Location Heart

- Pericardial cavity btw the Conduction System of the Heart Beat

Mediastinum (area 4 HEART VALVES Heart
parietal & visceral layers of -Ventricles RELEXED: AV VALVES OPEN
from sternum to the the serous pericardium 1) Bicuspid/ Mitral Heart is a pump which -Rhythmical contraction &
to allow blood to flow from ATRIA into - Intercalated discs anchor cardiac
vertebral column & contains pericardial fluid (left Atrioventricular) circulates blood relaxation of the heart =
VENTRICLES cells together
btw the lungs) -Pericardial fluid reduces valve throughout the body CARDIAC CYCLE
(Papillary muscles are relaxed & chordae (myocardium behaves as a single unit)
Layers of the friction secreted into tendineae are slack) Each pumping action - One complete cycle of
2) Tricuspid (right - Heart muscle has fibers are SELF
Heart Wall pericardial cavity involves periods of contraction & relaxation of both
Atrioventricular) EXCITABLE ( generate action
1) Pericardium / - Ventricles CONTRACT: AV VALVES CLOSE potentials that trigger heart contraction (systole) atria alternating w/ contraction &
1) Fibrous pericardium( valve preventing backflow of blood into ATRIA
Epicardium(exter contractions) alternating w/ periods relaxation of both ventricles is a
nal layer) dense connec. tissue, (Papillary muscles contract and chordae of relaxation (diastole) heart beat (1sec.)
prevent. overstretching tendineae tighten) 2 Important functions:
- Surrounds & 2)Serous pericardium (thin 1) Act as PACEMAKER Pacemaker control of
protects the heart 3) Aortic - Prevent backflow of blood into the the heart beats DUBB” SOUND = SV CLOSED
delicate double membrane) 2) Form CONDUCTION SYSTEM
- Double lining of the semilunar valve VENTRICLES LUBB” SOUND = AV CLOSED
pericardial cavity - 95% of the heart is 4) Pulmonary - SL valves OPEN with VENTRICULAR
4 Conduction System of the
cardiac muscle (hard semilunar valve CONTRACTION 3 Mechanisms that Control Heart
2) Myocardium Heart
working, contracting) - Allows blood to flow into PULMONARY Rate
(cardiac muscle) - SL valves CLOSE TRUNK & AORTA 1) Sinoatrial node (SA node)
Inner myicardial surface - cluster of cells in wall of 1) Autonomic ( involuntary)
w/ VENTRICULAR (sound that you hear w/ stethoscope)
(chamber of heart & RIGHT ATRIUM Nervous System
3) Endocardium RELAXATION
valves) + continuous w/ -begins heart activity BOTH
(prevent blood - AV valve is OPEN SL valve is CLOSE Ex: change in blood pressure,
lining of large blood vessels ATRIA (pacemaker - Action
OBS: DUAL PATTERNS from returning to - SL valve is OPEN AV valve is CLOSE O2& CO2levels
OF CIRCULATION ( ventricles) Potential despolarization)
4 CHAMBERS OF THE Control is effected via a feed back
pulmonary & 4 •excitation spreads to AV
HEART loop (generally a negative)
systemic circuits) Double Circulation = one circulation btw node
- Receives blood from 3 sources: CORONARY HEART & LUNGS - other circulation btw 2) Atrioventricular node (AV node) Peacemaker is under control of
1) RIGHT SINUS (drains the heart), SUPERIOR( super. HEART & BROAD - In atrial septum the CARDIAC CENTERS
ATRIUM diaphragm: head, neck, upper limbs + - transmits signal to AV bundle
thoracic region) or INFERIOR (inf. CORONARY CIRCULATION Set ALL the OUTPUT to all teh
Receiving 3) AV bundle(bundle of His)
diaphragm: lower limbs & abdominopelvic effector to act on the regulate the
DEOXYGENATED - Circulation of blood in the -Connection btw ATRIA & VENTRICLES
region) VENA CAVA rate of heart (contraction &
blood from the ARTERIES & VEINS --> supply - divides into right/left bundle branches that
- Blood leaves through TRICUSPID VALVE relaxtion)
heart itself the heart muscle (myocardium) continue down septum
into RIGHT VENTRICLE
- GOES TO PURKINJE FIBERS Parasympathtic ( decrease rate)
- CORONARY ARTERIES supply
- RIGHT VENTRICLE receives blood from the oxygenated blood to the heart 4) Purkinje fibers Sympathetic (increased rate)
2) RIGHT RIGHT ATRIUM through the TRCUSPID muscle - large diameter fibers that conduct signals
VENTRICLE VALVE quickly from apex upward 2) Chemical regulation
OBS: consisting of - Each flap valve is attached to STRONG CARDIOMYOCYTE (cardiac
80% elastic fibres & connective tissue = CHORDAE TENDINEAE muscle cell) -- requires a reliable Variety of chemical compounds
endothelium - PAPILLARY MUSCLE is in the bootom of supply of oxygen, nutrients & a can affect heart rate: 2 ways
each VENTRICULE way to remove waste
- Interventricular septum: SEPARATE 1) Hormones
OBS: blood flows Coronary Circulation is NOT
ventricles - Chemical messengers produced by
higher press. to continuous; -- it cycles
- RIGHT VENTRICLE --> PULMONARY certain glands in the body function
lower press. areas --
SEMILUNAR VALVE --> PULMONARY TRUNK to stimulate various tissues and
> prevent any CORONARY VEINS drain the
--> LUNGS elicit a response
potential backflow, heart 3) Body temperature Ex: Adrenalin, Noradrenalin, Thyroid
the tricuspid valve - Elevated body temperature
- Receives blood from LUNGS - 4 pulmonary ARTERIA carry blood AWAY hormone (hormone do not decrease
veins from the HEART results in an increased heart heart rate)
3) LEFT ATRIUM - Blood leaves through the BICUSPID VEINS carry IT BACK TOWARDS rate
(MITRAL) VALVE into LEFT VENTRICLE the HEART - Lower body temperature 2) Ionic composition of blood
results in a decreased heart - Higher than normal levels of Na+ &
- BLOOD --> LEFT VENTRICLE --> AORTIC rate K+cause a decrease in heart rate
MYOCARDIAL THICKNESS
4) LEFT SEMILUNAR VALVE --> ASCENDING - There is obviously a limit to - Increased Ca2+ levels result in an
VENTRICLE AORTA --> BODY TISSUE - Right ventricle pumps blood to lungs the effect of both high & low increased heart rate
- Above the AORTIC SEMILUNAR ( Shorter distance, lower pressure, less temperature
VALVE are the openings to the resistance)
OBS: muscular layer CORONARY ARTERIES - Left ventricle pumps blood to body
is MUCH THICKER in (Longer distance, higher pressure,
OBS: ASCENDING AORTA: control the
the LEFT VENTRICLE more resistance)
amout of blood from the left
compared to the - LEFT VENTRICLE WORKS HARDER to
ventricule into the all body; 1st will be
RIGHT maintain same rate of blood flow as
delivery blood is the HEART
right ventricle