BY: GRACE, AFNAN, DEANN, RIDA & RAWDATIL

Making of a Global
World
Social Presenation
Introduction Title of your presentation.

● The 19th century brought profound changes to the world, as economic, political, social,
cultural, and technological factors transformed societies and reshaped external relations.
● Three types of movement or ‘flows’ have been identified in international economic exchanges.
● The first is the flow of trade which in the nineteenth century referred largely to trade in goods
(e.g., cloth or wheat).
● The second is the flow of labor – the migration of people in search of employment.
● The third is the movement of capital for short-term or long-term investments over long
distances.
● Goods, capital, and labor flows were closely interwoven in the 19th century, affecting people's
lives deeply. Considering all three together helps us understand the global economy better.
A world economy takes shape
● Food production and consumption in industrial Europe have changed. Traditionally,
countries preferred self-sufficiency in food. However, 19th-century Britain's self-
sufficiency led to lower living standards and social conflict. This was because:
● Population growth in the late 18th century increased the demand for food in Britain.
Urban expansion and industry drove up demand for crops, pushing up prices. The
government restricted corn imports under pressure from landowners, known as the
'Corn Laws.
● The Corn Laws were abolished as industrialists were unhappy with high food prices,
allowing cheaper food imports into Britain. British agriculture couldn't compete,
leading to vast areas of uncultivated land and job losses. People had to migrate to cities
or overseas to find work.
● Falling food prices in Britain led to increased consumption. Industrial growth
in Britain boosted incomes and resulted in more food imports. To meet the
British demand, food production expanded worldwide in Europe, Russia,
America, and Australia.
● Merely clearing lands for agriculture was not enough. To link the agricultural
regions to the ports, railways were required. Additionally, new harbors had to
be constructed and old ones expanded to ship the new cargoes. To cultivate
the lands, settlers were needed, which meant building homes and settlements.
All of these activities needed capital and labor.
● Capital was supplied from financial hubs like London.
● The shortage of labor in places like America and Australia resulted in
increased migration.
● Nearly 50 million people emigrated from Europe to America and Australia in
the nineteenth century. All over the world, some 150 million are estimated to
have left their homes and crossed oceans and vast distances over land in
search of a better future.
● Before the 1870s, the process of shipping meat involved transporting live animals from
America to Europe, where they were then slaughtered. However, this process was
inefficient as live animals took up a lot of space on the ship and many of them died
during the voyage, fell ill, lost weight, or became unfit to eat. As a result, meat was
considered a luxury item that only the wealthy in Europe could afford. The high prices
of meat kept its demand and production low.
● This all changed with the development of a new technology - refrigerated ships. These
ships made it possible to transport perishable foods over long distances, making it
easier to ship meat from America to Europe. This led to a significant decrease in the
cost of meat and made it affordable for the European middle and working classes. The
increased demand for meat ultimately led to an increase in its production.
THE ROLE OF TECHNOLOGYY

● The British Indian government undertook a significant transformation of the semi-

deserted areas of West Punjab.
● They built a network of irrigation canals that turned these barren lands into fertile
agricultural lands, which were able to grow wheat and cotton for export.
● These newly irrigated areas were called Canal Colonies and were settled by peasants
from other regions of Punjab.
● Food is just one example of how the cultivation and production of commodities have
expanded globally. The same applies to cotton, which was grown around the world to
supply British textile mills, and rubber.
● In fact, the specialization in regional production of commodities developed so rapidly
that between 1820 and 1914, global trade increased by 25 to 40 times. Nearly 60% of
this trade comprised 'primary products', such as agricultural goods like wheat and
cotton, as well as minerals like coal.
 Title of your presentation.

● Animals were slaughtered in America, Australia or New Zealand

and transported to Europe as frozen meat to reduce shipping costs
and lower meat prices. This led to a more varied diet for the poor
in Europe, promoting better living conditions and social peace
within the country, as well as support for imperialism abroad.
LATE 19TH CENTURY COLONIALISM

● During the late 19th century, trade and markets grew rapidly, leading to increased
prosperity.
● However, it's crucial to acknowledge that there were negative consequences to this
progress.
● The expansion of trade and closer connections to the global economy in many parts of
the world resulted in the loss of freedoms and livelihoods.
● Moreover, European conquests during this period led to painful economic, social, and
ecological changes that affected the colonized societies and integrated them into the
global economy.
LATE 19TH CENTURY COLONIALISM

● If you take a look at a map of Africa, you'll notice

that some countries' borders are perfectly straight,
almost as if they were drawn with a ruler.
● This is because, in 1885, the major European powers
met in Berlin to divide Africa among themselves.
● Britain and France greatly expanded their overseas
territories in the late 19th century, while Belgium and
Germany emerged as new colonial powers.
● Additionally, the US became a colonial power in the
late 1890s by taking over some of the colonies that
were previously held by Spain.
SUMMARY

● After examining various factors that contributed to the formation of the world economy,
it is evident that Britain played a central role. The implementation of the Corn Law
facilitated the import of food, increasing income and ultimately fueling mass migration
in search of work.
● This led to the construction of new structures in Europe and India, including Punjab,
which not only improved food production but also enhanced the availability of raw
materials like cotton and rubber.
● Technological advancements such as refrigerated ships further increased economic
efficiency. However, the rapid economic growth triggered the onset of colonialism,
leading to loss of livelihood and freedom, particularly in Africa.
Thank You