Developmental Mathematics 1st Edition Blitzer Solutions Manual 1

Chapter 7
Statistics and Probability
Developmental Mathematics 1st Edition Blitzer

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7.1 Check Points
1. a. The population is the set containing all the of the city’s homeless people.
b. This is not a good idea. This sample of people currently in a shelter is more likely to hold opinions that favor
required residence in city shelters than the population of all the city’s homeless.
2. The sampling technique described in Check Point 1b does not produce a random sample because homeless people who
do not go to shelters have no chance of being selected for the survey. In this instance, an appropriate method would be
to randomly select neighborhoods of the city and then randomly survey homeless people within the selected
neighborhood.
3. Grade Number of students

A 3
B 5
C 9
D 2
F 1
20
4. Exam Scores Number of students

Tally
(class) (frequency)
40 – 49  1
50 – 59  5
60 – 69  4
70 – 79    15
80 – 89  5
90 – 99   7
37
Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. 407

Chapter 7 Statistics and Probability
5. Stems Leaves
4 1
5 8 2 8 0 7
6 8 2 9 9
7 3 5 9 9 7 5 5 3 3 6 7 1 7 1 5
8 7 3 9 9 1
9 4 6 9 7 5 8 0
7.1 Concept and Vocabulary Check
1. random
2. frequency distribution
3. grouped frequency distribution; 80; 89
4. histogram; frequencies 18 5
19 4
5. frequency polygon; horizontal axis
20 2
6. stem-and-leaf plot 21 2
22 0
7. false 23 0
8. true 24 2
30
9. false
10. true
8. Height (in inches) Number of students
66 1
7.1 Exercise Set 67 3
68 2
69 1
1. c
70 3
2. c 71 7
72 5
3. A stress rating of 7 was reported by 31 students. 73 5
4. A stress rating of 1 was reported by 1 student. 74 1
75 2
5. Totaling the frequency column shows that 151 30
students were involved in the study.
9. The lower class limits are 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30,
6. 26 + 15 + 14 = 55. Thus, 55 students reported a 35, 40, and 45.
stress level of 8 or more.
10. The upper class limits are 4, 9, 14, 19, 24, 29, 34,
7. Time Spent on 39, 44, and 49.
Homework
(in hours) Number of students
11. The class width is 5, the difference between
15 4 successive lower limits.
16 5
12. Totaling the frequency column shows that 94
17 6 students were involved in the study.
408 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

Section 7.1 Sampling, Frequency Distributions, and Graphs
13. 4 + 3 + 3 + 3 = 13. Thus, 13 students had at least 30

social interactions.
14. 12 + 16 + 16 = 44. Thus, 44 students had at most 14

social interactions.
15. The 5 – 9 class.
16. The 35 – 39 class.
17. Age Frequency

41–45 2
46–50 9
51–55 15
56–60 9
61–65 7
66–70 2
44
18. IQ Score Number of students

85–89 2 21. Histogram for Height:
90–94 5 Frequency Polygon for Height:
95–99 12
100–104 14
105–109 15
110–114 11
115–119 8
120–124 3
70
19. Histogram for Stress Rating:

Frequency Polygon for Stress Rating:
22. false
23. false
24. true
25. false
26. false
27. true
20. Histogram for Time Spent on Homework: 28. false

Frequency Polygon for Time Spent on Homework:
29. false

30. Stems Leaves

4 236677899
5 0011112244444555566677778
6 0111244589
31. Stems Leaves

2 8 8 9 5
3 8 7 0 1 2 7 6 4 0 5
4 8 2 2 1 4 5 4 6 2 0 8 2 7 9
5 9 4 1 9 1 0
6 3 2 3 6 6 3
The greatest number of college professors are in their 40s.
32. a. 31
b. 80 − 21 = 59
c. 56
d. Actresses tend to win Oscars at younger ages than actors. Explanations will vary.
33. The bars on the horizontal axis are evenly spaced, yet the time intervals that they represent vary greatly. This may give
the misleading impression of linear growth.
34. The sizes of the books are not scaled proportionally in terms of the data they represent.
35. The sectors representing these six countries use up 100% of the pie graph, yet the percentages for these six countries
total only 57%. This may give the misleading impression that the U.S. has about 50% of the world’s computer use.
36. The sizes of the TV screens are not scaled proportionally in terms of the data they represent.
37. Each film’s star extends above the bar giving a misimpression of the data represented.
48. does not make sense; Explanations will vary. Sample explanation: The number of people hospitalized could be very
small.
49. does not make sense; Explanations will vary. Sample explanation: The decline has not been rapid.
50. does not make sense; Explanations will vary. Sample explanation: They should select a random sample of all their
contributors.
51. makes sense
52. Answers will vary. Sample answer:

Frequency
River length (number of rivers)
501–1000 12
1001–1500 8
1501–2000 3
2001–2500 1
2501–3000 1
25
53. Supplement = 180 − 62 = 118

Section 7.2 Measures of Central Tendency
54. First determine the missing lengths.
Perimeter:
P = 6 m + 11 m + 18 m + 4 m + 12 m + 7 m
= 58 m
Area:
A = (6 m  7 m) + (18 m  4 m)
= 42 m 2 + 72 m 2
= 114 m 2
55. x 2 − 7 x + 4 = ( −6 ) − 7 ( −6 ) + 4
2
= 36 + 42 + 4
= 82
sum of values 15 + 19 + 24 + 25 + 37 120

56. Mean = = = = 24
number of values 5 5
57. 84, 88, 90, 95, 98

The middle item is 90.
n +1 9 +1
58. =
2 2
10
=
2
=5
7.2 Check Points
1. Mean =
 x = 13 + 13 + 10 + 10 + 10 + 9 + 9 + 7 + 7 + 7 = 95 = 9.5
n 10 10
$9.5 million
2. x f xf
30 3 30 · 3 = 90
33 4 33 · 4 = 132
40 4 40 · 4 = 160
50 1 50 · 1 = 50
12  xf = 432
Mean =
 xf =
432
= 36
n 12

3. a. First arrange the data items from smallest to largest: 25, 28, 35, 40, 42
The number of data items is odd, so the median is the middle number. The median is 35.
b. First arrange the data items from smallest to largest: 61, 72, 79, 85, 87, 93
The number of data items is even, so the median is the mean of the two middle data items.
79 + 85 164
The median is = = 82 .
2 2
n + 1 19 + 1 20
4. The data items are arranged from smallest to largest with n = 19, which gives = = = 10
2 2 2
The median is in the 10th position, which means the median is 5.
5. The eating times from smallest to largest are 1:06, 1:09, 1:14, 1:21, 1:22, 1:25, 1:29, 1:29, 1:34, 1:34, 1:36, 1:45, 1:46,
1:49, 1:54, 1:57, 2:10, 2:15.
n + 1 18 + 1 19
There are 18 data items so n = 18, which gives = = = 9.5 position
2 2 2
The median is the mean of the data items in positions 9 and 10.
Both the 9th and 10th positions are 1:34.
Thus, the median is 1 hour, 34 minutes.
6. The total frequency is 1 + 1 + 1 + 3 + 1 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 1 + 2 + 1 + 1 = 18, therefore n = 18

n + 1 18 + 1 19
The median’s position is = = = 9.5 .
2 2 2
Therefore, the median is the mean of the data items in positions 9 and 10.
Counting through the frequency row identifies that the 9th data item is 54 and the 10th data item is 55.
54+55 109
Thus, the median is = = 54.5 .
2 2
$1000 + $98 + $15 + $7 + $7 + $13 + $23 + $38 + $20 + $5

7. a. Mean = = $122.6 million
10
n + 1 10 + 1
b. Position of median: = = 5.5 position
2 2
The median is the mean of the data items in positions 5 and 6.
First, order the data: 5, 7, 7, 13, 15, 20, 23, 38, 98, 1000
$15+$20
Thus, the median is = $17.5 million .
2
c. The mean is so much greater than the median because one data item, Kennedy’s net worth, was much greater than
the other presidents..
8. a. The mode is 8 (because 8 occurs most often).
b. The modes are 3 and 8 (because both 3 and 8 occur most often).
c. There is no mode (because each data item occurs the same number of times).
0.0 + 29.0
9. Midrange = = 14.5
2

173 + 191 + 182 + 190 + 172 + 147 + 146 + 138 + 175 + 136 + 179 + 153 + 107 + 195 + 135 + 140 + 138
10. a. Mean =
17
2697
= = 158.6 calories
17
b. Order the data items: 107, 135, 136, 138, 138, 140, 146, 147, 153, 172, 173, 175, 179, 182, 190, 191, 195
The number of data items is odd, so the median is the middle number. The median is 153 calories.
c. The number 138 occurs more often than any other. The mode is 138 calories.
107 + 195 302

d. Midrange = = = 151 calories
2 2
1. mean
2. median
n +1
3.
2
4. mode
5. midrange
6. true
7. false
8. false
9. false
7.2 Exercise Set
7 + 4 + 3 + 2 + 8 + 5 + 1 + 3 33
1. = = 4.125
8 8
11 + 6 + 4 + 0 + 2 + 1 + 12 + 0 + 0 36
2. = =4
9 9
91 + 95 + 99 + 97 + 93 + 95 570
3. = = 95
6 6
100 + 100 + 90 + 30 + 70 + 100 490

4. =  81.67
6 6
100 + 40 + 70 + 40 + 60 310
5. = = 62
5 5

1 + 3 + 5 + 10 + 8 + 5 + 6 + 8 46
6. = = 5.75
8 8
1.6 + 3.8 + 5.0 + 2.7 + 4.2 + 4.2 + 3.2 + 4.7 + 3.6 + 2.5 + 2.5 38
7. =  3.45
11 11
1.4 + 2.1 + 1.6 + 3.0 + 1.4 + 2.2 + 1.4 + 9.0 + 9.0 + 1.8 32.9
8. = = 3.29
10 10
9. x f xf
1 1 1·1=1
2 3 2·3=6
3 4 3 · 4 = 12
4 4 4 · 4 = 16
5 6 5 · 6 = 30
6 5 6 · 5 = 30
7 3 7 · 3 = 21
8 2 8 · 2 = 16
 xf 132
28  xf = 132 Mean =
n
=
28
 4.71
10. x f xf
1 2 1·2=2
2 4 2·4=8
3 5 3 · 5 = 15
4 7 4 · 7 = 28
5 6 5 · 6 = 30
6 4 6 · 4 = 24
7 3 7 · 3 = 21
 xf 128
31  xf = 128 Mean =
n
=
31
 4.13
11. x f xf
1 1 1·1=1
2 1 2·1=2
3 2 3·2=6
4 5 4 · 5 = 20
5 7 5 · 7 = 35
6 9 6 · 9 = 54
7 8 7 · 8 = 56
8 6 8 · 6 = 48
9 4 9 · 4 = 36
10 3 10 · 3 = 30
 xf 288
46  xf = 288 Mean =
n
=
46
 6.26

x f xf
12.
1 3 1·3=3
2 4 2·4=8
3 6 3 · 6 = 18
4 8 4 · 8 = 32
5 9 5 · 9 = 45
6 7 6 · 7 = 42
7 5 7 · 5 = 35
8 2 8 · 2 = 16
9 1 9·1=9
10 1 10 · 1 = 10
 xf 218
46  xf = 218 Mean =
n
=
46
 4.74
13. First arrange the data items from smallest to largest: 1, 2, 3, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8

The number of data items is even, so the median is the mean of the two middle data items. The median is 3.5.
14. First arrange the data items from smallest to largest: 0, 0, 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 11, 12
The number of data items is odd, so the median is the middle number.
The median is 2.
15. First arrange the data items from smallest to largest: 91, 93, 95, 95, 97, 99
95 + 95
Median = = 95
2
16. First arrange the data items from smallest to largest: 30, 70, 90, 100, 100, 100
90 + 100
Median = = 95
2
17. First arrange the data items from smallest to largest: 40, 40, 60, 70, 100
The number of data items is odd, so the median is the middle number. The median is 60.
18. First arrange the data items from smallest to largest: 1, 3, 5, 5, 6, 8, 8, 10

5+6
Median = = 5.5
2
19. First arrange the data items from smallest to largest: 1.6, 2.5, 2.5, 2.7, 3.2, 3.6, 3.8, 4.2, 4.2, 4.7, 5.0
The number of data items is odd, so the median is the middle number. The median is 3.6.
20. First arrange the data items from smallest to largest:

1.4, 1.4, 1.4, 1.6, 1.8, 2.1, 2.2, 3.0, 9.0, 9.0
1.8 + 2.1
Median = = 1.95
2

21. n = 28 30. The modes are 5 and 8 (bimodal).

n + 1 28 + 1 29
= = = 14.5 31. The modes are 2.5 and 4.2 (bimodal).
2 2 2
The median is in the 14.5 position, which means the 32. The mode is 1.4.
median is the mean of the data items in positions 14
and 15. Counting down the frequency column, the 33. The mode is 5.
14th and 15th data items are both 5.
5+5 34. The mode is 4.
Median = =5
2
35. The mode is 6.
22. n = 31
36. The mode is 5.
n + 1 31 + 1 32
= = = 16
2 2 2 37. lowest data value = 1, highest data value = 8
The median is in the 16th position. Counting down 1+ 8
the frequency column, the 16th data item is 4. The Midrange = = 4.5
2
median is 4.
38. lowest data value = 0, highest data value = 12
23. n = 46
0 + 12
n + 1 46 + 1 Midrange = =6
= = 23.5 2
2 2
The median is in the 23.5 position, which means the 39. lowest data value = 91, highest data value = 99
median is the mean of the data items in positions 23
91 + 99
and 24. Counting down the frequency column, the Midrange = = 95
23rd and 24th data items are both 6. 2
6+6
Median = =6 40. lowest data value = 30, highest data value = 100
2 30 + 100
Midrange = = 65
24. n = 46 2
n + 1 46 + 1
= = 23.5 41. lowest data value = 40, highest data value = 100
2 2 40 + 100
The median is in the 23.5 position, which means the Midrange = = 70
median is the mean of the data items in positions 23 2
and 24. Counting down the frequency column, the
23rd and 24th data items are both 5.
1 + 10
5+5 Midrange = = 5.5
Median = =5 2
2
43. lowest data value = 1.6, highest data value = 5.0
25. The mode is 3.
1.6 + 5.0
Midrange = = 3.3
26. The mode is 0. 2
27. The mode is 95. 44. lowest data value = 1.4, highest data value = 9.0
1.4 + 9.0
28. The mode is 100. Midrange = = 5.2
2
29. The mode is 40.

1+ 8 51. x f xf
45. Midrange = = 4.5
2 10 2 20
11 2 22
1+ 7
46. Midrange = =4 12 3 36
2 13 4 52
1 + 10 14 1 14
47. Midrange = = 5.5 15 2 30
2
1 + 10
14  xf = 174
48. Midrange =
2
= 5.5
Mean =
 xf 174
=  12.4
n 14
49. x f xf The median is the mean of the 7th and 8th data items.
10 1 10 12 + 13
Median = = 12.5
20 2 40 2
30 4 120 The mode is 13 (it has the highest frequency).
10 + 15
40 2 80 Midrange = = 12.5
50 1 50 2
10  xf = 300 52. x f xf
Mean =
 xf =
300
= 30
10
11
1
2
10
22
n 10
The median is the mean of the 5th and 6th data items. 12 4 48
Since these items are both 30, the median is 30. 13 5 65
The mode is 30 (it has the highest frequency). 14 2 28
10 + 50 15 2 30
Midrange = = 30
2 16  xf = 203
50. x f xf
Mean =
 xf =
203
 12.7
10 5 50 n 16
20 3 60 The median is the mean of the 8th and 9th data items.
30 2 60 Since these items are both 13, the median is 13.
40 1 40 The mode is 13 (it has the highest frequency).
10 + 15
50 1 50 Midrange = = 12.5
 xf = 260
2
12
Mean =
 xf =
260
 21.7
n 12
The median is the mean of the 6th and 7th data items.
Since these items are both 20, the median is 20.
The mode is 10 (it has the highest frequency).
10 + 50
Midrange = = 30
2

53. The data items are 21, 24, 25, 30, 31, 31, 33, 42, 45
21 + 24 + 25 + 30 + 31 + 31 + 33 + 42 + 45 282
Mean = =  31.3
9 9
The median is the 5th data item, or 31.
The mode is 31.
21 + 45
Midrange = = 33
2
54. The data items are 28, 32, 34, 34, 39, 40, 41, 45, 47
28 + 32 + 34 + 34 + 39 + 40 + 41 + 45 + 47 340
Mean = =  37.8
9 9
The median is the 5th data item, or 39.
The mode is 34.
28 + 47
Midrange = = 37.5
2
55. a. Mean =
 x = 876  67.4 thousand
n 13
b. The median is 51 thousand, which is the 7th data item.

c. The modes are 51 and 92 thousand.
27 + 200
d. Midrange = = 113.5 thousand
2
56. a. Mean =
 x = $1126  $86.6 million
n 13
b. The data must first be put in order.

4, 5, 6, 10, 19, 21, 26, 27, 51, 101, 119, 212, 525
The median is $26 million, which is the 7th data item.
c. There is no mode.
$4 + $525
d. Midrange = = $264.5 million
2
57. x f xf
2 12 2 · 12 = 24
7 16 7 · 16 = 112
12 16 12 · 16 = 192
17 16 17 · 16 = 272
22 10 22 · 10 = 220
27 11 27 · 11 = 297
32 4 32 · 4 = 128
37 3 37 · 3 = 111
42 3 42 · 3 = 126
47 3 47 · 3 = 141
94  xf = 1623

a. Mean =
 xf =
1623
 17.27
n 94
b. The median is 17 because the 47th and 48th data items both are 17.
c. The modes are 7, 12, and 17.

47 + 2 49
d. Midrange = = = 24.5
2 2
1 150 + 2 155 + 2 160 + 4 165 + 6 170 + 8 175 + 5  180 + 4  185 + 2  190 + 3  195 + 1 200 + 2  205
58. Mean = = 176.875 lb
40
n + 1 40 + 1 41
59. n = 40, = = = 20.5
2 2 2
The median is in the 20.5 position, which means the median is the mean of the data items in positions 20 and 21.
175 + 175
Median = = 175 lb
2
60. The modal weight is 175 lb.
150 + 205
61. Midrange = = 177.5 lb
2
62. a. Words per Minute Number of People

600 1
650 2
700 2
750 2
800 3
850 3
900 3
950 2
1000 4
1050 1
1100 1
24
1 600 + 2  650 + 2  700 + 2  750 + 3  800 + 3  850 + 3  900 + 2  950 + 4 1000 + 11050 + 1 1100
Mean =
24
 854 words per minute
850 + 850
Median = = 850 words per minute
2
Mode = 1000 words per minute
600 + 1100
Midrange = = 850 words per minute
2
b. Mode
c. Answers will vary.

63. Find the weighted mean by treating the number of credits as the “frequency.”
Course Grade Value (x) Credits (f) xf

Sociology A 4 3 4 · 3 = 12
Biology C 2 3.5 2 · 3.5 = 7
Music B 3 1 3·1=3
Math B 3 4 3 · 4 = 12
English C 2 3 2·3=6
14.5  xf = 40
Mean =
 xf =
40
 2.76
n 14.5
64. – 72. Answers will vary.
73. makes sense
74. does not make sense; Explanations will vary. Sample explanation: The extreme value makes the team’s mean height
greater than its median height.
75. makes sense
76. does not make sense; Explanations will vary. Sample explanation: The instructors might use different measures of
central tendency to determine the student’s final course grade.
77. Answers will vary. Sample answers:
a. 75, 80, 80, 90, 91, 94
b. 50, 80, 80, 85, 90, 95
c. 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 100
d. 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 95
e. 75, 80, 85, 85, 90, 95
f. 68, 70, 72, 72, 74, 76
78. All 30 students had the same grade.
79. −6 − (10 − 19 ) = −6 − ( −9 )
= −6 + 9
=3
2 8
80. = 15
15
3 12
7 7
+ 9 = + 9
12 12
15 3 1
24 = 25 = 25
12 12 4
11 5 6
81. − =
19 x 19 x 19 x

Mid-Chapter Check Point
4 1
82. =
52 13
24
83. = 0.099...  0.10
242
4851
84. = 0.4851
10, 000
49,880
= 0.4988
100, 000
49,880
is closer to 0.5.
100, 000
Mid-Chapter Check Point – Chapter 7
1. b
2. Score Frequency
2 1
3 2
4 3
5 2
6 2
7 3
8 2
9 0
10 1
16
3. Histogram:
4. Frequency polygon:

5. Class Frequency
40–49 3
50–59 6
60–69 6
70–79 7
80–89 6
90–99 2
30
6. Stems Leaves
4 7 0 7
5 0 1 4 0 8 0
6 6 1 0 2 0 0
7 8 8 2 0 8 0 4
8 8 4 0 7 8 0
9 2 0
7. The heights of the bars are not proportional to the percents they represent.
23 + 25 + 18 + 15 + 24 105
8. Mean = = = 21
5 5
9. First arrange the numbers from smallest to largest.

15, 18, 23, 24, 25
The median is middle data item of 23.
10. lowest data value = 15

highest data value = 25
15 + 25 40
Midrange = = = 20
2 2
1 10 + 2 10 + 3  5 + 4  35 + 5  40
11. Mean =
100
10 + 20 + 15 + 140 + 200
=
100
385
=
100
= 3.85
n + 1 100 + 1 101
12. The median is in the = = = 50.5 position, which means the median is the mean of the values in the
2 2 2
50th and 51st positions.
4+4 8
Median = = =4
2 2
13. Mode = 5
14. median; Explanations will vary.

Section 7.3 Introduction to Probability
7.3 Check Points
1. a. The event of getting a 2 can occur in one way.

number of ways a 2 can occur 1
P (2) = =
total number of possible outcomes 6
b. The event of getting a number less than 4 can occur in three ways: 1, 2, 3.
number of ways a number less than 4 can occur 3 1
P (less than 4) = = =
total number of possible outcomes 6 2
c. The event of getting a number greater than 7 cannot occur.

number of ways a number greater than 7 can occur 0
P (greater than 7) = = =0
The probability of an event that cannot occur is 0.
d. The event of getting a number less than 7 can occur in six ways: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.
number of ways a number less than 7 can occur 6
P(less than 7) = = =1
The probability of any certain event is 1.
number of ways a ace can occur 4 1

2. a. P (ace) = = =
total number of possibilities 52 13
number of ways a red card can occur 26 1

b. P (red card) = = =
number of ways a red king can occur 2 1

c. P (red king) = = =
3. The table shows the four equally likely outcomes. The Cc and cC children will be carriers who are not actually sick.
number of ways Cc or cC can occur 2 1
P (carrier, not sick) = P(Cc ) = = =
number of persons never married 74

4. a. P(never married) = = » 0.31
total number of U.S. adults 242
number of males 118

b. P(male) = = » 0.49
total number of U.S. adults 242
1. sample space
2. P ( E ) ; number of outcomes in E; total number of possible outcomes
3. 52; hearts; diamonds; clubs; spades
4. empirical
5. true

6. false
7. true
8. false
7.3 Exercise Set

1. P (4) = =
number of ways a five can occur 1

2. P (5) = =
number of ways an odd number can occur 3 1

3. P (odd number) = = =
number of ways a number of greater than 3 can occur 3 1

4. P (greater than 3) = = =

5. P (less than 3) = = =
number of ways a number greater than 4 can occur 2 1

6. P (greater than 4) = = =

7. P (less than 20) = = =1

8. P (less than 8) = = =1

9. P(greater than 20) = = =0

number of ways a queen can occur 4 1

11. P (queen) = = =
number of ways a jack can occur 4 1

12. P ( jack) = = =
number of ways a club can occur 13 1

13. P (club) = = =
number of ways a diamond can occur 13 1

14. P (diamond) = = =

number of ways a picture card can occur 12 3

15. P (picture card) = = =
number of ways a card greater than 3 and less than 7 can occur 12 3
16. P (greater than 3 and less than 7) = = =
number of ways a queen of spades can occur 1

17. P (queen of spades) = =
total number of possibilities 52
number of ways an ace of clubs can occur 1

18. P(ace of clubs) = =
number of ways a diamond and a spade can occur 0

19. P (diamond and spade) = = =0
number of ways a card with a green heart can occur 0

20. P (green heart) = = =0
number of ways two heads can occur 1

21. P (two heads) = =
number of ways two tails can occur 1

22. P (two tails) = =
number of ways the same outcome on each toss can occur 2 1

23. P(same on each toss) = = =
number of ways different outcomes on each toss can occur 2 1

24. P(different on each toss) = = =
number of ways a head on the second toss can occur 2 1

25. P (head on second toss) = = =
number of ways at least one head can occur (HH, HT, TH) 3
26. P (at least one head) = =
number of ways exactly one female child can occur 3

27. P (exactly one female child) = =
number of ways exactly one male child can occur 3

28. P (exactly one male child) = =
number of ways exactly two male children can occur 3

29. P(exactly two male children) = =
number of ways exactly two female children can occur 3

30. P(exactly two female children) = =

number of ways at least one male child can occur 7

31. P (at least one male child) = =
total number of possiblities 8
number of ways at least two female children can occur 4 1

32. P(at least two female children) = = =
number of ways four male children can occur 0

33. P (four male children) = = =0
number of ways fewer than four female children can occur 8

34. P (fewer than four female children) = = =1
number of ways two even numbers can occur 9 1

35. P (two even numbers) = = =
number of ways two odd numbers can occur 9 1

36. P(two odd numbers) = = =
number of ways two numbers whose sum is 5 can occur 4 1

37. P (two numbers whose sum is 5) = = =
number of ways two numbers whose sum is 6 can occur 5

38. P (two numbers of whose sum is 6) = =
39. P(two numbers whose sum exceeds 12)

number of ways two numbers whose sum exceeds 12 can occur 0
= = =0
40. P(two numbers whose sum is less than 13)

number of ways two numbers whose sum is less than 13 can occur 36
= = =1
number of ways a red region can occur 3

41. P (red region) = =
number of ways a yellow region can occur 2 1

42. P (yellow region) = = =
number of ways a blue region can occur 2 1

43. P(blue region) = = =
number of ways a brown region can occur 3

44. P(brown region) = =
number of ways a region that is red or blue can occur 5 1

45. P (region that is red or blue) = = =
number of ways a region that is yellow or brown can occur 5 1

46. P (region that is yellow or brown) = = =

number of ways a region that is red and blue can occur 0

47. P (region that is red and blue) = = =0
number of ways a region that is yellow and brown can occur 0

48. P (region that is yellow and brown) = = =0
number of ways sickle cell anemia can occur 1

49. P (sickle cell anemia) = =
number of ways sickle cell trait can occur 2 1

50. P (sickle cell trait) = = =
number of ways a healthy child can occur 1

51. P (healthy) = =
number of ways sickle cell anemia can occur 0

52. P (sickle cell anemia) = = =0
number of ways sickle cell trait can occur 2 1

53. P (sickle cell trait) = = =
number of ways a healthy child can occur 2 1

54. P (healthy) = = =
number of males 12.5

55. P(male) = = » 0.43
total number of Americans living alone 29.3
number of females 16.8

56. P (female) = = » 0.57
number in 25 - 34 age range 3.8

57. P (25 - 34 age range) = = » 0.13
number in 35 - 44 age range 4.2

58. P (35 - 44 age range) = = » 0.14
number of women in 15 - 24 age range 0.8

59. P (woman in 15 - 24 age range) = = » 0.03
number of men in 45 - 64 age range 4.3

60. P (man in 45 - 64 age range) = = » 0.15
Moved to Moved to
Table For Moved to
Different Different Total
#61–66 Same State
State Country
Owner 11.7 2.8 0.3 14.8
Renter 18.7 4.5 1.0 24.2
Total 30.4 7.3 1.3 39.0

number of owners 14.8

61. P(owner) = = » 0.38
total number of Americans who moved in 2004 39.0
number of renters 24.2

62. P(renter) = = » 0.62
number that moved within state 30.4

63. P(moved within state) = = » 0.78
number that moved to different country 1.3

64. P(moved to different country) = = » 0.03
number of renters who moved to a different state 4.5

65. P(renter who moved to different state) = = » 0.12
number of owners who moved to a different state 2.8

66. P(owner who moved to different state) = = » 0.07
Some
Less Than 4 Years 4 Years
Table For College
4 Years High School College (or Total
#67–70 (Less than
High School Only More)
4 years)
Male 3.6 5.0 2.6 3.9 15.1
Female 5.2 8.0 4.1 3.0 20.3
Total 8.8 13.0 6.7 6.9 35.4
number with less than 4 years of high school 29 1

67. P (had less than 4 years of high school) = = =
total number of Americans aged 25 and older 174 6
number with 4 years of high school only 56 28

68. P (had 4 years of high school only) = = =
number of women with 4 years of college or more 22 11

69. P(a woman with 4 years of college or more) = = =
number of men with 4 years of college or more 23

70. P (a man with 4 years of college or more) = =
total number of Americans aged 25 and older 174
71. – 78. Answers will vary.
79. does not make sense; Explanations will vary. Sample explanation: Even if there are only two choices, it does not
necessarily follow that they are equally likely to be selected.
80. does not make sense; Explanations will vary. Sample explanation: The probability cannot be greater than 1 (100%).
81. makes sense
82. makes sense
83. The area of the target is (12 in.)2 = 144 in.2

The area of the yellow region is (9 in.)2 - (6 in.)2 + (3 in.)2 = 54 in.2
54 in.2
The probability that the dart hits a yellow region is = 0.375
144 in.2

Chapter 7 Review Exercises
84. First count the number of three-digit numbers that read the same forward and backward:
Same as 1st digit
6 17- 89 6407- 498 64 7 48
Digit 1: Digit 2: Digit 3:
9 ´ 10 ´ 1 = 90
P(three-digit number reads the same forward and backward)
number of three-digit numbers that read the same forward and backward 90 1
= = =
total number of three-digit numbers 900 10
85. x − 2.6 = 11.5

x − 2.6 + 2.6 = 11.5 + 2.6
x = 14.1
The solution set is 14.1 .
60 15
86. =
x 2
15 x = 60  2
15 x = 120
15 x 120
=
15 15
x=8
The solution set is {8}.
87. 70%  x = 1372

0.7 x = 1372
x = 1960
88. 7 ( 3 x + 5 y ) = 21x + 35 y
89. 10 x + 5 x = (10 + 5 ) x = 15 x
90. −11 y + 6 y = ( −11 + 6 ) y = −5 y
1. a
Time Spent on
2. Homework Number of students
(in hours)
6 1
7 3
8 3
9 2
10 1
10

3. 33 + 27 + 9 + 10 + 6 + 7 + 11 + 23 + 27
9. Mean =
9
153
=
9
= 17
1×2 + 2 ×4 + 3 ×3 + 4 ×1
10. Mean =
10
2 +8+9 + 4
=
4. 10
23
=
10
= 2.3
11. First arrange the data items from smallest to largest.

6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 23, 27, 27, 33
There is an odd number of data items, so the median
is the middle number. The median is 11.
12. First arrange the data items from smallest to largest.

16, 22, 28, 28, 34
5. Grades Number of students
There is an odd number of data items, so the median
0–39 19 is the middle number. The median is 28.
40–49 8
50–59 6 13. The median is the value in the
60–69 6 n + 1 10 + 1 11
= = = 5.5 position, which means the
70–79 5 2 2 2
80–89 3 median is the mean of the 5th and 6th values. The
5th and 6th values are both 2, therefore the median
90–100 3
is 2.
50
14. The number 27 occurs most frequently, so the mode
6. Stems Leaves is 27.
1 3 4 1 3 7 8
15. Bimodal; 585 and 587 each occur twice.
2 4 9 6 9 2 7
3 4 9 6 5 1 1 1 16. The number 2 occurs most frequently, so the mode
4 4 0 2 7 9 1 2 5 is 2.
5 7 9 6 4 0 1
6 3 3 7 0 8 9
84 + 98 182
7 2 3 4 0 5 Midrange = = = 91
2 2
8 7 1 6
9 5 1 0 18. lowest data value = 6, highest data value = 33
6 + 33 39
7. The sizes of the barrels are not scaled proportionally Midrange = = = 19.5
2 2
in terms of the data they represent.
84 + 90 + 95 + 89 + 98
8. Mean = 1+ 4 5
5 Midrange = = = 2.5
2 2
456
=
5 20. Answers will vary.
= 91.2

Age at first Number of

21. a.
inauguration Presidents
42 1
43 1
44 0
45 0
46 2
47 2
48 1
49 2
50 1
51 5
52 2
53 0
54 5
55 4
56 3
57 4
58 1
59 0
60 1
61 3
62 1
63 0
64 2
65 1
66 0
67 0
68 1
69 1
44
æ42 ×1 + 43 ×1 + 46 ×2 + 47 ×2 + 48 ×1 + 49 ×2 + 50 ×1 + 51 ×5 + 52 ×2 + 54 ×5 + 55 ×4 ö
çè+56 ×3 + 57 ×4 + 58 ×1 + 60 ×1 + 61 ×3 + 62 ×1 + 64 ×2 + 65 ×1 + 68 ×1 + 69 ×1 ÷
ø 2405
b. Mean = = » 54.66 years
44 44
n + 1 44 + 1 45
The median is the value in the = = = 22.5 position, which means the median is the mean of the data
2 2 2
in positions 22 and 23.
54 + 55
Median = = 54.5 years
2
The model ages are 51 and 54 years (bimodal).
42 + 69
Midrange = = 55.5 years
2

22. P (6) = =


23. P (less than 5) = = =

24. P (less than 7) = = =1

number of ways a 5 can occur 4 1

26. P (5) = = =
number of ways a picture card can occur 12 3

27. P (picture card) = = =
number of ways a card greater than 4 and less than 8 can occur 12 3
28. P (greater than 4 and less than 8) = = =
number of ways a 4 of diamonds can occur 1

29. P (4 of diamonds) = =
number of ways a red ace can occur 2 1

30. P(red ace) = = =
number of ways a chocolate can occur 15 1

31. P (chocolate) = = =
number of ways a caramel can occur 10 1

32. P(caramel) = = =
number of ways a peppermint can occur 5 1

33. P (peppermint) = = =
number of ways to be a carrier without the disease 2 1

34. a. P (carrier without the disease) = = =
number of ways to have the disease 0

b. P (disease) = = =0
140 7
35. P(employed) = =
240 12
124 31
36. P(female) = =
240 60
8 1
37. P(unemployed male) = =
240 30

Chapter 7
Test
Chapter 7 Test
1. d
2. Score Frequency
3 1
4 2
5 3
6 2
7 2
8 3
9 2
10 1
16
3.
4.
5. Class Frequency
40–49 3
50–59 6
60–69 6
70–79 7
80–89 6
90–99 2
30
6. Stems Leaves
4 1 8 6
5 9 1 0 5 0 0
6 2 3 7 0 1 1
7 9 3 1 5 8 9 1
8 8 9 9 1 3 0
9 0 3

7. The roofline gives the impression that the percentage of home schooled students grew at the same rate each year
between the years shown. This may be misleading if the growth rate was not constant from year to year.
3 + 6 + 2 + 1 + 7 + 3 22
8. Mean = = » 3.67
6 6
9. First arrange the numbers from smallest to largest.

1, 2, 3, 3, 6, 7
There is an even number of data items, so the median is the mean of the middle two data values.
3+ 3 6
Median = = =3
2 2
10. lowest data value = 1

highest data value = 7
1+ 7 8
Midrange = = =4
2 2
1×3 + 2 ×5 + 3 ×2 + 4 ×2
11. Mean =
12
3 + 10 + 6 + 8
=
12
27
=
12
= 2.25
n + 1 12 + 1 13
12. The median is in the = = = 6.5 position, which means the median is the mean of the values in the 6th and
2 2 2
7th positions.
2+2 4
Median = = =2
2 2
13. Mode = 2
14. median; Explanations will vary.

15. P(2) = =
number of ways a number of greater than 4 can occur 2 1

16. P(greater than 4) = = =
number of ways a 6 can occur 4 1

17. P(6) = = =
number of ways a red card can occur 26 1

18. P(red card) = = =
number of ways a freshman can occur 12 6

19. P(freshman) = = =

Cumulative
Review
number of ways a senior can occur 2 1

20. P(senior) = = =
number of ways someone with brown eyes can occur 40 2

21. P(brown eyes) = = =
number of ways a male can occur 50 1

22. P(male) = = =
number of ways a female with green eyes can occur 12 3

23. P(female with green eyes) = = =
Cumulative Review Exercises (Chapters 1-7)
1. ( −5.2 )( 3.4 ) = −17.68

7 21
2. =
12 36
5 20
− = −
9 36
1
36
2
3 5 2 9 5 4
3.     +  =   + 
2 6 3 4 6 6
9 9
= 
4 6
9 6
= 
4 9
3 1
= or 1
2 2
4. −10 + 2 + ( −13) + 7 = −23 + 9

= −14
5. ( 7 − 9 )2 ( 2 − 5 )3 = ( −2 )2 ( −3)3
= 4 ( −27 )
= −108
63
6. 34 2142
204
2102
2102
2000

7. 0.2  4.6 − ( 0.3)  = 0.2  4.6 − 0.09

2 17. −4 − ( 9 − 15 ) = −4 − ( −6 )
  = −4 + 6
= 0.2  4.51 =2
= 0.902
5 ( −2 ) − 3 ( 2 ) −10 − 6
18. =
8 2 6 −4 ( 8 − 6 ) −4 ( 2 )
8. − = −16
17 y 17 y 17 y =
−8
=2
1 1 7
9. 11 = 11 = 10
6 6 6 19. 293
2 4 4  45
− 4 = −4 = −4
3 6 6 1465
3 1 + 11720
6 =6 13,185
6 2
10. 30 − 7.2 = 30.0 − 7.2 = 22.8 20. 3.7 + 2.3  0.1 = 3.7 + 0.23
= 3.93
11. 8.296
21. x − 3.4 = 12.6
5.800
x − 3.4 + 3.4 = 12.6 + 3.4
+ 14.090
x = 16
28.186 The solution set is 16 .
3 2 28 20
12. 5  6 =  22.
w
=6
5 3 5 3 −8
28 3
=  w
5 20 ( −8) = 6 ( −8)
−8
21 w = −48
=
25 The solution set is −48 .
1 4 −19 = y + 4
13. 18 = 18 23.
3 12 −19 − 4 = y + 4 − 4
11 11
+ 5 = + 5 −23 = y
12 12
The solution set is −23 .
15 3 1
23 = 24 = 24
12 12 4
14 2
24. =
x 5
7  1  8 4
14. − + − =− =− 2 x = 70
10  10  10 5
2 x 70
=
15. 14 − 5  5  3 + 10 = 14 − 1  3 + 10 2 2
= 14 − 3 + 10 x = 35
= 11 + 10 The solution set is {35}.
= 21
25. mR 1 = 64
3
(
16. 34 + ( 9 − 6 )  34 − 5 2
) = 34 + (3)
3
 ( 34 − 25 ) mR 2 = 180 − 64 = 116
mR 3 = mR 2 = 116
= 34 + ( 3)  9
3
= 34 + 27  9 26. mR 1 = 75
= 34 + 3 mR 2 = mR1 = 75
= 37 mR 3 = mR 2 = 75

Cumulative
Review
27. 40%  x = 82.4

0.4 x = 82.4
x = 206
28. three hundred seven and nine hundredths
11
29. = 0.55
20
8
30. 2 = 2.888... = 2.8
9
44 11
31. 44% = =
100 25
32. 34,205,029
33. x − 10 = 2 x + 7
−17 − 10 = 2 ( −17 ) + 7
−27 = −34 + 7
−27 = −27
The number is a solution.
42 x 2 3x 2
34. =
70 5
35. P = 10 m + 10 m + 14 m = 34 m
1
A= bh
2
1
A = 14 m  7 m = 49 m 2
2
36. First determine the missing lengths.
Perimeter:
P = 5 cm + 10 cm + 22 cm + 6 cm + 17 cm + 4 cm
= 64 cm
Area:
A = (5 cm  4 cm) + (22 cm  6 cm)
= 20 cm 2 + 132 cm 2
= 152 cm 2

8 + 10 + 15 + 15 + 14 + 11 + 11 + 12
37. Mean =
8
96
= = 12
8
Order the data items: 8, 10, 11, 11, 12, 14, 15, 15
The number of data items is even, so the median is the mean of the two middle items. The median is 11.5.
The numbers 11 and 15 occurs more often than any other. The modes are 11 and 15 (bimodal).
8 + 15 23
Midrange = = = 11.5
2 2
38. C =  d
=  (20 yd)
= 20 yd
 62.8 yd
A =  r 2 =  (10 yd ) = 100 yd 2
2
The exact area is 100 square yards.
Using   3.14, 100 yd 2  314 yd 2 .
39. 17.0404  17.0440
40. −2  −200
10
5 5 5 90 5 90 50
41. C = ( F − 32 ) = (122 − 32 ) =  =  = = 50
9 9 9 1 9 1 1
1
122 F = 50 C
o o
60 miles 60 miles  5 12 miles

42. = =
5 days 5 days  5 1 day
The unit rate is 12 miles per day.
43. a 2 + 52 = 72
a 2 + 25 = 49
a 2 = 24
a = 24 yd
The exact length is 24 yd. The approximate length is 4.9 yd.
number of ways a Democrat can occur 24 3

44. P(Democrat) = = =
number of ways a female can occur 41

45. P(female) = =

Cumulative
Review
number of ways a male Republican can occur 12 3

46. P(male Republican) = = =
47. V = 4 cm  6 cm 12 cm = 288 cm3
12 3
48. 0.012 = =
1000 250
49. 84 = 22  3  7
50. x 2 − 3 x + 8 = ( −5 ) − 3 ( −5 ) + 8
2
= 25 + 15 + 8
= 48
51. complement = 90 − 67 = 23
7 51
52. 4 =
11 11
53. mR A + 20 + 79 = 180

mR A + 99 = 180
mR A = 180 − 99
mR A = 81
number of ways a queen can occur 4 1

54. P (queen) = = =
8 5
55. =
12 x
8  x = 5 12
8 x = 60
8 x 60
=
8 8
x = 7.5 m
56. 34 meters = 3400 centimeters
57. a. Formula 1:
S = 2600 x + 91,900
S = 2600 (1) + 91,900
S = 94,500
Formula 2:
S = 1150 x + 77,167
S = 1150 (1) + 77,167
S = 78,317
Formula 1 describes private colleges. Formula 2 describes public colleges.

b. S = 2600 x + 91,900
S = 2600 ( 3) + 91,900
S = 99, 700
The model underestimates the average salary by $100.
58. Commission = Comminsion Rate  Sales?

= 7%  $32,000
= 0.07  $32, 000
= $2240
The commission is $2240.
1141.20
59. equal payment = = 126.80
9
The amount of each payment is $126.80.
60. Let x = the amount of hours needed to work.
50 x
=
5 30
5 x = 1500
5 x 1500
=
5 5
x = 300
The employee would need to work 300 minutes, or 5 hours.
61. 14,800 − ( −610 ) = 14,800 + 610 = 15, 410

The difference in elevation is 15,410 feet.
62. I = Prt = ( 3200 )( 0.16 ) ( 2 ) = 512 ( 2 ) = 1024

1 2 3 123 {
Principal Rate Time
The interest is $1024.
A = P + I = ( 3200 ) + (1024 ) = 4224

123 123
Principal Interest
The total amount due is $4224.
63. a. A 12-ounce can costs $0.75

price per can $0.75
Unit price (price per ounce) = =  $0.06
ounces per can 12 ounces
A 16-ounce bottle costs $1.25

price per bottle $1.25
Unit price (price per ounce) = =  $0.08
ounces per bottle 16 ounces
b. By comparing the unit prices, we see that the 12-ounce can is the better buy.

Cumulative
Review
amount of decrease
64. Percent decrease =
original amount
80 − 60 20 1
= = = = 0.25 = 25%
80 80 4
5 1 1 10 6 3
65. a. 4 + 3 + 2 = 4 + 3 + 2
6 2 4 12 12 12
19
=9
12
7
= 10 miles
12
5 1 10 3
b. 4 − 2 = 4 − 2
6 4 12 12
7
=2 miles
12
66. First convert the linear measures in feet to linear yards.

18 ft 1 yd
18 ft =  = 6 yd
1 3 ft
15 ft 1 yd
15 ft =  = 5 yd
1 3 ft
Area of floor = 6 yd  5 yd = 30 yd 2
30 yd 2 $24.50
Cost of carpet =  = $735
1 1 yd 2
67. $726.37 − ( $63.18 + $86.54 ) = $726.37 − $149.72 = $576.65
20
3 60 3 60 8 60 8
68. number of gaps = 60  =  =  =  = 160
8 1 8 1 3 1 3
1
Thus 161 signs are needed.
69. c 2 = 132 + 52
c 2 = 169 + 25
c 2 = 194
c  13.9 feet
The ladder is not long enough to reach the roof.

70. a. P =$200,000; r = 8% = 0.08; n = 2 (compounded semianually); t =10 years

nt
 r
A = P 1 + 
 n
210
 0.08 
= 200, 000 1 +
 2 
= 200, 000 (1 + 0.04 )
20
= 200, 000 (1.04 )

20
 438, 225
Rounded to the nearest dollar, the amount in the account after ten years is $438,225.
b. I = A − P = ( 438, 225) − ( 200, 000 ) = 238, 225

1 4 2 43 1 4 2 43
Amount Principal
The compound interest earned is $238,225

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Chapter 7

Statistics and Probability

Developmental Mathematics 1st Edition Blitzer

3. Grade Number of students

4. Exam Scores Number of students

Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. 407

7.1 Concept and Vocabulary Check

3. grouped frequency distribution; 80; 89

408 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

13. 4 + 3 + 3 + 3 = 13. Thus, 13 students had at least 30

14. 12 + 16 + 16 = 44. Thus, 44 students had at most 14

15. The 5 – 9 class.

16. The 35 – 39 class.

17. Age Frequency

18. IQ Score Number of students

19. Histogram for Stress Rating:

20. Histogram for Time Spent on Homework: 28. false

Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. 409

30. Stems Leaves

31. Stems Leaves

51. makes sense

52. Answers will vary. Sample answer:

53. Supplement = 180 − 62 = 118

410 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

54. First determine the missing lengths.

sum of values 15 + 19 + 24 + 25 + 37 120

57. 84, 88, 90, 95, 98

7.2 Check Points

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6. The total frequency is 1 + 1 + 1 + 3 + 1 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 1 + 2 + 1 + 1 = 18, therefore n = 18

$1000 + $98 + $15 + $7 + $7 + $13 + $23 + $38 + $20 + $5

8. a. The mode is 8 (because 8 occurs most often).

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107 + 195 302

7.2 Concept and Vocabulary Check

7.2 Exercise Set

100 + 100 + 90 + 30 + 70 + 100 490

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13. First arrange the data items from smallest to largest: 1, 2, 3, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8

18. First arrange the data items from smallest to largest: 1, 3, 5, 5, 6, 8, 8, 10

20. First arrange the data items from smallest to largest:

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21. n = 28 30. The modes are 5 and 8 (bimodal).

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b. The median is 51 thousand, which is the 7th data item.

b. The data must first be put in order.

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c. The modes are 7, 12, and 17.

60. The modal weight is 175 lb.

62. a. Words per Minute Number of People

c. Answers will vary.

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Course Grade Value (x) Credits (f) xf

64. – 72. Answers will vary.

73. makes sense

75. makes sense

77. Answers will vary. Sample answers:

a. 75, 80, 80, 90, 91, 94

b. 50, 80, 80, 85, 90, 95

c. 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 100

d. 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 95

e. 75, 80, 85, 85, 90, 95