PERICARDIUM

THE HEART
- The pericardial membrane, a protective sac that
- Work horse (it pumps blood 24 hrs.) of the surrounds the pericardial cavity, which contains
cardiovascular system small amount of pericardial fluid (fluid is
- Propels blood through the 50,000 miles of blood present for lubrication that prevents friction or
vessels in the body (7,000-7,400 L/day) damage between layers)
- Beats approx. 100,000 times each day
- Contraction – 2.5 billion times in an average LAYERS OF THE PERICARDIUM:
lifetime.
- CPM: Cycle per minute 1. Fibrous Pericardium
- Outermost layer
NORMAL RESTING HEART AVERAGE - Made of fibrous connective tissue
RATE 2. Parietal Pericardium
Neonate 120-160 CPM 140 CPM - A serous membrane that lines the fibrous
pericardium
1 y/o 80-160 CPM 120 CPM
3. Pericardial Cavity
3 y/o 80-120 CPM 110 CPM - The space between the parietal and visceral
6 y/o 70-115 CPM 100 CPM pericardium
4. Visceral Pericardium
10 y/o 70-110 CPM 90 CPM - Lies on the surface of the heart muscle
14 y/o 60-110 CPM 85-90 CPM - Also called as the epicardium
Adult 60-100 CPM 72 CPM
LAYERS OF THE HEART
FUNCTION OF THE HEART 1. EPICARDIUM
- Also known as the visceral pericardium
- Outer layer of the heart
 Pumps blood to deliver oxygen and nutrients
- Inner layer of the fibrous sac pericardium
into the tissues and cells throughout the body
- Serous membrane that surrounds
myocardium
 It receives deoxygenated/ oxygen-poor blood
from the body and sends it to the lungs for a
2. MYOCARDIUM (HEART MUSCLE)
fresh supply of oxygen
- Consist of thick bundles of cardiac muscle
- Layer of the heart that actually contracts
 It pumps newly oxygenated/ oxygen-rich blood
- Reinforced by a dense fibrous connective
to all parts of the body, where body cells can
tissue → “skeleton of the heart”
use it for aerobic respiration
- Makes up the walls of the 4 chambers of the
heart
STRUCTURE OF THE HEART
3. ENDOCARDIUM
- Blunt cone shape; About the size of the owner’s - Is a thin, glistening sheath of endothelium
clenched fist (simple squamous epithelium) that
- 12 cm long, 9 cm wide (5 in x 3.5 in) lines/covers the heart’s chambers
- Weight in Adult Male: 250 g – 390 g (310g) - Prevents abnormal clotting in the chambers of
- Weight in Adult Female: 200 g – 275 g (255g) the heart
- Accounts for the 5% of the body weight - Innermost layer/lining of the heart
- Covered with a protective sac called - Continuous with the lining of the blood vessel
pericardium
CHAMBERS OF THE HEART
Location: at the center of thorax, inside the
mediastinum  SEPTUM
Position: Slanted diagonally to the left side
- Also known as an interatrial septum or
Apex: pointed end
interventricular septum.
Base: uppermost part
- The septum's primary function in the heart
is to isolate the two sides of the heart
 AURICLE
- Used to describe one of two sections of the
two atria that are part of the heart
- An ear shaped muscular part that sticks out
from the surface of each upper chamber
atrium of the heart
1. ATRIA
- Upper chambers of the heart that receives
blood from the veins and pumps it to the
ventricles
- separated by an interatrial septum into the left
atrium and the right atrium.
2. VENTRICLES
- Lower chambers that receives blood from the
atria and contract to force blood out of the
heart into arteries
- Thicker than atria
- Separated by an interventricular septum into
the left ventricle and right ventricle
VALVES OF THE HEART
1. ATRIOVENTRICULAR (AV) VALVES
- This is the 2 valves that allow blood to flow
from atria to the ventricles
a. Tricuspid Valve
- Right AV
- Consist of 3 flaps that prevents backflow
of blood into the right atrium when the
right ventricle contracts
b. Bicuspid/ Mitral Valve
- Left AV
- Consist of 2 flaps that prevents backflow
of blood into the left atrium when the left
ventricle contracts
2. SEMILUNAR VALVE
- Prevents blood in the pulmonary trunk and
aorta from flowing back into the ventricles
a. Pulmonary Semilunar Valve (Pulmonic
valve)
- Allows O2-poor blood to enter the
pulmonary trunk on its way to the lungs
from the right ventricle
b. Aortic Semilunar Valve
- Allows oxygenated blood to enter the
aorta from the left ventricle
BLOOD VESSELS OF THE
HEART
1. PULMONARY ARTERIES
- Carries O2-poor blood from the heart to the
lungs
2. PULMONARY VEINS
- Returns O2-rich blood from the lungs to the
heart
3. SUPERIOR AND INTERIOR VENA CAVA
- Drains venous blood from the upper and
lower part of the body to the heart
- Drains O2-poor blood going to the right atria
4. AORTA
- An artery that carry highly oxygenated blood
away from the heart
a. Ascending Aorta
- Upward aorta
- Extends upward from the left ventricle to
the aortic arch where it bends
b. Descending Aorta
- Extends downward
 CORONARY ARTERIES
- 1st branch of aorta
- Supply blood to the heart muscle
 BRACHIOCEPHALIC ARTERY
- 1st branch of aortic arch
 LEFT COMMON CAROTID ARTERY
- 2nd branch of aortic arch
 LEFT SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY
- 3rd branch of aortic arch
Remember:
The Left Atrium and Ventricle receives oxygenated
blood from the lungs via pulmonary veins to be
delivered to the body
Valves involved: Mitral valve and aortic valve
The Right Atrium and Ventricle receives
deoxygenated blood from the body to the lungs for
fresh supply of oxygen
Valves involved: Tricuspid and pulmonary valve
 CARDIAC MUSCLE CELLS
- Muscle cells (myocytes) that make up the
cardiac muscle
PROPERTIES:
1. Cardiac muscle cells function as a
coordinated unit in response to
physiological stimulation (contraction).
2. Contains mitochondria which provides
constant ATP for the contraction of the
hardworking heart muscle (ATP: a chemical
that produces energy for the muscles)
3. Abundant blood and a high concentration of
myoglobin (Myoglobin: muscle protein that
stores oxygen
CONDUCTION SYSTEM
- Transmission of electrical impulses to be able
for the heart to contract
TWO TYPES OF HEART CELLS:
1. Myocardial (Muscle Cell)- Responsible for
the heart pumping action
2. Electrical Cells- generating and conducting
electrical current that stimulates the muscle
cells to contract
CONDUCTION PATHWAYS
1. SINOATRIAL (SA) NODE
- Internal pacemaker located in the walls of
right atrium
- Composed of clump of specialized cardiac
muscle cell
 Pacemaker of the Heart because...
- It sends out rhythmic electrical impulses to
regulate the heart beat
- It imposes a single rhythm on all the atrial
muscle cells
 Depolarizes more rapidly- 70-80 times/min
causing the atria to contract
 Branch: Bachmann’s bundle- bond of tissue
that leads to the left atrium
2. ATRIOVENTRICULAR (AV) NODE
- Delays the impulse from the atria while the
ventricles fill
- Near the lower interatrial septum
3. BUNDLE OF HIS
- Arises to the AV node and conducts impulses
to the bundle branch
A. Right Bundle Branch
- Transmit impulses down the right side of the
interventricular septum towards the right
ventricular myocardium
B. Left Bundle Branch
- Anterior portion transmit the impulses to
the anterior endocardial surface of the left
ventricle
- Posterior portion transmit the impulses
over the posterior and inferior endocardial
surfaces
4. PURKINJE FIBERS
- Transmit the impulses to the ventricles and
provide for depolarization after ventricular
contraction
ELECTROCARDIOGRAPH
- An instrument that records surface potentials
associated with the electrical activity of the
heart
- Attaching electrodes to the skin and recording
activity can visualize electrical activity of the
heart by electrocardiograph
ELECTROCARDIOGRAM
- A visual record of the heart’s electrical activity
made, using an electrocardiograph machine
(ECG/EKG Machine)
TERMS:
A. Depolarization
- Loss of electrical charges on the surface of
the cell membrane that results or create nerve
impulses
- Rapid enabling nerve impulse
- (+) wave on the heart muscle
- Process of electrical discharge
- Enables the heart to contract
B. Repolarization
- Restoration of the normal electrical polarity of
a nerve or muscle after muscle contraction
 COMPONENTS OF ECG FOUR STAGES OF CARDIAC CYCLE
1. P wave 1. Atrial Systole (0.1 s)
- Atrial Depolarization - Both atria contract, forcing blood into the
- Transmission of electrical impulses from the ventricles
SA node throughout the atrial myocardium
2. Ventricular Systole (0.3 sec)
2. QRS Complex - Both ventricles contract forcing the blood out
- Ventricular Depolarization through the pulmonary artery to the lungs and
- Electrical impulses spread throughout the aorta to rest of the body
ventricular myocardium
 EDV (End diastolic volume)
3. T wave - Amount of blood in the ventricles right
- Ventricular Repolarization before ventricular contraction
- Activity occurring as ventricle relax
3. Atrial Diastole (O.7 sec)
- Relaxation of the atria
CARDIAC OUPUT - Ventricles remain contracted and the atria
begins to fill with blood from the large veins
leading to the heart from the body
- Total amount of blood pump by the ventricles
each minute (unit: mL/ min or L/min)
4. Ventricular Diastole (0.5 sec)
- FORMULA:
- Relaxation of the ventricle before the atrial
systole allowing ventricles fill with blood from
Cardiac Output= Stroke Volume X Heart Rate
atria

 ESV (End systolic volume)

1. Heart Rate- number of contractions the heart
- Amount of blood left at the ventricle right
undergoes per minute
after ventricular contraction
Ex: 60-80 bpm

2. Stroke Volume- amount of blood pumped by

each ventricle during contraction (1 beat) HEART SOUNDS
Ex: 60-80 mL per beat
First sound: Lubb ; Second sound: Dupp

- Heart sounds can be heard with the use of

CARDIAC CYCLE stethoscope
- The recording of the heart sound is called
- Beating of the Heart PHONOCARDIOGRAM which shows heart
sound as waves
1. SYSTOLE
A. LUBB
- Contraction of the atria and ventricle during
which blood is pumped to the arteries - When blood is push out from the heart into
- Higher pressure than diastole contraction the body
- Occurs during ventricular contraction
2. DIASTOLE - When the atrioventricular valves are closing

- Rhythmic expansion of the chambers of the B. DUBB

heart at each heart beat
- Relaxation - Reloading of the heart with more blood and
- Lower pressure than systole contraction ready to be push out
- Occurs during ventricular relaxation
- Pulmonary/aortic valve are closing