CHAPTER 2

TRANSPORT SYSTEM
PART B
Learning Objective
• To describe the external and internal structure of the mammalian
heart
• To describe the mammalian circulatory system as a closed
double circulation;
• To describe the cardiac cycle;
• To explain how heart action is initiated and controlled;
• To outline and discuss the various types of cardiovascular diseases
TRANSPORT SYSTEM
Cardiovascular System
The Mammalian Heart
• Hollow, muscular organ about the size of a clenched fist
• Lies in the thoracic cavity in between the lungs
• Protected by the sternum
• Surrounded by pericardial sac
 cage
by
thorasic
protected
Location of Heart -

Trachea
Thyroid
gland
First rib (cut)

Base of
heart

Right lung Left lung

Parietal Apex of
pericardium heart
(cut)
Diaphragm

a An anterior view of the chest, showing the

position of the heart and major blood vessels
relative to the ribs, lungs, and diaphragm.
Pericardium Sac
• Double lining of the fluid-
filled pericardial cavity
• The sac is made up of two
layers:
• Fibrous pericardium
• Serous pericardium
• The serous pericaridum is
made up of 2 layers
• Parietal and visceral layer
↳ will consists of parietal flip to

reduce friction as the heart pumps

Heart Wall
Pericardial Parietal
Myocardium pericardium
(cardiac muscle tissue) cavity
Dense fibrous layer
Cardiac muscle cells
Areolar tissue
Connective tissues Mesothelium

Artery
Vein
Endocardium Epicardium
Endothelium (visceral
Areolar tissue pericardium)
Mesothelium
The Heart Wall Areolar tissue

1. Epicardium( outermost ) tonsists of

muscle
cardiac
for heart beat .

responsible
2. Myocardium ( most important role : thickest layer )
=

A diagrammatic section through the heart

wall, showing the relative positions of the
3. Endocardium ( innermost layer ) epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium.
The proportions are not to scale; the
thickness of the myocardial wall has been
greatly reduced.
Blood Supply to the Heart

provide Aortic
• Coronary arteries ( branch
heart
from aorta
muscle w/
to

blood ) arch
Left coronary
artery
• Supplies oxygenated blood to the Ascending Pulmonary
aorta trunk
heart muscles Circumflex
• Provided by the LEFT and RIGHT Right artery
coronary Anterior
coronary arteries arising from the artery interventricular
aorta blocked it can heart attack
lead to a
Atrial artery
↳ if it is
-

,
arteries Great
• Cardiac veins Anterior
cardiac
'

vein
cardiac
• Collects deoxygenated blood veins y
• Veins are joined together by an
red
Small = coronary
arteries
cardiac vein
enlarged vein called the coronary blue
Marginal = Cordial
Coronary vessels supplying
sinus artery
veins

and draining the anterior

surface of the heart.
Four Chambers of the Heart
02 )
1. Right atrium ( collects deoxygenated

aorta (artery)
• Collects blood from systemic circuit pulmonary artery
vena cava
2. Right ventricle ( pumps deoxygenated Oz )
semilunar valve
pulmonary veins
• Pumps blood to pulmonary circuit Left atrium
Right atrium
3. Left atrium ( collects oxygenated Oz )
Atrioventricular valve
Right ventricle
• Collects blood from pulmonary circuit Left ventricle
)
4. Left ventricle (
pumps oxygenated
02

• Pumps blood to systemic circuit left ventricle 's wall is thicker

• The atria are collecting chambers
• The right atrium collects deoxygenated blood from the inferior and superior
vena cavae (singular: vena cava)
• The left atrium collects oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins
• The ventricles are pumping chambers
• The right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs through the
pulmonary arteries (at high pressure)
• The left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood into the aorta and the rest of the
body (at very high pressure)
 Right ventricle Left ventricle
☐ generates

pumps deoxygenated
# Thinner walls Thick walls ( 3x / higher pressure
pump
the

blood from 1m95 than RV wall ) to

blood throughout
the heart .

to
the body
Cavity is crescent Cavity is circular
shaped (partially
encloses the LV )

Generates less Generates more

power and power and
pressure pressure
 Superior Pulmonary trunk
Aortic arch
vena cava
Pulmonary valve
Right
pulmonary Left pulmonary
arteries arteries
Ascending aorta
Left pulmonary
veins
Left
atrium
Interatrial septum
Aortic valve
Right atrium
tendinae
Chordal Cusp of left AV
Pectinate muscles (mitral) valve
maintain the position & tension
of AV values in order to

prevent a backflow .
Left ventricle
Cusp of right AV
(tricuspid) valve
Chordae tendineae
Interventricular
septum
Papillary muscles
Trabeculae
Right ventricle carneae
Inferior vena cava

Descending aorta

a A diagrammatic frontal section through the heart, showing

major landmarks and the path of blood flow (marked by
arrows) through the atria, ventricles, and associated vessels.
 -

chordal
tendenae
Heart Valves
 Two pairs of one-way valves prevent backflow during contraction
 Atrioventricular (AV) valves C. lies between atrium & ventricle )

• Tricuspid valve  Prevent backflow from RIGHT ventricles into RIGHT atrium
• Bicuspid/mitral valve Prevent backflow from LEFT ventricles into LEFT atrium also
known as

→ string
• Support by a thin but very tough fibrous tissue cord called the chordae tendinae,
heart

b to ensure
which connects the valves to the papillary muscles holds the AV
valve
to
,

to not
4> help encore the chordal tendlnae be closed
valve
 Semilunar valves the

remain
heart
close
wall
.
-

to ensure the AV valves the

flow back into the atrium .

• Pulmonary valves  Prevent backflow from pulmonary trunk into ventricles

4> found in pulmonary arteries .

• Aortic tricuspid valves  Prevent backflow from aorta into ventricles

↳ found in aorta

• Have no muscular support

instead like tripod of a camera .

↳ the three components supports each other ,

a
 Transverse Sections, Superior View,
Atria and Vessels Removed

POSTERIOR

Cardiac Left AV (bicuspid)

skeleton valve (open)

RIGHT LEFT
VENTRICLE VENTRICLE

Relaxed ventricles

Right AV
(tricuspid)
valve (open)

Aortic valve
(closed)

Pulmonary
ANTERIOR valve (closed)

a When the ventricles are relaxed,

the AV valves are open and the
semilunar valves are closed. The
Aortic valve closed chordae tendineae are loose, and
the papillary muscles are relaxed.
 Right AV Cardiac Left AV
(tricuspid) valve skeleton (bicuspid) valve
(closed) (closed)
LEFT
RIGHT

Contracting ventricles
VENTRICLE
VENTRICLE

Aortic valve
(open)

Pulmonary
valve (open)

b When the ventricles are contracting,

the AV valves are closed and the
semilunar valves are open. In the
frontal section notice the attachment
Aortic valve open
of the left AV valve to the chordae
tendineae and papillary muscles.
 artery
Circulations phlmonary in
our &
"" "

arteries carries de
only vein carrying
only oxygenated
blood .

ynay
way blood 7
Double circulation
• This means that for each round trip of the
body the blood passes through the heart (2 branches
)
inferior
twice
+
superior
bicuspid
☐

1
tricuspid
valve
,
Pulmonary circulation  Blood vessels that aorta

carry blood to and from the LUNGS

2
Systemic circulation  Blood vessels that
carry functional blood to and from ALL BODY
TISSUES

Blood flow through the heart

 VEINS = TO THE HEART
ARTERIES =
AWAY FROM THE HEART

of heart blood around the pulmonary circuit to

☐ The right side the pumps
re oxygenate after returning from body tissues
 valve
pulmonary
Damage to the semilunar valve of the right ventricles
would affect blood flow into which vessel?
↳ affect blood flow into
pulmonary artery
✓
Which blood vessel carries blood from the heart to the lungs
to receive oxygen? ↳ away from

the heart
A. Aorta
B. Vena cava
C. Pulmonary artery ✓
D. Pulmonary vein
The Cardiac Cycle nordal tissue -

helps heart beat & controls it .

The heart contracts and relaxes in a rhythmic cycle called the cardiac
cycle
The contraction, or pumping, phase is called systole
The relaxation, or filling, phase is called diastole
Phases of the Cardiac Cycle simultaneously
contracts
.

• of the atrium
1
Atrial systole both side

2
• Atrial diastole
3
• Ventricular systole
4 • Ventricular diastole SA
 KARAMAT Cyclte
① direction of blood flow

2 pressure changes in diff parts of heart chambers

③ heart valves

basic principles of cardiac cycle

↳ blood flows from high to low pressure

↳ contractions increases the pressure
↳ valves open / close according to pressure gradients .
 atrium
left & right simultaneously
through contraction
.

goes
Start a Atrial systole begins:
Atrial contraction forces a small amount
of additional blood into relaxed ventricles.
① blood will
to ventricle
flow

.
from atrium

atrium is ↑ than
in
&
② pressure systole
ventricle atrial
diastole occurs
"
AV Va'
③ Both simultaneously
will open
b Atrial systole

PHASE ends, atrial

LATE ventricular contraction )
diastole begins isovolumetnc
( contraction the
early
ventricle undergo
,

and 0 ventricle )
4> atrium 800
( pressure will
both the build up in
msec 100
filled blood
msec
ventricle is w/ msec
Early phase
again .

① blood flow will not occur

learns Phase ) ventricles than

Cardiac
cycle
c Ventricular systole— ② pressure is higher in

f Ventricular )
first phase: Ventricular atrium ( atrium undergoes relaxation
diastole—late: contraction pushes AV
All chambers are relaxed. ( All 4 valve will remain closed )
valves closed but does 3
Ventricles fill passively. not create enough
pressure to open
semilunar valves.
370
(heart wall starting
msec
to contract

phase )
phase
( late

Early d Ventricular systole—

second phase: As
ventricle ventricular pressure rises 1 Full contraction occur
inside Purkinje fibres
① pressure and exceeds pressure 2 The electrical impulse is sent to

starts
DROPPING e Ventricular diastole—early: in the arteries, the
z pressure ventricle ↑ than aorta & Pulmonary
As ventricles relax, pressure in semilunar valves
and
aorta A Patmon ventricles drops; blood flows back open and blood arteries .

② blood m
against cusps of semilunar valves is ejected. ↑ valve will open
4 When pressure ,

backflow ventricle drops

and forces them closed. Blood
flows into the relaxed atria. from atrium to aorta & pulmonary
in 5 blood flow

③ pressure arteries .

closed ( both )
4
semilunar valve
 pressure of atrium > pressure in ventricle

vñ¥i
Heartbeat
The contraction of the heart is stimulated by electrical
impulses
• Initiated and controlled by nodal tissue within the heart itself
The cardiac muscle and in extension the heartbeat is
myogenic in nature
• Nodal tissue trigger and control the strength and speed of
contraction
AV

sit
↓
AV
Bundle

septum
left & right
]
separate
Ventricle
.
 from SA AV node
impulses
node to
they'll stop for 0.1 second to
electrical
,

from left & right atrium has been sent to the ventricle the blood
the blood ,

ensure
to the aortal & pulmooy
then travels

)
• There are two nodal tissue involved ( located on the left side

Sinoatrial node (SA node)/Pacemaker ( near the venae cava )

• Responsible for the initiation and excitation of the heartbeat and the control
of its rate ( left & right atrium contracts simultaneously )
Atrioventricular node (AV node) ( located in between tight atrium & ventricle )

• Connected to a bundle of specialized muscle fiber called the atrioventricular

bundle (AV bundle)
• provides the only route for transmission of the wave of excitement from the
atria to the ventricles
• The AV bundle (Bundle of His) branches out
• into two bundles of conducting fibers called bundle branches
• and their network of conducting fibers called the Purkinje fibers
• The bundle branches stretches across the base of the ventricular
septum
• The Purkinje fibers penetrate the entire ventricular wall where it
branches out to form a network of tissues
• just under the epithelial layer of the heart
Your heart can live outside your body
A. True
B. False

can only survive about 4-6 hours

before weakening .

Its
myogenic
What enables cardiac muscle to work throughout the
lifetime of a human?
movements
cardiac through Involuntary
.

This is b/c the muscles

function
Meaning that the movement cannot be controlled or

w/ 0 CONSCIOUS control
 relaxation occurs
Atrium
w/ ventricle
simultaneously
contraction .

rite
ventricle
when
undergoes relaxation

is
QRS complex
the electrical
referring to
atrium to ventricle contraction
small increase impulses
=

contract
 Transport System
Cardiovascular Diseases
Atherosclerosis
• caused by the buildup of plaque deposits within
arteries

Normal Artery Narrowing of Artery

Tunica Lipid deposit

externa of plaque

Tunica
media
Cross section Cross section
Connective Smooth
tissue muscle Endothelium Plaque

(a) Normal artery 50 µm (b) Partly clogged artery 250 µm

Coronary Heart Disease
• Affects coronary arteries – supplies blood to the cardiac
muscles of the heart
• Causes damage or malfunction of the heart as the blood
supply to the heart muscles is reduced
• E.g. if atherosclerosis occurs in the coronary arteries, they become narrow,
restricting blood flow, the heart has to work harder to force blood through
the arteries to provide nutrients and O2 to the heart
• 3 types
i) Angina pectoris
 main symptom is severe
chest pain brought by
exertion
 a temporary ischemia
develops when the
workload of the heart
increases
 Eg. The pain comes when
someone exercises but
stops when resting
 The pain is caused by
severe shortage of blood
to the heart muscles
ii) Heart attack / myocardial
infarction
 Large blockages in the
coronary arteries causing
part of the heart to be
completely deprived of
oxygen & die
 resulting in heart attack

 sudden & severe heart

attack may be fatal, but
survival is possible if treated
immediately
iii) Heart failure
Due to the complete blockage of the main coronary artery
Causes gradual damage to the heart muscle
The heart will weaken and this will prevent it from pumping blood
efficiently
Ultimately, the heart will stop to function
Death
Stroke
• Known medically as a
cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
• the loss of brain function due to
disturbance in the blood supply
• carotid artery & cerebral artery to the
brain
• This can be due to either ischemia
caused by
• blockage (thrombosis, arterial
embolism)
• haemorrhage (leakage of blood)
• The affected area of the
brain is unable to
function
• might result permanent
neurological damage,
complications
• inability to move one or
more limbs on one side
of the body, inability to
understand or formulate
speech, inability to see
one side of the visual
field
• Death