynamics
is that it does not say anything about the
direction of flow of heat.

❖ It does not say anything whether the process is a

spontaneous process or not.

❖ The reverse process is not possible. In actual

practice, the heat doesn’t convert completely
into work. If it would have been possible to
convert the whole heat into work, then we could
drive ships across the ocean by extracting heat
from the water of the ocean.

https://byjus.com/physics/adiabatic-process/
 SECOND LAW OF
THERMODYNAMICS
The Second Law of Thermodynamics
states that heat always flows from a
body at higher temperature to a body at
lower temperature.

Entropy is a measure of the disorder in

a system. It is a measure of how much
energy is unavailable for conversion into
work and points out the forward
direction of the flow of events.

https://www.toppr.com/guides/physics/thermodynamics/second-law-of-thermodynamics/
 SECOND LAW OF
THERMODYNAMICS
This law is applicable to all types of
heat engine cycles including Otto,
Diesel, etc. for all types of working
fluids used in the engines. This law
has led to the progress of present-
day vehicles.

*This will be discussed in the next

module
 SECOND LAW OF
THERMODYNAMICS
Another application of this law is
the heat pump. A heat pump is a
device that reverses the direction of
the heat flow: from a cold reservoir
to a warm one.

Refrigerator and air conditioning

unit are examples of heat pump.
 SECOND LAW OF
THERMODYNAMICS

Removing heat from the food items in the

refrigerator and throwing it away to the higher
temperature atmosphere doesn’t happen
automatically. We need to supply external work
via the compressor to make this happen in the
refrigerator.
 SECOND LAW OF
THERMODYNAMICS
Refrigeration Cooling Cycle

https://www.fridgefreezerdirect.co.uk/knowledgebase/latest-news/commercial-refrigeration-101-how-does-the-refrigeration-cycle-work
 SECOND LAW OF
THERMODYNAMICS

Air conditioner and heat pump follow the similar law of

thermodynamics. The air conditioner removes heat from the
room and maintains it at a lower temperature by throwing
the absorbed heat into the atmosphere. The heat pump
absorbs heat from the atmosphere and supplies it to the
room which is cooler in winters.
In both the cases above, external work/energy in the form of
electricity has to be supplied; larger the temperature
difference, larger is the external work required.
https://www.fridgefreezerdirect.co.uk/knowledgebase/latest-news/commercial-refrigeration-101-how-does-the-refrigeration-cycle-work