DISCOVER THE ETHNIC STRONHOLD

AMONG THE PEOPLE YOU ARE REACHING,

PROFER SOLUTION FOR RCCG WITH
PRAYER BULLETIN

BY

OLUWASEUN SAMSON KUNUYI

(N22/04/MSR/RCOM)
COURSE: URBAN MISSION
COURSE CODE: MMM 710

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE AWARD OF

MASTERS OF ART IN MISSIOLOGY

AT

THE REDEEMED COLLEGE OF MISSIONS, EDE, OSUN STATE.

LECTURER

PASTOR MBANGE

JUNE, 2023.
z
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Table of contents

Abstract
Introduction
1.1 Background information on the Ga-Dangbe people
1.2 Significance of studying ethnic stronghold
Historical and Cultural Background
2.1 Origins and migration of the Ga-Dangbe people
2.2 Cultural practices and traditions
2.3 Significance of language and oral history
Social Structure and Institutions
3.1 Clan and kinship systems
3.2 Role of chiefs and traditional leadership
3.3 Social organizations and festivals
Religion and Beliefs
4.1 Traditional religious practices
4.2 Influence of Christianity and Islam
4.3 Role of spiritual beliefs in community cohesion
Economic Activities
5.1 Traditional occupations and livelihoods
5.2 Transition to modern economic activities
5.3 Impact of urbanization on the economy
Challenges and Opportunities
6.1 Threats to cultural preservation
6.2 Influence of globalization and modernization
6.3 Efforts to promote cultural heritage and identity
Summary of key findings
7.1 Importance of maintaining ethnic stronghold
7.2 Future prospects for the Ga-Dangbe people
7.3 Proffered Solutions for RCCG
7.4 Prayer Bulletin
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Abstract:
This term paper explores the concept of ethnic stronghold among the Ga-Dangbe people, a
prominent ethnic group in Ghana. It examines the historical and cultural factors that have
contributed to the establishment and preservation of their ethnic identity. The paper delves into
the social, political, and economic aspects of the Ga-Dangbe community, highlighting their
traditions, language, religious beliefs, and socio-economic activities. Furthermore, it discusses the
challenges and opportunities faced by the Ga-Dangbe people in maintaining their ethnic
stronghold in the modern era. Overall, this paper provides a concise overview of the Ga-Dangbe
people and their unique ethnic identity.

Introduction
1.1 Background information on the Ga-Dangbe people
The Ga-Dangbe people are an ethnic group in Ghana, primarily residing in the Greater Accra
Region. They have a rich cultural heritage and are known for their music, dance, and traditional
festivals. Within the Greater Accra Region, there are several areas that are considered ethnic
strongholds of the Ga-Dangbe people. Some of these include:

Accra: Accra, the capital city of Ghana, is located in the Greater Accra Region and is the cultural
and political center for the Ga-Dangbe people. It is home to the Ga people, one of the subgroups
of the Ga-Dangbe ethnic group. The city of Accra has a significant Ga population and serves as a
hub for Ga cultural activities and traditions.

Tema: Tema is a city located in the Greater Accra Region, and it is one of the major industrial
and commercial centers in Ghana. It has a significant Ga-Dangbe population and is considered an
ethnic stronghold for the Ga-Dangbe people. The Tema Traditional Area, led by the Tema
Mantse, is an important institution that upholds the cultural heritage of the Ga-Dangbe people in
the area.

Nungua: Nungua is a town located along the coast in the Greater Accra Region. It is
predominantly inhabited by the Ga-Dangbe people, specifically the Nungua subgroup. Nungua

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has a strong sense of cultural identity and is known for its vibrant fishing community, traditional
festivals, and the Nungua Traditional Council.

La: La is another town in the Greater Accra Region with a significant Ga-Dangbe population. The
La people, a subgroup of the Ga-Dangbe, are known for their rich cultural traditions and festivals.
The La Traditional Council plays a vital role in preserving and promoting the cultural heritage of
the Ga-Dangbe people in the area.

Teshie: Teshie is a town located in the Ledzokuku-Krowor Municipal Assembly of the Greater
Accra Region. It is predominantly inhabited by the Ga-Dangbe people, specifically the Teshie
subgroup. Teshie is known for its vibrant cultural practices, including the annual Homowo
festival, which celebrates the harvest season.

Osu: Osu is a neighborhood in the heart of Accra and is home to a significant Ga-Dangbe
population. It is known for its historical significance and its blend of traditional and modern
elements. Osu is renowned for its lively nightlife, restaurants, and the OsuMantse Palace, which
serves as a cultural and administrative center for the Ga-Dangbe people in the area.

Chorkor: Chorkor is a coastal community located in the Greater Accra Region, known for its
fishing industry and Ga-Dangbe population. The Chorkor people have a distinct cultural identity
and are known for their fishing practices, music, and dance forms, which are deeply intertwined
with their way of life.

James Town: James Town, also known as British Accra, is a historic neighborhood located in
Accra. It has a significant Ga-Dangbe population and is known for its cultural landmarks such as
the James Fort, Ussher Fort, and the annual ChaleWote Street Art Festival, which showcases the
creative expression of the Ga-Dangbe people and other artists.

These are some of the notable areas within the Greater Accra Region that are considered ethnic
strongholds among the Ga-Dangbe people. However, it's important to note that the Ga-Dangbe
population is spread across various communities in the region, and their cultural influence can be
found in different parts of Ghana as well. It's important to note that while these areas are
considered ethnic strongholds of the Ga-Dangbe people, the Ga-Dangbe population is not limited
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to these specific locations. They can be found in various other parts of the Greater Accra Region
and beyond, amongst which is Dawhenya-Prampram where the church I pastor is located.

Prampram is a coastal town located in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana. While it is
predominantly inhabited by the Prampram ethnic group, who are part of the larger Ga-Dangbe
ethnic group, it is important to note that the Prampram people are distinct from the Krobo people.
The Prampram people have their own unique cultural traditions and customs that are specific to
their subgroup within the Ga-Dangbe ethnic group. They have their own traditional leadership,
known as the Prampram Mantse, and their own traditional council.

1.2 Significance of studying ethnic stronghold

Studying ethnic strongholds is significant for several reasons:

Cultural Preservation: Ethnic strongholds are often places where a particular ethnic group has
concentrated, maintaining its cultural practices, traditions, language, and heritage. Studying these
strongholds helps in preserving and documenting these unique aspects of a community's identity.

Identity and Belonging: Ethnic strongholds provide a sense of belonging and identity for
individuals belonging to a specific ethnic group. Studying these strongholds helps us understand
the ways in which people connect with their heritage, fostering a sense of pride and identity
among community members.

Social Dynamics: Ethnic strongholds can offer insights into social dynamics, including patterns
of interaction, social organization, and community development within a specific ethnic group.
By studying these strongholds, researchers can gain a deeper understanding of how communities
form, evolve, and maintain social cohesion.

Historical Significance: Ethnic strongholds often have historical significance related to

migration, settlement patterns, or the struggle for civil rights and equality. Studying these
strongholds helps to uncover the historical experiences and contributions of specific ethnic
groups, providing a more comprehensive understanding of a region's history.

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Policy and Advocacy: Research on ethnic strongholds can inform policymakers and advocacy
groups about the unique needs, challenges, and opportunities faced by specific ethnic

communities. This knowledge can help shape policies and interventions aimed at supporting and
empowering these communities.

Cultural Exchange and Understanding: Studying ethnic strongholds can foster cultural
exchange and understanding between different ethnic groups. It provides an opportunity to
appreciate diverse perspectives, learn from each other's traditions, and promote intercultural
dialogue and respect.

Overall, studying ethnic strongholds enables us to better understand the complexities of ethnicity,
culture, history, and social dynamics, leading to improved cultural preservation, social
integration, and inclusive policies.

Historical and Cultural Background

2.1 Origins and migration of the Ga-Dangbe people

The Ga-Dangbe people are an ethnic group found in the Greater Accra region of Ghana,
specifically in and around the capital city, Accra. They are considered part of the larger Ga-
Adangbe ethnic cluster, which includes the Ga, Adangme, Ada, Ningo, and Kpone groups.
The origins of the Ga-Dangbe people are rooted in oral tradition, as there is limited written
historical documentation about their early history. According to their oral tradition, the Ga-
Dangbe people migrated from the eastern region of present-day Ghana and settled along the coast
around the 12th century. They are believed to have migrated from the region around the lower
Volta River basin and gradually moved westward, establishing communities along the coast.

The migration of the Ga-Dangbe people was likely influenced by several factors, including the
search for fertile land for agriculture, access to trade routes, and the expansion of population.
They were skilled farmers and fishermen, taking advantage of the coastal and riverine resources
for sustenance and trade.

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As the Ga-Dangbe people migrated and settled in the coastal areas, they interacted with other
ethnic groups, including the Akan, Ewe, and Fante. These interactions led to cultural exchanges,
intermarriage, and the development of a distinct Ga-Dangbe identity.

Over time, the Ga-Dangbe people formed numerous independent and autonomous settlements
along the coast, each with its own chief or king known as a "mantse" or "mantsemei." These
settlements were organized into clans, with each clan tracing its lineage back to a common
ancestor.

In the late 19th century, the Ga-Dangbe people came under the influence of British colonial rule,
as the British established control over the Gold Coast (now Ghana). This marked a significant
turning point in their history, as they had to navigate the challenges and changes brought about by
colonialism, including the introduction of Western education, Christianity, and a centralized
administrative system.

Today, the Ga-Dangbe people continue to maintain their cultural practices, traditional festivals,
and social structures. They have also adapted to modern developments and participate actively in
Ghana's political, economic, and social spheres.

2.2 Cultural practices and traditions

The Ga-Dangbe people are an ethnic group primarily found in the Greater Accra Region of
Ghana, specifically in and around the capital city of Accra. They have a rich cultural heritage and
practice various traditions that have been passed down through generations. Here are some key
cultural practices and traditions of the Ga-Dangbe people:

Language: The Ga-Dangbe people have their own languages, namely Ga and Adangbe. These
languages are part of the larger Kwa branch of the Niger-Congo language family.

Festivals: Festivals play a significant role in Ga-Dangbe culture. They are occasions for
socializing, celebrating, and reinforcing community bonds. The Homowo festival is one of the
most prominent festivals celebrated by the Ga people. It is a harvest festival that involves rituals,

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traditional music and dance, storytelling, and the sprinkling of "kpokpoi" (a traditional dish) as a
symbol of abundance and prosperity.

Traditional Clothing: The traditional attire of the Ga-Dangbe people reflects their cultural
identity. Men often wear a cloth called "kente" draped around their bodies or as a wrapped skirt,
while women wear a cloth called "batakari" as a wrap-around skirt and a matching blouse.

Music and Dance: Music and dance are integral to Ga-Dangbe cultural expression. The people
have a variety of traditional musical instruments, including drums such as the "kpanlogo" and
"gome," rattles, flutes, and the "seprewa" (a plucked string instrument). Traditional dances like
"kpanlogo" and "adowa" are performed during festivals and other cultural events.

Naming Ceremony: The Ga-Dangbe people attach great importance to naming ceremonies.
Newborns are named on the eighth day after birth, and the ceremony involves family members,
friends, and community elders. Names are chosen based on various factors, including the day of
the week on which the child was born.

Family and Social Structure: The Ga-Dangbe people have a matrilineal social structure, where
lineage and inheritance are traced through the mother's side. Families are organized into clans,
and the head of each clan plays a significant role in decision-making and conflict resolution.

Religious Beliefs: The traditional religious beliefs of the Ga-Dangbe people revolve around a
belief in a supreme being called "Wulomo" or "Odambo." Ancestors are also highly revered, and
their spirits are believed to have an influence on the lives of the living. Islam and Christianity
have also gained followers among the Ga-Dangbe people in recent times.

Traditional Crafts: The Ga-Dangbe people are known for their craftsmanship. They produce
various traditional crafts such as pottery, woodcarvings, beadwork, and weaving. These crafts
often have cultural and symbolic significance.

Fishing and Agriculture: Historically, the Ga-Dangbe people were primarily fishermen and
farmers. They had expertise in fishing techniques and cultivated crops such as cassava, maize,

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yam, and plantains. While modernization has brought changes to their occupations, fishing and
agriculture still hold cultural significance.

These are just a few examples of the cultural practices and traditions of the Ga-Dangbe people.
Their cultural heritage continues to evolve and adapt to the changing times while preserving their
unique identity and traditions.

2.3 Significance of language and oral history

Language and oral history hold great significance among the Ga-Dangbe people, an ethnic group
in Ghana. Here are some key points regarding their importance:

Cultural Identity: Language serves as a crucial element in defining the cultural identity of the Ga-
Dangbe people. It is an integral part of their heritage and helps maintain a sense of belonging and
unity within the community.

Communication: Language is essential for effective communication within the Ga-Dangbe

society. It allows individuals to express their thoughts, ideas, and emotions, enabling social
interaction and the exchange of knowledge and information.

Preservation of Tradition: Oral history plays a vital role in preserving the Ga-Dangbe people's
traditions, customs, and values. Through storytelling, proverbs, folktales, and songs, the
community's history, ancestral wisdom, and moral lessons are passed down from one generation
to another.

Cultural Knowledge: The Ga-Dangbe people use language and oral history as a means to transmit
cultural knowledge and practices. It encompasses various aspects such as traditional medicine,
spiritual beliefs, social norms, marriage customs, and traditional craftsmanship, ensuring the
continuity of their cultural heritage.

Historical Awareness: Oral history is particularly significant in maintaining a collective historical

awareness among the Ga-Dangbe people. Through narratives and accounts of past events, they
remember their struggles, victories, migrations, and interactions with neighboring communities,
contributing to their historical consciousness.
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Resolving Disputes: Language and oral traditions serve as tools for conflict resolution within the
Ga-Dangbe society. Elders and community leaders often rely on their knowledge of oral history
and traditional practices to mediate disputes, reconcile differences, and restore harmony.

Cultural Expression: Language is a medium for artistic expression among the Ga-Dangbe people.
Through poetry, songs, chants, and dances, they celebrate important events, festivals, and rites of
passage, showcasing their cultural richness and creativity.

In all, language and oral history are essential components of the Ga-Dangbe people's cultural
fabric, enabling the preservation of their heritage, facilitating communication, and fostering a
strong sense of community identity.

Social Structure and Institutions

3.1 Clan and kinship systems
The Ga-Dangbe people have a rich cultural heritage that includes clan and kingship systems. Let's
explore these systems in more detail:
Clan System: The Ga-Dangbe people have a matrilineal social structure, which means descent
and inheritance are traced through the female line. The basic unit of their social organization is
the clan. Clans are kinship groups that are typically made up of several extended families who
claim descent from a common female ancestor. The Ga-Dangbe people are organized into seven
major clans, known as the Seven Houses or Seven Divisions. These are:
Nai Wulomo (Priesthood)
Tackie Teiko (Stool Division)
Sempe (War Division)
Otublohun (Weaver Division)
Asere (Fisherman Division)
Abola (Lagoon Division)
Gbese (Outskirt Division)
Each clan has its own responsibilities and functions within the community. They play a crucial
role in maintaining social order, resolving disputes, and upholding customs and traditions.
Kingship System: The Ga-Dangbe people also have a traditional kingship system that coexists

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with the clan system. The paramount chief, known as the Mantse, is the highest authority within
the Ga-Dangbe traditional governance structure. The Mantse is the leader of the entire Ga-Dangbe
ethnic group and is responsible for representing the collective interests of the people.
The kingship system is hereditary, and the title of Mantse passes from one generation to another
within a particular royal lineage. The royal lineage, known as a royal house, is associated with a
particular stool, which represents the authority and power of the Mantse. The most prominent Ga-
Dangbe traditional area is known as the Ga State, with the Mantse of the Ga State being the most
influential.
The installation of a new Mantse involves various rituals and ceremonies that are conducted by
the traditional priests and elders. The Mantse serves as the custodian of the land, the protector of
the people's customs and traditions, and the arbiter in disputes. They also play a vital role in
cultural celebrations, such as festivals and ceremonies, which are important events within Ga-
Dangbe society.
It's important to note that while the traditional kingship system remains significant, the Ga-
Dangbe people also have modern governance structures in place, with elected political leaders and
local government authorities functioning alongside the traditional system.

3.2 Role of chiefs and traditional leadership

The role of chiefs in Ga-Dangbe society is central to their traditional governance structure. Chiefs
are hereditary leaders who hold significant authority and responsibility within their communities.
They are believed to be descendants of the original settlers and are seen as custodians of the land,
history, and culture of the Ga-Dangbe people.
The chiefs play multiple roles within their communities, including:
Administrative and Judicial Functions: Chiefs act as local administrators and are responsible
for maintaining law and order within their jurisdictions. They settle disputes, enforce customary
laws, and provide justice in accordance with traditional norms and practices.
Symbolic and Ceremonial Roles: Chiefs represent the cultural and historical identity of their
people. They perform various rituals, ceremonies, and festivals that are integral to the Ga-Dangbe
culture. Chiefs often wear traditional regalia and are involved in important cultural events.

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Land and Resource Management: Chiefs oversee the allocation and management of land and
natural resources within their communities. They ensure equitable distribution, resolve conflicts
related to land ownership, and protect communal resources.
Community Development: Chiefs are expected to promote the welfare and development of their
communities. They play a vital role in local development projects, infrastructure development,
and the provision of basic services.
The traditional council, known as the "Dzasetsemei," is an assembly of chiefs from various Ga-
Dangbe communities. The council serves as an advisory body to the paramount chief or king,
known as the "Dzaase." It assists the chief in decision-making, conflict resolution, and the overall
governance of the Ga-Dangbe people.
The traditional council also acts as a forum for discussing and addressing community issues,
coordinating cultural activities, and preserving the cultural heritage of the Ga-Dangbe people. It
plays a crucial role in upholding and promoting traditional customs and values.
It's important to note that alongside the traditional system, the Ga-Dangbe people are also part of
the modern Ghanaian governance structure, which includes democratic institutions and elected
representatives at various levels of government. However, the traditional system, including chiefs
and the traditional council, continues to hold cultural and symbolic significance within Ga-
Dangbe communities.

3.3 Social organizations and festivals

The Ga-Dangbe people are very rich in cultural heritage and are known for their vibrant social
organizations and festivals. Here are some notable social organizations and festivals of the Ga-
Dangbe:
Homowo Festival: The Homowo Festival is the most famous and widely celebrated festival
among the Ga-Dangbe people. It is held annually in the months of August and September. The
festival is a time for the community to give thanks for the harvest season and to remember their
ancestors. It involves a series of activities, including a procession of chiefs and elders, the
sprinkling of traditional food (kpoikpoi) on the streets, drumming, dancing, and traditional music
performances.

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Asafotufiam Festival: The Asafotufiam Festival is celebrated by the people of Ada in the Greater
Accra Region. It is held in the first week of August each year and is a commemoration of the
bravery of the Ada warriors. The festival features military parades, firing of muskets, traditional
drumming and dancing, boat racing, and the display of traditional regalia.
Ngmayem Festival: The Ngmayem Festival is celebrated by the people of the Manya Krobo in
the Eastern Region of Ghana. It takes place in September and is a harvest festival that marks the
end of the farming season. The festival involves various activities such as purification
ceremonies, traditional drumming and dancing, the pouring of libations, and the display of
colorful traditional costumes.
Kpledjoo Festival: The Kpledjoo Festival is celebrated by the people of the Ningo-Prampram
area in the Greater Accra Region. It is held in November and is a time for the community to
purify themselves and seek blessings for the coming year. The festival involves processions,
traditional drumming and dancing, the performance of rituals by traditional priests, and the
display of ancestral stools.
Odwira Festival: The Odwira Festival is celebrated by the people of Akropong-Akuapem in the
Eastern Region of Ghana. It is held in October and November and is a time for the community to
give thanks for the abundance of the harvest season. The festival features the purification of the
community, traditional drumming and dancing, the pouring of libations, and the display of
traditional regalia.
These are just a few examples of the social organizations and festivals celebrated by the Ga-
Dangbe people. These events play a crucial role in preserving and promoting their cultural
heritage and provide an opportunity for community members to come together, strengthen social
bonds, and celebrate their traditions.

Religion and Beliefs

4.1 Traditional religious practices
Their traditional religious practices are influenced by their ancestral beliefs and cultural traditions.
The Ga-Dangbe people have a rich spiritual system that involves the worship of various deities,
ancestral veneration, and observance of rituals and ceremonies.

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Belief in Supreme Deity: The Ga-Dangbe people believe in a supreme deity known as Nyonmo
or Nyonmo Agbogbo. Nyonmo is considered the creator of the universe and the source of all life.
However, Nyonmo is distant from everyday human affairs, so the people mainly interact with
lesser deities and ancestral spirits.
Ancestral Veneration: Ancestors play a significant role in the spiritual beliefs of the Ga-Dangbe.
They believe that deceased family members have the ability to influence the lives of their living
descendants. Ancestors are revered and consulted for guidance, protection, and blessings.
Ancestral altars are often set up in homes, and libations and offerings are made to honor and
appease the spirits of the ancestors.
Worship of Deities: The Ga-Dangbe people also worship a pantheon of deities, known as vodu or
voodoo. These deities are believed to possess supernatural powers and are associated with
specific aspects of life, such as fertility, health, agriculture, and natural forces. Each deity has its
own rituals, ceremonies, and sacred places of worship. Some well-known deities include Sakumo,
the god of the sea, and Nai Wulomo, the chief priest of the Ga-Dangbe people.
Festivals and Ceremonies: The Ga-Dangbe people celebrate a variety of festivals throughout the
year to honor their deities and ancestors. These festivals are colorful and vibrant, involving music,
dance, drumming, processions, and traditional attire. The festivals provide opportunities for the
community to come together, strengthen social bonds, and seek spiritual blessings.
Divination and Spiritual Healing: Divination is an integral part of Ga-Dangbe religious
practices. Spiritual practitioners, known as fetish priests or priestesses, use various methods such
as casting of cowrie shells, reading of palm lines, or interpreting dreams to communicate with the
spiritual realm and provide guidance and solutions to individuals' problems. Spiritual healing
ceremonies are also conducted to address physical and spiritual ailments.

4.2 Influence of Christianity and Islam

Historically, the Ga-Dangbe have been influenced by a combination of indigenous religious
beliefs, Christianity, and Islam.
Christianity: Christianity was introduced to the Ga-Dangbe people during the colonial era when
European missionaries arrived in the region. The impact of Christianity has been significant
among the Ga-Dangbe, and today a large percentage of the population identifies as Christians.
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Christian denominations such as Roman Catholicism, Protestantism (including Presbyterianism,

Anglicanism, and Pentecostalism), and various independent charismatic churches are present
among the Ga-Dangbe communities. These Christian beliefs have influenced various aspects of
their lives, including religious practices, values, education, and social structures.
Islam: Islam has also had a notable influence among the Ga-Dangbe people, particularly in more
recent times. The spread of Islam in the region can be attributed to trade networks and interactions
with Muslim communities from the north of Ghana and neighboring countries like Togo and
Benin. Today, a significant number of Ga-Dangbe individuals identify as Muslims. Muslim
communities among the Ga-Dangbe follow various Islamic practices and are part of different
Islamic sects such as Sunni, Sufi, and Ahmadiyya. Islamic teachings have influenced aspects of
their culture, including marriage ceremonies, naming practices, and dietary habits.
Indigenous Beliefs: Despite the spread of Christianity and Islam, some Ga-Dangbe individuals
continue to practice traditional indigenous beliefs. These beliefs are rooted in animism and
ancestor worship, focusing on the veneration of deities, spirits, and ancestors. While the influence
of indigenous beliefs has diminished over time, elements of these practices can still be observed
in ceremonies, festivals, and rituals within the Ga-Dangbe communities.
In a nutshell, the Ga-Dangbe people have experienced the influence of Christianity and Islam
alongside their traditional indigenous beliefs. The religious landscape among the Ga-Dangbe is
diverse, with individuals practicing different faiths or incorporating elements from multiple
religious traditions. This diversity contributes to the cultural richness and complexity of the Ga-
Dangbe society.

4.3 Role of spiritual beliefs in community cohesion

Spiritual beliefs play a significant role in fostering community cohesion among the Ga-Dangbe
people. Here are some aspects to consider:
Shared Cosmology: Spiritual beliefs provide a shared understanding of the world and the
universe among the Ga-Dangbe community. They often believe in a supreme being or a creator
and have a cosmology that explains the origins of life, the natural world, and the relationship
between humans and the divine.

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Ancestral Connections: Ancestors hold great importance in Ga-Dangbe spiritual beliefs. They
are believed to be intermediaries between the living and the divine. Ancestors are revered, and
rituals and ceremonies are performed to honor and communicate with them. These practices
strengthen the bond within the community as they share a common reverence for their forebears.
Rituals and Ceremonies: Ga-Dangbe communities engage in various spiritual rituals and
ceremonies that are performed collectively. These ceremonies often involve music, dance,
storytelling, and communal feasting. Such rituals create a sense of unity and shared identity
among community members, as they come together to celebrate and honor their spiritual
traditions.
Moral and Ethical Framework: Spiritual beliefs often provide a moral and ethical framework
that guides the behavior and interactions within the community. The Ga-Dangbe people may have
specific values and principles derived from their spiritual beliefs, which help promote
cooperation, respect, and harmony within the community.
Healing and Support: Spiritual beliefs also provide a source of healing and support during
challenging times. The Ga-Dangbe people may turn to their spiritual practices to seek guidance,
comfort, and healing in times of illness, grief, or conflict. The community members may come
together to support and assist those in need, strengthening their bonds and fostering a sense of
solidarity.
In all, the spiritual beliefs of the Ga-Dangbe people contribute to community cohesion by
providing a shared worldview, a sense of identity, shared rituals and ceremonies, a moral
framework, and avenues for healing and support. These beliefs and practices help foster a strong
sense of belonging and connectedness among the community members.
Economic Activities
5.1 Traditional occupations and livelihoods
Historically, the Ga-Dangbe’s traditional occupation and livelihood revolved around fishing,
farming, and trading.
Fishing: The Ga-Dangbe people have a long history of fishing due to their proximity to the
Atlantic Ocean and the Volta River. They engage in both marine and freshwater fishing, using
traditional methods such as canoes, nets, and traps. Fishing provides them with a significant
source of food and income.
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Farming: Agriculture has been an important livelihood for the Ga-Dangbe people. They cultivate
crops such as maize, cassava, yam, plantain, and vegetables. Farming activities are usually carried
out on a subsistence level, with some surplus being sold in local markets.
Trading: The Ga-Dangbe people have a tradition of entrepreneurship and trading. They are
known for their involvement in local and regional trade networks. They engage in the buying and
selling of various goods, including foodstuffs, crafts, and other commodities. They often
participate in local markets and have historically been active in trading with other ethnic groups.
Artisanal Crafts: The Ga-Dangbe people have a rich tradition of craftsmanship. They produce a
variety of traditional handicrafts such as pottery, weaving, woodcarving, and beadwork. These
crafts are often made for utilitarian purposes or for cultural and religious ceremonies. Some
artisans also sell their products in local markets or to tourists.
Performing Arts: The Ga-Dangbe people have a vibrant tradition of performing arts, including
music, dance, and storytelling. They have traditional musical instruments such as drums, flutes,
and xylophones. Performances are often associated with cultural events, festivals, and
ceremonies. Some individuals may derive a livelihood from performing arts by entertaining
audiences or teaching younger generations. It is important to note that with urbanization and
modernization, the livelihoods of the Ga-Dangbe people have evolved, and many individuals now
engage in diverse professions beyond their traditional occupations.
5.2 Transition to modern economic activities
The Ga-Dangbe people, have undergone a transition from traditional economic activities to
modern ones over time. Although, it is important to recognize that the transition to modern
economic activities is an ongoing process, and not all Ga-Dangbe individuals or communities
may have fully transitioned. Traditional economic activities still hold significance within the
community, and many individuals engage in a mix of traditional and modern activities to sustain
their livelihoods.
This transition has been influenced by various factors, including urbanization, globalization, and
changes in economic structures. While I can provide some general insights into this transition, it's
important to note that the specific details and experiences may vary within the Ga-Dangbe
community.

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Urbanization: The rapid urbanization of the Greater Accra Region, particularly the capital city of
Accra, has significantly impacted the economic activities of the Ga-Dangbe people. As more
people migrated from rural areas to urban centers, there was a shift from agrarian-based activities
to more urban-oriented economic pursuits.
Education and Skills Development: Increased access to education has played a crucial role in
the transition to modern economic activities among the Ga-Dangbe people. Education has
equipped individuals with knowledge and skills needed to engage in various sectors such as
commerce, services, and formal employment.
Diversification of Economic Activities: The Ga-Dangbe people have diversified their economic
activities beyond traditional occupations such as farming, fishing, and craftwork. They have
engaged in trade, entrepreneurship, professional services, and other modern sectors, taking
advantage of emerging opportunities in the urban environment.
Globalization and Market Integration: Globalization has opened up new avenues for trade and
economic integration, enabling the Ga-Dangbe people to participate in regional and international
markets. This has facilitated the transition from subsistence-oriented activities to market-oriented
ones, with increased involvement in commerce and trade.
Infrastructure Development: The development of infrastructure, including transportation
networks, communication systems, and markets, has improved the connectivity and accessibility
of the Ga-Dangbe people to economic opportunities. These infrastructural advancements have
supported the expansion of modern economic activities within the community.
Government Policies and Support: Government initiatives, such as the promotion of small and
medium enterprises, vocational training programs, and investment in key sectors, have also
facilitated the transition to modern economic activities. These policies aim to create an enabling
environment for economic growth and job creation.
Socio-cultural Changes: As the Ga-Dangbe people experience socio-cultural changes, including
shifts in values, attitudes, and aspirations, there has been an increased openness to embrace
modern economic activities. This transition is influenced by factors such as exposure to new
ideas, changing social norms, and aspirations for improved living standards.
5.3 Impact of urbanization on the economy

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Urbanization, which refers to the process of population migration from rural areas to cities, has
had both positive and negative impacts on the economy of the Ga-Dangbe people. Here are some
key effects:
Economic Opportunities: Urbanization has created various economic opportunities for the Ga-
Dangbe people. As cities expand and develop, they attract industries, businesses, and services,
leading to the emergence of job opportunities. Urban areas provide a wider range of employment
options compared to rural areas, allowing Ga-Dangbe individuals to access formal employment,
start businesses, and improve their economic conditions.
Increased Income: The shift from rural to urban areas often leads to higher incomes for the Ga-
Dangbe people. Urban jobs generally offer better wages and benefits compared to agricultural or
traditional livelihoods in rural settings. This increased income can help individuals and families
improve their standard of living, access better education and healthcare, and invest in other
income-generating activities.
Infrastructure Development: Urbanization drives infrastructure development in cities, including
the construction of roads, transportation systems, housing, and utilities. The Ga-Dangbe people
benefit from improved infrastructure, which facilitates trade, commerce, and access to essential
services. Better transportation networks, for instance, enable the movement of goods and services,
linking rural and urban areas, and supporting economic activities.
Market Access: Urban areas provide a larger and more diverse consumer market for the Ga-
Dangbe people. As cities grow, demand for goods and services increases, creating opportunities
for local entrepreneurs and businesses to cater to this demand. This expansion of market access
allows Ga-Dangbe artisans, traders, and producers to sell their products and services to a broader
customer base, increasing their economic potential.
Social Challenges: While urbanization brings economic benefits, it also poses challenges to the
Ga-Dangbe people. Rapid urban growth can lead to overcrowding, inadequate housing, and
strained public services. Income disparities may also widen, with some individuals benefiting
from urban opportunities while others face unemployment or low-paying jobs. These social
challenges can contribute to income inequality and social stratification among the Ga-Dangbe
population.

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Finally, urbanization has had a significant impact on the economy of the Ga-Dangbe people. It
has provided economic opportunities, increased income levels, improved infrastructure, and
expanded market access. However, it is important to address the accompanying social challenges
to ensure inclusive and sustainable development for all segments of the Ga-Dangbe population in
urban areas.

Challenges and Opportunities

6.1 Threats to cultural preservation
Preserving cultural heritage and traditions is essential for the continuity and identity of any
community, including the Ga-Dangbe people. Some common threats to cultural preservation
faced by indigenous communities globally include:
Globalization and Westernization: As societies become more interconnected, there can be a
gradual erosion of traditional customs, practices, and languages due to the influence of dominant
cultures and globalization.
Language Shift: The Ga-Dangbe language may face a decline in usage among younger
generations, particularly as they adopt more widely spoken languages like English. This can
impact cultural transmission and intergenerational knowledge sharing.
Urbanization and Displacement: Urbanization often leads to the migration of indigenous
peoples from rural areas to cities, disrupting traditional ways of life. This can result in the loss of
cultural practices tied to specific landscapes and the breakdown of community cohesion.
Loss of Traditional Knowledge: The Ga-Dangbe's traditional knowledge systems, including
herbal medicine, agricultural practices, and craftsmanship, may be at risk due to factors such as
changing lifestyles, decreased interest among younger generations, and limited opportunities for
knowledge transfer.
External Influences: The introduction of external cultural practices, ideologies, and belief
systems can sometimes lead to a dilution of indigenous cultural traditions or even their complete
abandonment.
It's important to note that communities take various measures to safeguard their cultural heritage.
These may include cultural education initiatives, documentation and archiving, intergenerational
knowledge transfer, revitalization of language and traditional practices, and engagement with
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advocacy organizations and government bodies to ensure the recognition and protection of
cultural rights.
To obtain the most up-to-date information on any specific threats to cultural preservation amongst
the Ga-Dangbe people, I recommend consulting recent academic research, news articles, or
reaching out to local Ga-Dangbe community organizations or experts in cultural heritage
preservation.
6.2 Influence of globalization and modernization
The influence of globalization and modernization on the Ga-Dangbe can be observed in various
aspects of their culture, economy, and way of life. Here are some key areas where globalization
and modernization have made an impact:
Cultural Exchange: Globalization has facilitated increased cultural exchange between the Ga-
Dangbe and other cultures worldwide. Access to modern communication technologies, such as
the internet and social media, has allowed for the sharing of ideas, traditions, and customs. This
exchange has influenced Ga-Dangbe cultural practices, including music, dance, fashion, and art,
as they incorporate elements from other cultures.
Economic Development: Globalization has opened up new avenues for economic growth and
development in the Ga-Dangbe community. Improved transportation and communication systems
have facilitated trade and commerce, allowing the Ga-Dangbe people to participate in global
markets. Modernization has led to the establishment of businesses, industries, and tourism in the
region, providing opportunities for employment and income generation.
Education and Technology: Globalization and modernization have brought advancements in
education and technology to the Ga-Dangbe community. Access to formal education has
increased, enabling the younger generation to acquire knowledge and skills for various fields. The
availability of modern technology, such as computers, smartphones, and the internet, has
transformed communication, information sharing, and access to resources.
Changing Social Structures: Globalization and modernization have influenced social structures
within the Ga-Dangbe community. Traditional social norms and values may have evolved as a
result of increased exposure to different cultures and ideas. Western influence, for example, has
brought changes to family dynamics, gender roles, and social expectations.

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Urbanization and Infrastructure: Globalization and modernization have contributed to

urbanization in the Greater Accra Region, including areas inhabited by the Ga-Dangbe people.
The growth of cities like Accra has led to the development of infrastructure, including improved
roads, electricity, sanitation, and healthcare facilities. These changes have had both positive and
negative effects on the Ga-Dangbe community, such as improved living conditions but also
challenges associated with rapid urbanization.
It's important to note that the influence of globalization and modernization is not uniform across
the entire Ga-Dangbe community, and different individuals and subgroups may experience these
changes differently based on factors such as education, socioeconomic status, and geographic
location. Additionally, there are often ongoing discussions and debates within communities about
preserving cultural traditions and maintaining a balance between globalization and the
preservation of indigenous heritage.

6.3 Efforts to promote cultural heritage and identity

The Ga-Dangbe people, an ethnic group in Ghana, have made various efforts to promote their
cultural heritage and identity. Here are some examples:
Festivals and Celebrations: The Ga-Dangbe people organize and participate in several vibrant
festivals and celebrations that showcase their cultural traditions. These events, such as the
Homowo festival and the Kplejoo festival, feature traditional music, dance, storytelling, and food.
They provide an opportunity for the community to come together, preserve their customs, and
pass them on to younger generations.
Cultural Institutions: The Ga-Dangbe people have established cultural institutions to preserve
and promote their heritage. One notable institution is the Ga-Dangme Cultural Institute, which
focuses on research, documentation, and dissemination of Ga-Dangbe cultural practices. These
institutions organize exhibitions, workshops, and seminars to raise awareness and educate both
community members and outsiders about their culture.
Language Preservation: The Ga-Dangbe people recognize the importance of their indigenous
languages and have taken steps to preserve them. Efforts include language schools, language
revitalization programs, and the incorporation of indigenous languages into formal education

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curricula. By promoting the use of their languages, they reinforce their cultural identity and
ensure their preservation for future generations.
Traditional Crafts and Arts: Ga-Dangbe artisans engage in traditional crafts such as pottery,
beadwork, weaving, and woodcarving. These skills are passed down through generations and
contribute to the preservation of their cultural heritage. Artisans often participate in local markets
and exhibitions, showcasing their craftsmanship and creating economic opportunities while
maintaining cultural practices.
Oral Tradition and Storytelling: The Ga-Dangbe people place great importance on oral
tradition and storytelling. Elders and community members pass down historical accounts,
folktales, myths, and proverbs through storytelling sessions. This practice not only preserves
cultural knowledge but also fosters a sense of identity and community cohesion.
Cultural Exchange Programs: The Ga-Dangbe people actively engage in cultural exchange
programs with other ethnic groups, both within Ghana and internationally. These programs allow
for the sharing of cultural practices, traditions, and experiences, fostering mutual understanding
and appreciation of diverse cultural heritages.
Socio-cultural Organizations: Various Ga-Dangbe socio-cultural organizations, such as the Ga-
Dangme Europe Association and the Ga-Dangme National Council, work towards promoting and
preserving the cultural identity of the Ga-Dangbe people. These organizations organize cultural
events, support educational initiatives, and advocate for the recognition and protection of Ga-
Dangbe heritage. By actively engaging in these efforts, the Ga-Dangbe people strive to safeguard
and promote their cultural heritage and identity for present and future generations.

Summary of key findings

7.1 Importance of maintaining ethnic stronghold
Maintaining an ethnic stronghold can have various significance and importance for a community
like the Ga-Dangbe people. Here are a few reasons why maintaining an ethnic stronghold may be
considered important:
Cultural Preservation: Maintaining an ethnic stronghold helps to preserve the unique cultural
heritage, traditions, and practices of the Ga-Dangbe people. It allows for the continuation of their
language, customs, rituals, music, dance, art, and other aspects of their cultural identity.
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Identity and Belonging: An ethnic stronghold provides a sense of identity and belonging to the
Ga-Dangbe community members. It fosters a strong connection with their roots, history, and
shared experiences, which can contribute to their overall well-being and self-esteem.
Social Cohesion: A strong ethnic community often promotes social cohesion among its members.
It creates a network of support, cooperation, and mutual understanding, which can enhance social
harmony and unity within the community. This cohesion can also enable collective action for the
common interests and welfare of the Ga-Dangbe people.
Intergenerational Transmission: Maintaining an ethnic stronghold ensures the intergenerational
transmission of cultural knowledge, values, and practices. It allows older generations to pass
down their wisdom, traditions, and stories to the younger ones, ensuring the preservation and
continuity of Ga-Dangbe heritage.
Empowerment and Representation: An ethnic stronghold can empower the Ga-Dangbe
community by providing them with a platform to express their unique perspectives, concerns, and
aspirations. It helps ensure their voices are heard, and they have representation in decision-
making processes that affect their lives.
Economic Opportunities: In some cases, an ethnic stronghold can contribute to economic
opportunities for the community. It can attract cultural tourism, promote local industries and
craftsmanship, and support the development of cultural enterprises, thereby creating jobs and
generating income for the Ga-Dangbe people.
However, it is important to note that while maintaining an ethnic stronghold has its benefits, it
should also be done in a manner that respects diversity, inclusivity, and promotes positive
intercultural relationships. Embracing multiculturalism and engaging in respectful dialogue with
other ethnic groups can contribute to a more inclusive and harmonious society.

7.2 Future prospects for the Ga-Dangbe people

Cultural Preservation: The Ga-Dangbe people can focus on preserving their cultural heritage,
language, traditions, and practices. By passing down their knowledge and values to future
generations, they can maintain a strong sense of identity and promote cultural resilience.
Education and Skills: Access to quality education and skill development opportunities can
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enhance the prospects of any community. By acquiring relevant skills and knowledge, Ga-Dangbe
individuals can participate in various sectors of the economy, contributing to their personal
growth and the overall development of the community.
Socioeconomic Factors: Economic development, infrastructure improvement, and job
opportunities play a significant role in the prospects of any community. The Ga-Dangbe people,
like any other group, can benefit from socioeconomic progress and advancements in their region,
including improved healthcare, transportation, and access to basic amenities.
Political Representation: Having a voice in the political landscape and representation in
decision-making processes can help protect the rights and interests of the Ga-Dangbe people. By
actively engaging in politics, they can work towards achieving their aspirations, addressing issues
of concern, and ensuring inclusive governance.
Social Cohesion: Building strong social networks and fostering unity within the Ga-Dangbe
community can promote collective progress. This can be achieved through community
organizations, cultural events, and initiatives that encourage collaboration, cooperation, and
mutual support.
It's essential to recognize that the future prospects for any ethnic group are influenced by a
complex interplay of various factors. The Ga-Dangbe people's specific future prospects may
depend on regional and global developments, as well as the actions and initiatives undertaken by
the community itself, the government, and other stakeholders.
7.3 Proffered Solutions for RCCG
In providing solutions and recommendations for various challenges, including fostering
harmonious coexistence between different cultural or religious groups like the Redeemed
Christian Church of God (RCCG) and the Ga-Dangbe community. To proffer solutions for living
with and amongst the Ga-Dangbe community, here are some contributions in the following ways:
Data analysis: Data analysis can help analyze demographic data, cultural practices, and trends
within the RCCG and Ga-Dangbe community. This information can be used to identify areas of
potential conflict, common grounds, and opportunities for collaboration.
Communication and translation: Language translation tools can facilitate effective
communication between members of the RCCG and Ga-Dangbe community who speak different
languages. This can help bridge the communication gap and foster understanding. Such tool can
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either be by live translation or by the use or recorded voice-over appliance such as we have in the
audio bible appliance.
Cultural sensitivity training: In developing training programs that promote cultural sensitivity
and understanding, programs that can provide insights into the cultural norms, values, and
traditions of both communities, promoting mutual respect and reducing misunderstandings, the
chiefs, elders and community leaders will be of most importance in this wise, making sure that
there peace and harmony in the entire Ga state.
Community engagement: Open forum, town hall meetings and community platforms can be
employed to engage and understand community sentiment, concerns, and suggestions. This
information can be used to engage with the RCCG and Ga-Dangbe communities, addressing their
specific needs and fostering dialogue. The ultimate success of living harmoniously with the Ga-
Dangbe community lies in building personal relationships, promoting empathy, and engaging in
open dialogue between the RCCG and Ga-Dangbe members.
Conflict resolution: When it comes to conflict resolution, mostly especially land conflict related
issues which is the most prevalent of all other conflict in this environment. The systems can guide
community leaders and members in finding peaceful solutions.

7.4 Prayer Bulletin

Prayer Bulletin for the Ga-Dangbe People
Praying with Purpose: Seeking God's Forgiveness and Blessings for the Ga-Dangbe People
Praises and Worship to God Almighty
Scriptural Reading: 2 Chronicles 7:14 “If my people, who are called by my name, will humble
themselves and pray and seek my face and turn from their wicked ways, I will hear from heaven,
and I will forgive their sins and heal their land”
Dear Brothers and Sisters,
As we come together in prayer, let us lift up our hearts and minds to God, seeking His face for
forgiveness, guidance and direction for the Ga-Dangbe land. May our prayers be a source of
strength, unity, and spiritual growth for our community. Let us intercede for various aspects of
our lives, culture, and aspirations, entrusting them into the hands of our Heavenly Father.

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Opening Prayer Heavenly Father, we humbly gather before Your presence to seek Your grace and
mercy. We acknowledge that You are the creator of all things, including the Ga-Dangbe people.
Pour out Your blessings upon us and guide us in all that we do. We commit this time of prayer
and intercession into Your hands, trusting that You will hear our petitions. In Jesus' name, we
pray. Amen.
Praying for the Community
a) Pray for unity and harmony within the Ga-Dangbe community, that love and respect will
abound among our people.
b) Lift up the leaders, both traditional and civic, that they may govern with wisdom, integrity,
and a heart for the well-being of the community.
c) Pray for the youth, that they may be empowered to embrace their heritage, pursue education,
and contribute positively to society.
d) Intercede for families, asking God to strengthen the bonds between parents and children and to
bring healing and restoration where there is brokenness.
Praying for Spiritual Growth
a) Pray for the Ga-Dangbe churches and pastors, that they may faithfully proclaim the Gospel
and provide spiritual guidance to the community.
b) Ask God to raise up spiritual mentors and leaders within our community who will disciple and
encourage others in their faith.
c) Pray for those who are yet to hear the good news of Jesus Christ, that their hearts may be open
to receive His salvation.
d) Intercede for the Ga-Dangbe believers, that they may deepen their relationship with God, grow
in faith, and live as a witness to His grace and truth.
Praying for Cultural Preservation
a) Pray that the Ga-Dangbe culture, traditions, and language may be preserved and valued by
future generations.
b) Ask God to give wisdom to cultural custodians and elders as they pass down knowledge and
heritage to younger members.
c) Pray against any forces that may seek to dilute or undermine the Ga-Dangbe identity, and ask
for strength and resilience to preserve our unique cultural heritage.
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Closing Prayer: Heavenly Father, we thank You for the privilege of coming before You in
prayer. As we conclude this time of intercession, we ask that You would hear our prayers and
grant us Your favor. May Your blessings rest upon the Ga-Dangbe people, and may Your light
shine brightly in our midst. In Jesus' name, we pray. Amen.
Closing Remarks
Thank you for joining us in this prayer bulletin. Let us continue to pray fervently for the Ga-
Dangbe people, seeking God's guidance, protection, and blessings for our community. May our
unity and faith be strengthened as we entrust our lives and aspirations into the hands of our loving
Heavenly Father.
God bless,

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