Crim Ethicsmodule

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Lower Taway, Ipil, Zamboanga Sibugay

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ETHICS
LEARNER’S MODULE
UNIT TEST TO FINAL
(Second Semester, School Year 2021-2022)
RON EDUARD T. EGOS, RCrim

COLLEGE INSTRUCTOR
STUDENT’S NAME: ___________________________________________

YEAR AND SECTION: _________________________________________
CONTACT NUMBER: __________________________________________
ADDRESS: __________________________________________________
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Lower Taway, Ipil, Zamboanga Sibugay
Email Address: Alface@gmail.com
Telefax: (062)222-2469, Mobile No.: 09285033733
PROGRAM DESCRIPTION:
In accordance with the pertinent provisions of RA no. 7722, otherwise known as the
Higher Education Act of 1994.’In pursuance of an outcome-based quality assurance
system as advocated under CMO No. 46, s. 2012 entitled “Policy Standards to Enhance
Quality Assurance in the Philippine higher education through an Outcome-based and
typology-based QA”.
The field of Criminology is the study of crime and the various agencies of justice as
they operate and react to crime, criminals and victims. It is therefore the mission of
Criminology program to provide the community with professionally competent and
morally upright graduates who can deliver efficient and effective service in crime
prevention, crime detection and investigation, law enforcement, public safety, custody
and rehabilitation of offenders, Criminological research among others. HEIs offering the
Criminology program are envisioned as significant educational institutions actively and
continually involved in producing graduates who have the knowledge, skills, attitude and
values in addressing the problem of criminality in the country and the character and
competency to meet the challenges of globalization in the field of Criminology.
PROGRAM GOALS:
Criminology Program Aims to:

Encourage research and inquiry on the nature, causes, treatment or punishment
of criminal behavior and how criminal justice agencies function and respond to
crime, criminals and victims.
Prepare the students for careers in crime prevention, law enforcement, scientific
crime detection, correctional administration, public safety and allied fields.
Foster the values of leadership, integrity, accountability and responsibility while
serving fellowmen, community and country.
Program Graduate Outcome:
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Graduates of CRIMINOLOGY program equipped with relevant knowledge, skills,
attitude and values shall be able to;
 Conduct Criminological research on crimes, crime causation, victims and
offenders to include deviant behavior;
 Internalize the concepts of human rights and victim welfare
 Demonstrate competence and broad understanding in law enforcement
administration, public safety and criminal justice;
 Apply the principles and jurisprudence of criminal law, evidence and criminal
procedure.
 Ensure offenders welfare and development for their re-integration to the
community.
Course Description based on CMO:
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Ethics deals with principles of ethical behavior in modern society at the level of the
person, society, and in interaction with the environment and other shared resources.
(CMO 20 s 2013)
Morality pertains to the standards of right and wrong that an individual originally picks
up from the community. The course discusses the context and principles of ethical
behavior in modern society at the level of individual, society, and in interaction with the
environment and other shared resources. The course also teaches students to make
moral decisions by using dominant moral frameworks and by applying a seven-step
moral reasoning model to analyze and solve moral dilemmas.
The course is organized according to the three (3) main elements of the moral
experience: (a) agent, including context- cultural, communal, and environmental; (b) the
act, and (c) reason or framework (for the act)
PREFACE:
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The word "ethics" comes from the Greek word "ethikos," which means "arising from
habit." It's a prominent branch of philosophy that studies value and quality. It looks at
notions like good, evil, right, wrong, and responsibility, as well as how to apply them.
Meta-ethics, normative ethics (the study of what ethical facts exist and how they are
known), and applied ethics (the study of how ethical knowledge is used) are the three
main fields of study.
The science of human morality and obligation as applied to law enforcement is referred
to as police ethics. The study and application of ethics, virtue, and principles of conduct
to public service is the focus of this center.
The study also aims to clarify the authority vested in people to lawfully exercise
command over subordinates as a result of their rank, position, or assignment, as well as
the corresponding responsibility of performing duties and functions and accountability
for the consequences of actions under their command.
Police officers and other members of the law enforcement community serve an office of
public trust as state employees. Their efficiency and efficacy are measured by the
behavior of their members, not by efforts to prevent crimes and apprehend criminals.
Immorality and flagrant defiance of regulations and norms of behavior reflect poorly on
the entire police force. It is imperative that public workers act and live in such a way that
the people's respect, confidence, and faith are not harmed.
The fundamental goal of Police Ethics and Community Service is to educate our law
enforcement officers on what behavior is appropriate, based on the idea of what is
permissible and what is not.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Week 1: (February 1-5, 2022)
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Introduction to Ethics ..........................................................................................................
Understanding Ethics and Values ....................................................................................... 29
UNIT TEST
Scope of Police Community Relations................................................................................. 33
Week 5: (February 28- March 5, 2021)
Foundation of Police Ethics ................................................................................................. 37
Week 6: (March 7-11, 2022)
Universal Law Enforcer’s Code of Conduct ......................................................................... 45
Week 7: (March 14-19, 2022)
PRELIM EXAM
Week 8: (March 21-26, 2022)
Code of Professional Conduct and Ethical Standards........................................................ 49
Week 9: (March 28-April 1, 2022)
Duties of Police Office ....................................................................................................... 52
Week 10: (April 4-9, 2022)
Code of Ethics for Criminologist ......................................................................................... 54
Week 11: (April 11-16, 2021)
MIDTERM EXAM
Week 12: (April 18-23, 2022)
Code of Professional Conduct and Ethical Standards of PNP Officers .............................. 58
Week 13: (April 25-30, 2022)
Code of Professional Conduct and Ethical Standards of PNP Officers (Continuation) ...... 64
Week 14: (May 2-7, 2022)
Professional Conduct and Ethical Standards ..................................................................... 71
Week 15: (May 9-14, 2022)
PREFINAL EXAM
Week 16: (May 16-21, 2022)
Corruption in Law Enforcement and Misconduct ......................................................... 75
Week 17: (May 23-28, 2022)
Crimes Against the Fundamental Laws of the State ...................................................... 88
Week 18: (June 6-11, 2022)
Customs and Traditions................................................................................................... 100
Week 19: (June 13-18, 2022)
FINAL EXAM
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Lower Taway, Ipil Zamboanga Sibugay
Telefax: (062)222-2469, Mobile No: 09285033733
MODULE 1: INTRODUCTION
UNIT TEST COVERAGE

Moral vs non-moral standards
Moral standards are norms that individuals or groups have about the kind of actions
believed to be morally right or wrong, as well as the values placed on what we believed
to be morally good or morally bad. Moral standards normally promote “the good”, that is,
the welfare and well-being of humans as well as animals and the environment. Moral
standards, therefore, prescribe what human ought to do in terms of rights and
obligations.
According to some scholars, moral standards are the sum of combined norms and
values. In other words, norms plus values equal moral standards. On the other hand,
norms are understood as general rules about our actions or behaviors. For example, we
may say “We are always under the obligation to fulfill our promises” or “It is always
believed that killing innocent people is absolutely wrong”. On the other hand, values are
understood as enduring belief or statements about what is good and desirable or not.
For example, we may say “Helping the poor is good” or Cheating during exams is bad”.
According to many scholars, moral standards have the following characteristics,

namely:
1.) moral standards deal with matters we think can seriously injure or benefit humans,
animals, and the environment, such as child abuse, rape and murder.
2.) moral standards are not established or changed by the decisions of authoritative
individuals or bodies. Indeed, moral standards rest on the adequacy of the reasons that
are taken to support and justify them. For sure, we don’t need a law to back up our
moral conviction that killing innocent people is absolutely wrong.
3.) moral standards are overriding, that is, they take precedence over other standards
and considerations, especially of self- interest.
4.) moral standards are based on impartial considerations. Hence, moral standards are
fair and just.
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5.) moral standards are associated with special emotions (such as guilt and shame) and
vocabulary (such as right, wrong, good, and bad).
Non-moral standards refer to standards by which we judge what is good or bad and
right or wrong in a non-moral way. Examples of non- moral standards are standards of
etiquette by which we judge manners as good or bad, standard we call the law by which
we judge something as legal or illegal, and standards of aesthetics by which we judge
art as good or rubbish. Hence, we should not confuse morality with etiquette, law,
aesthetics or even with religion.
As we can see, non-moral standards are matters of taste or preference. Hence, a

scrupulous observance of these types of standards does not make one a moral person.
Violation of said standards also does not pose any threat to human well-being.
Finally, as a way of distinguishing moral standards from non-moral ones, if a moral

standard says, “Do not harm innocent people” or ‘Don’t steal”, a non-moral standard
says “Don’t text while driving” or “Don’t talk while the mouth is full”
Dilemma
A common form of argument in ordinary discourse in which it is claimed that a choice

must be made between two alternatives, both of which are (usually bad). It is a difficult
problem seemingly incapable of a satisfactory solution.
Double bind is an emotionally distressing dilemma in communication in which an

individual (or group) receives two or more conflicting messages, and one message
negates the other. Further complications arise when frequent double binds are part of
an ongoing relationship to which the person or group is committed. The worker
encouraged to take time off to rest and at the same time to meet performance targets by
an employee who is habitually overworking the worker.
Three Levels of Moral Dilemmas
Individual - conflict arrives when a person is asked to choose between two important
values for him or her for example, choosing between one’s duties to his or her family
one’s love for another person.
Organizational - encountered by institutions, business, or organizations in their

decision-making process, at this level the dilemmas that the organizations’ experiences
usually affect more than one person and they can be part of the internal group or part of
an external stakeholder.
Structural- affect a network of institutions and operative theoretical paradigms like

universal care, juvenile laws, and immigration. this type of dilemma can affect a
community and even a society at large.
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Foundation of Morality: Freedom and Responsibility
Freedom- the power or right to act, speak, or think as one wants without
hindrance or restraint.
Types of Freedom
 External Freedom- This refers to the normal and common freedoms expected in
daily life, in most countries, throughout history. It implies immunity from undue
interference by authority, especially by government.
 Internal Freedom- Is of the greatest personal intimacy and secretiveness, indeed
it is the hidden core of our being and unknowable by others. Some people call
this moral freedom. But this kind of freedom is not in itself moral.
 Self-Freedom- In the sense of learning how to escape the ever-present danger of
enslavement by our own passions and ignorance. Practice of self-control,
restraint, and balance to achieve and admired master-slave relationship of soul
over body. “To find myself”
 Political Freedom- Has to do with establishing certain rights of action and limits to
government power that help to guarantee the practice of those rights. The right to
speak freely, to associate with people of your choice, to own a property, to
worship.
 Spiritual Freedom- In its purest form this type of freedom comes from striving for
a complete identification with God to arrive at a condition of soul that transcends
the confusion and disharmony of the self and the material world.
 Collective Freedom- Based on the ideology of collective unity that prescribes
distinct social and moral values and objectives for all. Example, often under this
ideal of freedom the state is allowed to control the production of all basic citizen
needs, thus giving them freedom-from-want.
Responsibility- a duty or obligation to satisfactorily perform or complete a task

(assigned by someone, or created by one’s own promise or circumstances) that
one must fulfill, and which has a consequent penalty for failure.
Four Kinds of Responsibilities
Role Responsibility- The duties one has for doing various things which come with
occupying a certain role in society.
Casual Responsibility- What caused something to happen.
Liability Responsibility- Who is liable for something’s happening.
Capacity Responsibility- The capacity of a person to be held liability responsible

for their actions.
Minimum Requirement for morality: Reason and Impartiality
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Reason is the basis or motive for an action, decision, or conviction. As a quality,
it refers to the capacity for logical, rational, and analytic thought; for
consciously making sense of things, establishing and verifying facts,
applying common sense and logic, and justifying, and if necessary, changing
practices, institutions, and beliefs based on existing or new existing information.
It also spells the difference of moral judgements from mere expressions of

personal preference. In the case of moral judgments, they require backing by
reasons. Thus, reason commends what it commends, regardless of our feelings,
attitudes, opinions, and desires.
Impartiality involves the idea that each individual’s interests and point of view
are equally important. Itis a principle of justice holding that decisions ought to
be based on objective criteria, rather than on the basis of bias, prejudice, or
preferring the benefit to one person over another for improper reasons.
Impartiality in morality requires that we give equal and/or adequate

consideration to the interests of all concerned parties. The principle of
impartiality assumes that every person, generally speaking, is equally
important; that is, no one is seen intrinsically more significant than anyone else.
Part I: The Moral Agent
A. Culture in Moral Behavior
Culture is a manner of looking at reality by a certain group of people, in a

certain place, and in a certain time in history. It consists of the way people
relate to the world through basic assumptions and images which would more
or less give them a coherent view of reality they experience. (Claver 1978)
It involves the following: a.) material living (dress, housing and architecture);
b.) way of behaving (customary manners and conduct); c.) way of speaking
(language use); d.) way of thinking (thought processes); e.) way of feeling
(shared psychology); f.) way of meaning (arts and symbols); g.) way of
believing, valuing and meaning (views of life and attitudes).
1. Culture and its role in moral behavior
Within culture are moral codes that are practiced through social behavior.
Moral codes are sets of rules or guidelines that a person or group follows in
order to live a just and good life. Moral codes are heavily dependent upon
culture. This is because each culture has its own ideas of what is considered
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right or wrong, and what is regarded as good or bad. Moral codes dictate
many aspects of our lives, from how we act with different age groups, to how
we dress, and even how we treat other people.
2.What is culture relativism? Why is it not tenable in ethics?
Culture may vary from one location to another, from one society to another,
and from a nation to another nation. And this becomes problematic when the
ideas and practices of right or wrong and good or bad of one ethnic group
clashes or overlaps with another even in a wider context of societies, nations
and religions. This brings us to the idea of cultural diversity and relativism.
Cultural relativism claims that ethical truths are relative that the rightness of
an action and the goodness of an object depend on or consist in the attitude
taken towards it by some individual or group, and hence may vary from
individual to individual or from group to group. Ethical judgements have their
origins in individual or cultural standards.
 Different cultures have different moral codes often is used as a key to

understanding
 In either definition, involves judgment of a culture according to its own
standards.
 A descriptive claim that ethical practices differ among cultures, that, as
a matter of fact, what is considered right in one culture may be
considered wrong in another culture.
Cultural relativity (sometimes called cultural relativism) is a position,

developed by early anthropologist, that states we must understand
individuals in the context of their own culture. In other words, we can’t
judge what others do based on the standards of our culture, but on the
standards found in their culture.
Cultural relativity helps us to understand other cultures and their

practices without thinking that they’re inferior or backwards. Each
culture is unique, and if we practice culture relativity, we should
celebrate that. Or at least try to understand it, even if it seems strange.
Culture relativism is a position that has a few important principles we

should discuss. First, cultural relativism states that different societies
have different moral codes. Basically, you can think of a moral code as
the widely-accepted rules and norms within a society that help people
determine what wrong and what is right.
Put simply, this principle is saying that if you go to another country,

you’ll likely find that different things are considered good or bad. This
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might not be the same as in your home country, and this difference is
known as descriptive cultural relativism. Think of this simply describing
the rules in a culture.
Next, cultural relativity states that one moral code is no better than
another. So, the moral code of your home country is not better than the
code found in the country you are visiting, it just happens to be one
particular moral code. There are many others a society could follow.
This is known as the equality principle. This goes one step further than
describing the rules of a culture and helps us to understand the rules
are not better or worse.
Cultural relativity also states that the moral code of a given society
dreams what’s right or wrong. If a society decides murder is wrong,
then it’s wrong-at least in that society. This is known as a cultural
standard. These standards vary across cultures.
Cultural relativity also means that we shouldn’t judge other cultures.

This is known as the tolerance principle, and it means that we
shouldn’t think any culture is better or superior to others.
Examples of Cultural Relativity
 Can we judge the wearing of the Burqa in Islamic Communities, simply

because it differs from Western ideas about femininity?
 Here in the Philippines, premarital sex is morally unacceptable if you
go to another country, teenagers want to lose their virginity at a young
age.
Cultural relativism implies that culture is morally infallible. If it approves

of an action as morally right or disapproves another as morally wrong,
it should be accepted by all its members. This means that a culture
cannot make mistakes about moral issues.
In culture relativism, social reformers would always be wrong because

their cultures are the only authority on matters of morality.
Disagreements with their culture means that social reformers could not
possibly be right.
In cultural relativism, cultural practices are as morally justified as in any

other culture because such practices are socially sanctioned.
It is not possible for cultural relativism to be applied to moral questions.

We all belong to different societies and different cultures. Since
cultures differ, there is no way to determine which culture’s explanation
to moral questions is the proper one.
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Universal human values are those ideals that we believe should be
privileged and promoted in the lives of all human beings in spite of the
differing cultures and societies where we grew up.
3. Are there an Asian and a Filipino understanding of moral behavior?

Strengths and Weaknesses?
Morals are the prevailing standards of behavior that enable people to live
cooperatively in groups. Morals refers to what societies sanction as right and
acceptable.
Moral Behavior action or actions that produce good outcomes for the
individuals as members of a community or society.
Western Ethical Traditions
 European traditions articulate the good and live in a way that realizes
the good.
 It follows the rootedness of norms on the natural law to their grounding
in reason and the eventual employment of discourse theory to arrive at
a shared conception of the good in a multiverse of society.
Asian Ethical Traditions
 Another tradition of thinking about the good has surfaced that is worth
considering for a fuller understanding of how people orient their lives to
the good.
 This tradition comes from the great civilizations of the east, particularly
from India and China.
 Many people in the Philippines are deeply influenced by or have great
commonalties in their ethical way of thinking with these traditions.
General Characteristics of Asian Traditions

1. Religious thought is intertwined with philosophical and ethical
thinking.
2. Love and compassion bind these intellectual traditions.
3. Connectedness of personality cultivation and social responsibility.
4. Enlightenment
5. These great teachings offer paths of “harmony with oneself, with
others, with nature, with transcendent.”
Ways and Behavior in Philippines
 Spirituality is deeply ingrained in Filipinos
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 Filipinos in the country and around the globe can be
expected to extend a warm welcome to their guest
regardless of where they come from, how well they know
their host, and why they’re visiting someone’s home.
Culture is an important determinant of ways and behavior of

any group of people.
Some of the values and practices common among Asian
people are respect for elders, respect for the collective
interest, being helpful to others and respect for the
environment.
The Filipino culture is so rich and diverse that it has greatly transformed in time.
Although it is composed of diverse ethnolinguistic groups spread across the islands,
these cultural communities have somehow retained their indigenous moral values and
belief systems while consciously or unconsciously embracing Western lifestyles brought
about by colonial subjugation for five centuries and the adverse effects of globalization
that followed. Our culture and history molded us to what we are now.
Filipino Strengths
 Pakikipag-kapwa tao
 Family orientation: extended family relations
 Cheerfulness, joy and humor
 Hard work and industry
 Faith and religiosity
 Flexibility, adaptability, and creativity
 Ability to survive
Filipino Weaknesses
 Kanya kanya syndrome and crab mentality

 Extreme personalism
 Passivity, lack of initiative, and bahala na system
 Lack of discipline, palusot system
 Colonial mentality
 Lack of self-analysis and self-reflection
 Extreme family centeredness (good or bad)
The Moral Agent: Developing virtue as a habit
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1. How is a moral character developed? The circular relation of acts that build
character and acts that emanate from character.
Developing virtue as habit
Moral character refers to the existence or lack of virtues such as integrity,

courage, fortitude, honesty, and loyalty. To say that a person has a good
moral character, means that he/she is a good person and a good citizen with
a sound moral compass.
1.Moral character and virtues
The term “character” is derived from the Greek word ‘charakter’, which was
initially used as a mark impressed upon a coin. The word “character” later
came to mean a distinct mark by which one thing was distinguished from
others, and then chiefly to mean assemblage of qualities that distinguish one
person from another. This stress on distinctiveness or individuality tends to
merge “character” with “personality” in modern usage. For instance, when
thinking of a person’s idiosyncratic mannerisms, social gestures, or habits of
dress, we might say that “he has the personality” or that “he’s quite a
character.”
2.The circular relation of acts and character
In the process of moral development, there is the circular relation between

acts that build character and moral character itself. Not all acts help to build
moral character, but those acts which emanate from moral characters
certainly matter in moral development. Hence, there appears the apparent
circular relationship between individual acts and moral character. A person’s
actions determine his/her moral character, but moral character itself
generates acts that help in developing either virtue or vice.
3.Moral characters as dispositions
The moral character traits that constitute a person’s moral character are
characteristically understood as behavioral and effective dispositions.
Generally speaking, ‘dispositions’ are particular kinds of properties or
characteristics that objects can possess. In the physical world, examples of
dispositions include the elasticity of a rubber band, the solubility of sugar-
cube in water, the fragility of porcelain, and the magnetism of a lodestone.
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Among human beings, moral character traits – either virtues or vices- are also
considered as dispositions. Moral character traits are those dispositions of
character for which it is suitable to hold agents morally responsible. A moral
character trait for which a person is deserving of a positive reactive attitude,
such as praise or gratitude, is a virtue. On the other hand, a vice is a moral
character trait for which the agent is deserving of a negative reactive attitude,
such as resentment or blame.
In other words, a good moral character is practically a disposition to do

virtuous acts. Oppositely, a bad moral character is, in effect, a disposition to
do vicious deeds.
Moral development
a. The stages of moral development
The American psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg (1927-1987) is best known

for his theory of stages of moral development. In principle, he agreed with
the Swiss clinical psychologist Jean Piaget’s (1896-1980) theory of
development but wanted to develop his ideas further.
Kohlberg pinpointed three distinct levels of moral reasoning each with two
sub stages composing his so-called six stages of moral development. He
believed that people can only pass through these levels in the orders
listed. Each new stage replaces the kind of reasoning typical of the
previous stage. Some do not achieve all the stages.
Level 1- Pre-conventional morality
Seen in preschool children, most elementary school students, some junior

high school students, and a few high school students
 Stage 1. Obedience and Punishment Orientation

 Stage 2. Individualism and Exchange
Level 2- Conventional morality
Seen in a few older elementary school students, some junior high school
students, and many high school students (Stage 4 typically does not
appear until the high school years)
 Stage 3. Good Interpersonal Relationships

 Stage 4. Maintaining the Social Order
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Level 3- Post-conventional morality
Rarely seen before college (Stage 6 is extremely rare even in adults)
 Stage 5. Social Contract and Individual Rights

 Stage 6. Universal Principles
b. How do we get to the highest level, conscience-based moral decisions?
Another way to view Kohlberg’s stages, especially when combined with

Piaget’s theory, is as follows (“Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development,”
n.d.):
Stage 1: Respect for power and punishment
A young child age 1-5) choses what to do-what is right- according to what
he/she wants to do and can do without getting into trouble. In this level, to
be right, one ought to be obedient to the people
Part II: The Act
A. Feelings and moral decision-making
1. Feelings as instinctive and trained response to moral dilemmas
-Why they can be obstacles to making the right decisions
-How they can help in making the right decisions
B. Reasons and impartiality as minimum requirements for morality
1. Reason and impartiality defined
2. The 7-step moral reasoning model
C. Moral courage
1. Why the will is as important as reason
2. Developing the will
Part III: Frameworks and Principles Behind Our Moral Disposition

Frameworks
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A. Virtue ethics
1. Aristotle
a.) Telos
b.) Virtue as habit
c.) Happiness as virtue
2. St. Tomas: Natural Law
a.) The natural and its tenets
b.) Happiness as constitutive of moral and cardinal virtues
B. Kant and right theorist
1. Kant
a.) Good Will
b.) Categorical imperative
2. Different kinds of rights
a.) Legal
b.) Moral
C. Utilitarianism
1. Origins and nature of theory
2. Business’s fascination with utilitarianism
D. Justice and fairness: Promoting the common good
1. The nature of theory
2. Distributive Justice
a.) Egalitarian
b.) Capitalist
c.) Socialist
i. The state and citizens: responsibilities to each other. The principle of taxation
and inclusive growth
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Conclusion: Ethics through Thick and Thin, and Ethics and Religion
A. The challenges of pluralism and fundamentalism: The search for universal

values
1. Globalization and pluralism: new challenges to ethics

2. Challenges of filinnials
3. The religious response: The role of religion in ethics
ETHICS
 Is the science of the morality of human acts

 The study of the human motivation, and ultimately of human rational behavior
 Derived from the Greek word, ethos, which means characteristic way of acting and
ethikos, which means customary.
MORALITY
 The quality which makes an act good or bad, good or evil, right or wrong.
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MORAL DISTINCTIONS
1. Moral- good, right

2. Immoral- bad, wrong
3. Amoral- neither good nor bad
HUMAN ACTS- acts that are done knowingly, deliberately and freely.
ELEMENTS OF HUMAN ACTS
1. KNOWINGLY- when the person fully understands what he is what he is doing and
has the ability to appreciate the consequences of his actions.
2. DELIBERATELY- when the person did his actions intentionally.
3. FREELY- when the person performed his actions voluntarily.
TWO DIVISIONS OF ETHICS
1. GENERAL ETHICS- the study of the general principles of morality.

2. SPECIAL ETHICS- the study of the application of the general principles of morality;
included in this division is the category of professional ethics.
PROFESSIONAL ETHICS- a set of moral code to which every profession must

subscribe.
Guides the professional where the law is silent or inadequate.
POLICE ETHICS- an example of professional ethics. It is a practical science that treats

the principle of human morality and duty as applied to law enforcement.
Importance of Ethics:
Indispensable knowledge.
Without moral perception, man is only an animal.
Without morality, man as rational being is a failure.
Moral integrity is the only true measure of what man ought to be. The most successful
professional, is nothing unless he is too morally upright. Thus, the philosopher speaks
of ethics as the only necessary knowledge.
Ethics vs. Law

Ethics Law
Study human motivation Concerned with what we do, not what we
feel
Study external actions (explores thoughts Concerned with the externality of the act
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and feelings)
Requires that man desires that of which is Requires that we perform the required
good and act in accordance with that action regardless of-
desire
Human Acts
How human acts performed?
 Performed by man, knowingly and freely

 Deliberate or intentional actions, or voluntary
 Results of conscious knowledge and are subject to the control of the will
ATTRIBUTES OF HUMAN ACTS
 Performed by man, knowingly and freely

It must be by conscious agent who is aware of what he is doing and of its
consequences.
 Deliberate or intentional actions, or voluntary
It must be performed by an agent who is acting freely, that is, by his own volition
and powers. An action done under duress and against one’s will is not entirely a
free action.
 Conscious knowledge and are subject to the control of the will.
It must be performed by an agent who decides willfully to perform the act. This
willfulness is the result to perform an act here and now, or in some future time.
KINDS OF HUMAN ACTS

 Elicited Acts- are those performed by the will and are not bodily externalized.
 Kinds of Elicited acts:

1. Wish
2. Intention
3. Consent
4. Election
5. Use
6. Fruition
 Wish is defined as:

-tendency of the will toward something whether this is realized or not.
 Intention is defined as:
-tendency of the will towards something attainable but without necessarily
committing oneself to attain it.
 Consent is defined as:
-is the acceptance of the will of those needed to carry out the intention.
 Election is defined as:
-selection of the will of those effective enough to carry out the intention.
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 Use is defined as:
-command of the will to make use of those means elected to carry out the
intention.
 Fruition is defined as:
-enjoyment of the will derived from the attainment of the thing he had desired
earlier.
 Commanded Acts- are those done by man’s mental or bodily powers under the
command of the will.
 Kinds of commanded Acts:
1. Internal Actions
2. External Actions
3. Combination of the two (internal and external)
 Internal Actions
Example: conscious reasoning, recalling something, encouraging oneself and
controlling aroused emotions
 External Actions
Example: walking, eating, dancing, laughing, listening and reading
 Combination of the two (internal and external)
Examples: driving a car, writing a letter, playing chess and studying
Modifiers of Human Acts

 Ignorance
 Passion
 Fear
 Violence
 Habits
 Ignorance- absence of knowledge which person ought to possess
Classification of Ignorance:
1. Vincible-easily be reminded through ordinary diligence and reasonable
efforts
2. Invincible- lacks the mean to cure it; possess without knowing it
IGNORANTIA LEGIS NOMINEM EXCUSAT

(Ignorance of the law excuses no one)
-it implies that no one should not act in the state of ignorance and that no one
who has done wrong may not claim ignorance as a defense.
 Passions- either tendencies towards desirable object, or tendencies away from

undesirable or harmful things.
Classification of Passions:
1. Positive- love, desire, delight, hope and bravery
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2. Negative- hatred, horror, sadness, despair, fear and anger
 Passion are psychic responses:

-neither moral or immoral
-man is bound to regulate his emotions and submit them to the control of reason
 Fear- disturbance of the mind of a person who is confronted by an impending
danger or harm to himself or love ones
Fear is an instinct for self-preservation
 Violence- any physical force extended on one person by another for purpose of
compelling a person to act against his will.
Bodily torture, maltreatment, isolation and mutilation
 Habits- born out of repeated acts, for acting in certain manner.
“Habit-forming “refers to certain experience shows how easy it is for one to
acquire a habit. Implies that habit is not easy to overcome or alter
Rights and Duties
Man is born without rights and duties and having rights is an attribute. That is
why we have Commission on Human Rights that addresses the violation of such
right.
Commission on Human Rights

- It is an independent office created by the Constitution of the Philippines, with
the primary function of investigating all forms of human rights violations
involving civil and political rights in the Philippines.
Rights Defined
Objectively: it is anything which is owed or due
Subjectively: right is a moral power, bound to be respected by others, of
doing, possessing or requiring something.
Kinds of Rights
1. Natural rights- based on natural law, that is, on human nature
2. Human rights- based on human positive laws, either those enacted by
the state or religious sects
Civil rights- dependent upon the law of the state
Ecclesiastical or religious rights- dependent upon the law of the church
or religious sect
3. Alienable and inalienable rights- rights that can be surrendered,
renounced, or removed, such right to decent livelihood
4. Rights of jurisdiction- power of lawful authority to govern his subject
and to make laws for them
5. Right of property- power to own, sell, to barter, to lend, to change, or
give away one’s personal possession.
6. Juridical rights- refers to all rights as they are based on laws
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Non- juridical rights (moral rights)- refers to either natural or human
rights and based on virtue
Duty defined
Objectively: is anything, we are obliged to do or omit
Subjectively: moral obligation incumbent upon a person of doing,
omitting, or avoiding something.
Kinds of Duties
Natural Duties: are those imposed by natural laws such as the duty to
care for our health
Positive Duties: are those imposed by human positive law such as the
duty to pay taxes and to observed traffic laws
Affirmative Duties: those that requires performance of certain act, such
as casting ballot during elections, applying for business license.
Negative Duties: requires the omission of certain act such as not
carrying illegal firearms, or not destroying the property of others.
VALUES AND CARDINAL VIRTUES
Values are implicitly related to a degree of behavioral freedom or autonomy by human

beings; values steer or guide the person, on the basis of internally chosen options.
Thus, values imply the (conscious) prioritizing of different behavioral alternatives which
are perceived to be possible for the individual. Values can apply to groups (such as
Filipino values) or individuals (religious values) and can be both process or goals. In
example, democracy is both a process and a goal.
Moral character or character is an evaluation of a person’s moral and mental qualities.

Such an evaluation is subjective one person may evaluate someone’s character on the
basis of their virtue, another may consider their fortitude, courage, loyalty, honesty or
piety.
Values may be defined and characterized by the following:
 The quality (positive or negative) that renders something desirable or valuable; the
Shakespearean Shylock is of dubious value in the modern world.
 An ideal accepted by some individual or group, he has old- fashioned values.
 Principles, standards or qualities considered worthwhile or desirable by the person
who holds them.
 Abstract ideas about what a society believes to be good, right, and desirable.
 Those qualities of behavior, thought and character that society regards as being
intrinsically good, having desirable results, and worthy of emulation by others.
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 Assumptions, convictions, or beliefs about the manner in which people should
behave and the principles that should govern behavior.
Values are our subjective reactions to the world around us. They guide and mold our
options and behavior. Values have three important characteristics. First, values are
developed early in life and are very resistant to change. Values develop out of our direct
experiences with people who are who are important to us, particularly our parents.
Values rise not out of what people tell us, but as a result how they behave towards us
and others. Second, values define what is right and what is wrong. Notice that values do
not involve external, outside standards to tell right or wrong; rather wrong, good or bad
are intrinsic. Third, values themselves cannot be proved correct or incorrect, valid or
invalid, right or wrong. If a statement can be proven true or false, then it cannot be a
value. Values tell what we should believe regardless of any evidence or lack thereof.
Beliefs of a person or social group in which they have an emotional investment (either
for or against something); he has very conservative values;
Values are those ideas and concepts within each of us that we deem significant and
essential. People are guided by a set of values, which help determine their behaviors as
they live their lives, interact with others and aid in their decision making. Values help
human beings resolve and determine right from wrong, and help define their identity and
choose what they advocate and stand for. Values stem and derived from one’s family,
custom, tradition, religion, elders and friends. They are formed early in life, and are
reinforced by our life experiences. Once established values are very hard to change.
Categories of Values:
A value system is the ordered and prioritized set of ethical and doctrinal values that an
individual’s culture upholds.
In this context, a value is part of the core value system from which one operates or
reacts. These values can be grouped into six categories:
1. Ethics- (bad, virtue- vice, moral- immoral- amoral, right- wrong, permissible-
impermissible)
2. Aesthetics (beautiful, ugly, unbalanced, pleasing)
3. Doctrinal (political, ideological, religious or social beliefs and values)
4. Innate (inborn values such as reproduction and survival, a controversial category)
5. Non-use/passive- includes the value based on something never used or seen, or
something left for the next generation.
6. Potential/option- the value of something that’s known to be only potentially valuable,
such as a plant that might be found to have medicinal value in the future. A value
system is the ordered and prioritized set of values that an individual’s culture upholds.
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Groups or organizational values may be formal or informal. Since every organization
has values that are influential to the group, values help the group or the organization
endure and carry out its objectives.
If the members do not accept as true and subscribe in their organizational value
systems, the organization would not function properly. Without good values, the
organization may completely cease to exist. An example of a commercial enterprise or
business or any service established to deliver products or services, as well as a
government body such as the police.
Organizations develop values similar with the process undertaken by each individual
value progress and maturity. Organizational values are driven by the people who
embody and epitomize the group, the leaders, the personnel, workers and employee.
Respectable and virtuous organizations are formed by favorable reception and good
values. Those organizations that fail or are viewed negatively by the people they served
are made up of poor values, emanating from unscrupulous employees. A law
enforcement organization such as the Philippine National Police will be an effective
organization only if it develops good values.
An ideal value system for a police agency would include:
 Honesty
 Integrity
 Respect for Human Rights
 Professionalism
 Strong scene of injustice
 Desire to help and serve others
 Patriotism
 Selflessness
CARDINAL VIRTUES:
 Prudence- refers to the ability to govern and discipline oneself by means or logical
reasoning and sound discretion. It is a habit which inclines man to act in a way that
harmonizes with nature (virtue), which attracts the intellect to prefer the most
effective means for accomplishing what is morally good and avoid moral evils.
 Temperance- refers to the ability to avoid something and act with moderation,
regulating one’s carnal appetite for sensual pleasures.
 Fortitude- denotes firmness of mind, the courage to endure without yielding. It is a
combination of patience (calmness and composure), perseverance (the ability to
continue despite of obstacles or opposition) and endurance (the ability to survive)
 Justice- it refers to a virtue that inclines the will to give every person his/ her
accorded rights.
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Fundamentals laws of Human Society: Justice which is composed of three divisions of
namely:
 Commutative Justice- it regulates actions which involved the rights that exist
among individuals, violation of which calls for reparation and restitution.
 Distributive Justice- which standardize those actions that have to do with the
rights of an individual may claim from society.
 Legal Justice- it puts into order those actions which society may justly require of
the individual for the common good.
 Charity- refers to kindness, compassion, altruism, humanity and goodwill. It is the
obligation of giving under certain conditions whatever assistance and aid which our
fellowmen need.
A virtue is a character trait which is evaluated as being good. Societies have values
(norms) that are largely shared among many of the participants. In this case, those
participants share a culture, even when an individual participant’s cultural values might
not entirely agree with some normative values sanctioned in the larger society.
Activity 1.
On this activity, the students should be able to learn and familiarize the
vocabulary given and its meaning. Here are some of the values recognized as
virtues.
Accountability Etiquette Perspective
Altruism Fidelity Perseverance
Agape Fortitude Piety
Assertiveness Humanism Prudence
Charity Idealism Socialism
Chastity Integrity Sympathy
Continence Intuition Tact
Diligence Magnanimity Tenacity
Empathy Morality Zeal
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Enthusiasm Patience
Clash of differing values:
If a person expresses a value which is in conflict with their society’s norms, the society
may carry out various ways of redressing, stigmatizing or confronting the individual.
Imprisonment is a result of a conflict with social norms that have been established by
law.
Pre-Test 1. Identification:
1. __________is a branch of philosophy which studies the principle of right or wrong in

human conduct.
2. __________it implies that no one should not act in the state of ignorance and that no
one who has done wrong may not claim ignorance as a defense.
3. __________it is a practical science that treats the principle of human morality and
duty as applied to law enforcement.
4. __________it is anything which is owed or due.
5. __________denotes firmness of mind, the courage to endure without yielding.
6. __________which standardize those actions that have to do with the rights of an
individual may claim from society.
7. __________the quality which makes an act good or bad, good or evil, right or wrong.
8. __________it refers to a virtue that inclines the will to give every person his/her
accorded rights.
9. __________ethics was derived from the ancient_________ethikos”, meaning “arising
from habit”.
10.__________it regulates actions which involved the rights that exist among
individuals, violation of which calls for reparation and restitution.
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MODULE 2: UNDERSTANDING ETHICS AND VALUES
Learning Outcomes:
At the end of the lesson, students are expected to:
• explain the difference between ethics and morality; character and personality
• have deep understanding of human existence
UNDERSTANDING ETHICS
Etymologically, the word ethics is coined from the Greek word “ethicos”, or that which
pertains to “ethos”, the English translation of which is “custom” or “character”. From this
etymological meaning, ethics is taken to mean as a philosophical science that deals
with the morality of human conduct or human acts.
What do we mean by “morality of human acts?” Morality of human acts refers to the
goodness of the badness, the rightness or the wrongness of human acts.
Ethics is a philosophical science. This means that ethics is one of the many
disciplines in philosophy.
Enhancement reading: h ttp://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/introduction/intro_1.shtml
Four Disciplines / Divisions in Philosophy:
1. Descriptive or Speculative – a discipline in philosophy that posits the question: What
is the nature of reality? (Metaphysics)
2. Normative – a discipline in philosophy that posits the question: What is good and
what is bad? Or what is right action and wrong action? (Moral
philosophy)3. Practical philosophy – a discipline in philosophy which reflects upon truth
in relation to action. (Logic)4. Critical philosophy – a discipline in philosophy that posits
the question: What is truth? (Epistemology)
CHARACTER VS. PERSONALITY
Character Personality
It is objective in nature. It is within a It is subjective. It changes at point in
person. time.
A particular system of trait that is A set of characteristics that each
permanent to each person. person possesses.
It is molded depending on his It influences how one behaves as well
environment. as one’s motivation.
One’s character shows on how the The image that one presents in front of
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person acts and reacts to his or her other.
peers and how she or he deals with
everything that happens around him or
her.
UNDERSTANDING MORALITY
Moral integrity is the only true measure of what man ought to be. The most successful
professional, is nothing unless he too is morally upright. Thus, the philosophers speak
of Ethics as the “only necessary knowledge”.
Morality is the foundation of every human society. Without civic morality, communities
perish; without personal morality their survival has no value. Every culture admits the
importance of morality as a standard of behavior. When the moral foundation of a nation
is threatened, society itself is threatened.
Morality is the quality of human acts by which they are constituted as good, bad or
indifferent.
ETHICS VS. MORALITY
Ethics Morality
What is it? The rules of conduct Principles or habits with
recognized in respect to a respect to right or wrong
particular class of human conduct. It defines how
actions or a particular things should work
group, culture, etc. It according to an
defines how thing are individual’s ideals and
according to the rules. principles.
Source Social system / External Individual / Internal
Why we do it? Because society says it is Because we believe in
the right thing to do. something being right or
wrong.
Flexibility Ethics are dependent on Usually consistent,
others for definition. They although can change if an
tend to be consistent individual’s beliefs
within a certain context, change.
but can vary between
contexts.
MORALITY AND HUMAN EXISTENCE
There is morality because there is man.
1. Man is the only Moral Being by virtue of the following reasons. a. Man is a being of
action.b. Man has intellect.c. Man has will.
2. Man as an Animal3. Man as a Rational Animal 4. Intellect compared with will 5.
Concrete Basis of Morality
UNDERSTANDING VALUES
Undeniably, there is a metaphysical dependence of values in ethics, for values have
ethics as one of their indispensable carriers. True enough, ethics and values support
30
each other. An ethics without values is hollow and shallow and, therefore, weak. Values
without ethics are paralytic. Needless to say, values are values even if they are not put
into practice because primarily – not absolutely - values are objective. If values are
construed this way, it can be inferred that they have nothing to do with ethics. The
contention can be justified in view of the fact that not everything which is good is moral
or ethical. In other words, not all values (good) are necessarily moral. The good in a
glass of water – because it satisfies our thirst – does not quality water as moral. The
good in food – because it satisfies our hunger – does not make food moral as well.
General definition of Values
1. Values are the object of human desire and striving; they are also the subjective
assessment of a particular object insofar as it is good.
2. Values are our beliefs, those beliefs which we hold to be true. Thus values inspire us
to struggle towards our proximate and ultimate ends.
3. Values refer to things, person, ideas or goals which are important to life; they enable
us to direct, understand, and evaluate our lives. Thus, they refer to our ideals and our
principles by which we live. Further, values are those which we approve, esteem, enjoy
and prize.
Properties of Values
1. Values are subjective – when we say values are subjective, we mean that the
existence and the validity of values are dependent upon on the feelings or attitudes of
the subject.2. Values are objective – when we say values are objective, we mean that
the existence and the nature of values are independent of a subject.
like,
3. Values are relative – this means that values have intrinsic limitation and imperfection.
4. Values are bipolar – this mean that values do not exist alone; they always exist with
their counter values. Thus, values are either positive or negative.5. Values are
hierarchical – when we say values are hierarchical, we do not classify
values but rather we rank them. When we rank values, we establish order of importance
among them. The closest meaning of ranking values is prioritizing values.
ORGANIZATIONAL VALUES
Every organization has values that are important to the group. It will help the
organization to survive. Organizations develop values much the same as each
individual has developed values.
Enhancement reading:
https://www.slideserve.com/rhys/introduction-to-ethics-values-and-attitudes
UNDERSTANDING HUMAN ACTS
Human acts are actions that proceed from the deliberate free will of man. In a broader
perspective, the term human acts refer to any activity performed by man. This activity
could either be physical, spiritual, internal, or external. Moral philosophy, however,
treats the term human acts not in its broader but in its stricter meaning. Moral
Philosophy, therefore, understands human acts as actions that are proper only to man.
These actions are those which man does not share with the brutes for human acts are
rational and willed acts.
Three-fold Elements of Human Acts
1. Knowledge 2. Freedom3. Voluntariness
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HUMAN ACTS VS. ACTS OF MAN
Human Acts Acts of Man

It requires man’s rationality. It does not require man’s rationality.
It requires knowledge, freedom and Done without knowledge, without
voluntariness (elements of human acts) consent and involuntary.
It does not need man’s freedom and
will.
Man takes responsibility of his action It does not make man responsible for
his action.
Visit also: https://www.slideshare.net/espirituanna/human-acts
Enhancement Activity:
1. Briefly explain when can an act or attitude is considered a. ethical and
b. moral2. Identify whether the following are human act or act of man.
a. Lookingb. Seeingc. Dreamingd. Daydreaming e. Breathing
Assessment:
• Based from the learning that you have gained in this module,whatdoyouthink
could be the general effect or consequence/s if a person doesn’t follow or do what is
ethical and what is moral. Answer this by using the table below. Limit your answers to
not more than 50 words. (30 points)
• Determinewhetherthefollowingactsareconsideredhumanactoractofman. Put an X
mark on the corresponding column in identifying your answers. (15 points)
Ethical Moral
What if a person doesn’t
follow/do it?
Human Act Act of Man
1. killing by self defense
2. theft by a kleptomania
3. rape under the influence
of drugs
4. cheating in order to
pass
5. sleep walking
References:
http://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/introduction/intro_1.shtml
32
https://www.slideshare.net/espirituanna/human-acts
https://www.slideserve.com/rhys/introduction-to-ethics-values-and-attitudes
33
MODULE 3: SCOPE OF POLICE COMMUNITY RELATIONS
Ethics which pertains to the “standards of conduct and moral requirements” necessary
to function effectively within an organization or profession. The police service has the
distinctive responsibility within an organized society to maintain law and order within the
community. No other organization has this explicit and detailed mission to maintain law
and order and no other organization is entrusted with the lawful power to arrest persons,
investigate suspected criminal activity, or use force in a legally recognized manner.
Since, the police are entrusted with this important and fundamental authority, the people
who have been given this lawful power must exercise such power with self- discipline
and moderation and according to ethical standards. Ethics, in the law enforcement
perspective, means sincere and respectable service to the community instead of
working for personal gain and individual profit.
PRINCIPLES OF POLICE COMMUNITY RELATIONS
 Public Support must be maintained.

 Public Resentment must be avoided.
 Public Goodwill must be developed.
 Public must be kept informed.
Coverage of Police Community Relations:
A. Public Information Program- this involves upon the concept of keeping members of
society informed so that they will appreciate and understand the complexity of police
work and the services rendered by our men in uniform. It is made possible by personal
media, mass media, which includes printed matters and audio- visual communications.
B. Public Relations Program- it is focused on building a good image for the police
organization through actual performance without inefficiency and corruption. Its
objective is to gain public support and win citizen’s cooperation to accomplish police
task.
C. Civic Action Program- this endeavor attempts to impart to the members of the
community that police officers are their friends and the partners as well as well as their
defenders. Its activities include rendering public assistance in cases of emergencies
and calamities, police participation in the community affairs and the police efforts to
prevent juvenile delinquency by means of actively engaging and participating in youth
activities.
D. Mass Communication Program- it is designed to influence the opinions, attitudes,
behavior and emotions of the public in manner that they will behave in accordance with
the law.
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Objectives of Police Community Relations
 To maintain and develop confidence and goodwill of the community for the police.
 To obtain public assistance and cooperation.
 To develop public appreciation, understanding and support for the services of the
police.
 To create broader understanding and sympathy with the need and the problems of
the police.
 To facilitate law enforcement and compliance.
 To build public opinion in favor of the police.
 To achieve the police purpose of preserving peace, protecting life and property, and
the prevention of crime.
Basic Foundation of Good Community Relations
 Sincerity in serving the public

 Full knowledge of the job
 Deep conviction in the nobility of the work
 Sound Police Ethics
 High Standard operations
Categories of Police Officer’s Individual Public Relations:
 Domestic relations- includes dealing with family and relatives.

 Neighborhood relations- includes decorum with neighbors.
 Community relations- it consists of dealing with other members of the locality
where a person lives.
 Religious relations- it denotes religious affiliation which is necessary for stability of
moral principles.
 Government relations- it implies recognition of government authority and
adherence to laws and ordinances.
Peace and Order Councils- it replaced the integrated police advisory councils which
involves civil officials and the members of the community in the preservation of peace
and order and promotion of public safety.
Every local police and order councils in each city and municipality shall together with
their respective mayors shall amend and establish an integrated area and community
public safety plan embracing authorities of actions and programs thrusts for
implementation by the local PNP stations.
Challenges to Police Ethical Behavior: The primary question to ethical police behavior
are due to: individual character trial and organizational disputes.
35
1. Individual character challenges- refer to the difficulties arising from personal blemish
or defects where police engage in acts of dishonesty, abuse of authority, greed,
brutality, or individual acts of corruption. Even though the police service may have
published standards of ethical conduct, such as the Code of Conduct, individual police
members may choose to engage in acts of misconduct. The police personnel who
embark on such acts stains the reputation of the entire police service and they must be
reformed, disciplined, sanctioned or dismissed from the service. If the members of the
police force who engage in acts of corruption are not dealt with, it can set off a
breakdown in morale among other decent, honest and principled employees and gives
the appearance that the police service as an organization tolerates and even encourage
such activity.
One of the most ordinary acts of police corruption is the acceptance of a bribe or
gratuity in exchange for not undertaking an official function. As an example, a traffic law
officer stops a motorist or truck driver for a traffic violation and the motorist offers a
small amount of cash not to issue a traffic citation. If the police officer accepts the cash,
that is an act of bribery and police corruption.
Another example is could be a policeman accepting a bribe or gratuity to consent to an

establishment to sell alcohol without a permit or tax license. The policemen are failing to
carry out his duty by accepting a gift or a bribe in exchange for not enforcing the law.
Some police make an effort to give a good reason for their actions by claiming they are
underpaid by the government and the acceptance of the small amount of cash is not
grave. Nevertheless, even small exploits of police corruption very often led to more
serious acts of corruption to the point that said individuals are no longer a legitimate law
enforcement official, but simply a hoodlum or criminal wearing a police uniform.
2. Organizational challenges- these are more difficult to deal with, particularly in such
instances, where the entire police organization, or an entire unit, has espoused and
embraced unethical and unprofessional police standards. The organization has
tolerated or has participated in various forms of police misconduct, possibly including
extortion and or solicitation of bribes and pay-offs systematic use of the police structure
to collect unauthorized payments, and in some cases, engage in acts of police brutality
and even crimes to preserve and sustain power.
Police agencies that engage in fraudulent and dishonest practices include such
activities as offering “protection rackets” to allow criminal gangs to continue business,
while demanding a percentage of the criminal gains; engaging in theft (carnapping
business burglary, and other thefts) while on official business or protecting the criminal
element that is actually committing the theft acts; offering protection “insurance” to bars
and brothels so the police agency will not thwart their illegal activities. Police officials
are just as culpable of corruption is they are aware of such activities in the organization
but do nothing to stop them as they would be if they had personally committed the act.
The end result of such acts of corruption is that the public judge the police to be
dishonest, corrupt, and without ethical standards.
36
Pre-Test 2. Multiple Choice.
1.It implies recognition of government authority and adherence to laws and ordinances.
A. Community relations B. Government relations C. Religious relations d.

Domestic relations
2. It is focused on building a good image for the police organization through actual
performance without the inefficiency and corruption. Its objective is to gain public
support and win citizen’s cooperation to accomplish police task.
A. Mass Communication Program B. Public Relations Program C. Public

Information Program D. Civic Action Program
3. Refers to the difficulties arising from personal blemish or defects where police
personnel engage in acts of dishonesty, abuse of authority, greed, brutality, or individual
acts of corruption.
A. Individual character challenges B. Organizational challenges C. Moral

character challenges D. Police character challenges
37
PRELIM COVERAGE
MODULE 4: FOUNDATION OF POLICE ETHICS

● Elucidate the Cannons of Police Ethics and the Professional Police Principle
● Recite the law enforcement code of ethics
● Appraise the moral/ethical weaknesses of the PNP causing incompetence and
propose a solution for the problem.
INTRODUCTION
Professional conduct and ethical standards and a high degree of honesty are more
essential for officers and members of Philippine National Police (PNP) than for any
member of the society. This is so, because they are entrusted with the enforcement of
the rules, regulations and ordinances created by City/Municipality and the laws of the
land created by the Congress that guide the conduct of society. A policemen’s violation
or infraction thereof, or his failure to enforce it, dishonor the law and the authority he
represents.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
1. Police Ethics- It is the practical science that treats the principle of human morality
and duty as applied to law enforcement.
2. Moonlighting- An act of a member of the PNP pursuing or following any calling or
occupation, or the act of engaging in any business, which includes but not limited to all
activities, jobs, work, and similar functions, performed, engaged in or undertaking by
him, in or off duty hours with or without compensation, which is inconsistent or
incompatible with the PNP duties or functions. Such as a
bouncer, security guard, driver, bodyguard, confidential agent, watchman and any other
occupations of similar nature, in any enterprise or establishment,public or private, which
will prejudice the interest of law enforcement andpublic safety.
3. Ethical standard – it refers to the set of conducts and behavior governing a group, a
class or organization.
4. Police customs and social decorum – a set of norms and standards practiced by
members during social and other functions.
5. Nonfeasance/Neglect of Duty- It is the omission of some act, which ought to be
performed. It is the omission or refusal without sufficient excuse, to perform an act or
duty, which as a peace officer’s legal obligation to perform.
6. Misfeasance/Irregularities in the Performance of Duty- It is the improper
performance of some act which might lawfully be done.
7. Malfeasance- It is the performance of some act which ought not to be done. It is
the doing either through ignorance, inattention or malice, of that which the
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officer had no legal right to do at all, as when he acts without any authority
whatsoever, or exceeds, ignores, or abuses his powers.
8. Incompetency- It is the manifest lack of adequate ability and fitness for the
satisfactory performance of police duties. This has reference to any physical and
intellectual quality, the lack of which substantially incapacitates one to perform the
duties of peace officers.
9. Oppression- Imports an act of cruelty, severity, unlawful execution, or excessive use
of authority.
10. Dishonesty- It is the concealment or distortion of truth in a manner of a factrelevant
to one’s office or connected with the performance of his duties.
11. Disloyalty to the Government- Consist of abandonment or renunciation of one’s
loyalty to the Government of the Philippines, or advocating the overthrow of the
government.
12. Public official- Includes elective and appointive officials and employees, permanent
or temporary, whether in the career or non-career service, including military and police
personnel, whether or not they receive compensation or not, regardless of amount.
13. Public Officer or Employee- It means any person holding any public office or
employment by virtue of an appointment, election or contract, and any person holding
any office or employment, by appointment or contract in any state-owned or controlled
corporation.
14. Gift- It refers to the thing or right disposed gratuitously, or any act of liberality in
favor of another who accepts it, and shall include a simulated sale or ostensibly onerous
disposition thereof. It shall not include an unsolicited gift of nominal or insignificant value
not given in anticipation of, or in exchange for a favor.
ETHICS IN THE PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE (PNP)

The PNP Professional Conduct and Ethical Standard are based from existing laws
covering public servants as embodied in the Constitution, Revised Penal Code, RA
6713 (The code of Conduct and Ethical Standards for Public Officials and Employees),
and other related statutes. The ethical conduct and standard of the PNP is further
enhanced to fit in their nature of their creation as embodied in the Constitution which is
civilian in nature but military in manner.
In relation to RA 6713 read also

https://dilg.gov.ph/issuances/ra/RA-6713-Code-of-Ethics-and-Ethical-Standards-/1
FIVE PILLARS TOWARDS AN ETHICAL PNP MEMBER

1. Background of the applicants – this includes the qualification like educational
attainment and morality.2. Type of training – strengthening the behavior of the selected
applicant is believed to be the objective of the PNP training.3. Response to training –
trainees’ obedience to legal orders is indispensable in undergoing the training.4.
Determination – trainees’ determination to pursue the required training.5. Ability to rise
when fall – It is but natural to fail but what matter is the ability to rise
especially when put in hot water. Facing the consequences of our action is a sign of
maturity.
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CANNONS OF POLICE ETHICS
1. Primordial Police Responsibility- The primary objective of police is the prevention
of crime.
2. Limitation of Police Authority
- As an upholder of the law, policemen must know the limitation in enforcing the law,
thus:
a. He must be aware of the limitations which the people, through law, have
placed him.
b. He must recognize the center of the democratic system of government, which
gives person or group of persons, absolute power.
c. He must insure that he does not pervert its true character.
3. Knowledge of the Law and other Responsibility
- The policeman shall assiduously apply himself to the principles of the laws, which he is
sworn to apply.
a. He will make certain of his responsibilities in the particular field of enforcement,
seeking aid of his superior in matters technically or in principles not clear to him
b. He shall make special effort to fully understand his relationship with law enforcement
agencies, particularly on matters of jurisdiction, both geographically and substantively.
4. Use of proper Means to Obtain Proper Endsa.
a. The policeman shall be mindful of his responsibility to have strict selection of
methods in discharging the duty of his office.
b. Violation of law or public safety and property on the part of the officer are
intrinsically wrong. They are self-defeating if they instill in the public mind.
c. The employment of Illegal methods, no matter how worthy the end, is certain
to encourage disrespect for the law and its officers, If the law is to be
honored, it must first be honored by those who enforce it.
d. it is the proper performance of duty not the nobleness of the objective or
mission which should guide every police officer.
5. Cooperation with Public Officials
a. The policeman shall cooperate fully with other public officials in the performance or
authorized duties, regardless of party affiliation or personal prejudices.
b. He shall be meticulous in law, however, in assuring himself as property, under the
law, such actions shall guard against the use of his office or person whether knowingly
or in any improper or illegal action.
6. Proper Conduct and Behaviora.
a.The policeman shall be mindful of his special identification by the public as an
upholder of law.
b. The community and the service require that the policeman leads the life of
decent and honorable person, following the career of policeman gives
no special pre-requisite.
c. being a law enforcement officer is a noble profession, it follows that every law
enforcer must think, act and speak with decency and appropriately.
7. Conduct towards the Community
a. The policeman shall be mindful of his responsibility to the community
b. He shall deal with individuals of the community in the manner calculated to
instill respect for its law.
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c. He shall conduct his official life in a manner that will inspire confidence and
trust.
d. He will do neither personal preference nor prejudice but rather a duly
appointed officer of the law discharging his sworn obligation.
8. Conduct in Arresting Law Violator
a. Policeman shall use his powers to arrest in accordance with the law and with due
regard to the rights of the citizen concerned.
b. He shall, at all times, have a clear appreciation of his responsibilities and limitation
regarding the detention of the accused.
c. He shall conduct himself in such a manner as will minimize the possibility of having to
use force.
d. He shall cultivate a dedication to the people and the equitable upholding of the law
whether in the handling of the accused or law-abiding citizen.
9. Firmness in Refusing Gifts or Favorsa.
a. Policeman representing the government bears heavy responsibility of
maintaining, in his conduct, the honor and integrity of all government
institution.
b. He shall guard against placing himself in a Position in which the public can
reasonably assume that special consideration is being given.
c. He shall be firm in refusing gifts, favors or gratitude, large or small, which can
be public mind, be interpreted as capable of influencing his judgment in
the discharge of his duties.
10. Attitude towards Police Profession
a. Policeman shall regard the best possible of his duties as a public trust and recognize
his responsibilities as a public servant.
b. He shall strive to make the best possible application of science to the selection of the
crime and in the field of human relation.
c. He shall strive for effecting leadership and public influence in matters affecting public
safety.
d. He shall appreciate the importance and responsibility of his office, and hold police
work to be an honorable profession rendering valuable service to his community.
e. Through study and experience, a police officer can acquire the high level of
knowledge and competence that is essential for the efficient and effective performance
of duty. The acquisition of knowledge is a never- ending process of personal and
professional development that should be pursued constantly.
11. Impartial Presentation of Evidencea.
a. Policeman shall be concerned equally in the prosecution of the accused or
for the defense of the innocent
b. He shall ascertain what kind of evidence and shall present such evidence
impartially and without malice.
c. He shall ignore social, political and all other distinction among the person
involved, strengthening the tradition of reliability and integrity of an officer’s word.
PROFESSIONAL POLICE PRINCIPLE

1. Prevention of crime and disorder
2. Cooperation of community
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3. Unreasonable force reduce community cooperation
4. Use of Reasonable Force When Persuasion Is Not Sufficient
5. Impartial Enforcement of Laws
6. The Community Are the Police
7. Police Should Not Usurp Judicial Powers
8. Reduction of Crime and Disorder
9. Rule of Enforcement Impartially Observed
10. Police Discretion
LAW ENFORCEMENT CODE OF ETHICS

As a law enforcement officer, my fundamental duty is to serve mankind; to safeguard
life and property; to protect the innocent against deception, weak against oppression or
intimidation and the peaceful against violence or disorder: and to respect the
constitutional rights of all men, liberty, equality and justice.
I will keep my private life unsullied as an example to all; maintain courageous calm in
the face of danger, scorn or ridicule; develop self-restraint and be constantly mindful of
the welfare of others. Honest in thought and in deed both my personal and official life. I
will be exemplary in obeying the laws of the land and regulations of my organization.
Whatever I see or hear of a confidential in nature or is confided to me in my official
capacity will be kept ever secret unless revelation is necessary in the performance of
my duty.
I will never act officiously or permit personal feelings, prejudices, animosities or
friendship to influence my decision; with no compromise for crime and with relentless
prosecution of criminals. I will enforce the law courteously and appropriately without fear
or favor, malice or ill will, never employing unnecessary force or violence and never
accepting gratuities in return.
I recognize the badge of my office as a symbol of public faith and I accept it as a Public
trust to be held so long as I am true to the ethics of police service. I will never engage in
acts of corruption or bribery, nor will I condone such acts by other police officers. I will
cooperate with all legally authorized agencies and their representatives in the pursuit of
Justice.
I know that I alone is responsible for my own standard or professional performance and
will take every reasonable opportunity to enhance and Improve my level of knowledge
and competence. I will constantly strive to achieve these objectives and ideals,
dedicating myself before God and my chosen profession....
Law Enforcement.
NOTE:a. read your notes for the entire explanation of this Code of Ethics
b. MEMORIZE the Law Enforcement Code of Ethics and be ready anytime to
recite this in a virtual platform.
TENETS OF DISCIPLINE
All policemen at all levels shall adhere to the eight tenets of discipline, which include the
following:
a. One of the first signs of discipline is the stage of orderliness and cleanliness of the
policeman’s place or work. If a police station is unkept, people cannot expect the kind of
positive responds to their needs.
42
b. All police actions must be characterized by courtesy and discipline.
c. All objectives of the PNP must always be for the Public interest and not private
interest. The people must feel that they are welcome to approach any member of the
PNP for assistance.
d. All citizens must be treated with dignity and respect.
e. All police actions must be in accordance with the law. Respect for human rights and
other laws of the land must be primordial concern in the exercise of Police duties/
f. Basic police service must be rendered, equitably for all citizens and must not give in
exchange for any favor, reward or condition.
g. Involvement of police personnel in syndicated crime particularly illegal gambling must
not be tolerated.
h. There is no substitute for leadership by example. Police Commanders, as model of
public service, must show proper behavior not only to their subordinates but also to the
people.
Who is a Filipino Policeman?
- A Filipino policeman is a protector and a friend of the people.
- His badge is the symbol of the citizen’s faith and trust, his uniform a mirror of
decorum and integrity.
- His whole human person an oblation of enduring love for homeland, fellowmen
and God.
- A Filipino policeman emulates the valor of Lapu-lapu, serenity of Rizal, the
leadership of Aguinaldo, the courage of Bonifacio, the idealism of Del Pilar, the
wisdom of Mabini and the fortitude of Gomez, Burgos and Zamora.
- A Filipino policeman has oath for his republic to uphold: to defend the
constitution, honor the flag, obey the laws and duly constituted authorities. He has
covenant with his people to comply: to safeguard and protect them even beyond the call
of duty. And he has a legacy for his family to fulfill: to bequeath unto them the one and
only treasure of his life
– an unblemished name.
The Policeman and his Badge
Pointedly enough, it is precisely upon grounds of reliability and unreliability, fidelity or

infidelity in the performance of his duties that the badge of a policeman assumes
paramount significance.
This is because the badge could either be the symbol of the citizen’s faith and trust in
the policeman or the harbinger of their contempt and derision for him, all depending
upon efficiency or inefficiency in the execution of the policeman’s task or mission.
But whatever it may be, the salient point remains that the policeman’s badge stands out
as the embodiment of his entire personality, both as a citizen and a public servant, yes,
a badge that beckons the policeman to commit himself to the democratic way of life
and, even more, to maintain the principle of public accountability.
Furthermore, the badge flashes incessantly to the mind and heart of the policeman his
inescapable concern, commitment and obligation to uphold at all times the constitution
and be loyal to his country, people and organization over and above loyalty to any other
person or organization.
Visit also http://www.pnp.gov.ph/index.php/about-us/pnp-seal-badge
43
The Policeman and his Uniform
The gestures and attitudes of internalizing and externalizing could aptly project to the
fore the fierce relevance and significance of the uniform of the policeman.
This is because what a policeman has internalized or ingested in terms of discipline,
conduct, insight and decorum is externalized or unfolded by his uniform on points of
among others, physical appearance, social graces, professional bearing, and personal
comportment.
More importantly, the uniform bespeaks not only of the authority and prerogatives of the
peace keeper and law enforcer donning or wearing such uniform but, equally
worthwhile, the intellectual, moral and spiritual cast and mold of the person inside that
uniform. Just as what abounds in the heart is spoken by the mouth, so what values and
virtues are acquired and ingested, or not ingested and acquired, as the case may be,
are bound to have a repercussion or reflection on his uniform.
If a policeman is neglectful or remiss in his interior breeding, upbringing, and posturing,
there surges the imminent and potential likelihood that such shortcomings would find
shape and form in his untidy, sloppy and repulsive uniform.
Indeed, a well-meaning and disciplined member of the force realizes without being told
that the citizenry looks upon and discerns the policeman as distinctively a man among
gentlemen and a gentleman among men, a circumstance and factor that prompts such
citizenry to hail as a gratifying sight when the men and women in the police service
wear their uniform properly wherever they may be.Visit also
http://www.pnp.gov.ph/index.php/resources/pnp-uniform
The Policeman and his Oath
In raising their hand in solemn attestation and affirmation of their oath, our new breed of
peace keepers and law enforcers, imbued and invigorated as they are with their
collateral concern and commitment to socio-economic development and nation-building,
have plunged themselves, in consortium with the other relevant agencies and
instrumentalities of the Republic, into a vast battlefield on which to wage constructive
wars.
It is with greater relevance to have to point out just the same the sacrificial implication of
the oath engendering a beatific irony, if we are to consider the fact that while on one
hand the member of the police service is impliedly exhorted under his oath to love his
country and endear his family, on the other hand, when, in response to the same oath,
the supreme cause of his official duty exacts upon him to offer his very life, he cannot
help but leave behind him forever his endeared family and his beloved country.
This is because this sacrificial human victim is very much a part and parcel of one
profession, the police profession, whose oblation to GOD, country and people finds its
august limits only in death. To the present-day members of the nation’s police service,
the oath of loyalty to GOD, country and people could also serve as reminder of their
comrades who died in line of duty or otherwise met their untimely demise in the hands
of the enemies of societies, yes, offering their lives so that their countrymen could live in
peace, solace, and security that they have learned to enjoy and cherish.
ACTIVITY 4 (PRELIM COVERAGE)
44
Enhancement Activity:
• Name at least 3 types of PNP authorized uniforms and cite situation/s when it is
properly used. Use the table below for your answers. (30points)
• What does the PNP Badge symbolize? (20 points)
Type of uniform When to use
1.
2.
3.
•
Assessment:
1. Ethics is defined as the “standards of conduct and moral requirements” necessary to
function effectively within an organization or profession.
a. In the law enforcement context, explain what ethics is.(20points)
2. There are many challenges to Police Ethical Behavior that affect the PNP
organization. An example of this is the involvement of some PNP members in crimes as
perpetrator rather than protector. Based on statistics, most crimes by police officers
were found to have been committed by Patrolman (PO1) – Police Staff Sergeant (PO3)
ranks. a. From the facts above, identify one glaring reason why some members of the
PNP organization are involved in the commission of crimes. Justify your answer. (Not
more than 50 words). 30 points
b. What solution can you proposed to at least minimize or eradicate the reason (your
answer in letter a) that affects the ethics of the PNP? (Not more than 30 words). 30
points.
References:
http://www.pnp.gov.ph/images/manualsandguides/DHRDD/Ethical-Doctrine.pdf
https://dilg.gov.ph/issuances/ra/RA-6713-Code-of-Ethics-and-Ethical-Standards-/1
http://www.pnp.gov.ph/index.php/about-us/pnp-seal-badge
http://www.pnp.gov.ph/index.php/resources/pnp-uniform
45
PRELIM COVERAGE
MODULE 5: UNIVERSAL LAW ENFORCER’S CODE OF CONDUCT
The code of Conduct for Law Enforcement Officials.
The United Nations Code of Conduct constitutes a widely recognized international

standard for police conduct.
Article 1: Law enforcement officials shall at all times fulfill the duties imposed upon them
by law, by serving and by protecting all persons against illegal acts, consistent with the
high degree of responsibility required by their profession.
Law enforcement officials refers to all persons that exercise police powers, particularly
the power of arrest and detention.
Service to the community is the primary goal of the law enforcement service; police
agencies have the unique responsibility to “protect and serve” the community
Police persons of all ranks and positions are responsible for the ethical and uniform
enforcement.
Article 2: In the performance of their duty, law enforcement officials shall respect and
protect human dignity and maintain and uphold the human rights of all persons.
One of the most important duties and responsibilities of the police is to enforce, protect,
and defend the human rights of all persons.
Article 3: Law enforcement may use force only when strictly necessary and to the extent
required for that performance of their duty.
The use of force by law enforcement officials must be lawful, proportionate to the
circumstances, and only be used when no other reasonable alternative exists.
This article underline that the use of force by the police service should be the exception
rather than the usual practice.
Law enforcement officials are authorized to use force only when rationally necessary to
defend themselves or another person or to prevent a crime and no other reasonable
alternative is practical; the use or application of force beyond that point is not
authorized.
46
The use of firearms is considered an extreme response. Every effort should be made to
use non-lethal force to resolve force situations. Lethal force may be employed when no
other reasonable option exists or is not practical under the circumstances.
Article 4: Matters of a confidential nature in the possession of law enforcement officials

shall be kept confidential, unless the performance of duty or the needs of justice strictly
require otherwise.
By the nature of their duties, law enforcement officials will get hold of information which
may relate to the private lives of other persons. The police have the responsibility of
safeguarding such information which may only be revealed when required in the
performance of their duty when required by the courts and other instruments of the
criminal justice’s system.
Article 5: No law enforcement official may inflict, instigate, or tolerate any act of torture
or other cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment, nor may any law
enforcement officials invoke superior orders… as justification of torture or other cruel,
inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment.
The bar against torture is derived from the United Nations documents prohibiting all
forms or torture and mistreating. Torture by law enforcement officials is especially
forbidden because it violates the basic principle of the duty of the police service to
“protect and serve” the community. It also violates the requirement of the fundamental
legal maxim ruling out the imposition of cruel and inhumane punishment and the
premises that all persons are presumed innocent before trial and entitled to basic legal
protections from mistreatment.
Article 6: Law enforcement officials shall ensure the full protection of the health of
persons in their custody and shall take immediate action to secure medical attention
whenever required.
Law enforcement personnel are responsible for the protection and safe keeping of
persons in their custody. As such, the police have a duty to provide reasonable medical
attention, to include lifesaving measures and preventive health care.
Article 7: Law enforcement officials shall not commit any act of corruption. They shall
rigorously oppose and combat all such acts.
Any act of corruption is an abuse of authority and is unsuited with the law enforcement
position.
The law must be enforced equality to all persons. Any law enforcement officials who
perpetrate acts of corruption cannot be expected to fairly enforce the law among
citizens.
47
Acts of corruptions are identified with the acceptance or demand of a gift, gratuity, or
money in exchange for doing or not doing some official act; any criminal act undertaken
by the police; or assistance given to another person undertaking a criminal act.
Acts of corruption also include any attempt to perform an act of corruption.
Article 8: Law enforcement officials shall respect the law and the present Code. They
shall also, to the best of their capability, prevent and rigorously oppose any violation of
them.
All police officials have positive duty to respect and enforce the Code of Conduct. These
standards represent the collective will of the international community of the United
Nations that law enforcement officials must revere, promote, and defend the standards
set forth in the Code of Conduct.
The Philippine National Police has published standards of conduct. These standards
include Chapter II and Chapter III of the Ethical Doctrine Manual, entitled Police
Professionals Conduct and the police Officer’s Creed.
In the 1957, the International Associations of Chiefs of Police (IACP) adopted the Law
Enforcement Code of Ethics and later revised it in 1989. This document is used as a
reminding them of the ethical responsibilities of their position and their need to live up to
the highest standard of professional policing. When individuals unite to engage in a
profession, a fundamental task is to establish principles which provide guidance,
direction, and vision.
The Revised Law Enforcement Code of Ethics
As a law enforcement officer, my fundamental duty is to serve the community; to

safeguard lives and property; to protect the innocent against deception, the weak
against oppression or intimidation and the peaceful against violence or disorder; and to
respect constitutional rights of all to liberty, equality, and justice.
I will keep my private life unsullied as an example to all and will behave in a
manner that does not bring discredit to me or to my agency. I will maintain courageous
calm in the face of danger; scorn or ridicule; develop self-restraint; and be constantly
mindful of the welfare of others. Honest in thought and deed both in my personal and
official life, I will be exemplary in obeying the law and the regulations of my department.
Whatever I see or hear of a confidential nature or that is confided to me in my official
capacity will be kept ever secret unless revelation is necessary in the performance of
my duty.
I will never act officiously or permit personal feelings, prejudices, political beliefs,
aspirations, animosities, or friendships to influence my decisions. With no compromise
48
for crime and with relentless prosecution of criminals, I will enforce the law courteously
and appropriately without fear or favor violence and never accepting gratuities.
I recognize the badge of my office as a symbol of public faith, and I accept it as a

public trust to be held so long as I am true to the ethics of police service. I will never
engage in acts of corruption or bribery, nor will I condone such acts by other police
officers. I will cooperate with legally authorize agencies and their representatives in the
pursuit of justice, I know that I alone am responsible for my standards of professional
performance and will take every of reasonable opportunity to enhance and improve my
level of knowledge and competence.
I will constantly strive to achieve these objectives and ideals, dedicating myself before
God to my chosen profession . . . law enforcement.
49
PRELIM COVERAGE
MODULE 6: CODE OF PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT AND ETHICAL
STANDARD
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
● Explain the importance of the ethical doctrine in the police service
● Enumerate the PNP core values
● Recite the police officer’s creed
● Explain the PNP stand on basic police-related issues
PNP ETHICAL DOCTRINE

The PNP Ethical Doctrine was culled from the PNP Code of Professional Conduct and
Ethical Standards (COPCES). The adoption of the PNP Code of conduct asan Ethical
Doctrine reinforces the former as an effective instrument in the moral values'
internalization in the PNP.
THE PNP CORE VALUES
The police service is a noble profession which demands from its members specialized
knowledge and skills, as well as high standards of ethics and morality. In this regard,
the members of the PNP must adhere to and internalize the enduring core values of the
PNP such as;
a. love of God.
b. respect for authority.
c. respect for women.
d. respect for sanctity of marriage.
e. responsible dominion and stewardship over material things
f. truthfulness
THE POLICE OFFICER’S CREED

I believe in God, the Supreme Being, a great provider, and the creator of all men and all
dear to me. In return, I can do no less than love Him above all, seek his guidance in the
performance of my sworn duties and honor Him at all times.
I believe that respect for authority is duty. I respect and uphold the constitution and the
laws of the land and the applicable rules and regulations. I recognize the legitimacy and
authority of the leadership, and follow and obey legal orders of my superior officers.
I believe in selfless love and service to people. Toward this end, I commit myself to the
service of my fellowmen over and above my personal convenience.
I believe int he sanctity of marriage and respect for women.I shall set the example of
decency and morality and shall have high regard for family life and chastity.
I believe in the responsible dominion and stewardship over material things. I shall
50
inhibit myself from ostentatious display of my property. I shall protect the environment
and conserve nature to maintain ecological balance. I shall protect private and public
properties and prevent others from destroying it.
I believe in the wisdom of truthfulness. I must be trustworthy and shall speak the truth at
all times as required by my profession.
PNP STAND ON BASIC ISSUES
The deployment and employment of the PNP personnel require the organization and its
members to bare their stand on the following basic issues.
1. PNP Image – The image of any organization affects the esprit d’ corps, morale and
welfare of the members, and sense of pride to the organization. In view thereof, all
members of the PNP should conduct themselves in manner that would not place the
PNP core values in vain and possess the following virtue:
a. Honor
b. Integrity
c. Valor
d. Justice
e. Honesty
f. Humility
g. Charity
h. Loyalty to the service
2. Career Management, the Key to Professionalism – The Proper implementation of
the PNP’s Career Management will greatly enhance the personnel professionalization
process with regards to procurement, training, promotion, assignment, placement,
awards and retirement. The PNP shall formulate a stringent policy and strictly
implement the human resources development system, compatible to the equitable
distribution of procurement, fair promotion, rationalized approach in assignment, skill
development, immediate grant of reward and award, and decent living upon retirement.
3. Police Management Leadership – The effectiveness of law enforcement is
reflective of the managerial capabilities and competent leadership of the men and
women who run the PNP organization. These attributes must therefore be one of the
primary bases for consideration in the selection of personnel for employment and
deployment purposes.
4. Equality In the Service – There shall be judicious and equitable distribution of
opportunity to prove one’s worth in the police service. The problem on inequity thru
class orientation and factionalism, both real and perceived, premised on favored
assignment, inequitable opportunity of training, unfair granting of promotion, and
untimely awarding of achievements, will create an atmosphere of demoralization. The
result is inefficiency and lack of teamwork to the detriment of the organization. It
behooves. Therefore, on the PNP leadership address the situation. The civilian
character of the organization requires adherence to the rule on merit and fitness system
and to dissociate the above process from class orientation and factionalism.
5. Delicadeza - In consonance with the requirements of honor and integrity in the PNP,
51
all members must have the moral courage to sacrifice self-interest in keeping with the
time-honored principle of delicadeza.
6. Police Lifestyle - The PNP shall promote and maintain a lifestyle for its members
which the public will find credible and respectable. The public expects a police officer to
live a simple and dignified life. They must be free from greed corruption and
exploitation.
7. Political Patronage - PNP members shall inhibit themselves from soliciting political
patronage on matters pertaining to assignment, award, training and promotion.
8. Human Rights - All PNP members must respect and protect human dignity and
man’s inalienable rights to life, liberty and property.
Visit also http://www.pnp.gov.ph/images/manualsandguides/DHRDD/Ethical-
Doctrine.pdf
The PNP’s credibility was greatly affected because of many issues like the following:
• As a future member of the organization, what can you propose to minimize these
police related issues? (Not more than 50 words, 40 points)
• MEMORIZE the Police Officers Creed and be ready anytime to recite this in a
virtual platform).
ASSESSMENT:
• In not more than 20 words briefly explain the purpose of the ethical doctrine in
the police service. (30 points)
• Every organization will be effective only if it develops good values. In this regard,
the PNP has internalized its own core values (mentioned above). Aside from these core
values, name or add at least 5 values that every PNP member should adhere. For not
more than 20 words, explain 1 of these values. (30 points)
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Telefax: (062)222-2569, Mobile No:09285033733
MIDTERM COVERAGE
MODULE 7: DUTIES OF POLICE OFFICE
A. Performance of the Duties of a Police Office:
1. Impartiality ─ A police officer shall perform all duties impartially, without favor
affection or ill will, and without regard to status, sex, race, religion, equally with courtesy,
consideration, and dignity.
2.Professionalism ─ Officers will never allow personal feelings, animosities, or

friendship to influence official conduct. Laws will be enforced approximately and
courteously and, in carrying out their responsibilities, officers will strive to obtain
maximum cooperation from the public. They will conduct themselves in appearance and
deportment in such a manner as to inspire confidence and respect for the position of
public trust.
B. Discretion
1. Reasonableness ─ A police officer will responsibly use the discretion vested in the
position and exercise it within the law. The principle of reasonableness will guide the
officer’s decisions. The officer will consider all surrounding circumstances in determining
whether any legal action shall be taken.
2.Maintenance of public confidence ─ Consistent and wise use of discretion, based on

professional policing competence, will do much to preserve good relationships and
retain the confidence of the public. There can be difficulty in choosing between
conflicting courses of action. It is important to remember that a timely word of advice
rather than arrest (which may be correct in appropriate circumstances) can be a more
effective means of achieving a desired end.
C. Use of Force
A police officer will never employ unnecessary force or violence and will use only such
force in the discharge of duty as is reasonable under the circumstances. Force should
be used only with the greatest restraint and only after discussion, negotiation, and
persuasion have been found to be inappropriate or ineffective. While the use of force is
occasionally unvoiced, every police officer will refrain from applying the unnecessary
infliction of pain or suffering and will never engage in cruel, degrading, or inhumane
treatment of any person.
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D. Confidentiality
Whatever a police officer sees, hears or learns of, which is of a confidential nature, will
be kept secret, unless the performance of duty or legal provision requires otherwise.
Members of the public have a right to security and privacy, and information obtained
about them must not be improperly divulged.
E. Integrity
A police officer will not engage in acts of corruption or bribery, nor will an officer
condone such acts by other police officers. The public demands that the integrity of
police officers be above reproach. Police officers must, therefore, avoid any conduct
that might compromise. Integrity and thus undercut public confidence in a law
enforcement agency. Officers will refuse to accept any gifts, presents, subscriptions,
favors, gratuities, or promises that could be interpreted as seeking to cause the officer
to refrain from performing official responsibilities honestly and within the law. Police
officers must not receive private or special advantage from their official status. Respect
from the public cannot be bought; it can only be earned and cultivated.
F. Cooperation with Other Officers and Agencies
Police officers will cooperate with all legally authorized agencies and their
representatives in the pursuit of justice. An officer or agency may be one among many
organizations that may provide law enforcement services to a jurisdiction. It is always
imperative that a police officer assist colleagues fully and completely with respect and
consideration.
G. Personal and Professional Capabilities
Police officers will be responsible for their own standard of professional performance
and will take every reasonable opportunity to enhance and improve their level of
knowledge and competence. Through training and experience, a police officer can
acquire the breadth of knowledge and competence that is essential for the efficient and
effective performance of duty. The acquisition of knowledge is a never-ending process
of professional development.
H.Private Life
Police officer will behave in a manner that does not bring discredit to their agencies or
themselves. A police officer’s character and conduct while off-duty must always be
exemplary, thus maintaining a position of respect in the community in which he or she
lives and serves. The office’s personal behavior must be beyond reproach.
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MIDTERM COVERAGE
MODULE 8: CODE OF ETHICS FOR CRIMINOLOGIST
Code of Ethics is an important agency for social control. They have been
promulgated for professions which gives prescriptions of the duty of a professional
towards his fellow professionals and to society in general.
Article 1
PRIMARY RESPONSIBILITY OF REGISTERD CRIMINOLOGIST
a.The primary responsibility of every person admitted to the practice of Criminology as a

Registered Criminologist is to bear faithful allegiance to the Republic of the Philippines
and be loyal to his profession. They shall accept as a sacred obligation and
responsibility as citizens to support the Criminologist to defend the principles of liberty
as defined in the Constitution and Law.
b.As a Registered Criminologist, they shall strive to improve their effectiveness by

diligent study and sincere attention to improvement and welcome the opportunity to
disseminate practical useful information relating to manners accruing to the benefit of
public safety and welfare.
Article 2
LIMITATION OF AUTHORITY
a.The first duty of a criminologist as upholder of the law is to know its bounds upon him,
be aware of limitations and prescriptions and recognize the system of government that
gives to no man group or institution absolute power. He must ensure that he is prime
defender of that system and as such must never pervert its character.
b.They shall in the performance of their duty be just, impartial, and reasonable, never
according to anyone more preferential treatment that another. They shall recognize the
limitation of their authority and at no time use the power of their profession for personal
advantage.
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Article 3
PRIVATE CONDUCT
a.The Registered Criminologist must be mindful of this special identification by the

public as an upholder of the law. He must never be lax in conduct or manner in private
life, express disrespect for the law, nor seek to gain special privilege that would be
reflective upon the profession. He must so conduct his private life that the public will
regard him as an example of stability fidelity and morality.
b.He must strive to elevate the standing of the profession in the public mind, strengthen
public confidence in law enforcement, develop and maintain complete support and
cooperation of the public and ensure the effectiveness by encouraging complete
cooperation of members for their mutual benefit.
Article 4
CONDUCT TOWARDS THE PUBLIC
a.The Criminologist remind at all times that dignity fairness and a genuine willingness to
help are essential to their public image and their ability to do a good job.
b.The Criminologist mindful of their responsibility to this whole community deal with
individuals of the community in a manner calculated to instill respect for its laws and
their profession.
They shall be habitually courteous and accept their responsibility by being punctual and
expeditious in their engagements and duties. They shall regard their profession as a
public trust and in the discharge of their duties; bear constantly in mind their obligation
to serve the public efficiently and effectively.
Article 5
ATTITUDE TOWARDS PROFESSION
a.The Criminologist shall strive to make the best application of science to the solution of
crime, by diligent study and sincere attention to self-improvement, and in the fields of
human relationships, strive for effective leadership and public influence in matters
affecting public safety.
b.He shall appreciate the importance and responsibility of his profession as an

honorable one rendering valuable service to his community and country. They shall
strive to attain certain of the most withering cross examination particularly from fellow
criminologists and associates.
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c.He shall avoid outside influence form overzealous and overanxious clients and his
findings shall be based solely and entirely on logical and scientific deduction derived
form a fair and impartial examination personally performed by him.
d.He must never lose sight of the important fact that he should know only work for the
identification, apprehension, and conviction of criminals, but must strive with greater if
not equal vigor to clear the innocent.
Article 6
ATTITUDE TOWARDS FELLOW CRIMINOLOGIST
a.The Criminologist shall strive constantly to improve professional standing of

Criminology through association with others in the profession and keeping abreast
within the fast-moving world of science and technology through constant research and
development.
b.He shall cooperate fully with fellow criminologists regardless of personal prejudice. He
should, however, be assured that such action is proper and in accordance with law and
guard against the sue of this office or person, knowingly or unknowingly in any improper
or illegal action. He always bears in mind that it is not sufficient to be proficient in one’s
work; he must also have a high sense of justice, a belief in the dignity and worth of all
men and a proper motivation and attitude. He must possess a sense of dedication to his
profession and a sense of duty and obligation to his fellowmen.
c.He shall cooperate with fellow criminologists and public officials to the end that the
safety and general welfare of the public will be assured, never permitting jealousies or
personal differences to influence their professional duties and obligations.
Article 7
CODE OF ETHICS
The universally accepted Code of Ethics for Law Enforcement shall be

temporarily adopted pending formulation of a more specific code that embraces all
aspects of Criminology.
LAW ENFORCEMENT CODE OF ETHICS
As a Law Enforcement Officer, my fundamental duty is to serve mankind; to

safeguard lives and property; to protect the innocent against deception; the weak
against oppression or intimidation, and the peaceful constitutional rights of all men to
liberty, equality and justice, I will keep my private life unsullied as an example to all;
maintain courageous calm in the face of danger scorn or ridicule; develop self-restraint;
and be constantly mindful of the welfare of others. Honest in thought and deed in both
my personal and official life, I will be exemplary in obeying the laws of the land and the
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regulation of my department. Whatever I see or hear of a confidential nature or that is
confided to me in my official capacity will be kept ever secret unless revelations are
necessary in the performance of my duty. I will never act officiously or permit personal
feelings, prejudices animosities or friendships to influence my decisions. With no
compromise for crime and with relentless prosecution of criminals, I will enforce the law
courteously and appropriately without fear or favor malice or ill will, never employing
unnecessary force or violence and never accepting gratuities. I recognize the badge of
my office as a symbol of public faith, and I accept it as a public trust to be held so long
as I am true to the office of the police service. I will constantly strive to achieve these
objectives, and ideals, dedicating myself before God to my chosen profession. . .law
enforcement.
Article 8
EFFECTIVITY
This Code of Ethics for Registered Criminologist shall be effective upon approval hereof
by the Commission and after fifteen (15) days following its publication in the official
Gazette.
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MIDTERM COVERAGE
STANDARDS FOR PNP OFFICERS
ARTICLE 1
PRELIMINARY PROVISIONS
Section.1. Title- this code shall be known as the Philippine national police code of
professional conduct and ethical standards (PNP Code of Conduct)
Section.2. Declaration of policy- all members of the Philippine national police shall
abide and adhere to the provisions of this code of professional conduct and ethical
standards. Towards this end, a truly professionalized and dedicated law enforcers shall
be developed in promoting peace and order, ensuring public safety and enhancing
community participation guided by the principle that all public office is a public trust and
that all public servants must at all times serve with utmost responsibility, integrity,
morality, loyalty and efficiency with due respect to human rights and dignity as hallmark
of a democratic society. They shall at all times bear faithful allegiance to the legitimate
government, support and uphold the constitution, respect the duty constituted authority
and be loyal to the police service.
ARTICLE II
PPOLICE OFFICER’S CREED AND STAND ON BASIC ISSUES
Section.1. The PNP Core Values- the police service is a noble profession and
demands from its members specialized knowledge and skills and high standards of
ethics and morality. In this regard, the members of the Philippine National Police must
adhere to and internalize the enduring core values of love of God, respect for authority,
selfless love and service for people, respect for women and the sanctity of marriage,
responsible dominion and stewards over material things, and truthfulness.
Section. 2. The Police Officer’s Creed: 2.1 I believe in God, the supreme being, a
great provider, and the creator of all men and everything dear to me. In return, I can do
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no less than love him above all, seek his guidance in the performance of my sworn
duties and honor Him at all times.
2.2. I believe that respect for authority is a duty. I respect and uphold the
constitution, the laws of the land and the applicable rules and authority of the
leadership: and follow and obey legal orders of my superior officers.
2.3. I believe in selfless love and service to people. Towards this end, I commit
myself to the service of my fellowmen over and above my personal convenience.
2.4. I believe in the sanctity of marriage and the respect for woman. I shall set
the example of decency and morality and shall have high regard for family life and
chastity.
2.5. I believe in the responsible dominion and stewardship over material things. I
shall inhibit myself form ostentatious display of my property. I shall protect the
environment and conserve nature to maintain ecological balance. I shall respect private
and public properties and prevent others from destroying it.
2.6. I believe in the wisdom of truthfulness. I must be trustworthy and I shall

speak the truth at all times as required by my profession.
Section.3. PNP Stand on Basic Issues- the deployment and employment of the PNP
personnel require the organization and its members to bare their stand on the following
basic issues:
3.1. PNP Image- the image of any organization affects the esprit de’ corps,
morale and welfare of members and sense of pride to the organization. In view thereof,
all members of the PNP should conduct themselves in a manner that would not place
the PNP core values and possess the following virtues: honor, integrity, valor, justice,
honesty, humility, charity and loyalty to the service.
3.2. Career Management, the key to professionalism- its improper

implementation will greatly prejudice the personnel professionalization process as
regards procurement, promotion, assignment, placement, training, awards, and
retirement. To address these flaws, the PNP shall formulate a stringent policy and
strictly implement the human resources development system, compatible to the
equitable distribution of procurement, fair promotion, rationalized approach in
assignment, skill development immediate grant of reward and award and decent living
upon retirement.
3.3. Police Management Leadership- the effectiveness of law enforcement is

reflective of the managerial capabilities and competent leadership of the men and
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women run the PNP organization. It is thereof a “must” that these attributes be the
primary basis for consideration in the selection of personnel for employment and
deployment purposes.
3.4. Equality In the Service- there shall be judicious and equitable distribution of
opportunity to prove one’s worth in the police service. The problem on inequity thru
class orientation and factionalism, both real and perceived, premised on favored
assignment, inequitable opportunity of training, unfair granting of promotion, and
untimely awarding of achievements, will create an atmosphere of demoralization. The
result is inefficiency and lack of teamwork to the situation. The civilian character of the
organization requires adherence to the rule on merit and fitness system and to
dissociate the above process from class orientation and factionalism.
3.5. Delicadeza- In consonance with the requirements of honor and integrity in

the PNP, all members must have the moral courage to sacrifice self- interest in keeping
with the time-honored principle of delicadeza.
3.6 Police Lifestyle- The PNP shall endeavor to promote a lifestyle for every
member of the organization that is acceptable and respectable in the eyes of the public.
Further, its members should set good example from the superiors. The public expects a
police officer to live a simple yet credible and dignified life.
3.7. Political Patronage- All PNP members must inhibit himself from soliciting
political patronage in matters pertaining to assigning, award, training and promotion.
3.8. Human Rights-All PNP members must respect and protect human dignity and
man’s inalienable rights to life, liberty and property.
ARTICLE III
PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT AND ETHICAL STANDARDS
Section.1. Standards of Police Professionalism- all PNP members shall perform

their duties with excellence, competence, integrity, intelligence and expertise in the
application of specialized skill technical knowledge.
Section.2. Police Professional Conduct- all members of the PNP shall observe the
following professional conduct.
2.1. Commitment to Democracy- uniformed PNP members commits

themselves to the democratic way of life and values and maintains the principle of
public accountability. They shall at all times uphold the Constitution and be loyal to our
country, people and organization above loyalty to any person or organization.
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2.2. Commitment to Public Interest- members shall always uphold interest. All
government properties, resources and powers of their respective offices must be
employed and used effectively, honestly and efficiently, particularly to avoid wastage of
public funds and revenues.
2.3. Non-Partisanship- PNP members shall provide services to everyone without

discrimination regardless of party affiliation in accordance with existing laws and
regulations.
2.4. Physical Fitness and Health- All PNP members shall strive to be physically
and mentally fit and in good health at all times. Towards this end, they shall undergo
regular physical exercises and annual medical examination in any PNP Hospital or
Medical facility.
2.5. Secrecy Discipline- All PNP members shall guard the confidentially of classified
information against unauthorized disclosure, including confidential aspects of official
business, special orders, communications and other documents, poster or any portion
thereof of the PNP, contents of criminal records, identities of persons who may have
given information to the police in confidence and other classified information on
intelligence material.
2.6. Social Awareness- All PNP members and their immediate family members
shall be encouraged to actively get involved in the religious, social and civic activities to
enhance the image of the organization but without affecting their official duties.
2.7. Non-Solicitation of Patronage- All members shall seek self-improvement

through career development and shall not directly or indirectly solicit influence or
recommendation from politicians, high-ranking government officials, prominent citizens,
persons affiliated with civic or religious organizations with regard to their assignments,
promotions, transfer or those of other members of the force, nor shall they initiate any
petition to be prepared and presented by citizens in their behalf. Moreover, they shall
advise their immediate relatives not to interfere in the activities of the police service
particularly in the assignment and reassignment of personnel
2.8. Proper Care and Use of Public Property- PNP members shall be responsible
for the security, proper care and use of public property issued to them and/or deposited
under their care and custody. Unauthorized use of public property for personnel
convenience or gain and that of their families, friends, or relatives is strictly prohibited.
2.9. Respect for Human Rights- in the performance of duty, PNP members shall
respect and protect human dignity and uphold the human rights of all persons. No
member inflicts, instigate or tolerate extra-judicial killings, arbitrary arrests, any act of
torture or other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, and shall not
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invoke superior orders or exceptional circumstances such as a state-of-war; a threat to
national security, internal political instability or any public emergency as a justification
for committing such human rights violations.
2.10. Devotion of Duty- All PNP members shall perform their duties with
dedication, thoroughness, efficiency, enthusiasm, determination, and manifest concern
for public welfare, and shall refrain from engaging in any activity which shall be in
conflict with their duties as public servants.
2.11. Conservation of Natural Resources- All members of the PNP shall help in
development and conservation of our natural resources for ecological balance and
posterity as these are the inalienable heritage of our people.
2.12. Discipline- They shall conduct themselves at all time in keeping with the rules
and regulations of the organization.
2.13. Loyalty- Above all, PNP members must be loyal to the constitution and the
service as manifested by their loyalty to their superiors, peers and subordinates as well.
2.14. Obedience to Superiors- All PNP members shall obey lawful orders and be
courteous to superior officers and other appropriate authorities within the chain
command;
2.15. Command Responsibility- In accordance with the Doctrine on Command

Responsibility, immediate commanders shall be responsible for the effective
supervision, control and direction of their personnel and shall see to it that all
government resources shall be managed, expended or utilized in accordance with laws
and regulations and safeguard against losses thru illegal or improper disposition.
Section3. Ethical Standards shall refer to established and generally accepted moral
values. Ethical acts to be observed are the following:
3.1. Morality- all PNP members shall adhere to high standards of morality and decency
shall set good examples for others to follow. Hence, among others, and in no instance
during their terms of office shall they be involved as owners, operators, managers or
investors in any house of ill-repute or illegal gambling den or other places devoted to on
official duty, and tolerate operations of such establishments in their respective areas of
responsibilities. They shall be faithful to their lawfully wedded spouses.
3.2. Judicious Use of Authority- PNP members shall exercise proper and legitimate use
of authority in the performance of duty.
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3.3. Integrity- PNP members shall not allow themselves to be victims of corruption and
dishonest practices in accordance with the provisions of RA 6713 and other applicable
laws.
3.4. Justice- PNP members shall strive constantly to respect the rights of others so that
they can fulfil their duties an exercise their rights as human beings, parents, children,
citizen, workers, leaders, or in other capacities and to see to that other do likewise.
3.5. Humility- All PNP members shall recognize the fact that they are public servants
and not the masters of the people and toward this end; they should also recognize their
own inadequacies, perform their duties without attracting attention or expecting the
applause of others.
3.6. Orderliness- All PNP members shall follow logical procedures in accomplishing
tasks assigned to them to minimize waste in the use of time, money and effort.
3.7. Perseverance- Once a decision is made, all PNP members shall take legitimate
means to achieve the goal even in the face of internal or external difficulties, and
despite anything which might weaken their resolve in the course of time.
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PREFINAL COVERAGE
STANDARDS FOR PNP OFFICERS (CONTINUATION)
ARTICLES IV
CUSTOMS AND TRADITIONS
Section 1. General Statement- The PNP adopts the generally acceptable customs and
traditions based on the desirable practices of the police service. These shall serve as
inspiration as the PNP endeavors to attain its goals and objectives.
Section 2. Definition of terms:
2.1 Customs- Established usage or social practices carried on by tradition that has
obtained the force of law.
2.2 Traditions- Bodies of beliefs, stories, customs and usage handed down from
generation to generation and respect for others.
2.3 Courtesy- A manifestation or expression of consideration and respect for others.
2.4 Ceremony- A formal act or set of formal acts established by customs or authority as
proper to special occasions
2.5 Social Decorum- A set of norms and standards practiced by members during social
and other functions
Section 3. Police Customs on Courtesy- The following are customs on courtesy in

the PNP:
3.1 Salute- Salute is the usual greeting rendered by uniformed members upon meeting
and recognizing person entitled to a salute.
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3.2 Salute to National Color and Standards Members stand at attention and salute the
national color and standard as it passes by them or when the national color is raised or
lowered during ceremonies.
3.3 Address/Title- Junior in rank address senior members who are entitled to salute with
the word” sir”.
3.4 Courtesy Calls- The following are the customs on courtesy calls:
3.4.1 Courtesy Call of Newly Assigned/Appointed Member- PNP members who are
newly appointed or assigned in a unit or command and to other key personnel for
accounting, orientation and other purposes.
3.4.2 Christmas Call- PNP members pay a Christmas Call on their local executives in
their respective area of responsibility.
3.4.3 New Year’s Call- PNP members pay a New Year’s call on their commanders
and/or key officials in their respective area of responsibility.
3.4.4 Promotion Call- Newly promoted PNP members call on their unit head. On this
occasion, they are usually given due recognition and congratulations by their peers for
such deserved accomplishment.
3.4.5 Exit Call- PNP members pays an Exit Call on their superiors in the unit or
command when relieved or reassigned out of the said unit or command.
3.5 Courtesy of the Post- The host unit extends hospitality to visiting personnel who pay
respect to the command or unit.
3.6 Rank Has-Its-Own Privilege (RHIP)- PNP members recognize the practice that
different ranks carry with them corresponding privileges.
Section 4. Police customs on ceremonies- The following are police customs

ceremonies:
4.1. Flag Raising Ceremony- The PNP members honor the flag by raising it and singing
the National Anthem before the start of the official day’s work.
4.2 Flag Retreat Ceremony- At the end of the official day’s work, the PNP members
pause for a moment to salute the lowering of the flag.
4.3. Half-Mast- The Flag is raised at half-mast in deference to deceased uniformed

members of the command
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4.4. Funeral Service and Honors- Departed uniformed members, retirees, war veterans
or former PC/INP services and graveside honors as a gesture of farewell.
4.5. Ceremony Tendered to Retirees- In recognition of their long faithful and honorable
service to the PNP, a testimonial activity is tendered in their honor.
4.6. Honor Ceremony- Arrival and departure honor ceremonies are rendered to visiting
dignitaries VIPs, PNP Officers with the grade of Chief Superintendent and above and
AFP officers of equivalent grade, unless waved.
4.7- Turn-over CEREMONY- The relinquishment and assumption of command or key

position is publicity announced in a turn-over ceremony by the outgoing and in-coming
officers in the presence of the immediate superior his representative.
4.8. Wedding Ceremony- During marriage of PNP members with a ceremony is

conducted with participants in uniform and swords drawn.
4.9. Anniversary- The birth or institutional establishment of a command or unit is

commemorated in an anniversary ceremony.
Section 5. Police Customs on Social Decorum- The following are police customs on
social decorum:
5.1. Proper Attire- PNP members always wear appropriate and proper attire in
conformity with the occasion.
5.2. Table Manners- PNP members observe table etiquette at all times.
5.3. Social Graces- PNP members conduct themselves properly in dealing with people
during social functions.
5.4. Uniform/Appearance- The public looks upon a PNP member as distinctively a man
among men. It is a welcome sight when PNP members wear their uniform properly
whenever they may be. Since disciplined PNP members are best exemplified by those
who are neat in appearance and wearing the prescribed uniform, they must therefore
observe the following:
5.4.1. Wearing of prescribed uniform
5.4.2. Wearing as part of the uniform, awards and decorations earned in accordance
with the prescribed rules and regulations.
5.4.3. Adherence to haircut prescribed by rules and regulations.
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5.5. Manner of Walking- Every PNP member is expected to walk with pride and dignity.
Section. 6. Other Police Customs:
6.1. Visiting the Sick- PNP members who are sick in the hospital, their residence or any
place of confinement are visited by their immediate commanders or other available
officers of the unit in order that their need is attended to.
6.2 Survivor Assistance to Heirs of Deceased Members- When PNP members die, a
survivor officer is designated to render maximum assistance to their legitimate bereaved
family all benefits due shall have been received.
6.3. Visiting the Religious Leaders- PNP officers visit religious leaders in their area of
assignment to established or maintain rapport and cooperation between the difference
religious leaders and the PNP.
6.4. Athletics- All PNP members indulged that their proper physical appearance and
bearing are maintained with the waist line measurement always smaller than size of his
chest and in conformity with the standard set forth by the organization.
6.5. Happy Hours- Usually on Friday or any other day suitable for the occasion, PNP
members gather together at their PNP club for a light hearted jesting or airing of minor
gripes.
Section. 7. Tradition – The following are police traditions:
7.1. Spiritual Beliefs- The PNP members are traditionally religious and God-loving
person. They attend religious services together with the members of their family.
7.2. Valor - History attest that the Filipino law enforcers have exemplified the tradition of
valor in defending the country from aggression and oppression. They sacrificed their
limbs and lives for the sake of their countrymen whom they have pledged to serve.
7.3. Patriotism- The PNP members are traditionally patriotic by nature. They manifest
their love off country with a pledge of allegiance to the flag and a vow to defend the
constitution.
7.4. Discipline- The discipline of PNP members is manifested by instinctive obedience

to lawful orders and through and spontaneous actions towards attainment or
organizational objectives guided by moral, ethical and legal norms.
7.5. Gentlemanliness- The PNP members are upright in character, polite in manners,
dignified in appearance, and sincere in their concern to their fellowmen.
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7.6. Word of Honor – The PNP members ‘word is their bond. They stand by the commit
to uphold it.
7.7. Duty – The PNP members have historically exemplified themselves as dedicated
public servants who perform their tasks with a deep sense of responsibility and self-
sacrifice.
7.8. Loyalty- The policemen are traditionally loyal to the organization, country and
people as borne by history and practice.
7.9. Camaraderie- The binding spirit that enhances teamwork and cooperation in the
police organization, extending to the people they serve, is manifested by the PNP
members’ deep commitment and concern to one another.
ARTICLE V
POLICE OFFICERS’ PLEDGE (POP)
1. I will love and serve God, my country and people;

2. I will uphold the constitution and obey legal orders of he duty constituted
authorities;
3. I will oblige myself to maintain a high standard of morality and
professionalism;
4. I will respect the customs and traditions of the police service; and
5. I will live a decent and virtuous life to serve as an example to others
ARTICLE VI
GENERAL PROVISIONS
Section 1. Foundation – All the PNP members in the performance of their duties shall
fully abide this code. This code is anchored on the divine and moral precepts, existing
constitution of the Republic of the Philippines and relevant provisions of the revised
penal code, RA 6713 (Ethical Standards of Public officials and employees), RA 3019
(Anti-Graft Practices Act), RA 6975(DILG/PNP Law of 1991) and other related special
laws.
Section 2. Commitment- In order to ensure commitment to this code by the members

of the PNP, the following shall be observed:
2.1 All PNP members shall take upon themselves that the intent and spirit of this code
are honored and upheld at all times.
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2.2 Directors, Chiefs NAD Heads of Offices/ Stations shall set the example and be
responsible in the observance of this code.
2.3 The Priest/Ministers/Imams of the PNP Chaplain Service, while setting the example,
shall actively participate in the internalization of this code
2.4 All members of the PNP shall take an oath that they shall commit themselves to this
code. The oath of commitment shall be done upon entry into the PNP, upon promotion
to the next higher rank and upon assumption of office/position.
Section 3. Propagation and Development- Propagation and Development if this code

is a command policy and its implementation thereof is a command responsibility of PNP
commanders at all levels.
3.1. All PNP members shall be issued upon entry into the police service a copy of this
code which shall be considered an accountable property.
3.2. The code shall be internalized by all members and institutionalized in the PNP. It
will be part of curricula of all PNP academic courses and will be interpreted in moral
value programs conducted thru regular police information and education activities.
3.3. There shall be a continuous appraisal and study on the effectiveness of this code
consistent with the growth and dynamics of performance standards and
professionalization of the PNP.
3.4. This code shall be subject to review initially three (3) years after its effective to
review and every five (5) years thereafter, or sooner if the need arises, for possible
revision and/or modification of its implementation strategy.
3.5. The PNP office of Ethical standards and Public Accountability (PNPOESPA) shall
oversee the internalization and institutionalization of this code.
Section 4. Appropriations – The fund allocation necessary for the effective

propagation and development of this code shall be provided.
Section 5. Miscellaneous- There shall be a sustained effort to improve the code in the
following functional areas:
5.1. Strengthen and reinvigorate activities on historical recordings and

interpretations of contemporary events.
5.2. The PNP organization shall be so structured to reinforced values and
standards of this Code.
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5.3. In case of conflict in the practice of customs and traditions on one hand
and in the performance of duties on the other, the latter shall prevail.
5.4. The PNP members shall be morally and duty bound to advise fellow
members to refrain from violating this code.
5.5. In cases where erring PNP members are found to be incorrigibles, proper
report shall be made to appropriate authority.
Section. 6. Penalties and Administrative Sections- the penalties of the commission

of acts/practices in violation of this code shall be in accordance with the revised penal
code, RA 6713, RA 3019 and other special laws. For act or omissions which merely
require administrative sanctions, the applicable punishments as provided for by the
rules and regulations promulgated by the PNP, NAPOLCOM, Civil service commission
and DILG shall be applied.
Section .7. Amendments – any amendment to or revision of this code may be

proposed in a convention or committee formed for the purpose. No amendment shall be
valid unless it is ratified by a simple majority of the members of the PNP. For this
purpose, the PNPOESPA is designated as the office of primary responsibility (OPR).
Section 8. Separability Clauses- If any provision of this code or the application of such
provision to any person or circumstances is declared invalid, the remainder of the code
or the application of such provision to other person or circumstances shall not be
affected by such declaration.
Section. 9. Effectivity- This code shall take effect after validation by a simple majority
of the members of the PNP and confirmed by competent authority.
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PREFINAL COVERAGE
MODULE 11: PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT AND ETHICAL STANDARDS
Learning Outcomes:
● Evaluate the standards of police professionalism and the ethical standards
practice in the PNP
STANDARD OF POLICE PROFESSIONALISM

All members of the PNP shall perform their duties with excellence, competence,
integrity, intelligence and expertise in the application of specialized skill and technical
knowledge.
Professionalism refers to the conduct and qualities that characterize a particular

profession. Professionalism in policing necessitates viewing the position of police officer
as a profession, rather than simply as a job. A profession is a calling that requires
specialized knowledge and particular academic training.
POLICE PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT
All members of the PNP shall observe the following professional police conduct:
1. Commitment of Democracy
a. Uniformed PNP members shall commit themselves to the democratic way of life and
values and maintain the principles of public accountability.
b. They shall at all times uphold the constitution and be loyal to our country, people and
the police organization.
2. Commitment to Public Interest
a. PNP members shall always uphold public interest over and above personal interest.
b. All government properties, resources and powers of the irrespective offices must be
employed and used effectively, honestly and efficiently, particularly to avoid wastage of
public funds and revenues.
3. Non-Partisanship
PNP members shall provide service to everyone without discrimination regardless of
party affiliation in accordance with existing laws and regulations.
4. Physical Fitness and Health
All PNP members shall strive to be physically fit and in good health at all times.
Towards this end, they shall undergo regular exercises and annual medical examination
in any PNP hospital or medical facility.
5. Secrecy Discipline
All PNP members shall guard the confidentiality of classified
information against unauthorized disclosure, including confidential aspect of official
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business, special orders, communication and other documents, roster or any portion
thereof, contents of criminal records, identities of person who may have given
information to the police in confidence and other classified information on intelligence
materials.
a. Official Business
Members of the PNP Shall treat official business confidential and shall not impart the
same to anyone except those for whom it is intended, or as directed by their superior
officer, or as required by law.
b. Special Order
PNP members shall not divulge to any unauthorized person any special order or
classified document which they may be made accessible to or may receive or may pass
their hands.
c. Roster
PNP Members shall not divulge the roster or any portion thereof to any individual, firm
or corporation, or similar entity.
d. Criminal Record
Contents of criminal record shall not be exhibited or divulge to any person other than
duly authorized police officers or upon approval of their superior officers, or as required
by law.e. Identify of Person
PNP members shall respect the confidence of persons who may give information or
seek the aid of the police names and business or addresses be not made public except
when required by law, or which it is
absolutely necessary in the performance of duty.
Social Awareness
All PNP members and their immediate family members shall be encouraged to actively
get involved in the religious, social, and civic activities to enhance image.
Non- Solicitation of Patronage
All PNP members shall seek self-improvement through career development and shall:
a. Not directly or indirectly solicit influence or recommendation from politicians, high-
ranking government officials, and prominent citizens, persons affiliated with civic or
religious organizations with regard to their assignments, promotions, transfer or related
advantage.
b. Nor shall they initiate any petition to be prepared and presented by citizens in their
behalf.
Moreover, they shall advise their immediate relatives not to interfere in the activities of
the police service particularly in the assignment and reassignment of personnel.
c. Not, at anytime, suggest, solicit or recommend to any party or accused with pending
case, the employment of any particular bondsman or counsel for his defense or release.
Proper Care and Use of Public Property

a. Members shall be responsible for the security, proper care and use of public property
issued to them and/ or deposited under their care and custody. Unauthorized use of
public property for personal convenience or gain and that of their families, friends or
relatives are strictly prohibited.
1. Morality
a. All PNP members shall adhere to high standards of morality and decency and shall
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set good example for others to follow;b. In no instance during their terms of office shall
they be involved as owner,
operators, manager or investor in any house of ill-repute or illegal
gambling den or other places devoted to vices;c. Nor shall they patronize such places
unless on official duty, and not tolerate
operations of such establishment in their respective areas of responsibility. d. They shall
be faithful to their lawfully wedded spouse.
2. Judicious use of Authority
All PNP Members shall exercise proper legitimate use of authority in the performance of
duty.
3. Integrity
Policemen shall not allow themselves to be victim of corruption and dishonest practices
in accordance with the provisions of Republic Act No. 6713
and other applicable laws.
4. Justice
All PNP members shall strive constantly to respect their rights as human beings,
parents, children, citizens, workers, leaders or in other capacities andto see to it that
others do likewise.5. Humilitya. All PNP members shall recognize the fact that they are
public servants and not the master of the people and toward this end; they should
perform their duties
without arrogance.b. They should also recognize their own inadequacies, inabilities and
limitations
as individuals and perform their duties without attracting attention or expecting the
applause of others.
5. Orderliness
All PNP members shall follow logical procedure in accomplishing task assigned to them
to minimize waste in the use of time, money and efforts.
6. Perseverance
Once a decision is made, all PNP members shall take legitimate means to achieve the
goal even in the face of internal or external difficulties, and despite of anything which
might weaken their resolve in the course of time.
Assessment:
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1. Research 1 article (any source) about the PNP that portrays any of the above
enumerated professional conduct and ethical standards and identify what particular
conduct or standard is being portrayed. Justify your answer. (30 points)
• Commitment to democracy is just one of the many police professional conducts
that every PNP member shall observe. Under this, PNP members shall maintain the
principle of public accountability. Remember, public office is a public trust. a. Explain or
elaborate what is meant by “public office is a public trust”.(Not more than 40 words, 30
points)
• Judicious use of an authority as an ethical standard does not include putting the
law into one’s hand. In relation to this;a. What can a PNP member do in seeking justice
when he himself is a victim of lawlessness? (Not more than 40 words, 30 points)
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PREFINAL COVERAGE
MODULE 12: CORRUPTION IN LAW ENFORCEMENT AND MISCONDUCT
Police officers may be held liable for criminal, civil and administrative charges.
 Malfeasance generally refers to acts of wrong doing or misconduct.

 Misconduct refers to the improper performance of the lawful act.
 Non-feasance means the failure to take prompt action.
 Negligence refers to acts or the state of mind or intent is not essential.
 Gratuities are material favor or gifts in return for service; the universal
code of ethics for law enforcers disapproves of gratuities. The lingo “pasasalamat”
“padulas” and “pabagsak” are commonly used term for gratuities.
A gratuity is something given voluntarily in return for or in anticipation of a

favour or service. With the mere definition of the word, it is unethical for a police
officer to take gratuities. Based on this definition, few officers would oppose that it
is wrong to take a gift knowing that giver expects a “professional favour”. The real
difficulty is determining whether the giver expects something. Many people who
give gratuities say they want nothing in return if asked, yet expect “special
treatment” when police services are required.
 “ Pasasalamat” refers to the acceptance of gift, money or favor as result of

act performed by the police officer or public servant.
 “Pabagsak” is used to denote the giving of money or favor and acceptance
of any public to perform his/her functions.
 “Padulas” refers to the taking of money, gifts or favors from others by a
public servant to expedite the performance of official functions.
Techniques to avoid gratuities:
Police officers necessitate to be taught ways that they can tactfully and dignity
avoid accepting gratuities and the accompanying embarrassment. Below are some
simple ways on how Police Officers can deal with offers of gratuities.
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a. Change your habits-avoid routines and take breaks, eat meals, and fill out
reports at different times in places. If you are frequently seen in uniform at the
same coffee shop by the same people, even if your presence is completely
justified, the perception may build that this is how you spend most of your working
time.
b. Develop set replies for circumventing the offer of items such as free
coffee-be familiar the price of the coffee and, on your way out, leave that amount
at the cash register, with or without bill. No matter what cashier might articulate,
simply lay down the money, add a smile and a “thank you”, and leave.
c. Cultivate set responses for declining for free or half priced food. – for
example, a police officer might reply “No, I feel much better paying the same as
everyone else, but thanks for being thoughtful”. If the cashier gives you an line of
reasoning, over a well-meant one, place the money on the counter and leave, with
the simple “thank you”.
 “Police brutality” the denotes the unreasonable and unnecessary use

of force, commonly done in effecting arrests of criminal offenders,
fugitives from justice and suspects or abuse in the manner of executing
a warrant of arrest, search and seizure.
 Corruption is a corrosive element which spreads like rust if it is not
contained and eliminated. “Rotten Apple Theory”. The culture of honest
policing refers to the barrel while corrupt behaviour is a bad apple.
Corruption and Misconduct
Police supervisors must make every effort not only for the absence of corruption
and other forms of misconduct but, more importantly for integrity. In law enforcement,
integrity refers to personal commitment by each member of the department to do his/her
best to further the department’s goal of honorable and lawfully serving and protecting
the public. A police supervisor’s goal is to inhibit corruption and misconduct in ways that
simultaneously improve, or at least do not impair, the organization’s capacity to control
crime and meet community needs. Corruption is an officer’s misuse of police authority
for personal gain. While, misconduct is nonconformity with police obligations. It
encompasses corruption and a host of other misdeeds.
How Corruption is viewed:
 Police view- Most police officials behave toward corruption as a subject to be

avoided. The prevailing standpoint is often the less said, the better. Despite the
fact that most police officials recognize corruption to be recurring and persistent
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problem, not all concede that it is a serious one. This is a prevalent notion so
even in departments with an acknowledge history of police wrongdoing.
 Public view- Police wrongdoing often provokes a public a feeling of betrayal.

Citizens expect officers to be upright, honorable and dependable- they do not
expect officers to work together with criminal any more than they expect doctors
to spread disease.
Police agencies must establish clear and concise policies and guidelines for
performance. Law abiding officers may be willing to make available information about
the criminal behavior of other officers; however, in some cases, a code of protective
silence prevails. In some police departments with significant corruption problems, high
officials may be straight forward, but negligent in preventing and detecting wrongdoing
by subordinates. Police agencies must employ preventive controls, such as a solid
inspection system to discover problems before they happen.
Blind Loyalty of Police Officers
1.The bond of brotherhood- from the moment a new police recruit is sworn in, the bond
of brotherhood begins. Initially, rookies see all senior officers as role model and they
look for them for approval, advice and guidance Comradeship and esprit de corps is
stronger in law enforcement than in most other occupation.
2.The development of trust- the “street” has a technique of demanding camaraderie.

The phrase “taking care of your own” take on a special meaning. Watching out for one
another is something officers do on the street. They have to be able to trust their fellow
police officers. Anyone who has been on the street comprehends that loyalty to one
another is fundamental. It would be difficult to survive without it.
The tolerances for corruption- Even police officers who are honest sometimes
tolerate corruption. They keep silent about it and act as if not to know what other officers
are doing because they have to work with and depend on them for backup. If cross-
examined by an investigator from the internal affairs unit, they may go far to avoid
telling. The truth the premise of not snitching, or informing, on fellow officers is well-
known. Once caught, the corrupt officer has much the same attitude refusing to
incriminate other officers, not only from fear but also from loyalty. To some officers, the
most serious accusation that can be cast upon another officer is that he/she violated a
code of silence and provided information to internal affairs investigator.
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Supervisors and Police Corruption
Occasionally police corruption is ignored by supervisors and internal

affairs investigators- not so much to avoid punishing wrongdoers, but because it makes
the department “look bad”. Do you think police corruption should be ignored for the sake
of avoiding shame to agency: perhaps personal embarrassment to honest officers, who
will suffer for being associated with corrupt police in the minds of the public their
colleagues, and families?
“Bad Cops”- loyalty is an important component of a unified police agency, but it does not
include the “bad cops” who think other officers will not speak up about his or her
corruption. Corrupt and depraved police officers do not care about law enforcement, the
people they are sworn to protect, or fellow officers. They only care about themselves. It
is imperatives to think about what and who would be protected if one were to keep silent
as another officer stole or committed perjury. In a profession sworn to the service and
protection of others, those who intimidate, deceived, steal, or otherwise take advantage
of others, should be separated from service and field with the corresponding appropriate
charge. If one is going to be a police officer and be good at a job, he or she must have
the audacity and courage to stand up for what is right in all situation.
Forms of Police Corruption
The term police corruption is often used in allusion to all kind of wrongful
police conduct, including brutality or excessive use of force, racial discrimination, and
perjury. Corruption includes wide range of misconduct. It can be the acceptance of large
payoffs from gamblers and drug dealers in return for granting them exemption from
arrest. It can be the receiving of common, small “gifts” such as bottle of liquor or small
sums of money in return for performing some minor favor, such as permitting illegal
parking.
The following defines and details the characteristics of the major categories of
corruption engaged in by police.
1. Negotiable graft refers to mutual bargaining behavior engaged in between

officers and criminal. The police officers who arrest a drug dealer may bargain a
payoff or extort money from him or her. Police may be susceptible to proposal
from vice and drug dealer, not only because of the money to be made, but also
us consequence of public apathy towards enforcement. During the 1980`s, drug
trafficking surpassed gambling as the most lucrative opportunity for graft match
of the world. Police involvement in drug trafficking is perhaps greater than news
account indicates. The absence of reports of drug related misconduct in a large
urban department may imply the presence of honest officers; however, it may
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just easily suggest a failure to investigate by police administrators. Upon the
enactment of RA 9165, the PDEA was created to assume and fulfil the role of law
enforcement in the fight against the illegal drugs trade.
2. Extortion refers to the practice of solicitation of money or favors by officers in

return for ignoring violation of the law. Increase on negotiable graft becomes
direct extortion, a practice engaged in by a small percentage of police.
“Victimless crimes” such as gambling and prostitution are often preferred targets
of the extortionist. Those involve will often pay money or offer business services
to officers in return for information pertaining to pending raids or open arrest
warrants. The officers who engage in such activities “Entrepreneurs” who are
determined to make as much money as possible and are unlikely to be
dissuaded by any sanction short of arrest.
3. Acceptance of petty bribes- in addition to vice and narcotics, many activities

provide occasion for graft. A familiar situation is that of the motorist who is
stopped for a traffic violation, such as speeding or ignoring the red light. Desiring
to avoid spending a day in court, paying a fine and higher insurance premium, or
losing driving privileges, the motorist offers the officer a small bribe. In some
cities, such petty bribery is so customary that drivers fold money, along with their
driver’s license, in as plastic container before passing it to the officer. The officer
can remove the money without alerting passers- by that he/she is taking a bribe.
In the same way, the professional criminal, when arrested, may seek to avoid
prosecution by making a payoff to the arresting officer.
4. Taking kickbacks and similar rewards- an officer who is used to accepting in

small rewards may become greedier overtime. Setting- up “relationships” with
businesses can provide additional opportunities for income. Officers who refer
customers to these businesses can collect a “kickback”. A kickback refers to
money or something of value given to the officer by a “business” in exchange for
consideration. Working “relationships” are often created between police officers
and those who provide services in times of crisis (undertakers, bondsmen,
criminal lawyers, tow truck drivers, and doctors). With an inexperienced person,
the officer may approach him or her as a helpful friend. The officers acts as
though he or she is doing the suspect a favour and steers to a bondsmen or
attorney with the motive of receiving a kickback.
5. Opportunistic theft- another form of corruption may be characterized as

opportunistic theft. This is theft that arises naturally out of the performance of an
officer’s routine duties. An officer is called upon to assist a drunk or injured
citizen and holds onto the individual’s personal items during the incidence. The
officer may remove cash or other valuables, thinking that the person will not
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remember what happened. Another example would be an officer who is
investigating the scene of a burglary and finds money in drawer. The officer lists
the money as stolen and pockets it.
6. Taking bribes from other officers- another significant form of corruption is that
which occurs among officers. Some examples are street officers who pay inside
officers to fabricate attendance records, influence vocations and days off, and
report them as being on duty when they are not. Internal pay offs provide a way
in which police on the street carve up illegal gains with those working inside, who
have fewer opportunities for corruption. It is safe to take a broad view that
wherever there is widespread corruption between police and citizen, there are
likely to be pay offs among police officers.
The Damage Done by Corruption
1. Facilitation of Crime- when police protect gamblers or drug dealers, they are
allowing gambling and drug dealing to continue unchecked, which damages the
quality of lives of the citizens. They also make possible the violence and
criminality and characteristically attend the gambling rackets and drug trade.
Officer’s use there working hours seeking the next payoffs and reduced the
overall effectiveness of the department.
2. Erosion of public confidence-police corruption weakens public confidence of the

police. It promotes in restlessness agitation in the community. Police officer is
most successful when the public believes they are on the job and can be
depended upon. When dishonesty is exposed or is believe to exist, the public
feels both betrayed and vulnerable and support for the police erodes.
3. Interference with departmental efficiency and effectiveness- some police officials

do not think that corruption get in the way with sound management of the
department, especially when the corruption is confined to vice control and
enforcement. They bicker those patterns of corruption will not prevent the chief
from implementing whatever organizational changes or experiments he or she
feels are necessary. Still, research suggests that this is wishful or self-serving
thinking. Corrupt police organizations are also organizationally unyielding and
flexible. This rigidity limits improvement and prevent the promotion of officials
who are not bound to the status quo corrupt police officers attempt to under mind
organization or change of assessment that written restrain their profit- making
enterprises.
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4. No controls of misconduct of subordinates by supervisors- problem are
complicated when supervisory personnel are crocked and dishonest. A
supervisor who asks for or accepted bribes cannot or will not control misconduct
by subordinates. He or she locks the moral ascendancy to require obedience or
maintain satisfactory levels of discipline and productivity. When commissioned
officers in senior non-commissioned officers get the bulk of the graft, patrol
officer learned that as long as they do not question matters, they need not worry
about discipline and can take their proper duties lightly. Without effective
supervision, officers are likely to react more slowly to calls for assistance, avoid
assigned duties, sleep on the job, look for ways to earn extra money, and
perform poorly in situations requiring discipline in organization.
Impairment of the departmental morale
1. Psychological price for officer- when the public believes that corruption is present
and prevalent within the police department, the honest officers pay a heavy
psychological price. Individual officers may have to go about their business
knowing that many citizens consider then hoodlums in uniform.
2. De-motivation- because corruption is first cousin to favoritism and nepotism,

many officers in the department were corruption has long existed will probably
persuaded that the department is not fairly run. Honest administrators may find it
complicated to motivate or supervise officers who lack such pride.
3. Imposition of new rules and regulations-in addition, when a scandal is uncovered,

the police department may respond by imposing new rules and regulations, as if
the absence of prohibitions where what caused officers to become corrupt in the
first place. These new rules will justifiably arouse disbelief and doubt among the
rank and file. If corruption continues, anti- corruption rules build up in an effort to
cover every imaginable situation. Importance upon negative guidance creates an
atmosphere of distrust that is un-comforting to honest and well-intentional
officers.
Conditions That Breed Corruption
1. Lenient Community Standards

a. Corruption is a product of the community as a whole. It is true that police
corruption arises in a framework of shared values and expectations. To a
considerable degree, police behavior simply reflects the ethics of the larger
community in which the police carry out their duties. No police department
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can continue an island of integrity in a sea of corruption. Government and
societal corruption can spill over into law enforcement.
b. Development of distrust by police officers- Operating on this larger
environment, it is not surprising that police can become skeptical and cynical
about their work. When they encounter citizens who are willing to pay them to
overlook the law, (the citizen who wants to avoid a traffic ticket, the
entrepreneur who wants to get the jump on competitors, and the criminal who
wants to be free to carry on an illegal operation) some officers come to see
themselves as operating in a world of corruption.
c. Hesitation of the police chief- some police chiefs are reluctant to deal with
corruption. If not, honest police chiefs have gone to unusual lengths in efforts
to shield the crooks and incompetents within the ranks from exposure. One
reason for this attitude is the fear that once corruption is exposed, the public
will overstate its scope, thereby damaging the chief’s and the police
department’s reputation. The police chief who accepts the view that
corruption is here to stay is improbable to give much thought to how to
combat it internally.
d. Lack of support from prosecutors and courts. - Another obstruction- or

perceived barrier- to integrity is the operation of the criminal justice system as
a whole. The administration of criminal justice is divided among several pillars
and the police represent only one component of the system. This division of
labor is a source of misunderstanding and mutual resentment. The police see
their good faith efforts to enforce the law and to control crime frustrated by
prosecutors who dismiss cases or reduce charge without perceptible reason
or adequate justification period likewise, judge sometimes dismiss cases for
reasons that the police consider “technicalities” and fixation with petty details.
When police officers in fair that prosecutors and judges are corrupt, the
feeling may grow into a self-serving justification for an officer’s own
misconduct.
 The key elements for a corrupt behavior are:

o Conduct prohibited by law and regulations
o Involving misuse of position or duty and
o Resulting and rewards or personal gain on the part of the public
servant
 The “slippery slope” is a part of the corruption continuum, where in an
honest police officer turns bad due to repeatedly accepting free meals,
free fare and similar and significant act of small indiscretion which
leads to serious misbehavior and finally corruption
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 “White knights” or “Eagles” refers to police men with integrity and
honest and straight forward. Mostly idealistic they rise above corruption
and confront it.
 Corrupt police officers are classified as:
o Meat eaters- “Carnivorous cops” who actively and aggressively

seek personal gain through position or power.
o Grass eaters- “vegetarian cops” refers to the police officers who
passively accept gifts and bribes as they come along
o Straight shooters- refers to honest policeman who are ready to
cover and conceal corrupt practices of the police department as
part of camaraderie and the unwritten code of silence
o Rogues commonly called “hoodlums in uniforms” or “scalawags”
are policemen who possess all the deviant behavior of a corrupt
 Organization breakdown that may result to individual and collectives

of police corruption
o Double standards within the police organization which
decreases moral accountability as professional responsibility
increases
o Ineffective or little discipline of erring police officers
o Ignorance of the nature and effects of the goals of the police
service which is crimes prevention, detection of crimes,
apprehension of criminal offenders, maintenance of peace and
order and enforcement of laws
 To maintain police integrity, police organization must hire selectively,

create an anti-corruption environment and ensure that all members
understand the importance of integrity in policing
The Supervisor’s ethical responsibilities in fighting corruption:
1. Role model- with leadership come supplementary ethical responsibilities. Supervisors

must be leaders and role models who improve and form their employee’s senses of
ethics. The law enforcement agency must support the police supervisor in these
endeavors and provide procedures which help the honest cops to stays honest and
dishonest to be the unidentified, sanction and rooted out of the police organization
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2. Encouragements of loyalty- supervisors are in charge or encouraging team works,
loyalty comradeship with in his or her jurisdiction. They must also take timely and fitting
measures the work against unethical conduct or bad attitudes period the best approach
for supervisors the develop dedication and loyalty is to be worthy. When a senior or
ranking police officers has a positive attitude, his or her subordinates tend to think the
same way. On the other hand, negative and skeptical police supervisors will almost
always have unenthusiastic and pessimistic Subordinates.
Combating Corruption and Fostering Integrity.
Responsibility for combating police corruption ultimately falls on the police

chief and his or her supervisors. Measures by which corruption can be combated
are as follows:
1. Speaking Out- every police supervisors and manager, from the police chief to
the first-line supervisor, must make it clear to all police personnel in his/her
jurisdiction and direct command that corruption will not be tolerated and that
the only “honest money” is the paycheck. In formulating this idea, supervisors
must take care not to attack all personnel. An anti-corruption program should
not cause offense those who have maintained ethical standards. Statements
condemning corrupt officers should offer reassurance and solace to the
honest and dedicated ones, as well as admonition and counsel to dishonest
officers who are still redeemable. Most important, officers will not respond
positively unless the police chief and his/her managers mean what they say.
2. Internal Audience- to be convincing, the chief and his or her managers and
supervisors must set an example to the officers in department. They should
not receive gifts, accept discounts, or dine at fancy restaurants free of charge.
They should not fix tickets for friends or family or accept free admission to
sporting or entertainment events. Over time, the chief’s and supervisor’s
examples will have some bearing on his/ her subordinates.
3. External Audience- A second audience for the chief and supervisors is the
public. Here the message is that those who put forward bribes as well as
those who accept them are guilty of a crime and subject to arrest. This point,
if made repetitively and continually in talks to business, civic organizations,
and news conferences or other media appearances, and if backed up by
disciplinary measures, will have a positive effect.
4. Internal Action-
a. Fixing the problem. Corruption is a failure of management, leadership,
command, organization and policy. The focus should be on fixing it, not on
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who is to blame. Well-articulated values and expected behavior, coupled
with realistic circumstances to describe this behavior in detail, are the key,
but these must be articulated by the chief and reinforced by all off his or
her managers.
b. Accountability- holding people answerable for their actions is necessary.

Only when the chief makes every manager and supervisor responsible for
the misconduct of his or her subordinates, can a department with serious
corruption be reformed.
c. Accountability in investigative units- accountability has been found to be

particularly lacking in investigative units, while at the same time, detective
work is particularly rich in opportunities for corruption. Supervision is light
and most supervisors have a propensity to work alongside subordinates
as opposed to over them. The occupation itself sets the officer up in an
unsupervised, solitary operation, which is ripe for corruptive influences.
d. Actions of the leader- some wrongdoing will elude even the most
competent supervisor. Answerability can be strengthened through
adjustments to minimize the span of control of supervisors. This span of
control should allow for close evaluation and monitoring of every
subordinate by his or her supervisor.
5. Improving the use of discretion- increased accountability should lead to the

improved used of discretion or use of personal judgment by the officer,
especially in the difficult one. Following the formal rules may be neither just,
customary, non-appropriate.
a. Clear explanation of discretion- when departmental policy and guidelines

covering the use of discretion are unclear or non-existent, supervisors
cannot hold their subordinates accountable. Descriptions of discretion
must be clear in orders and in policy, as well as taught in scenario-based,
decision- making training at both the entry and in- service levels.
b. Study of evaluative procedures- agencies need to regularly review their

evaluative standards for performance indicators in the vice and narcotics
arena, and should move away from the quantity of arrests towards the
quality of arrest and subsequent reductions in the incidence of the crime.
This is because, in filling quotas, police officers find numerous
opportunities to obtain under duress payoffs from criminals.
6. Promoting integrity through training
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a. Public safety basic recruit training programs. Over the tears, nearly every
major police department has devoted a significant chunk of instruction in
the recruit training program to ethics training. Through a combination of
lecture and discussion the recruits gain knowledge of the strings attached
to accepting “free” meals, discounts, and other “job benefits” from the
citizens they serve.
b. Results of poor things training, or inadequate training. Recruits without

proper training can be drawn into the prevailing web of corruption so
quickly and unassumingly that they are involved before they know it. This
training should provide the recruit with genuine contact to what he or she
may encounter in the field and techniques to ward off such hazards, as
well as enumerating the punishments meted out to the officer who
chooses to violate standards.
c. In-service training programs. In- service training classes are customarily

conducted by police departments in order to help strengthen and underline
initial entry-level ethics training received by the officers. By addressing
these concerns on a frequent and open basis, departments demonstrate
that they are pro-active in efforts to combat unethical behavior. By ignoring
this important topic, officers could wrongly draw the conclusion that the
department condones criminality, or simply, doesn’t care.
d. Agency policy manuals. The police agency’s policy manual must clearly
contain policy and associated guidelines that uphold ethical behavior
among all departments’ members. Strict but reasonable rules of conduct
must be established in the policy manual, along with benefits for any
violations. These sanctions should include some of the severe penalties,
such as reprimand, assignment, demotion up to dismissed from the police
service.
PROVISIONS OF THE REVISED PENAL CODE APPLICABLE TO LAW

ENFORCEMENT PERSONNEL:
Who are public officers? Under Art.203 public officers refer to any person who, by direct
provision of the law, popular election or appointment by competent authority, shall take
part in the performance of public functions in the Government of the Philippines Islands,
of shall perform in said Government or in any of its branches official, of any rank or
class, shall be deemed to be a public officer
Are police officers considered as persons in authority? Under Art. 152 of the revised
penal code a person in authority is any person directly vested with jurisdiction, whether
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as an individual or as a member of some court or governmental corporation, board. Or
commission. A barrio or captain and a barangay chairman shall also be deemed a
person in authority.
Under this provision police officers are merely agents of persons in authority who, by
direct provision of law or by election or by appointment by competent authority, is
charged with the maintenance of public order and the protection and security of life and
property, such as a barrio councilman, barrio policeman and barangay leader and any
person who comes to the aid of persons in authority.
In applying the provisions of Articles 148 and 151 of this code, teachers, professors and
persons charged with the supervision of public or duty recognized private schools,
colleges and universities and lawyers in the actual performance of their professionals’
duties or on the occasion of such performance, shall be deemed persons an authority.
(As amended by PD No. 299, Sept. 19, 1973 and Batas Pambansa Blg. 873, June 12,
1985)
In relation to their multi-various duties and responsibilities to society the following

offenses may be committed by our law enforcement personnel in relation in the
performance of their duties:
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FINAL COVERAGE
MODULE 13: CRIMES AGAINST THE FUNDEMENTAL LAWS OF THE

STATE
Art 124. Arbitrary detention—Any public- officer or employee who, without legal
grounds, detains a person. Art 125. Delay in the delivery of detained persons to the
proper judicial authorities.—the penalties provided in the next preceding article shall be
imposed upon the public officer or employee who shall detain any person for some
legal ground and shall fail or deliver such person to the proper judicial authorities within
the period of; twelve (12) hours, for crimes or offenses punishable by correctional
penalties, or their equivalent and thirty-six (36) hours, for crimes, or offenses punishable
by afflictive or capital penalties, or their equivalent.
In every case, the person detained shall be informed of the cause of hid detention and
shall be allowed upon his request, to communicate and confer at any time with his
attorney or counsel. (As amended by E.O Nos.59 and 272, Nov. 7, 1986 and July 25,
1987, respectively).
Art. 126. Delaying release. —the penalties provided for in article 124 shall be imposed
upon any public officer or employee who delays for the period of time specified therein
the performance of any judicial or executive order for the release of a prisoner or
detention prisoner, or unduly delays the service of the notice of such order to said
prisoner or the proceedings upon any petition for the liberation of such person.
Art. 127. Expulsion. – An act done by any public officers or employee who, not being
thereunto authorized by law, shall expel any person from the Philippine Islands or shall
compel such person to change his residence.
Art. 128. Violation of domicile. —Any public officer or employee, who, not being
authorized by judicial order, shall enter any dwelling against the will of the owner
thereof, search papers or other effects found therein without the previous consent of
such owner, or having surreptitiously entered said dwelling, and being required to leave
the premises, shall refuse to do so.
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Art. 129. Search warrants maliciously obtained and abuse in the service of those legally
obtained. —Any public employee who shall procure a search warrant without just cause,
or, having legally procured the same, shall exceed his authority or use unnecessary
severity in executing the same.
Art. 130. Searching domicile without witnesses. —A public officer or employee who, in
cases where a search is proper, shall search the domicile, papers or other belongings of
any person, in the absence of the latter, any member of his family, or in their default,
without the presence of two witnesses residing in the same locality.
Art. 131. Prohibition, interruption and dissolution of peaceful meetings. —any public
officer or employee who, without legal ground, shall prohibit or interrupt the holding of a
peaceful meeting, or shall dissolve the same.
It is also including the act of a public officer or employee who shall hinder any person
from joining any lawful association or from attending any of its meetings. And any pubic
officer or employee who shall prohibit or hinder any person from addressing, either
alone or together with others, any petition to the authorities for the correction of abuses
or redress of grievances.
Crimes against religious worship: Article 132. Interruption of religious worship- any
public officer or employee who shall prevent or disturb the ceremonies or manifestations
of any religion.
Art. 210. Direct Bribery. - any public officer who shall agree to perform an act
constituting a crime, in connection with the performance of this official duties, in
consideration of any offer, promise, gift or present received by such officer, personally
or through mediation of another.
The provisions contained in the preceding paragraphs shall be made applicable to

assessors, arbitrators, appraisal and claim commissioner’s experts or any other persons
performing public duties. (As amended by Batas Pambansa Blg. 872, June 10, 1985)
Art. 211. Indirect Bribery- any public officer who shall accept gifts offered to him by
reason of his office. (As amended by Batas Pambansa Blg. 872, June 10, 1985)
Art. 223. Conniving with or consenting to evasion- any public officer who shall consent
to the escape of a prisoner in his custody or charge.
Art.224. Evasion through negligence- the evasion of the prisoner shall have taken place
through the negligence of the officer charged with the conveyance or custody of the
escaping prisoner.
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Art, 226.- Removal, concealment or destruction of documents- any public officer who
shall remove, destroy or conceal documents or papers officially entrusted to him.
Art. 227. Officer breaking seal- any public officer charged with the custody of papers or
property sealed by property authority, who shall break the seals or permit them to be
broken.
Art. 228- Opening of closed documents- any public officer not included in the provisions
of the next preceding article who, without proper authority, shall open or shall permit to
be opened any closed papers, documents or objects entrusted to his custody.
Art. 229- Revelation of secrets by an officer- any public officer who shall reveal any
secret known to him by reason of his official capacity, or shall wrongfully deliver papers
or copies of papers of which he may have charged and which should not be published.
Art. 230. Public officer revealing secrets of private individual- any public officer to whom
the secrets of any private individual shall become known by reason of his office who
shall reveal such secrets.
Art. 232.Disobedience to order of superior officers, when said order was suspended by
inferior office. - any public officer who, having for any reason suspended the execution
of the orders of his superiors, shall disobey such superiors after the latter have
disapproved the suspension.
Art. 233.Refusal of assistance- a public officer who, upon demand from competent
authority, shall fail to lend his cooperation towards the administration of justice or other
public service, if such failure shall result in serious damage to the public interest, or to a
third party.
Art. 235.Maltreatment of prisoners- any public officer or employee who shall overdo
himself in the correction or handling of a prisoner or detention prisoner under his
charge, by the imposition of punishment not authorized by the regulations, or by
inflicting such punishment in a cruel and humiliating manner.
Art.237. Prolonging performance of duties and powers. - any public officer shall
continue to exercise the duties and powers of his office, employment or commission,
beyond the period provided by law, regulation or special provisions applicable to the
case.
Art. 238. Abandonment of office or position. - any public officer who, before the
acceptance of his resignation, shall abandon his office to the detriment of the public
service.
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Art. 245. Abuses against chastity; Penalties. -
1. Upon any public officer who shall solicit or make immoral or indecent advances to a
woman interested in matters pending before such officer for decision, or with respect to
which he is required to submit a report to or consult with a superior officer.
2. Any warden or other public officer directly charged with the care and custody of
prisoners or persons under arrest who shall solicit or make immoral or indecent
advances to a woman under his custody.
Administrative offenses for which a PNP member may be charged are as follows:
Neglect of duty, Irregularity in the performance of duty, Misconduct, Incompetence,
Oppression, Dishonesty, Disloyalty to the government and violations of law.
 Neglect of duty- also known as non-feasance refers to the omission or refusal,

without sufficient excuse, to perform an act or duty, which it was the peace officer’s
legal obligation to perform; it implies a duty as well as its breach and the fact can
never be found in the absence of duty.
 Irregularity in the Performance of duty is the improper performance of some act,
which might be lawfully done. Also termed as misfeasance.
 Misconduct or Malfeasance is the doing, either through ignorance, inattention or
malice, of that which the officer had no legal right to do at all, as where he acts
without any authority whatsoever or exceeds, ignores or abuses his power.
Misconduct generally means wrongful improper, or unlawful conduct, motivated by
premeditated, obstinate or intentional purpose. It usually refers to transgressions or
some established and definite rule of action, where no discretion is left except what
necessity may demand; it does not necessarily imply corruption or criminal intention
but implies wrongful intention and not mere error or judgement.
 Incompetency refers to the the manifest lack of adequate ability and fitness for the
satisfactory performance, of police duties. This has reference to any physical, moral
or intellectual quality the lack of which substantially incapacitates one to perform the
duties of a peace officer. When the offense is committed by reason of manifest lack
of adequate ability and fitness, the erring member shall be guilty of Gross
Incompetency.
 Oppression refers to the act of importing an act of cruelty, severity, unlawful
extraction, domination or excessive use of authority. The exercise of the unlawful
powers or other means, in depriving an individual of his liberty to property against
his will is generally an act of oppression.
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 Dishonesty is the concealment or distortion of the truth in a matter or act relevant to
one’s office or connected with the performance of duties.
 Disloyalty to the government consist of abandonment or renunciation of one’s
loyalty to the government of the Philippines or advocating the overthrow of the
government. Maximum penalty of dismissal from the service is imposed.
 Violation of law presupposes conviction in court of any crime or offense penalized
under the Revised Penal Code or any special law or ordinances which are criminal
in nature.
 Simple Neglect of duty is a light offense and incurred by any PNP member who
shall:
 Fail to supervise, inspect and control subordinates directly under his command to
their punctuality, attendance, prescribed attire proper use and maintenance of
equipment, preparation and submission of reports, efficient performances filthier
duties and responsibilities, and the observance of good order, conduct behavior and
discipline.
 Fail to take corrective action by way of warning, advise, admonition or suggestion to
a subordinate or to report such conduct when such subordinate is committing or or
has already committed a dereliction, irregularity or violation of department rules and
regulations;
 Fail to disseminate any order, directive or instruction;
 Fail to coordinate or cooperate with other law enforcement agencies and their
personnel;
 Fail to order or cause the investigation of a subordinate reported to him as absent
without leave;
 Absent himself from office without having filed the necessary application for leave,
either prior to the enjoyment of the leave or immediately thereafter;
 Fail to refuse or give his name and badge number when properly requested;
 Fail to report for duty in prescribed uniform with badge identification card, service
firearm and other required equipment, except those not required to wear the
prescribed uniform by reason of exigency of the service.
 Fail to keep an official appointment with a complainant, informer or crime witnesses
without lawful justification;
 Fail to submit a written report to his commanding officer immediately or within a
reasonable time after accidental firing of his firearm, as time and circumstances
would permit;
 Fail to take custody of government issued property from a member of his command
who is suspended, separated, retired or dead;
 Fail to respond to or expedite action without sufficient justification on a complaint
brought to the attention of the department in person, by telephone or letter.
 Fail to conduct within a reasonable period, proper, thorough and complete
investigation conducted by him;
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 Fail to thoroughly search for, collects, preserves and identify evidence in any arrest
or investigation conducted by him;
 Fail to take proper custody, record, tag and identify property entrusted to him as
evidence;
 Be delayed unnecessarily in attending to or in performing a duty;
 Appear and testify in court, prosecutor’s office, PLEB, RAB, NAB or any other quasi-
judicial body while not in proper uniform, except those duly exempted therefrom;
 Fail to report to his commanding or superior officer his inability or incapacity to
report for duty, attend a conference, general inspection or participate in an
operation;
 Fail to inform his superior as to the result of action taken on a call or dispatch;
 Fail to report to his commanding or superior officer a hazardous condition or
dangerous situation;
 Fail to prepare and submit properly written reports within the prescribed period of
time, if required by standing regulations; and;
 Fail to perform any other act analogous to the foregoing.
 Simply Irregularity in the performance of duty is incurred by any member of the PNP
who shall:
 Be found or have the odor or smell of alcohol on his breath while on duty or possess
alcoholic beverages on his person, police, vehicle, post or office;
 Drive a mark police vehicle while not in prescribed uniform except those who are not
required to do so by reason of the exigency of the service;
 Use siren or red blinker light while not responding to an emergency or not in hot
pursuit of a fleeing criminal or law violator;
 Malingering, loaf or consort with others while on duty or arrange with another
member to take his place during his tour of duty, without prior approval of his
superior;
 Allow unauthorized members of the police force to drive marked or unmarked police
vehicle;
 Interferes or abstract the work of other members or change the assignment or tour
of duty of subordinates not belonging to his command, and;
 Commit any other act analogous to the foregoing.
 Slight or simple misconduct is a light offense incurred by any member of the PNP
who shall:
 Fail to salute officials, dignitaries, superior officers and other officials entitled thereto
or the national colors during the playing of the national anthem;
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 Fight, threaten, or quarrel with any member of the police force that when the
member being challenged or threatened is one higher, the charge shall be that of
Grave Misconduct;
 Read newspapers, books or periodical while in uniform and on street duty;
o Be untidy or uncouth in his personal appearance and behave in an

ungentlemanly or undignified manner;
o Fail to recognize and justify any just debt;
o Engage in any remunerative or gainful occupation or activity during off duty hours
without approval of proper authority;
o Solicit attorneys, bondsmen or guarantors for arrested or confined persons;
o Fail to be at home or to be at the place of confinement without legitimate reason
after having been reported sick or suffering injuries;
o Use rude or insulting language or exhibit similar rudeness in conduct to the
public;
o Fail to report the record with the Complaint or Desk Officer a case prior to its
investigation;
o Allow or tolerate idlers, fixers and persons of questionable character to stay or
loiter in his office, post or place of assignment without legitimate reason or
purpose;
o Fail to maintain cleanliness and orderliness in his office, premises, post or
surrounding;
o Use official forms, letterheads, seal and stamps privately or in violation of
protocol; Provided, that when they used for committing fraud, the charge shall be
Grave Misconduct; and
o Commit any other acts analogous to the foregoing.
 Less Grave Neglect of Duty is incurred by any member of the PNP who shall:
o Fail to execute lawful orders from higher authority or tolerate any subordinate
to ignore or ridicule any order, rule or regulation;
o Fail to make immediate correction o take appropriate action when a
dereliction, irregularity or violation of law or duty is being committed or has
been committed in his presence by a subordinate under his command, or fail
to report the same to his commanding officer within twenty fours (24) hours;
o Fail to prepare disciplinary or administrative complaint or take such other
disciplinary action as may be necessary against subordinate under his
command who has committed a serious dereliction, violation or irregularity;
o Fail to comply with any lawful order or institution of a commanding officer or
the chief of Police;
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o Fail without justifiable reason, to appear and testify in court or in the
prosecutor’s office or before the PLEB, RAB or Nab when duly notified or
subpoena;
o Fail to communicate to the COP, through channels. Any valuable information
that will lead to the apprehension of a wanted person or furnish clues for the
solution of a case, or for the recovery of stolen property;
o Fail to report immediately to his commanding or superior officer or to the COP
the injury, illness, death or escape of a prisoner who is under his custody;
o Fail to issue a Traffic Citation Ticket or Temporary Operator’s Permit to an
offending driver whose license is already confiscated;
o Fail to turn in the used TCT or TOP together with confiscated driver’s license
at the end of his tour of duty or within 24 hours or fail to account for the TCT’s
or TOPs issued by him;
o Fail to report as a peace officer to any incident, condition or occurrence
witnessed by or reported to him which calls for immediate police action;
o Fail to properly patrol his beat, sector, post or to leave or abandon the same
without being properly relieved fail to take appropriate action concerning vice
conditions in his beat and give written report of the same to his supervisor;
o Fail to comply with the order of a court of competent jurisdiction;
o Willfully violate office regulations or refuse or neglect to comply with said
provisions;
o Be unable at his given address for an unreasonable length of time during a
general emergency call, or for service to him of court process and subpoena of
the PLEB, RAB, NAB or any PNP disciplinary authority;
o Sleep on his post while performing patrol or guard duty; and
o Fail to perform any other acts analogous to the foregoing.
 Less Grave Irregularity in the performance of Duties is incurred by any member of

the PNP who shall:
o Apply for and serve a search or seizure warrant in any establishment or private
house without the knowledge or approval of the chief of police or his
commanding officer;
o Use traffic violation reports, which are not duly validated by the LTO or by the
MMDA;
o Use TVR duly validated but are not issued to him for traffic enforcement work;
o Use to official insignia, markings and seal of the police force in any privately
owned vehicle without authority from the COP/commanding officer; and
o Commit any other act analogous to the foregoing.
 Less Grave Misconduct is incurred by any member of the PNP who shall:
96
o Take advantage of his position by procuring goods and commodities at a
losing price to an unwilling seller or partake of food, drink and cigarettes free
of charge;
o Engaged in gambling or games of chance regulated or prohibited, while on
duty or in prohibited games of chance;
o Loiter in gambling joints, narcotic dens, clubs cocktail lounge, hotels, motels,
mahjong joints, cockpits, nightclubs, prostitution houses, bars, bookie corners
and in other questionable places when not in the performance of police duty;
o Be drunk and disorderly while in or off duty, or drunken while off duty and in
uniform or in recognizable uniform of the force, when the same has no
connection with the performance of police duty;
o Maliciously intrigues against honor of a co-officer or indulge in idle gossip or
spread rumors that tent to discredit members;
o Exhibit marked discourteously in the course of official duties or use profane or
insulting language to any superior officer;
o Serve as an escort or security officer, whether on foot or by motor vehicles,
for any private individual regardless of his status in social or religious circles
on any occasion, unless authorized to do so;
o Take a trip abroad without proper leave or approval of the authorized
concerned;
o Borrow or solicit money or any valuable from his subordinates; and
 Serious Neglect of Duty is a grave offense incurred by any member of the PNP who
shall:
o Fail or refuse to take command in an emergency in order to carry out police
duty, being the officer present with the highest rank grade or position;
o Fail to prevent or repress the criminal act of a subordinate being committed in
his presence or fail to report the same to the COOP within 24 hours after
discovery;
o Fail to apprehend or arrest under circumstances where it is his duty to do so;
o Fail to return personal effects of released prisoners or other property use in
evidence the release of which is ordered by competent authority or court;
o Fail to perform his assigned mission of fail to participate in an operation for
the security of the President, or other high-ranking officials of the Philippines
or foreign heads of state;
o Fail to administer first aid when able to and/or convey to the hospitals, victims
of traffic accidents, persons shot or stabbed, persons electrocuted and others
who are dying and in need of urgent medical or surgical attention;
o Fail to quell a disturbance or to protect person from death or injury when able
to do so;
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o Fail to toil help a brother peace officer in apprehending or arresting a violator
who resist, or in subduing one assaulting the arresting officer, or in disarming
an armed violator or in coming to the succor of another officer who is
wounded, injured or outnumbered; and
o Fail to perform any other acts analogous to the foregoing.
 Serious irregularities in the performance of duties are incurred by any member of the
PNP who shall:
o Engage directly or indirectly in partisan political activities or take part in any

election except to vote;
o Act as a bodyguard or security guard for any public official or candidate for
any elective public office or position or any other person within 3 months
immediately preceding any election and within one month thereafter, unless
authorized or deputized by the Commission on Elections;
o Act as bodyguard or security guard for the person or property of any public
official, or private person unless approved by the proper authorities
concerned;
o Reveal secret or confidential police matters and information which jeopardize
police missions and operations or which cause injury or damage to citizen;
o Establish checkpoints in any public thoroughfare for the purpose of stopping
vehicles or persons and searching them w/o search warrant or legal grounds;
o Escort while on or off duty any vehicle carrying highly dutiable or taxable
goods, merchandise, appliances or machinery;
o Mutilate or deface or destroy ant driver’s license, traffic citation ticket or
temporary operator’s permit issued in lieu thereof;
o Inflict physical injuries upon a suspect to force the latter to give confession;
o Bring an apprehended or arrested person to a hotel or motel or to any
secluded place before turning him over of the police station;
o Sell, pawn, rent or loan his government issued service firearm, vehicle or
police equipment to any other person or establishment;
o Acts as mediator or fixer for the return of any stolen vehicle or other property
whether held for ransom or not;
o Countermand the order of the mayor. COP, or any commanding or superior
officer when such order is lawful;
o Be employed as bouncer, security guard, watchmen or lookout in gambling
den, narcotic den, prostitution house, biniboy joint or any other dubious
establishment;
o Perform the duties and functions of customs or immigration authorities without
proper deputation;
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o Escort or allow other members to escort detention prisoners outside the jail in
order to attend funeral, visit a sick relative, or solicit a bond without an order
of the court of proper judicial disposition; and
 Grave conduct is uncured by any member of the PNP who shall:
o Maltreat or abuse any prisoner or detained person under his custody;

o Join a strike or refuse to report for duty in order to secure changes in terms
and conditions of his employment or ton oust the Chief of Police or any other
officer from office;
o Publicly consort with women of ill repute or scandalously cohabit or maintain
a wife other than the legitimate spouse;
o Fail or refuse to surrender or deposit his service firearm, badge, identification
card and police vehicles; if any, to his commanding officer upon demand
during period of suspension;
o Willful failure to pay debts or obligations due the government; and
o Commit any other acts analogous to the foregoing;
 The following acts constitute Grave Dishonesty:
o Any member who shall knowingly enter in his information sheet or CSC 212
form or his Individual Police Profile, fact which are not true or conceal or
distort damaging facts;
o Make a false report or entry in the police blotter or in any department records;
o Give the deliberate false testimony against or in favour of a person facing a
criminal, administrative or disciplinary charge;
o Destroy, conceal or tamper physical evidence to be presented in court by
exchanging, altering, damaging or diluting as to affect its original
appearances, coma position and content;
o Appropriate for his or another personal use, any stolen property, which is
recovered, found or abandoned; and
o Commit any other act analogous to the foregoing;
 For light offenses, it is punishable by withholding of privileges or restriction to

specified limits or suspension or forfeiture or salary, or any combination thereof from
1 to 10 days (minimum period); Withholding of privileges or restriction to specified
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limits or suspension or forfeiture of salary, or any combination thereof from 11-20
days (medium period); 21-30 days (maximum period).
 For less grave offenses: Withholding of privileges or restriction to specified limits or

suspension, or any combination thereof from 31-45 days (minimum period); 46-60
days (medium period); and more than 60 days (maximum period).
 For grave offenses: the penalty is maximum suspension imposable (minimum

penalty); Forced Resignation/demotion of not more than 1 rank (medium penalty0;
and Dismissal (maximum penalty)
 The following are mitigating circumstances:
o Physical illness,
o Good faith
o Length of service in the Government, and
o Other analogous circumstances.
 The following are aggravating circumstances:

o Taking advantage of official position,
o Taking undue advantage of subordinate,
o Undue disclosure of confidential information,
o Use of government property in the commission of the offenses,
o Habitual
o Offense is committed during office hours or with the premises of the
working office or building,
o Employment of fraudulent means to commit or conceal the offense, and
o Other analogous circumstances.
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FINAL COVERAGE
MODULE 14: CUSTOMS AND TRADITIONS

● Identify the police customs and traditions that promote professionalism and
ethical conduct in the PNP
The PNP adopts the generally acceptable customs and traditions based on the
desirable practices of the police. These shall serve as an inspiration to the PNP
endeavor to attain its goals and objectives.
Definition of Terms
Customs - Social practices carried by tradition that has obtained the force of law.
Traditions - Bodies of belief, stories, customs and usage handed down from generation
to generation with the effect of an unwritten law.
Courtesy - A manifestation or expression of consideration and respect for others.
Ceremony - A formal act or set of formal acts established by customs or authority
as proper to special occasion.
Social Decorum - A set of norms and standards practiced by members during socials
and other functions.
Police Customs on Courtesy - The following are courtesies in the PNP:

1. Salute2. Salute to National Color and Standard 3. Address/Title4. Courtesy Calls
a. Courtesy Call on Newly Assigned/ Promoted/ Appointed member b. Christmas Callc.
New Year’s Calld. Promotion Call
e. Exit Call5. Courtesy of the post
6. Rank has its own Privilege (RHIP)
Police Customs on Ceremonies - The following are customs and ceremonies that
must be observed by all PNP members.
1. Flag Raising Ceremony2. Flag Retreat Ceremony3. Half-Mast4. Funeral Service and
Honors5. Ceremony Tendered to Retiree 6. Honor Ceremony
7. Turn-Over Ceremony 8. Wedding Ceremony 9. Anniversary
Police Customs on Social Decorum - The following are the police customs on social
decorum:
1. Proper Attire2. Table Manners3. Social Graces4. Uniform/ Appearance - observe the
following:
a. Wearing of prescribed uniform.b. Wearing as part of the uniform, awards and
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decorations earned in
accordance with the prescribed rules and regulations.c. Adherence to haircut prescribed
by the rules and regulations. d. Manner of walking
Other Police Customs
1. Visiting the sick2. Survivor Assistance to Heirs of Deceased members 3. Visiting the
religious Leaders4. Athletics5. Happy Hours
Police Traditions - The traditions that policemen must adhere to: 1. Spiritual beliefs
2. Valor3. Patriotism4. Discipline5. Gentlemanliness 6. Word of Honor 7. Duty8. Loyalty
9. Camaraderie
Reading enhancement: find the explanations of this PNP customs and traditions by
visiting http://www.pnp.gov.ph/images/manualsandguides/DHRDD/Ethical-Doctrine.pdf
A. Identification. Give what is being called for:

1. This is considered as the highest form of police/military courtesy. SALUTE
2. What tradition is being referred when PNP members’ sacrifices their limbs and lives
for the sake of their countrymen whom they have pledged to serve? VALOR
3. This is a ceremony done to the flag in respect to deceased uniformed members of the
command. Raising the flag at half-mast
4. PNP members stand at attention and salute the national color and standard as these
pass by them or when the national color is raised or lowered during ceremonies. Salute
to National Color and Standard
5. What is the most common word used by PNP members with lower ranks in
addressing their superiors or members with higher ranks and position. Sir/Ma’am
6. A police tradition where PNP members manifest their love of country by vowing to
defend the constitution. Patriotism
7. What is manifested by the PNP members’ deep commitment and concern for one
another? Camaraderie
B. Matching Type: Match column B to column A. Write the corresponding letter of your
best choice in column C.
Column A Column B (Customs and Answers
traditions)
1. This refers to the usual A. Promotion call F
greeting rendered by
uniformed members upon
meeting and recognizing a
person entitled to this.
2. It means observance of B. Social graces J
social norms as required
by good breeding.
3. The host police unit C. Gentlemanliness I
extends hospitality to
visiting personnel who pay
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respect to the command or
unit.
4. This courtesy is D. Table Manners A
extended when PNP
members are usually
given due recognition and
congratulations by their
peers for such deserved
accomplishment.
5. It is a sign of respect for E. Word of Honor G
others.
6. A tradition in the PNP F. Salute C
that is exemplified by
being dignified in
appearance, and sincere
in their concern to
fellowmen.
7. This is manifested by G. Courtesy H
innate obedience to lawful
orders.
8. A police tradition that H. Discipline E
serves as a bond among
PNP members.
I. Courtesy of the Post
J. Etiquette
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DIAGNOSTIC TEST:
1. Refers to the essence of good manners, which shows sportsmanship, culture and
gentility.
A. Courtesy
B. Discipline
C. Loyalty
D. Morale
2. Public officers and employees who served with the highest degree of integrity, loyalty,
responsibility and efficiency manifest.
A. Love of country
B. Allegiance to the government
C. Allegiance to the constitution
D. Public office is a public trust
3. Component of a moral science which deals with the duties and responsibility which a
law enforcement officer owes to the community and public.
A. Loyalty
B. Courtesy
C. Police ethics
D. Police community relations
4. One’s obligation and duty to his nation of origin.

A. Code of ethics
B. Allegiance to the constitution
C. Loyalty and love of country
D. Allegiance to the government
5. Acts and omission not involving moral turpitude, but affecting the internal discipline of
the PNP, such as simple negligence and misconduct, frequent absences, gambling
prohibited by law, tardiness and insubordination.
A. Serious offenses
B. Grave offenses
C. Felony
D. Minor offenses
6. The most significant power exercised by a police as a first-line supervisor.

A. Control over organization
B. Manpower control
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C. Cost control
D. Planning control
7. Mental and moral training that makes a man willing to be the subject to regulation and
control for the benefit and interest of the group where he belong.
A. Courtesy
B. Discipline
C. Morale
D. Ethics
8. Primary attribute for effective leadership.

A. Be a born leader
B. Have acquired the techniques of handling men
C. Have enough experience and training
D. Have normal intelligence and a secret desire to serve
9. Self-esteem, self-confidence, drive a person’s attitude and emotional feeling

regarding their way of life and the people whom they interact with.
A. Leadership
B. Morale
C. Discipline
D. Ethics
10. Discontent and grievance would logically result to:

A. Impersonal attitude
B. Sever punishment
C. Inconsistent administration
D. Unusual strictness
11. It refers to the sum total of dealings of the police with the people it serves.
A. Police relations
B. Police community relations
C. Police public relations
D. Human relations
12. Designed to bridge any communication gap between the people and the police.
A. Public information program
B. Civic action program
C. Mass communication program
D. Public relations
13. Designed to influenced public opinion in favor of the police force.
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A. Public information program
B. Civic action program
C. Mass communication program
D. Public relations
14. Involves local public officials and citizenry in the preservation of peace and order.
A. Barangay Police
B. COP’S on the block
C. PLEB
D. Integrated Police Advisory Council
15. Consist of moral and legal precepts which govern the relationship of man in all
aspects of life.
A. Public relations
B. Human relations
C. Police community relations
D. Civic action program
16. In terms of its use in effective supervision, discipline is considered as:

A. Authority
B. Control
C. Training
D. Regulations
17. The most significant element in reprimanding a subordinate should be to:

A. Conduct an immediate investigation
B. Implement rules and regulations
C. Improve the morale of your men
D. Maintain discipline
18. Discipline should be strict but must always be tempered with sympathy and
understanding. To abide by these principles, a superior officer must:
A. Investigate thoroughly all the facts before making a decision
B. Always implement the policies, rules and regulations
C. Treat all personnel equally
D. Maintain discipline
19. Willful and continuous commission of minor offenses shall constitute:

A. Felony
B. Recidivism
C. Ground for dismissal
D. Serious offense of habitual dereliction
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20. Reasons why a police officer must always wear his uniform securely buttoned.
A. Loose clothing is shabby
B. A complete uniform gets a women’s attention
C. It is a minor offense
D. A neat appearance will command respect
21. It concerns those actions that pertain to one’s duties towards his neighbors and
himself
A. Moral virtue
B. Dignity
C. Responsibility
D. Discipline
22. Policy in exercising utmost restraint by law enforcers in the performance of their
duties.
A. Command responsibility
B. Parens patria
C. Maximum tolerance
D. Rules of engagement
23. Power to own, use and exact something.

A. Authority
B. Privilege
C. Right
D. All of the foregoing
24. Authority a person exercise over his subordinates.

A. Command
B. Responsibility
C. Command responsibility
D. Chain of command
25. A normative science of the conduct of the human being living in society.
A. Norms
B. Behavior
C. Ethics
D. Virtue
26. A virtue which regulates carnal appetite for sensual pleasure.

A. Prudence
B. Temperament
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C. Fortitude
D. Justice
27. Ability to last.

A. Patience
B. Endurance
C. Perseverance
D. Fortitude
28. Courage to endure without yielding.

A. Perseverance
B. Endurance
C. Fortitude
D. Perseverance
29. Composure and calmness in enduring something.

A. Perseverance
B. Endurance
C. Patience
D. Prudence
30. The ability to go on despite the tremendous adversity.

A. Perseverance
B. Endurance
C. Patience
D. Prudence
31. Which of the following traits/capabilities is most essential to a police officer?

A. Physical stamina and hearing
B. Absence of Physical fear
C. High intelligence
D. High standard of morality
32. Is the process of constantly endeavors to obtain good will cooperation and support
of public for effective law enforcement and to accomplish police objectives?
A. Public relations
B. Police public relations
C. Community relations
33. It can be said that the public relations between the police and the public exist when
the public attitude is one of:
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A. Formal acceptance
B. Taut acceptance
C. Confidence, approval and respect
D. Due approval
34. The most important medium to determine public attitude between the police and the
public is the:
A. Radio and television
B. Print mass media
C. Individual policemen
D. Public relations officer
35. The most important criterion of a patrolman’s performance of his duties is the:
A. Public’s attitude towards him
B. The fact of lack of absences
C. His service and seniority rating
D. Number of orders/writs serve daily
36. The policemen views public relations primarily as:

A. An attitude towards the public while at work
B. Improving contact with the public
C. Winning the confidence of the public
D. Something affecting him as he does his duty effectively
37. The most important consideration a policemen should pay attention too while in
contact with the public is the:
A. Character of the person he serves
B. Time when contact are being made
C. Impression he creates
D. Attitude of the public towards his actions
38. Public opinion for a police department is best obtained by:

A. The daily contacts of uniformed police officer with the public
B. Keeping a check on the number of complaints and commandments receive by the
police
C. Holding the opinion expressed in any adequate samples in newspaper articles
D. Degree to which the community cooperates voluntarily with the police department in
the performance of their duty
39. The totality of efforts of policemen to improve public attitude should be largely
directed towards:
A. Ensuring that the policemen is also an exemplary citizen
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B. The creation of as many favorable public contacts as possible
C. The tolerant enforcement of minor regularity statute/ordinances
D. The improvement of contacts with the public
40. Of the following steps in planning for Community Relations Program, the step that
should be undertaken first is:
A. Study the public with which the police department deals
B. Contact editors of news papers
C. Develop procedures for dealing the public
D. Establish civilian complaints procedure
41. Fundamental duty of law enforcement officer.

A. Protect society
B. Serve mankind
C. Protect life
D. Protect liberty
42. Public office is a public________.

A. Trust
B. Confidence
C. Responsibility
D. Property
43. Best public relations for police officers to a community.

A. Press conference
B. Bribing the media
C. Public information campaign
D. Credible and good performance
44. In launching a police community program, success can be attained by linkage with:
A. Community
B. Barangay officials
C. Civic organizations
D. NGO’s
45. To develop goodwill, a policemen on duty should do the foregoing, except;

A. Annoy or inconvenience any law-abiding citizen
B. Perform his job with dedication
C. Project an honest image
D. Be courteous
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46. An act bringing about better understanding, confidence and acceptance for an
individual or an organization.
A. Propaganda
B. Human relations
C. Public relations
D. Public information program
47. A program which the policemen a friend and parent of the people.
A. Public relation
B. Human relation
48. Includes all rights enjoyed by individual as provided for under the constitution and
international law.
A. Rights
B. Human rights
C. Privilege
D. Justice
49. Personal behavior.

A. Discipline
B. Conduct
C. Virtue
D. Dignity
50. A doctrine which imposes commensurate accountability to one who is vested with
authority.
A. Chain of command
B. Unity of command
C. Span of control
D. Command responsibility
51. Worst form of graft and corruption in the government.

A. Bribery
B. Abuse of authority
C. Electioneering
D. Influence pending
52. Self-control and obedience means.

A. Virtue
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B. Conduct
C. Morals
D. Discipline
53. A habit which inclines man to act in a way that harmonizes with his nature.
A. Ethics
B. Values
C. Virtue
D. Dignity
54. Voice of reason bidding oneself to avoid evil do good.

A. Ethics
B. Virtue
C. Dignity
D. Conscience
55. Rules of conduct applied to law enforcement.

A. Police ethics
B. Rules of engagement
C. Code of Police ethics
56. Ability to govern and discipline oneself.

A. Perseverance
B. Endurance
C. Patience
D. Prudence
57. Virtue which inclines the will to give everyone his due and respect every person’s
rights.
A. Morality
B. Justice
C. Prudence
D. Judgement
58. Regulates those actions that involve the right that exist between private individuals.
A. Justice
B. Commutative Justice
C. Distributive Justice
D. Legal Justice
59. Regulates those actions in which an individual claims his rights from society.
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A. Justice
D. Legal Justice
60. An important agency for social control.

A. Norms
B. Ethics
C. Code
D. Code of ethics
61. The ability to go on despite the tremendous adversity.

A. Perseverance
B. Endurance
C. Patience
D. Prudence
62. Which of the following traits/capabilities is most essential to a police officer?

A. Physical stamina and hearing
B. Absence of physical fear
C. High Intelligence
D. High standard of morality
63. Is the process which constantly endeavors to obtain good will cooperation and
support of public for effective law enforcement and to accomplish police objectives.
A. Public relations
B. Police public relation
C. Community relations
64. It can be said that the best public relations between the police and the public exist
when the public attitude is one of:
A. Formal acceptance
B. Taut acceptance
C. Confidence, approval and respect
D. Due approval
65. The most important medium to determine public attitudes between the police and
the public is the:
A. Radio and Television
B. Print Mass Media
C. Individual Policemen
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D. Public Relations Officer
66. The most important criterion of a Patrolman’s performance of his duties is the:
A. Public’s attitude towards him
B. The fact of lack of absences
C. His service and seniority rating
D. Number of orders/writs serve daily
67. The policeman views public relations primarily as:

A. An attitude towards the public while at work
B. Improving contacts with the public
C. Winning the confidence of the public
D. Something affecting him as he does his duty effectively
68. The most important consideration a policeman should pay attention too while in
contact with the public is the:
A. Character of a person he serves
B. Time when contacts are being made
C. Impress he creates
D. Attitudes of the public towards his actuations
69. Public opinion for a police department is best obtained by:

A. The daily contacts of uniform police officers with the public
B. Keeping a check on the number of complaints and commandments received
by the police
C. Holding the opinion expressed in any adequate sample in newspaper articles
D. Degree to which the community cooperates voluntarily with the police
department in the performance of their duties
70. The totality of efforts of policemen to improve public attitudes should be largely
directed towards:
A. Ensuring that the policeman is also an exemplary citizen
B. The creation of as many favorable public contacts as possible
C. The tolerant enforcement of minor regulatory statutes/ordinances
D. The improvement of contacts with the public
71. One of the following steps in planning of the Community Relations Program, the
step that should be undertaken first is:
A. Study the public with which the police department deals
B. Contact editors of local newspaper
C. Develop procedures for dealing with the public
D. Establish civilian complaints procedure
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72. Fundamental duty of a law enforcement officer.
A. Protect society
B. Serve mankind
C. Protect life
D. Protect liberty
73. Best public relations for police officers to a community.

A. Press conference
B. Bribing the media
C. Public information campaign
D. Credible and good performance
74. In launching police-community programs, success can be attained by linkage with:

A. Community
B. Barangay officials
C. Civic organizations
D. NGOs
75. To develop goodwill, a policeman on duty should do the foregoing, except:

A. Annoy or inconvenience any law-abiding citizen
B. Perform his job with dedication
C. Project an honest image
D. Be courteous
76. Act of bringing about a better understanding, confidence and acceptance for
an individual or an organization.
A. Propaganda
B. Human relations
C. Public relations
D. Public information program
77. A program which makes the policeman a friend and partner of the people.
A. Public relations
B. Human relations
78. Includes all rights enjoyed by individual as provided for under the constitution and
international law.
A. Rights
B. Human rights
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C. Privileges
D. Justice
79. Personal behavior

A. Discipline
B. Conduct
C. Virtue
D. Dignity
80. A doctrine which imposes commensurate accountability to one who is vested with
authority.
A. Chain of command
B. Unity of command
C. Span of control
D. Command responsibility
81. Worst form of graft and corruption in the government.

A. Bribery
B. Abuse of authority
C. Electioneering
D. Influence peddling
82. Self- control and obedience mean:

A. Virtue
B. Conduct
C. Morals
D. Discipline
83. A habit which inclines man to act in a way that harmonizes with his nature.
A. Ethics
B. Values
C. Virtue
D. Dignity
84. Voice of reason bidding oneself to avoid evil and do good.

A. Ethics
B. Virtue
C. Dignity
D. Conscience
85. Rules of conduct applied to law enforcement.

A. Police ethics
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B. Rules of engagement
C. Code of police ethics
86. Ability to govern and discipline oneself.

A. Perseverance
B. Endurance
C. Patience
D. Prudence
87. Virtue which inclines the will to give everyone his due and respect every person’s
rights.
A. Morality
B. Justice
C. Prudence
D. Judgement
88. Regulates those actions that involve the rights that exist between private individuals.
A. Justice
D. Legal Justice
89. Regulates those actions in which an individual claims his rights from society.
A. Justice
D. Lega Justice
90. An important agency for social control.

A. Norms
B. Ethics
C. Code
D. Code of Ethics
91. A police officer’s practice of engaging in any other calling or business aside from law
enforcement while on active service.
A. Immorality
B. Illegal business
C. Moonlighting
D. Unauthorized business
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92. Refusal or omission with no sufficient excuse to perform an act, which a law
enforcement officer is obligated to perform.
A. Misconduct or malfeasance
B. Misfeasance
C. Neglect of duty or non-feasance
D. Malfeasance
93. Acting without authority, abuse of power either through ignorance, maice or
inattention an act which a police officer has right to perform.
B. Misfeasance
D. Malfeasance
94. Lack of sufficient fitness and ability for the adequate of official duties of law
enforcement officer by reason of vices and vicious habits.
B. Misfeasance
D. Malfeasance
95. Distortion or concealment of truth relevant to one’s office or in the

performance of duties.
A. Dishonesty
B. Incompetence
C. Disloyalty
D. Immorality
96. Renunciation of one’s allegiance to the government of the Philippine Republic.

A. Treason
B. Incompetence
C. Disloyalty
D. Immorality
97. A police office on the field and while engaged in the performance of his duties is not
permitted to engage in useless and idle conversation which refers to:
A. Humiliating any person
B. Vexing
C. Engaging in casual talk with others outside the organization
D. Gossip and idle talk
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98. An essential duty for police officers to ensure that the constitutional rights of an
arrested person is respected.
A. Civil liberties
B. Miranda Doctrine
C. Human rights
D. Due process
99. An obligation or retirees or terminated police personnel.

A. Illegal use of insignia
B. Usurpation of authority
C. Illegal use of uniform
D. Surrender of property
100. Reporting to work on time on a daily basis.

A. Punctuality
B. Integrity
C. Honesty
D. Commitment to work
GLOSSARY
Accepted Lying- deception which used as a deceptive ploy which is

advisable for discreet police operations to be used in tailing and surveillance.
Act of Courtesy- are disciplinary reminders of the importance of propitious

conducts and are importance measures in the development of personality.
Address- also known as title.
Anniversary- the birth or institutional establishment of a command or unit it is

commemorated in an anniversary ceremony.
Appropriations- the fund allocation necessary for the effective propagation

and development of programs and objectives.
Attention- refers to awareness to the concern of society in general. It is an

important factor contributing to the dependability of public service.
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Camaraderie- the binding spirit that enhances teamwork and cooperation in
the police organization, extending to the people they serve, is manifested by
the PNP members deep commitment and concern to one another.
Carnivorous Cops- also known as “Meat Eaters”, they are police officers
who actively seek minor type of corruption opportunities as they present
themselves.
Casuistry- refers to the application of case-based reasoning to applied
ethics.
Ceremony- a formal act or set of formal acts established by customs or

authority as proper to a special occasion.
Citizen Relation- include all dealings or contacts with the citizen in relation to
the enforcement of the law in the maintenance of peace and order, together
with the giving of information to the public.
Civic Action Program- this endeavor attempts to impart to the members of

the community that police officers are their friends and the partners as well as
their defenders.
Code of Ethics- an important agency for social control, promulgated for all
professions and prescribes the duties of an individual towards others.
Command- the authority of a person lawfully exercised over subordinates by

virtue of rank, position or assignment.
Commitment to Public Interest- all PNP members shall always uphold

public interest over and above personal concern. All government properties
resources and powers of their respective offices must be employed and used
effectively, honestly and efficiently particularly to avoid wastage of public
funds and revenues.
Communication- refers to the process of passing information and
understanding others.
Community- more or less definite group of people living-in a specific area- in

accordance with an acceptable general system of moral values.
Community Relation- consist of a person dealing with citizens of the

community, city or town where a person lives in and his membership or
contribution to the civic organization or community association in the
community.
120
Commutative Justice- a virtue that regulates those actions that involve the
rights that exist between one individual and others.
Conduct- refers to the personal behavior.
Conflict of interest- arises when a public official or employee is a member of

a board, an officer, or a substantial stakeholder of a private corporation or
owner or has a substantial interest in a business, and the interest of such
corporation or business, or his rights or duties therein, may be opposed to or
affected by the faithful performance of official duty.
Conversation- an exchange of ideas between and among persons.
Courtesy- it is a manifestation of sportsmanship of good manners, and an

expedition of gentility and culture.
Courtesy Call- a practice undertaken by police personnel who are newly

assigned or appointed to a unit or command to report or call on the chief of
the unit or command and to other key personnel for accounting, orientation
and other purposes.
Creed- is a statement or statement of belief.
Custom- established usage or social practices carried on by tradition that has

obtained the force of law.
Demonstration and Display- demonstration and display in lobby or

anteroom of the hall the speech is given before the meeting convenes and
after the adjournment, it arouses interest and affords an opportunity to
present additional information to the audience.
Devotion to Duty- police members performing their duties with dedication,

thoroughness efficiency, enthusiasm, determination, and manifest concerned
for public welfare and shall refrain from engaging in any activity which shall be
in conflict with their duties.
Discipline- pertains to self-control and obedience. PNP members shall

conduct themselves at all times in keeping with the rule and regulation of the
organization.
Distributive Justice- regulates the actions that involve the rights which an
individual may claim from society.
121
Divestment- the transfer of title or disposal of interest in property by
voluntarily, completely and actually depriving or dispossessing oneself of his
right or title to it in favor of a person or persons other than his spouse and
relatives.
Domestic Relation- consist of persons dealing with his family, parents and
immediate relatives, with whom he has to have good relationship to deserve a
respectable family prestige and community relations.
Electioneering- refers to directly or indirectly participating in partisan political

activities.
Endurance- one’s ability to last.
Equality in the service- a judicious and equitable distribution of opportunity

to prove one’s worth in the police service.
Esprit de Corps- refers to group spirit; sense of pride, honor shared by those
in the same group or undertaking.
Ethical Standards- shall refer to established and generally accepted moral

values.
Ethics- is a branch of moral science that treats the correct performance of

public service and human acts of a public officer. Rules of conduct.
Exit Call- the process wherein police personnel pay tribute to their superior in
the unit or command when relieved or resigned out of the said unit or
command.
Flag Lowering Ceremony- all the end of the official days work, the PNP
members pause for a moment to salute the lowering of the flag.
Flag Raising Ceremony- the PNP members honor the flag by hoisting it and
singing the National Anthem before the plant of the official day work.
Fortitude- refers to man’s courage to endure without yielding. It is a virtue

which incites courage and characterized by firmness of the mind.
Gentlemanliness- refers to uprightness in character, gentle in manners

dignified in appearance, and sincere in their concern for their fellowmen.
122
Gift- refers to a thing or a right to dispose of gratuitously, or any act or
liberality, in favor of another who accepts it, and shall include a simulated sale
or an ostensibly onerous disposition thereof. It shall not include an unsolicited
gift of nominal or insignificant value not given in anticipation of, or in
exchange for, a favor from a public official or employee.
Grass Eaters- also known as “Vegetarian Cops”, they are police officers who
engage in minor type of corruption opportunities as they present themselves.
Greeting- brief expression of thought or salutation at a meeting.
Half Mast- the flag is raised at half- mast in deference to decreased

uniformed members of the command.
Happy Hours- usually on Fridays or any other days suitable for the occasion
PNP members gather together at their PNP club for a light heated jesting r
airing of minor gripes.
Honesty- it is the virtue that speaks of the highest moral values of dignity and
honor.
Honor Ceremony- arrival and departure honor ceremonies are rendered to

visiting dignitaries, VIP’s, PNP officers with the grade of chief superintendent
and above and AFP officers of equivalent grade, unless waived.
Human Rights- refers to human dignity and man’s inalienable right to life,
liberty and property.
Humility- all PNP personnel shall recognize the fact that they are public
servants and not the masters of the people and towards this end; they should
perform their duties without arrogance.
Integrity- is the ability to withstand temptation not merely to avoid, to

maintain integrity, we need to be above reproach but also above suspicion.
And includes acts not allowing themselves to be victims of corruption and
dishonest practices.
Intra- Departmental Relations- consist of police officers’ relation with the

officers and men of his own department, his superiors, the chief of police
executive of the city or municipality.
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Introduction- the act of formally making persons known to each other or art
of presenting one person to each other.
Judicial Relations- consist of the police officer duties toward the court when
appearing as a witness and the honesty in testimony.
Loyalty- allegiance to the state and the constitution.
Malversation- means corrupt administration, misuse or wastage.
Mass Communication Program- it is designed to influence the opinions,

attitudes, behavior and emotions of the public in a manner that they will
behave in accordance with law.
Maximum Tolerance- policy laid down to exercise utmost restraint and self-
control in the performance of official functions.
Moral Ascendancy- is the influence usually that one person exercise over a
group of persons by reason of the exemplary nature of his character.
Moral Character- refers to an evaluation of a persons moral and mental

qualities. Such an evaluation is subjective.
Morality- is the quality of measure of human act which are good, bad or
indifferent. A high standard of decency and setting good examples for others
to follow.
Moral Virtue- it concerns those actions that pertain to one’s duties towards
others.
Non-Partisanship- PNP members shall provide services to everyone without

discrimination regardless of party affiliation in accordance with existing laws
and regulation.
Non-Uniformed- refers to all civilian non-police personnel assigned to the

various auxiliary or support unit.
Non-Solicitation of Patronage- police personnel seeking self-improvement

through career development and not directly or indirectly soliciting influence
recommendation from politicians, high ranking government officials,
prominent citizens, and person affiliated with civic or religious organization
with regard to their assignment, promotion and transfers.
124
Opportunistic Theft- this refers to taking advantage of the situation as when
properties left in the crime scene are taken without reporting it to authorities.
Orderliness- all PNP personnel shall follow logical procedure in
accomplishing tasks assigned to them to minimize waste is to use of time,
money and effort.
Paternalism- is a quality found in men who are mindful of the welfare of the
others. It is vital and fundamental to police leadership because public welfare
is a primary responsibility of police service.
Patience- refers to composure and calmness in enduring something.
Patriotism- PNP members are traditionally patriotic by nature. They manifest

their love of country with a pledge of allegiance to the flag and a vow to
defend the Philippine Constitution.
Peace and Order Council- it replaced the integrated police advisory councils
which involves civil officials and the members of the community in the
preservation of peace and order and promotion of public safety.
Personal Dignity- is indicative of a policeman’s appreciation of the honor of

his position. It is an excellent manifestation of his “esprit de corps” and is a
powerful factor in creating public interest.
Perseverance- refers to the ability to proceed and go on despite of opposition

or obstacles.
Police Ethics- a practical science that deals with principles of human morality
and duty as applied to law enforcement.
Police Lifestyle- refers to acceptable and respectable way of living in the

eyes of the public. Setting good example to the subordinates and following
good example from the superiors. Free from greed, corruption and
exploitation. The public expects a police officer to live a simple yet credible
and dignified life.
Prescribe- lay down as a course or rule to be observed and followed.
Professional Ethics- the practice of a profession cannot be entirely

regulated legislations each profession therefore subscribe to a set of moral
rules which serves as their guide in the practice of their profession special
where the law is silent or inadequate.
125
Prudence- it is one’s ability to govern and discipline himself by means of
sound judgement and reason.
Public Information Program- this evolves upon the concept of keeping
members of society informed so that they will appreciate and understand the
complexity of police work and the services rendered by our men in uniform.
Public Officials- includes elective and appointive officials and employees of

the government, permanent and temporary, whether in the career or non-
career service including military and police personnel, whether or not they
receive compensation, regardless of amount.
Public Office- refers to the right, authority and duty created and conferred by
law by which for a given period either fixed by law or enduring at the pleasure
of the appointing power an individual is vested with some portion of the
sieving function of the government to be exercised by him for the benefit of
the public.
Public Relations Officer- the mission of the public relation officer is to gain
public support for police policies and to win friendly citizen cooperation in
department programs and procedure in order to facilitate the accomplishment
of police task.
Public Relations Program- it is focused on building a good image for the

police organization through actual performance without inefficiency and
corruption. Its objective is to gain public support and win citizen’s cooperation
to accomplish police task.
Public Service- refers to the performance of the public officer of the sworn
duties with honesty, integrity, strong sense of responsibility and respect for
human dignity and human rights.
Reception- an activity tendered in celebration of a significant day or

occasion.
Responsibility- the obligation to perform duties and functions as a

consequence of activities under one’s command.
RHIP- rank has its privileges. Police members recognizing the practice that
different positions carry with them.
Right- refers to one’s moral power to own, use, or to exact something.
126
Salute- is the usual greeting rendered by uniformed acts established by
customs or authority persons entitled to a salute.
Secrecy Discipline- confidentiality of classified information against

unauthorized disclosure including confidential aspect of official business,
special orders, communication and other documents, roster of personnel or
any person thereof.
Self Confidence- faith in oneself and it’s predicated upon knowledge, skill in
applying knowledge and in the ability and willingness to pass one’s
knowledge on the benefit of others. It is a mental satisfaction that arises from
being able to put the possession of knowledge to constructive cause.
Shakedown- an act of extortion committed by policemen in cases involving

arrest without warrant, it usually involves bargaining release in exchange of
monetary consideration or favor.
Social Decorum- refers to set of norms and standards practiced by members

during social and other function.
Straight Shooters- they refer to honest policemen who are ready to hide the
corrupt practices of their comrades.
Strong Sense of Responsibility- is the faithful performance of a duty not

with standing the absence of the commander or a superior.
Temperance- refers to one’s ability to moderate or avoid something.
Tolerated Lying- untruthful words spoken which is necessary to explain

police inefficiency.
Tradition- refers to bodies of beliefs, stories, customs, and usages handed

down from generation to generation with the effect of an unwritten law.
Turn Over Ceremony- the relinquishment and assumption of command or

key position is publicly announced in a turn-over ceremony by the out-going
and in-coming officers in the presence of the immediate superior or his
representative.
Valor- courage in the line of duty.
127
Values- refers to something that a person prices, cherishes and esteems or
something important to him. It includes ideas, things or experiences. Shared
conceptions on beliefs and convictions in what is considered as contributory
to the welfare of the group.
Virtue- a habit which inclines man to act harmoniously with nature. A virtue is
a character trait which is evaluated as being good.
Warning- either verbal or written. It would be given when the offender

believes that the violation was unintentional and of a minor nature not
involving real hazard to lives and property.
White Knight- police who are honest and straightforward and often make an
extreme position on ethical issues.
Word of Honor- the act of standing by and committing to uphold a spoken

promise.
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SIBUGAY TECHNICAL INSTITUTE INCORPORATED

Lower Taway, Ipil, Zamboanga Sibugay

SCHOOL PRESIDENT: 0917-127-1826 / 0917-127-1902

RON EDUARD T. EGOS, RCrim

STUDENT’S NAME: ___________________________________________

SIBUGAY TECHNICAL INSTITUTE INCORPORATED

Criminology Program Aims to:

Program Graduate Outcome:

Course Description based on CMO:

SIBUGAY TECHNICAL INSTITUTE INCORPORATED

UNIT TEST COVERAGE

According to many scholars, moral standards have the following characteristics,

As we can see, non-moral standards are matters of taste or preference. Hence, a

Finally, as a way of distinguishing moral standards from non-moral ones, if a moral

A common form of argument in ordinary discourse in which it is claimed that a choice

Double bind is an emotionally distressing dilemma in communication in which an

Three Levels of Moral Dilemmas

Organizational - encountered by institutions, business, or organizations in their

Structural- affect a network of institutions and operative theoretical paradigms like

Responsibility- a duty or obligation to satisfactorily perform or complete a task

Four Kinds of Responsibilities

Casual Responsibility- What caused something to happen.

Liability Responsibility- Who is liable for something’s happening.

Capacity Responsibility- The capacity of a person to be held liability responsible

Minimum Requirement for morality: Reason and Impartiality

It also spells the difference of moral judgements from mere expressions of

Impartiality in morality requires that we give equal and/or adequate

Part I: The Moral Agent

A. Culture in Moral Behavior

Culture is a manner of looking at reality by a certain group of people, in a

1. Culture and its role in moral behavior

2.What is culture relativism? Why is it not tenable in ethics?

 Different cultures have different moral codes often is used as a key to

Cultural relativity (sometimes called cultural relativism) is a position,

Cultural relativity helps us to understand other cultures and their

Culture relativism is a position that has a few important principles we

Put simply, this principle is saying that if you go to another country,

Cultural relativity also means that we shouldn’t judge other cultures.

Examples of Cultural Relativity

 Can we judge the wearing of the Burqa in Islamic Communities, simply

Cultural relativism implies that culture is morally infallible. If it approves

In culture relativism, social reformers would always be wrong because

In cultural relativism, cultural practices are as morally justified as in any

It is not possible for cultural relativism to be applied to moral questions.

3. Are there an Asian and a Filipino understanding of moral behavior?

Western Ethical Traditions

Asian Ethical Traditions

General Characteristics of Asian Traditions

Ways and Behavior in Philippines

 Spirituality is deeply ingrained in Filipinos

Culture is an important determinant of ways and behavior of

 Kanya kanya syndrome and crab mentality

The Moral Agent: Developing virtue as a habit

Developing virtue as habit

Moral character refers to the existence or lack of virtues such as integrity,

1.Moral character and virtues

2.The circular relation of acts and character

In the process of moral development, there is the circular relation between

3.Moral characters as dispositions

In other words, a good moral character is practically a disposition to do

a. The stages of moral development

The American psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg (1927-1987) is best known

Level 1- Pre-conventional morality