Data Communications and Computer Networks A Business Users Approach 8th Edition White Test Bank 1

Data Communications and Computer Networks A Business Users Approach 8th
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Chapter 5: Making Connections Efficient: Multiplexing and Compression
TRUE/FALSE
1. Multiplexing is a technique typically performed at the network access layer of the TCP/IP protocol
suite.
ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: 120
2. One way to make a connection between two devices more efficient is to compress the data that
transfers over the connection.
3. Frequency division multiplexing is the latest multiplexing technique.
ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: 120
4. In frequency division multiplexing, the combined signals are digital.
5. Cell phones are an example of dynamically assigned channels.
6. Time division multiplexing (TDM) allows only one user at a time to transmit.
7. As with a simple connection between one sending device and one receiving device, maintaining
synchronization across a multiplexed link is important.
8. The T-1’s original purpose was to provide a high-speed connection between AT&T’s switching
centers.
9. The T-1 system is a classic application of frequency division multiplexing.
10. A T-1 system sends the equivalent of 24 voice grade telephone lines over one line.
11. A T-1 system continuously sends a signal, even if there is no real data to transmit.
12. SONET is a more modern term for the older T-1 system.
13. SDH was developed in Europe by ITU-T.
14. SONET and SDH are able to multiplex varying speed streams of data onto one fiber connection.
15. The data rate of OC-3 is exactly thirty times the rate of OC-1.
16. The STS multiplexor in a SONET network can accept electrical signals from copper-based media.
17. Both frequency division multiplexing and synchronous time division multiplexing can waste unused
transmission space.
18. Wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) is, in essence, a time division multiplexing technique.
19. WDM supports multiple lambdas.
20. Dense wavelength division multiplexing is an expensive way to transmit signals from multiple devices
due to the high number of differently colored lasers required in one unit.
21. DSL is capable of achieving speeds into the millions of bits per second.
22. Code division multiplexing is based upon a class of modulation techniques known as spread spectrum
technology.
23. The big advantage of frequency division multiplexing over synchronous TDM is the lower noise due
to the use of digital signals during transmission.
24. Synchronous time division multiplexing does not require as high-speed a line as statistical time
division multiplexing does.
25. Code division multiplexing, while using a fairly wide bandwidth of frequencies and a complex
technology, is scalable like WDM.
26. The basic way to perform compression is to look for some common pattern in the data and replace
each data pattern with a symbol or symbols that will consume less space during transmission or
storage.
27. The Lempel-Ziv algorithm can be fairly effective in compressing data.
28. The human ear can hear sounds only within a certain range, which for an average person is 10 Hz to 40
kHz (40,000 Hz).
29. The MP3 encoder produces a data stream that has a much faster data rate than that of conventional
CD-quality music.
30. A video device displays multiple (typically 30) frames per second.
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Presently, a medium can be divided in three basic ways: a division of ____, a division of time, and a
division of transmission codes.
a. frequencies c. wavelength
b. amplitudes d. direction
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 120
2. ____ is the assignment of nonoverlapping frequency ranges to each “user” of a medium.

a. Time division multiplexing (TDM) c. Amplitude division multiplexing (ADM)
b. Transmission code multiplexing (TCM) d. Frequency division multiplexing (FDM)
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 120
3. To allow multiple users to share a single medium, FDM assigns each user a separate ____.
a. time slot c. channel
b. transmission code d. amplitude
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 120
4. First-generation cellular telephone systems allocated channels using frequency ranges within the 800
to ____ megahertz (MHz) spectrum.
a. 830 c. 930
b. 900 d. 960
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 121
5. The device that is attached to the receiving end of the medium and splits off each signal to deliver it to
the appropriate receiver is called the second multiplexor, or ____.
a. multiplexor c. splitxor
b. endplexor d. demultiplexor
6. In FDM, ____ take up frequencies that might be used for other data channels, thus introducing a
certain level of wastefulness.
a. guard bands c. multiplexors
b. channels d. demultiplexors
7. Since time division multiplexing was introduced, it has split into two roughly parallel but separate
technologies: synchronous time division multiplexing and ____ time division multiplexing.
a. fixed c. inverse
b. statistical d. empirical
8. ____ gives each incoming source signal a turn to be transmitted, proceeding through the sources in
round-robin fashion.
a. Statistical time division multiplexing (Stat TDM)
b. Empirical time division multiplexing (ETDM)
c. Synchronous time division multiplexing (Sync TDM)
d. Fixed time division multiplexing (FTDM)
9. Under normal circumstances, the synchronous time division multiplexor maintains a simple ____
sampling order of the input devices.
a. round-robin c. LIFO
b. FIFO d. FILO
10. Three types of synchronous time division multiplexing that are popular today are T-1 multiplexing,
____ multiplexing, and SDH.
a. EIA-232F c. SONET
b. IPS/SPX d. RS-232
11. In the 1960s, AT&T created a service known as ____, which multiplexed digital data and digitized
voice onto a high-speed telephone line with a data rate of 1.544 megabits per second.
a. ISDN c. SONET
b. T-1 d. SDH
12. ____ multiplexing is the multiplexing technique used to support SONET.

a. FDM c. Frequency division
b. ADM d. Synchronous time division
13. A ____ multiplexes 24 input channels together onto one high-speed telephone line.
a. T-1 system c. SDH system
b. SONET system d. congruent system
14. A T-1 system multiplexes _______ into each frame.

a. a single ASCII character c. a single SYNC bit
b. a single LENGTH byte d. a single SYNC byte
15. SONET was developed in the United States by ____.

a. ISO c. IEEE
b. ANSI d. IETF
16. SONET and SDH are both ____ multiplexing techniques.

a. synchronous c. empirical
b. statistical d. random
17. SONET defines a hierarchy of signaling levels, or data transmission rates, called ____.
a. statistical transport signals (StatTS) c. asynchronous transport signals (ATS)
b. empirical transport signals (ETS) d. synchronous transport signals (STS)
18. It is relatively simple to multiplex four STS-12 signals into one ____ signal.
a. STS-8 c. STS-32
b. STS-16 d. STS-48
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 126-127
19. The STS-1 signaling level supports ____ frames per second.
a. 8000 c. 32000
b. 16000 d. 64000
20. Statistical time division multiplexing is sometimes called ____ time division multiplexing.
a. empirical c. asynchronous
b. random d. synchronous
21. ____ multiplexes multiple data streams onto a single fiber-optic line.
a. Statistical time division multiplexing (Stat TDM)
b. Wavelength division multiplexing (WDM)
c. Time division multiplexing (TDM)
d. Channel division multiplexing (CDM)
22. ____ uses different wavelength (frequency) lasers to transmit multiple signals at the same time over a
single medium.
a. Wave division multiplexing c. Channel division multiplexing
b. Statistical time division multiplexing d. Time division multiplexing
23. ____ is designed for short-distance connections and has only a few lambdas, with a greater space
between lambdas.
a. Dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM)
b. Fixed wavelength division multiplexing (FWDM)
c. Coarse wavelength division multiplexing (CWDM)
d. Inverse wavelength division multiplexing (IWDM)
24. ____ is the technology behind the popular digital subscriber line (DSL) system.
a. Time division c. Wavelength division
b. Amplitude division d. Discrete multitone
25. ____ is a technology that allows a high-speed data signal to traverse a standard copper-based telephone
line.
a. DSL c. EIA-232F
b. RS-232 d. FireWire
26. Chip spreading codes are ____ bits in length.

a. 32 c. 128
b. 64 d. 256
27. ____ division multiplexing is a good choice for connecting a number of lower-speed devices that do
not transmit data on a continuous basis to a remote computer system.
a. Statistical time c. Discrete tone
b. Time d. Frequency
28. ____ division multiplexing is a good technique for transmitting multiple concurrent signals over a
fiber-optic line.
a. Statistical time c. Frequency
b. Synchronous time d. Wavelength
29. ____ technology is a unique form of multiplexing in that all the subchannels multiplexed together are
intended for one user.
a. Time division c. Frequency division
b. Discrete multitone d. Code division
30. Code division multiplexing can produce system capacities that are ____ times those of frequency
division multiplexing systems.
a. 2 to 4 c. 4 to 8
b. 3 to 6 d. 8 to 10
31. If a compression technique does lose some of the data as a result of the compression process, then it is
referred to as a ____ compression technique.
a. complete c. lossy
b. random d. lossless
32. ____ replaces any repetitions of the same bit or byte that occur in a sequence of data with a single
occurrence of the bit/byte and a run count, or simply with a run count.
a. Run-length encoding c. Random compression
b. Lossy compression d. Full encoding
33. A technique that can be used to compress data when a ____ compression is necessary is the
Lempel-Ziv technique.
a. random c. lossy
b. run-length d. lossless
34. ____, which is an abbreviation for MPEG (Moving Picture Experts Group) Audio Layer-3, is a
common form of audio compression.
a. MPEG c. MP3
b. GIF d. JPEG
35. ______ is a technique that is very commonly used to compress video images.
a. JPEG c. MP3
b. MPEG d. AAA
36. MPEG-1 and MPEG-2—or simply MPEG—are common examples of ____ compression.
a. wavelength encoding c. code division
b. differential encoding d. frequency encoding
37. Discrete multitone (DMT) is a multiplexing techinque commonly found in _______ systems.
a. TDM c. ATM
b. DSL d. microwave
COMPLETION
1. The technique of transmitting multiple signals over a single medium is ____________________.
ANS: multiplexing
PTS: 1 REF: 120
2. A(n) ____________________ is an assigned set of frequencies that is used to transmit the user’s
signal.
ANS: channel
PTS: 1 REF: 121
3. In general, the device that accepts input from one or more users is called the ____________________.
ANS: multiplexor
PTS: 1 REF: 122
4. To keep one signal from interfering with another signal, a set of unused frequencies called a(n)
____________________ is usually inserted between the two signals, to provide a form of insulation.
ANS: guard band
PTS: 1 REF: 122
5. In ____________________, the sharing of the medium is accomplished by dividing available

transmission time among users.
ANS:
time division multiplexing (TDM)
time division multiplexing
TDM
PTS: 1 REF: 123
6. In ____________________ multiplexing, the frames of the multiplexor’s output stream are divided
into 24 separate digitized voice/data channels of 64 kbps each.
ANS: T-1
PTS: 1 REF: 125
7. Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) and ____________________, are powerful standards for
multiplexing data streams over a single medium.
ANS:
Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH)
Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
SDH
PTS: 1 REF: 126
8. ____________________, and Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) are two almost identical
standards for the high-bandwidth transmission of a wide range of data types over fiber-optic cable.
ANS:
Synchronous Optical Network (SONET)
Synchronous Optical Network
SONET
PTS: 1 REF: 126
9. A T-1 telecommunications line uses a multiplexing technique termed ____________________, which

provides for the multiplexing of up to 24 separate channels at a total speed of 1.544 Mbps.
ANS: DS-1 signaling
PTS: 1 REF: 126
10. Each STS level supports a particular data rate and is supported by a physical specification called a(n)
____________________.
ANS:
optical carrier (OC)
optical carrier
OC
PTS: 1 REF: 126
11. ____________________, transmits data only from active users and does not transmit empty time slots.
ANS:
Statistical time division multiplexing (Stat TDM)
Statistical time division multiplexing
Stat TDM
PTS: 1 REF: 128

12. In Stat TDM, the ____________________, provides information that the receiving multiplexor can
use to detect transmission errors within the frame.
ANS:
frame check sequence (FCS)
frame check sequence
FCS
PTS: 1 REF: 129
13. The inability of a single fiber-optic line to meet users’ needs is called ____________________.
ANS: fiber exhaust
PTS: 1 REF: 129
14. In WDM, the wavelength of each differently colored laser is called the ____________________.
ANS: lambda
PTS: 1 REF: 130
15. When WDM can support a large number of lambdas, it is often called ____________________.
ANS:
dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM)
dense wavelength division multiplexing
DWDM
PTS: 1 REF: 130
16. ____________________ is a multiplexing technique commonly found in digital subscriber line (DSL)
systems.
ANS:
Discrete multitone (DMT)
Discrete multitone
DMT
PTS: 1 REF: 131
17. ____________________ is a modulation technique that involves a four-bit code in which eight phase
angles have a single amplitude, and four phase angles have double amplitudes.
ANS:
Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM)
Quadrature amplitude modulation
QAM
PTS: 1 REF: 131
18. ____________________ is a relatively new technology that has been used extensively by both the
military and cellular telephone companies.
ANS:
Code division multiplexing (CDM)
Code division multiplexing
CDM
PTS: 1 REF: 132
19. Code division multiplexing uses ____________________ spread spectrum technology.
ANS: direct sequence
PTS: 1 REF: 132
20. ____________________ are the codes assigned to users in CDM.
ANS: Chip spreading codes
PTS: 1 REF: 133
21. ____________________ is the process of taking data and somehow packing more of it into the same
space.
ANS: Compression
PTS: 1 REF: 134
22. With a(n) ____________________ compression technique, no data is lost due to compression.
ANS: lossless
PTS: 1 REF: 134
23. One of the more common and simpler examples of lossless compression is
____________________-length encoding.
ANS: run
PTS: 1 REF: 136
24. Audio engineers compress music through techniques called perceptual noise shaping, or
____________________.
ANS: perceptual encoding
PTS: 1 REF: 138
ESSAY
1. What is the difference between a multiplexor and a demultiplexor?
ANS:
In general, the device that accepts input from one or more users is called the multiplexor. The device
that is attached to the receiving end of the medium and splits off each signal to deliver it to the
appropriate receiver is called the second multiplexor, or demultiplexor. In all frequency division
multiplexing systems, the multiplexor accepts input from the user(s), converts the data streams to
analog signals using either fixed or dynamically assigned frequencies, and transmits the combined
analog signals over a medium that has a wide enough bandwidth to support the total range of all the
assigned frequencies. The demultiplexor then accepts the combined analog signals, separates out one
or more of the individual analog signals, and delivers these to the appropriate user(s).
PTS: 1 REF: 122
2. How does time division multiplexing work?
ANS:
Suppose an instructor in a classroom poses a controversial question to students. In response, a number
of hands shoot up, and the instructor calls on each student, one at a time. It is the instructor’s
responsibility to make sure that only one student talks at any given moment, so that each individual’s
response is heard. In a relatively crude way, the instructor is a time division multiplexor, giving each
user (student) a moment in time to transmit data (express an opinion to the rest of the class). In a
similar fashion, a time division multiplexor calls on one input device after another, giving each device
a turn at transmitting its data over a high-speed line. Suppose two users, A and B, wish to transmit data
over a shared medium to a distant computer. We can create a rather simple time division multiplexing
scheme by allowing user A to transmit during the first second, then user B during the following
second, followed again by user A during the third second, and so on.
PTS: 1 REF: 123
3. How does T-1 multiplexing work?
ANS:
In T-1 multiplexing, the frames of the T-1 multiplexor’s output stream are divided into 24 separate
digitized voice/data channels of 64 kbps each. Users who wish to use all 24 channels are using a full
T-1, while other users who need to use only part of the 24 channels may request a fractional T-1. The
T-1 multiplexed stream is a continuous repetition of frames. Each frame consists of 1 byte from each
of the 24 channels (users) plus 1 synchronization bit. Thus, data from the first user is followed by the
data from the second user, and so on, until data from the 24th user is once again followed by data from
the first user. If one of the 24 input sources has no data to transmit, the space within the frame is still
allocated to that input source. The input data from a maximum of 24 devices is assigned to fixed
intervals. Each device can transmit only during that fixed interval. If a device has no significant data to
transmit, the time slot is still assigned to that device, and data such as blanks or zeros are transmitted.
PTS: 1 REF: 125
4. How does Wavelength division multiplexing work?
ANS:
The technique assigns a uniquely colored laser to each input source and combines the multiple optical
signals of the input sources so that they can be amplified as a group and transported over a single fiber.
It is interesting to note that because of the properties of the signals and glass fiber, plus the nature of
light itself, each signal carried on the fiber can be transmitted at a different rate from the other signals.
This means that a single fiber-optic line can support simultaneous transmission speeds such as 51.84
Mbps, 155.52 Mbps, 622.08 Mbps, and 2.488 Gbps (which, incidentally, are multiples of T-1 speeds
and are defined as OC-1, OC-3, OC-12, and OC-48, the optical carrier specifications for high-speed
fiber-optic lines). In addition, a single fiber-optic line can support a number of different transmission
formats such as SONET, Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM), and others, in various combinations.
PTS: 1 REF: 129
5. What are the major disadvantages of frequency division multiplexing?
ANS:
Frequency division multiplexing suffers from two major disadvantages. The first disadvantage is found
in computer-based systems that multiplex multiple channels over a single medium. Because the
frequencies are usually statically assigned, devices that do not have anything to transmit are still
assigned frequencies, and thus bandwidth is wasted. The second disadvantage of frequency division
multiplexing is due to the fact that the technique uses analog signals, and analog signals are more
susceptible to noise disruption than digital signals. Nonetheless, many different types of applications
(such as television and radio) use frequency division multiplexing because of its simplicity, and the
technique is probably going to be with us for a long time.
PTS: 1 REF: 134

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Data Communications and Computer Networks A Business Users Approach 8th

Chapter 5: Making Connections Efficient: Multiplexing and Compression

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: 120

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: 120

3. Frequency division multiplexing is the latest multiplexing technique.

ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: 120

4. In frequency division multiplexing, the combined signals are digital.

ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: 121

5. Cell phones are an example of dynamically assigned channels.

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: 121

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: 123

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: 124

9. The T-1 system is a classic application of frequency division multiplexing.

ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: 125

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: 125

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: 125

ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: 126

13. SDH was developed in Europe by ITU-T.

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: 126

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: 127

ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: 127

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: 127

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: 128

ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: 129

19. WDM supports multiple lambdas.

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: 130

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: 130

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: 132

ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: 134

ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: 134

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: 134

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: 135

27. The Lempel-Ziv algorithm can be fairly effective in compressing data.

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: 137

ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: 138

ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: 138

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: 141

2. ____ is the assignment of nonoverlapping frequency ranges to each “user” of a medium.

12. ____ multiplexing is the multiplexing technique used to support SONET.

14. A T-1 system multiplexes _______ into each frame.

15. SONET was developed in the United States by ____.

16. SONET and SDH are both ____ multiplexing techniques.

26. Chip spreading codes are ____ bits in length.

1. The technique of transmitting multiple signals over a single medium is ____________________.

PTS: 1 REF: 120

PTS: 1 REF: 121

PTS: 1 REF: 122

ANS: guard band

PTS: 1 REF: 122

5. In ____________________, the sharing of the medium is accomplished by dividing available

PTS: 1 REF: 125

PTS: 1 REF: 126

PTS: 1 REF: 126

9. A T-1 telecommunications line uses a multiplexing technique termed ____________________, which

ANS: DS-1 signaling

PTS: 1 REF: 126

PTS: 1 REF: 126

PTS: 1 REF: 128

PTS: 1 REF: 129

ANS: fiber exhaust

PTS: 1 REF: 129

PTS: 1 REF: 130

PTS: 1 REF: 130