MAKING OF

GLOBAL WORLD
GLOBALISATION

Globalization is the word used to describe the growing

interdependence of the world's economies, cultures, and
populations, brought about by cross-border trade in goods and
services, technology, and flows of investment, people, and
information.
The Pre-modern World
Globalisation’ is often referred
to as an economic system that
has emerged

since the last 50 years or so.

The making of the global world
has a long history of trade,
migration of people in search of
work, the movement of capital,
etc.
Silk Routes Link the World:
● The silk routes linked together vast regions of Asia, Asia with Europe and northern
Africa.
● They are known to have existed since before the Christian era and thrived almost
till the fifteenth century.
Food Travels: Spaghetti and Potato
● Europe’s poor began to eat better and live longer with the introduction of potato.
● The poor peasants of Ireland were so dependent on potatoes that when disease
destroyed the potato crop in the mid-1840s, hundreds of thousands died of
starvation.
Conquest, Disease and Trade

● But from the sixteenth century, America’s vast lands and abundant crops and minerals

began to transform trade and lives everywhere.

● The Portuguese and Spanish conquest and colonisation of America was decisively under

way by the mid-sixteenth century.

● The most powerful weapon of the Spanish conquerors was the germs such as those of

smallpox that they carried.

● Once introduced, smallpox spread deep into the continent, ahead even of any Europeans

reaching there.

● Until the nineteenth century, poverty and hunger were common in Europe.

● Religious conflicts were common, and religious dissenters were persecuted.

The Nineteenth Century (1815-1914)

● In the nineteenth century,

economic, political, social,
cultural and technological factors
transformed societies and
reshaped external relations.
A World Economy Takes Shape

● In nineteenth-century Britain, self-sufficiency in food meant lower living standards

and social conflict.
● In Eastern Europe, Russia, America and Australia lands were cleared and food
production expanded to meet the British demand.
● By 1890, a global agricultural economy had taken shape, accompanied by complex
changes in labour movement patterns, capital flows, ecologies and technology.
Role of Technology
● Technological advances like the railways, steamships, the telegraph,
were the result of larger social, political and economic factors.
● Colonisation stimulated new investments and improvements in transport
resulting in faster railways, lighter wagons and larger ships.

Late nineteenth-century Colonialism

● Trade flourished and markets expanded in the late nineteenth century.
● The expansion of trade and increased prosperity had many negative
repercussions.
Indentured Labour Migration from India
● In India, indentured labourers were hired under contracts which promised
return travel after they had worked five years on their employer’s plantation.
● The main destinations of Indian indentured migrants were the Caribbean
islands, Mauritius and Fiji.
● Recruitment was done by agents engaged by employers and paid a small
commission.
● On arrival at the plantations, labourers found living and working conditions
were harsh, and there were few legal rights.
● Most indentured workers stayed on after their contracts ended, or returned to
their new homes after a short spell in India.
Rinderpest or the Cattle Plague:
● In the late 1880s Africa was hit by rinderpest, a devastating cattle disease.
● As rinderpest spread, it killed 90 per cent of the cattle which in turn destroyed
African livelihoods.
● Whatever little cattle resources remained, were monopolised by planters, mine
owners and colonial governments.
Indian Entrepreneurs Abroad
● Many groups of bankers and traders had a sophisticated system to transfer money
over large distances, and even developed indigenous forms of corporate
organisation.
● Indian traders and moneylenders also followed European colonisers into Africa.
Indian Trade, Colonialism and the Global System
● With industrialisation, British cotton manufacture began to expand.
● Tariffs were imposed on cloth imports into Britain.
● From the early nineteenth century, British manufacturers also began to seek
overseas markets for their cloth.
● While exports of manufactures declined rapidly, export of raw materials increased
equally fast.
● Over the nineteenth century, British manufactures flooded the Indian market.
● But the value of British exports to India was much higher than the value of British
imports from India.
● Thus Britain used the surplus to balance its trade deficits with other countries.
The Inter-war Economy
● During the First World
War the world
experienced widespread
economic and political
instability, and another
catastrophic war.
Wartime Transformations
● The First World War involved the world’s leading industrial nations which harnessed the
powers of modern industry to inflict the greatest possible destruction on their enemies.
● Millions of soldiers had to be recruited from around the world and moved to the frontlines
on large ships and trains.
● The scale of death and destruction was unthinkable without the use of industrial arms.
● The war led to the snapping of economic links between some of the world’s largest
economic powers.
● Britain borrowed large sums of money from US banks as well as the US public.
● Thus the war transformed the US from being an international debtor to an international
creditor.
Post-war Recovery
● Britain, which was the world’s leading economy in the pre-war period, faced a prolonged crisis.
● After the war Britain found it difficult to recapture its earlier position of dominance in the Indian
market, and to compete with Japan internationally.
● When the war boom ended, production contracted and unemployment increased.

Rise of Mass Production and Consumption

● After a short period of economic trouble in the years after the war, the US economy resumed its
strong growth in the early 1920s.
● Mass production became a characteristic feature of industrial production in the US.
● The housing and consumer boom of the 1920s created the basis of prosperity in the US.
● In 1923, the US resumed exporting capital to the rest of the world and became the largest
overseas lender.
The Great Depression:
● The Great Depression began around 1929 and lasted till the mid1930s.
● Most parts of the world experienced major declines in production, employment,
incomes and trade.
● Agricultural regions and communities were the worst affected.

Causes of the depression:

● Agricultural overproduction:
● Indebtedness:
● The withdrawal of US loans affected much of the rest of the world.
● The US was also the industrial country most severely affected by the depression.
India and the Great Depression:
● Due to the depression India’s exports and imports went down to half
between 1928 and 1934.
● Peasants and farmers suffered more than urban dwellers.
● The depression proved less grim for urban India.
Rebuilding a World Economy: The Post-war Era:
● The Second World War was fought between the Axis powers and the Allies.
● Two crucial influences shaped post-war reconstruction.
● The first was the US’s emergence as the dominant economic, political and
military power in the Western world.
● The second was the dominance of the Soviet Union.
Post-war Settlement and the Bretton Woods Institutions:
● The main aim of the post-war international economic system was to preserve economic
stability and full employment in the industrial world.
● Its framework was agreed upon at the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference
held in July 1944 at Bretton Woods in New Hampshire, USA.
● The IMF and the World Bank are referred to as the Bretton Woods institutions or the
Bretton Woods twins.

The Early Post-war Years:

● With the Bretton Woods system came an era of unprecedented growth of trade and
incomes for the Western industrial nations and Japan.
● Developing countries tried to catch up with the advanced industrial countries.
Decolonisation and Independence:
● Over the next two decades after the Second World War, most colonies in Asia and Africa
emerged as free, independent nations.
● The IMF and the World Bank were designed to meet the financial needs of the industrial
countries.
● From the late 1950s the Bretton Woods institutions began to shift their attention more towards
developing countries.
End of Bretton Woods and the Beginning of ‘Globalisation’:
● From the 1960s the US’ overseas involvements weakened its finances and competitive strength.
● The industrial world was also hit by unemployment that began rising from the mid-1970s and
remained high until the early 1990s.
● The relocation of industry to low-wage countries stimulated world trade and capital flows.
● In the last two decades the world’s economic geography has been transformed as countries
such as India, China and Brazil have undergone rapid economic transformation.