Basic College Mathematics An Applied Approach Canadian 1st Edition Aufmann Solutions Manual 1

Solution Manual for Basic College Mathematics An
Applied Approach Canadian 1st Edition by Aufmann

Lockwood and Milburn ISBN 0176562087
9780176562083
Full download link at:
Solution manual: https://testbankpack.com/p/solution-manual-for-
basic-college-mathematics-an-applied-approach-canadian-1st-edition-
by-aufmann-lockwood-and-milburn-isbn-0176562087-
9780176562083/
Chapter 7: Statistics and Probability
7 silver 1
Prep Test
1. Strategy To find the percent of the emails
that were spam, solve the basic
percent equation for amount.
Solution 0.891  (107 trillion) = n
95 trillion  n
95 trillion emails were spam.
2. Strategy To find the percent increase:

• Find the amount of the
increase by subtracting the
median annual income for a
worker with a high school
diploma ($34 197) from the
median annual income for a
worker with a Bachelor’s
degree ($57 026).
• Write and solve the basic
percent equation for percent.
Solution 57 026  34 197  22 829

n  34 197  22 829
n  22 829  34 197
n  0.668  66.8%
The percent increase is 66.8%.
14gold 2
3. 
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Objective A Exercises 4. Strategy To find the ratio:
3. Strategy To find the gross revenue: • Read the pictograph to find the
• Read the pictograph to determine gross revenue for Star Trek
the gross revenue of the four and Iron Man 2.
movies. • Write in simplest form the
• Add the four numbers. ratio of the revenues from Star
Solution 250 million Trek and Iron Man 2.

350 million Solution Revenue from Star Trek:
700 million 250 million
300million Revenue from Iron Man 2:
1650 million = 1.65 billion 300 million
The gross revenue is 250million 5

$1.65 billion. 300 million 6
1 16 4
4. 16%  16    The ratio is 5 to 6.
100 100 25
4 5. Strategy To find the percent, solve the
of women in the military are in the Navy.
25 basic percent equation for
percent. The base is 1.65 billion
Section 7.1 (from Exercise 3 ) and the
amount is the revenue from
Concept Check
Avatar (750 million).
1. 4.5  10  45 chocolate chip cookies
1 25 1
2. 25%  25   
100 100 4
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7-2 Chapter 7 Statistics and Probability Chapter 7 Statistics and Probability 7-2
Solution Percent × base  amount impacts daily life (600) from

n × 1.65 billion  750 million the number that agreed that
n  750 ÷ 1650 humanity should explore
n  0.45
planets (650).
The percent is 45%.
Solution 650 – 600 = 50
6. Strategy To find the ratio: 50 more people agreed that
• Read the pictograph to find the humanity should explore space
number of people who agreed than agreed that space
that space exploration impacts exploration impacts daily life.
daily life and the number of
8. Strategy To find whether the number of
people who agreed that space
people who agreed that they
will be colonized in their
would travel in space is more
lifetime.
than twice the number of those
• Write in simplest form the who agreed that space will be
ratio of the number of people colonized in their lifetime, read
who agreed that space the pictograph and determine
exploration impacts daily life whether the number of people
to the number of people who who agreed that they would
agreed that space will be travel in space (350) is more
colonized in their lifetime.
than twice those who agreed that
Solution Number of people who agreed
space would be colonized in
that space exploration impacts their lifetime (200).
daily life: 600
Solution 2 × 200 = 400
Number of people who agreed 350 < 400
that space will be colonized in No, the number of people who
their lifetime: 200 agreed that they would travel in
600 3
 space is not more than twice the
200 1
number who agreed that space
3
The ratio is .
1 will be colonized in their
lifetime.
7. Strategy To find how many more people
agreed that humanity should 9. Strategy To find the number of children
explore planets than agreed that who said they hid vegetables
space exploration impacts daily under a napkin, write and solve
life, subtract the number that the basic percent equation for
agreed that space exploration amount. The percent is 30% and
the base is 500.
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Solution Percent × base  amount Solution Accounting  45

0.30 × 500  150 Humanities  15
150 children said they hid their Math  12

vegetables under a napkin. Science  8
English  9
10. Strategy To find the difference:
Finance  15
• Use the basic percent equation Others  24
to find the number of children • Read the circle graph to

who fed vegetables to the dog determine the credits
and the number who dropped needed.
the vegetables on the floor. • Add the credits.
• Subtract the number of
children who fed them to the
dog from the number who
dropped them on the floor.
Solution Percent × base = amount
0.25 × 500 = 125 children who
fed the vegetables to the dog.
0.10 × 500 = 50 children who
dropped the vegetables on
the floor.
125 – 50 = 75
75 more children fed the
vegetables to the dog.
11. No, the sum of the percents given in the

graph is only 80%, not 100%.
12. Carlos Slim Helu and Bill Gates have the

greatest net worth.
13. Larry Ellison has the smallest net worth.

Carlos Slim Helu and Bill Gates have the
same net worth. Amanico Ortega and Warren
Buffet have the same net worth.
Objective B Exercises
14. Strategy To find the credits required:
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Total  128
128 credits are required to
graduate.
15. Strategy To determine whether the number of

credits required in humanities is less
than or greater than twice the
number of credits required in
science:
• Multiply the number of credits
required in science (8) by 2.
• Compare this result to the
humanities (15).
Solution 8 2  16
15  16
The number of credits required in
humanities is less than twice the
science.
16. Strategy To determine whether the ratio

of the number of credits required in
accounting (45) to the number of
credits required in English (9) is less
than, equal to, or greater than 5:
• Write the ratio and simplify it.
• Compare the result to 5.
45
Solution 5
9
55
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The ratio of the number of 20. Strategy To find the percent, solve the
credits required in accounting to basic percent equation for
the number of credits required in percent. The base is the total
English is equal to 5. number of responses (150) and
the amount is the number of
17a. People talking was the complaint mentioned
“people talking” responses (42).
the most often.
Solution Percent × base  amount
b. Uncomfortable seats was the complaint
n × 150  42
mentioned the least often. n  42 ÷ 150
18. Strategy To find the number of people  0.28
 28%
surveyed:
The percent is 28%.
• Read the circle graph to
determine the number of 21. Strategy To find the amount of money
responses. spent:
• Add the five numbers. • Read the circle graph to find
Solution High ticket prices: 33 the percent of money spent on
People talking: 42 video game hardware in 2010.
Uncomfortable seats: 17 • Use the basic percent equation
Dirty floors: 27 to find the amount.
High food prices : 31

Solution 35% was spent on video game
150
hardware in 2010.
The number of people surveyed
Percent  base  amount
is 150 people.
0.34  18600000000  n
19. Strategy To find the ratio: 6324000000  n
• Read the circle graph to Americans spent $6 324 000 000
determine the number of on video game hardware in 2010.
people responding “dirty
22. Strategy To find the amount of money
floors” and “high ticket
spent:
prices.”
• Read the circle graph to find
• Write in simplest form the ratio
the percent of money spent on
of the number of people
video game software in 2010.
responding “dirty floors” to the
• Use the basic percent equation
number of people responding
to find the amount.
“high ticket prices.”
Solution 50% was spent on video game
Solution Dirty floors: 27 people
software in 2010.
High ticket prices: 33 people
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Percent × base  amount

27 9 9 0.50 × 18600000000  n
 The ratio is .
33 11 11
9300000000  n
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Americans spent $9 300 000 000 26. Strategy To find whether the number of
on video game software in 2010. sheltered homeless who are aged
18 to 30 is more or less than
23. Strategy To find the fractional amount
spent on accessories: twice the number of sheltered
homeless who are aged 51 to 61,
• Use the basic percent equation
read the pictograph and
to find the amount spent on
determine whether the number
accessories.
of sheltered homeless aged 18 to
• Write the ratio of the amount
30 (22.3%) is more or less than
spent on accessories to the total
twice the number of sheltered
amount spent in simplest form.
homeless aged 51 to 61 (14.4%).
Solution
Solution 2  14.4%  28.8%
22.3% < 28.8%
0.16  18600000000  2976000000
2976000000 4 The number of sheltered

18600000000 25 homeless aged 18 to 30 is less
4 than twice the number of
The fractional amount is .
25 sheltered homeless aged 51
24. Strategy To determine whether the to 61.
amount spent on video game
27. Strategy To find the percent of the
software is more than three times
sheltered homeless population
the amount spent on accessories:
under 30, add the percent of
• Multiply by 3 the amount
homeless under 18 (22.2%) and
spent on accessories (use
the percent of homeless aged 18
amount from Exercise 23).
to 30 (22.3%).
• Compare the result with the
Solution 22.2% + 22.3% = 44.5% The
amount spent on video game
percent of the sheltered
software (use amount from
homeless population under age
Exercise 22).
30 is 44.5%.
Solution 3  2976000000
 8928000000 28. Strategy To find how many of every
8928000000  9300000000 100 000 homeless people living
25. The age group 31 to 50

Yes, the amount spent on video
represents the largest
game software in 2010 was more
segment.
than three times the amount
spent on accessories.
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in shelters are over age 61:

• Locate the percent of homeless over age 61.
• Solve the basic percent equation for amount. The
base is 100 000.
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Solution Percent homeless over age 61: 31. Strategy To find the percent:
2.8% • Read the circle graph to
Percent  base  amount determine the land area
0.028  100 000  n of Asia.
2800  n • Write and solve the basic
Out of every 100 000 homeless percent equation for percent.
people living in shelters, there The amount is the land area of
are 2800 people over age 61. Asia and the base is the total
29. Strategy To find the total land area of the land area of the seven
seven continents: continents. (148 989 799
• Read the circle graph to square kilometres).
determine the land area of the Solution The area of Asia is 44 391 162
seven continents. square kilometres.
• Add the seven numbers. Percent  base  amount
Solution 7 686 884 Australia n  148 989 799  44 391162

10 354 636 Europe n  44 391162 148 989 799
14 245 000 Antarctica n = 0.2979
17 821 029 South America Asia is 29.8% of the total land
24 247 039 North America area.
30 244 049 Africa
+ 44 391162 Asia 32. Strategy To find the percent:
148 989 799 • Read the circle graph to

determine the land area of
The total land area is
Australia.
148 989 799 square kilometres.
• Write and solve the basic
30. Strategy To find the difference, subtract
percent equation for percent.
the area of South America
The amount is the land area of
(17 821 029 square kilometres)
Australia and the base is the
from the area of North America
total land area of the seven
(24 247 039 square kilometres).
continents. (148 989 799
Solution 24 247 039 North America
square kilometres).
 17 821 029 South America
Solution The area of Australia is
6 426 010
7 686 884 square kilometres.
North America is 6 426 010
square kilometres larger than n  148 989 799  7 686 884
South America. n  7 686 884 ÷ 148 989 799
= 0.0515
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Australia is 5.2% of the

total land area.
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33. Strategy To find the number of people in There were 434 000 more
Canada that are of South Asian people of Chinese racial
racial origin: origin than people of Black
• Locate the percent of the racial origin.
population that is South Asian.
• Solve the basic percent
equation for amount.
Solution Percent that is South Asian:
4.1%
Percent  base 
amount
0.041  31 000 000  1 271 000
1 271 000 people were of South

Asian racial origin.
34. Strategy To find how many more people

of Chinese racial origin lived in
Canada than Black racial origin:
• Locate the percent of the
population that is Chinese.
population that is Black.
• Compare the amounts and
subtract the smaller amount
from the larger amount.
Solution Percent that is Chinese: 3.9%
amount
0.039  31 000 000  1 209 000
Percent that is Black: 2.5%

amount
0.025  31 000 000  775 000
1 209 000  775 000  434 000
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35. Strategy To find the average number of

people of Chinese racial origin in a
random sample of 500 000 people
who lived in Canada:
population that is of Chinese
racial origin.
equation.
Solution Percent that is of Chinese racial
origin: 3.9%
0.039  500 000  19 500
There would be an average of

19 500 people of Chinese racial
origin.
Critical Thinking
36a. Students can supply examples of pictographs
with their explanations. They can use the
reference section at the library to find copies
of USA Today or some other source for
pictographs; it might be necessary to
photocopy any examples to include with their
explanations.
Students may state that pictographs are more

dramatic or visually appealing than some other
type of graph. Presenting data in the form of a
pictograph gives an overall picture of the
relationship of each category to the whole and
illustrates the relationship between categories.
b. A disadvantage is that the pictograph usually

sacrifices some degree of accuracy.
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37. Answers will vary. For example: The Objective A Exercises

couple’s largest single expense was rent. 3. Strategy To find the length of the longest
Food represents approximately one-quarter zipline, read the bar graph to
of the month’s expenditures. determine which bar is the

tallest.
Rent represents approximately one-third of
Solution The longest zipline is 2000
the month’s expenditures.
metres long.
The expenditure for food is approximately 4. Strategy To determine which zipline has a
the same as the expenditures for length of 1000 metres, read the
entertainment and transportation. bar graph to locate the bar
The couple spent more for transportation representing this length.
than for entertainment. Solution The zipline in Kapohokine,
Hawaii, has a length of
Projects or Group Activities 1000 metres.
38. 4(500 000)  3(500 000)  500 000 cars 5. Strategy To find the difference in lengths:
• Read the bar graph to
 3  1 
39.  1  (500 000)  1  (500 000) determine the lengths of the
 4  4 
1 Pronutro and Kapohokine

 (500 000)
2 ziplines.
 250 000 cars
• Subtract to find the difference.
 1  1 Solution Pronutro zipline: 2000 metres

40. 5 (500000)  4 (500000)
   
 4  2  Kapohokine zipline: 1000 metres
3 2000 – 1000 = 1000
 (500000)
4
The difference in the lengths is
 375000
1000 metres.
 1
n  4 (500000)  375000 6. The bar representing world population in 2030
 
 2  2. The value of the data decreased from the first point
n  2250000  375000
to the second point and then increased from the
n  375000  2250000
second point to the third point.
n  0.167  16.7%
Section 7.2
Concept Check
1. The data value associated with that bar
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is taller than 8 billion, so the

estimated population in 2030 is
more than 8 billion people.
7. Strategy To determine in which

year the world population
was approximately 6
billion people, read the
bar graph to locate the bar
representing this value.
Solution The world population
was approximately 6
billion people in 2000.
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8. Strategy To find the change in world Solution The highest maximum salary of
population: the police constable is in
• Read the bar graph to Vancouver and Edmonton.
determine the population in 11. Strategy To find which the greatest
1990 and 2010. difference between the
• Subtract to find the difference. maximum salary:
Solution 1990 population: 5.2 billion • Read the double-bar graph to
people find the highest and the lowest
2010 population: 6.8 billion maximum salaries in a city or
people a region.
6.8 – 5.2 = 1.6 • Subtract the lowest maximum
The change in world population salary from the highest
between 1990 and 2010 was maximum salary.
about 1.6 billion people. Solution Vancouver and Edmonton have
9. Strategy To estimate the difference the highest maximum salaries
between the maximum salaries and Montréal has the lowest
of York Region and the city of maximum salary.
Montréal. 99 000 – 77 000 = 22 000
• Read the double-bar graph to The greatest difference in
determine the maximum salaries is between Vancouver
salaries for police constables and Montréal and between
in York Region and the city of Edmonton and Montréal.
Montréal. 12. (iii)

• Subtract to find the difference
13. (i)
between the two salaries.
Solution York Region: 94 000
City of Montreal:  77 000
14. Strategy To find the amount of snowfall
17 000
during February, read the
The maximum salary of police maximum salary of any
constables in York Region is police constable in a city
$17 000 higher than the maximum or a region.
salary of police constables in the
city of Montréal.
10. Strategy Read the double-bar graph to

determine if the highest
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broken-line graph for February.

Solution The amount of snowfall during
February was 14.2 centimetres.
15. Strategy To find the month in which the
snowfall amount was greatest, read
the graph and select the month
beneath the highest point.
Solution The month with the greatest
snowfall amount was January.
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16. Strategy To find the total snowfall during 20. Strategy To find the difference:
March and April: • Read the broken-line graph to
• Read the broken-line graph to find the estimated capacity for
find the snowfall amounts for 2007 and for 2011.
March and April. • Subtract to find the difference.
• Add the two amounts. Solution 2011: 10 100 000 megawatt-
Solution March 15.8 hours
April +10.1 2007: 3 000 000 megawatt-hours
25.9 10 100 000 – 3 000 000 =
The snowfall during March and 7 100 000
April was 25.9 centimetres. The difference is 7 100 000
17. Strategy To find the ratio: megawatt-hours of wind power.
• Read the broken-line graph to 21. Strategy To find the difference:

find the amount of snowfall in • Read the broken-line graph to
November and December. find the number of Calories
• Write the ratio of the amount recommended for men and the
in November to the amount in number recommended for
December. women 19–22 years of age.
21.4 • Subtract the number
Solution The ratio is or 21.4:19.8.

19.8 recommended for women
18. Strategy To find the annual amount of from the number

turbine generation, read the recommended for men.
graph for 2006. Solution For men: 2900
Solution The annual amount of turbine For women: 2100
generation in 2006 is estimated 800
to be 2 500 000 megawatt-hours The difference is 800 Calories.
of wind power. 22. Strategy To find what age and gender has
19. Strategy To find the least increase the lowest number of
between consecutive years: recommended Calories, read the
• Find the least increase in double broken-line graph and
turbine generation between select the age and gender
consecutive years in the graph. beneath the lowest point.
Solution Between 2006 and 2007 the Solution The age and gender that has the
graph increases the least. lowest number of recommended
Calories is for women age 75+.
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23. Strategy To find the ratio: 27. The wind power capacity of Québec
• Read the double broken-line exceeded that of Ontario in 2005, 2006,
graph to find the number of and 2007.
Calories recommended for
women 15–18 years old and Projects or Group Activities
the number recommended for 28.
women 51–74 years old.
• Write in simplest form the
ratio of the number of Calories
recommended for women 15–
18 years old to the number
recommended for women 51–
74 years old.
Solution Women 15–18 years old: 2100
Women 51–74 years old: 1800
2100 7

1800 6
7 Section 7.3
The ratio is .
6
Concept Check
24. True
1. A range of data values
25. True
2. The number of occurrences of data in a class
interval
Critical Thinking
26. Objective A Exercises
3. Strategy Read the histogram to find the
Year Québec Ontario
(megawatt- (megawatt- number of account balances
hours) hours)
between $1500 and $2000.
2005 450 000 10 000
Solution 13 account balances were
2006 450 000 1 000 000 between $1500 and $2000.
2007 600 000 500 000 4. Strategy Read the histogram to find the
number of account balances less
2008 550 000 1 000 000
than $2000.
2009 1 300 000 2 100 000 Solution 32 account balances were less
2010 1 500 000 3 000 000 than $2000.

5. Strategy To find the percent:
2011 1 000 000 3 000 000
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• Read the histogram to find the

number of account balances
between $2000 and $2500.
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• Solve the basic percent Solution 6 to 9 years: 220 cars

equation for percent. The base 9 to 12 years: +190cars
is 50 and the amount is the 410 cars
number of account balances There are 410 cars between 6
between $2000 and $2500. and 12 years old.
Solution Number of account balances 8. Strategy To find the ratio:

between $2000 and $2500: 11 • Read the histogram to find the
Percent  base  amount number of cars between 12
n  50  11 and 15 years old.
n  11  50
• Write in simplest form the ratio
n  0.22
of the number of cars between
The percent is 22%.
12 and 15 years old and the
6. Strategy To find the percent: total number of cars (1000).
• Read the histogram to find the Solution Number of cars between 12 and
number of account balances 15 years old: 90
greater than $1500. Add the
90 9

value in each class interval 9 years old and the number
greater than $1500. between 9 and 12 years old.
• Solve the basic percent • Add the two numbers.
equation for percent. The base
is 50 and the amount is the
number of account balances
greater than $1500.
Solution Number of account balances
greater than $1500:
13 + 11 + 7 = 31
n  50  31
n  31 50
n  0.62
The percent is 62%.
7. Strategy To find the number of cars

between 6 and 12 years old:
number of cars between 6 and
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1000 100
9
The ratio is .
1
0
0
9. Strategy To find the number of cars

more than 12 years old:
• Read the histogram to find
the number of cars 12 to
15 years old and the
number 15 to
18 years
old.
• Add the two numbers.
Solution 12 to 15 years: 90
cars
15 to 18 years: +140cars
230 cars
230 cars are more than
12 years old.

• Read the histogram to
find the number of cars 0
to 3 years old, the
number 3 to 6 years old,
and the number 6 to
9 years
old.
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• Add the three numbers. Difference:

30
is the total number of cars sold
and the amount is the number
of cars less than 9 years old.
Solution 0 to 3 years: 170 cars
3 to 6 years: 190 cars
6 to 9 years: +220cars
580 cars
n  1000  580
n  580  1000
n  0.58
58% of the cars are less than
9 years old.
11. Strategy To find the consecutive class

intervals with the greatest
difference in class frequency:
• Find the difference in the class
frequency between
consecutive intervals.
• Compare the results.
Solution Number of cars between 0 and
3 years old: 170
Number of cars between 3 and
6 years old: 190
Difference: 20
6 years old: 190
9 years old: 220
Difference: 30
9 years old: 220
12 years old: 190
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12 years old: 190
15 years old: 90
Difference: 100
15 years old: 90
18 years old: 140
Difference: 50
The greatest difference is
between the class intervals
9–12 and 12–15.
12. Strategy To find the number of adults

who spend between 1 and
2 hours at the mall per trip, read the
histogram.
Solution 54 adults spend between 1 and
2 hours at the mall per trip.
13. Strategy To find the number of adults
who spend between 3 and
4 hours at the mall per trip, read the
histogram.
Solution 18 adults spend between 3 and
4 hours at the mall per trip.
number of adults who spend less
than 1 hour at the mall per trip.
• Solve the basic percent equation
for percent. The base is 100 and
the amount is the number of adults
who spend less than one hour at
the mall per trip.
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Solution Number of adults who spend less Solution There were 44 people who
then 1 hour at the mall: 22 purchased between 0 and
Percent × base  amount 10 tickets.
n × 100  22 19. Strategy To find the percent:
n  22  100 • Read the frequency polygon to
n  0.22
find how many people
The percent is 22%.
purchased between 20 and
30 tickets.
15. Strategy To find the number of runners,
find the sum of all the runners
who had finishing times between
number of people who
2 1/2 hours and 6 hours.
purchased between 20 and
Solution 1500
30 tickets.
6000
8500 Solution Between 20 and 30 tickets: 8
4500 Percent × base  amount
2000 n × 74  8
1000 n  8 ÷ 74
 500 n  0.108
24000 The percent is 10.8%.
There were 24 000 finishers. 20. No, a frequency polygon shows only the
16. Strategy To find the number of number of occurrences in a class. It does not
marathoners, find the sum of all show the number of occurrences for any
finishers with times of more than particular value.
4 hours. 21. Strategy To find the number of students
Solution 4500 who scored between 1200 and
2000
1400 on the exam, read the
1000
frequency polygon.
 500
Solution 170 000 students scored between
8000
1200 and 1400.
8000 marathoners finished with
a time of more than 4 hours.
• Read the frequency polygon to
17. Yes find the number of students
18. Strategy To find the number of people that scored between 800 and
who purchased 0 and 10 tickets, 1000.
read the frequency polygon.
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Projects or Group Activities
25.
is 1 080 000 and the amount is
the number of students scoring
between 800 and 1000.
Solution Number of students scoring
between 800 and 1000: 350 000
n × 1080000  350000
350000
n
1080000
n  0.324
The percent is 32.4%. Check Your Progress: Chapter 7
23. Strategy To find the number of students: 1a. 45 people preferred pepperoni.
b. Strategy To find the number of people:
find the number of students
• Read the pictograph to find the
who scored between 400 and
number of people who named
600, between 600 and 800,
cheese blend and the number
and between 800 and 1 000.
of people who named
• Add the three numbers.
pineapple.
Solution
• Subtract the numbers.
Between 400 and 600: 30000
Solution Cheese blend: 65 responses
Between 600 and 800: 150000
Between 800 and 1000: +350000 Pineapple: 25 responses
530000 65 – 25 = 40
530 000 students scored below 1000. 40 more people named cheese
blend.
Critical Thinking c. People named pineapple the least.
24. A bar graph represents categorical data,
2a. Chocolate
whereas a histogram breaks the range of b. Strategy To find the number of people
values of a set of data into intervals of equal who preferred mint chocolate
width and displays the number of values that chip:
fall into each interval. • Read the circle graph to find
the percent of people who
named mint chocolate chip as
their favourite flavour.
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Solution 0.151200  n The population of Québec is

180  n more than twice the population
180 people preferred mint of Saskatchewan.
chocolate chip.
b. Strategy To determine whether the
c. Strategy To find how many more people population of Manitoba plus the
chose cookie dough than chose population of Alberta is more or
mint chocolate chip: less than population of Ontario:
• Read the circle graph to find • Read the bar graph to
the percent of people who determine the populations of
named cookie dough as their each province.
favourite flavour. • Add the populations of
• Solve the basic percent Manitoba and Alberta.
equation for amount. • Compare the result to the
• Use the result from part b and population of Ontario.
subtract to find the difference. Solution Manitoba: 1.3 million people
Solution 0.20 1200  n Alberta: 4 million people
240  n Ontario: 14 million people
240 – 180 = 60 1.3 + 4 = 5.3 million
60 more people chose cookie 5.1 million < 14 million
dough. The population of Manitoba plus
3a. Strategy To determine whether the the population of Alberta is less
population of Québec is more or than the population of Ontario.
less than twice the population of c. Strategy To find the sum of the
Saskatchewan: populations of the three most-
• Read the bar graph to populated provinces or
determine the populations of territories:
Québec and Saskatchewan. • Read the bar graph to
• Multiply the population of determine the three largest
Saskatchewan by 2. populations.
• Compare the result to the • Add up these three
population of Québec. populations.
Solution Québec: 8 million people Solution Ontario: 14 million people
Saskatchewan: 1.1 million people Québec: 8 million people
1.1 2 2.2 BC: 4 million people
8 > 2.2 million 14 million + 8 million +
4 million = 26 million
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4a. Ireland Solution Between 2006 and 2007:

b. Aruba 600 – 400 = 200
c. Strategy To find the difference: Between 2007 and 2008:
• Read the double-bar graph to 850 – 600 = 250
determine the amounts for Between 2008 and 2009:
coffee and tea consumption in 1000 – 850 = 150
Japan. Between 2009 and 2010:
• Subtract the values. 1200 – 1000 = 200
Solution Coffee: 3400 ml Between 2010 and 2011:
Tea: 1000 ml 1650 – 1200 = 450
2400 – 1000 = 2400 The least increase is between
The difference is 2400 2008 and 2009.
millilitres. c. Strategy To find the greatest increase
d. Strategy To determine how many times between consecutive years:
more coffee than tea is • Find the difference in price
consumed per person in the between consecutive years.
United States: • Find the greatest difference.
• Read the double-bar graph to Solution Between 2006 and 2007:
determine the amounts for 600 – 400 = 200
coffee and tea consumption in Between 2007 and 2008:
the United States. 850 – 600 = 250
• Divide the value for coffee by Between 2008 and 2009:

1000 – 850 = 150
the value for tea.
Between 2009 and 2010:
Solution Coffee: 4200 ml
1200 – 1000 = 200
Tea: 280 ml
Between 2010 and 2011:
4200  280  15 ml
1650 – 1200 = 450
In the United States, 15 times
The greatest increase is between
more coffee than tea is
2010 and 2011.
consumed per person.
6a. Yes, in 2001 and 2007.
5a. $600
b. The year in which the price difference for a
b. Strategy To find the least increase
litre of gasoline is the largest is 2013.
between consecutive years:
123.1 – 97.8 = 25.3 cents
• Find the difference in price
between consecutive years. c. 2005 and 2006
• Find the least difference.
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7a. 14 students waited less than 10 minutes. • Read the values for the
number of golfers who had an
b. Strategy To find number of students who
average driving distance of
sought medical attention during
between 300 and 305 yards
that week:
and the number of golfers who
• Read the values for each time
had an average driving
period from the histogram.
distance of 305 and more
• Add the values.
yards.
Solution 14 + 26 + 28 + 32 + 24 + 18 +
12 + 6 = 160 • Add the values.
160 students sought medical Solution 15 + 7 = 22

22 professional golfers had an
attention.
average driving distance of over
c. Strategy To determine the percent of
300 yards.
students who waited 70 or more
c. Strategy To determine the percent of
minutes:
golfers who had an average
• Read the values for 70 or more
distance of between 290 and
minutes from the histogram.
300 yards:
• Use the total found in part b
• Read the values for the
and solve the basic percent
number of golfers who had an
equation for percent.
average driving distance of

Solution n 160  6
n  6 160 between 290 and 295 yards
n  0.0375 and the number of golfers who
3.75% of students waited 70 or had an average driving
more minutes. distance of between 295 and
300 yards.
d. 30–40
• Add the values.
8a. 32 professional golfers had an average • Find the total number of
driving distance of between 285 and golfers accounted for in the
290 yards. frequency polygon.
b. Strategy To find number of golfers with • Solve the basic percent
an average driving distance of equation for percent.
over 300 yards:
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Solution Between 290 and 300 yards: c. 75%

39 + 46 = 85
d. 25%
All golfers: 15 + 31 + 32 + 39 +
46 + 15 + 7 = 185 e. 50%
n  185  85
n  85  185 Objective A Exercises
n  0.459 5. Strategy To find the mean value of the
45.9% of the professional golfers number of seats occupied:
had an average driving distance • Find the sum of the number of
of between 290 and 300 yards. seats occupied.
• Divide the sum by the number
Section 7.4 of flights (16).
381.5625
Concept Check Solution 302 16 6 105
1. The mode must be a value in the data because 422
389
it is the number that occurs most often in a set
412
of data. 401
2a. Q1 is the number that one-quarter of the data 352
lie below. 367
319
b. Q3 is the number that one-quarter of the data 410
lie above. 391
330
c. x is the symbol for the mean of a set of data.
408
3a. Median 399
387
b. Mean
411
c. Mode +398
6 105
d. Median
The mean of the number of seats
e. Mode filled is 381.5625 seats.
f. Mean Strategy To find the median value of the
g. Weighted mean number of seats occupied,

arrange the numbers in order
4a. 25%
from smallest to largest. The
b. 50%
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median is the mean of the two middle

numbers.
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Solution Solution
309 15
319 
12
20
330 20

352 7 numbers 19
367  17
 19
387 22 12 228
 24
389 
17
391  20
 Middle numbers
398  15
399 +27
401 
228
 The mean value of the monthly

408
 sales is 19 TVs.
410 7 numbers
411 
 Strategy To find the median value of the
412
 monthly television sales, arrange
422 
the sales in order from smallest
391398
 394.5 to largest. The median is the
2
The median of the number of mean of the two middle
seats filled is 394.5 seats. numbers.
Solution
Strategy To find the mode, look at the
12

number of seats occupied and 15 

locate the number that occurs 15 5 numbers
17 
most frequently. 
17 
Solution Since each number occurs only
19 
once, there is no mode.  middle numbers
20 
6. Strategy To find the mean value of the
20

monthly television sales: 20 

• Find the sum of the monthly 22 5 numbers
24 
sales. 
27 
19  20
of months (12).
 19.5
2
The median of the monthly sales
is 19.5 TVs.
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Strategy To find the mode, look at the • Find the sum of the times.
monthly sales record and • Divide the sum by the number
identify the number that occurs of times (10).
most frequently. Solution
Solution The mode is 20 TVs as that is 10.45
the number that occurs most 10.23
10.57
frequently.
11.01
7. Strategy To find the mean cost:
10.26
• Find the sum of the costs. 10.61
10.90 10 106.10
• Divide the total costs by the 10.74
number of purchases (8). 10.64
Solution 10.52
85.89 +10.78
92.12 106.10
81.43 The mean time is 10.61 seconds.

80.67 85.615 Strategy To find the median time, arrange
88.73 8 684.920
the times in order from smallest
82.45
87.81 to largest. The median is the
+85.82 mean of the two middle
684.92 numbers.
8. T Strategy To
The mean cost is $85.615. find the
h mean time:
e
Strategy To find the median cost, arrange m
the costs in order from smallest to e
d
largest. The median is the mean
i
of the two middle numbers. a
n
Solution c
80.67 o
 s
81.433 numbers
 t
82.45 i
85.82  s
 middle numbers $
85.89 
8
87.81 5

88.73 3 numbers .

92.12 8
5
85.8285.89 5
 85.855
2
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Solution
10.23
10.26  
4
n
u
m
b
e
r
s 
 10.45 
10.52
10.57 

10.64
middle 
numbers
10.74
10.78  

4
n
u
m
b
e
r
s
10.90 
11.01
10.57
 10.64

10.605
2
The
median
time is
10.605
seconds.
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9. Strategy To find the mean monthly rate: 10. Strategy To find the mean hard drive
• Find the sum of the monthly speed:
rates. • Find the sum of the hard drive
• Divide the sum by the number speeds.
of plans (8). • Divide the sums by the
Solution number of speeds.
423 Solution
390 5
405 4.5
396 4
403.625 4.5
426 8 3229.000
5
355 5.5 4.727
404 6 11 52.000
+430 5.5
3
3229
4.5
The mean monthly rate is +4.5
$403.625. 52
The mean is 4.7 milliseconds.
Strategy To find the median monthly rate,
Strategy To find the median hard-drive
write the rates in order from
speed, write the speeds in order
smallest to largest. The median
from smallest to largest. The
is the mean of the two middle
median is the middle number.
terms.
Solution 3 
4 
355 
 4.5 5 numbers
3903 numbers
 4.5
396 
4.5
404 
 middle numbers Solution 4.5 middle number
405 
5 

5 
423

4263 numbers 
 5.5 5 numbers
430
5.5
404405 
 404.50
6
2
The median monthly rate is The median is 4.5 milliseconds.
$404.50.
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11. Strategy To find the mean life 12. Strategy To find the mean length of years
expectancy: for a prime minister of Canada:
• Find the sum of the years. • Find the sum of the years
• Divide the sum by the number served.
of countries (10). • Divide the sum by the number
Solution of prime ministers (18).
73.5 Solution
79.1 1
79.3 10
75.6 2
1
71.2 75.03 15
76.1 10 750.30 19
74.0 9
70.1 9
15
77 7.77
21 18 140.00
74.4 5
750.3 1
6
The mean life expectancy is 8
75.03 years. 9
2
Strategy To find the median life 2
expectancy, write the years in +5
140
order from lowest to highest.
The mean number of years of
The median is the mean of the
service is 7.8 years.
two middle numbers.
Strategy To find the median length of
Solution
years for the prime minister of
70.1
71.2 Canada, write the years in order
 4 numbers
73.5  from smallest to largest. The
74.0 median is the middle number.
74.4 
 middle numbers
75.6 
76.1

77 
4 numbers
79.1
79.3
74.475.6
 75
2
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The median life expectancy is 75 years.
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Solution 87.3 88  92
6 524.0  90
1  2
1  You would prefer that the

1  instructor use the higher median

2 
 8 numbers score 90.
2 
2  14a. Strategy To find the mean annual

5  expenditures:
5 
• Find the sum of the
6 
 middle numbers expenditures.
8 
9 
9   of years (11).
9  Solution

10  61.0
 8 numbers
15  66.3
15 
 69.8
19  71.5
21 73.1
74.1 76.57
68 14 11 842.30
 7 74.7
2 2 78.7
The median number of years of 84.1
service is 7 years. 90.4
+98.6
13. Strategy To determine which average you
842.3
would prefer:
The mean annual defence
• Find the mean of the test
expenditures is $76.6 billion.
scores.
• Find the median of the test b. Strategy To find the median healthcare
scores. expenditure, write the
• Choose the higher score. expenditures in order from
Solution Mean Median smallest to largest. The median
78 77 is the middle number.

 2 numbers
92 78
95 88 
77  middle numbers
92 
94
+88 94 
 2 numbers
524 95 
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Solution Solution
61.0  72  3  80 4  76  5  68 3

66.3  15.0

69.8 5 numbers  74.7
71.5 
 The weighted GPA is 75.
73.1 
74.1middle numbers 17. It is 5 more than the mean of the original set.
74.7

78.7  Objective B Exercises

84.1 5 numbers
90.4 
18a–e. Strategy Read the youngest age, the

98.6  oldest age, the first quartile, the
third quartile, the median
The median is $74.1 billion.
directly from the box-and-
c. If the year 1990 were eliminated from the whiskers plot.
data, the mean would increase and the a. Solution The youngest age is 40.0 years.
median would increase, because the b. Solution The oldest age is 74.8 years.
expenditures for 1990 are the lowest in the c. Solution Q1 = 47.0 years
set of data. d. Solution Q3 = 65.4 years
e. Solution Median = 54.9 years
15. Strategy To find the weighted mean,
f. Strategy Find the range by subtracting the
multiply each test score by the
youngest from the oldest.
contributing value and then find
Solution Range: 74.8 – 40.0 = 34.8 years
the sum.
g. Strategy Interquartile range =
Solution (90  0.30)   78  0.30  
Q3 – Q1
 95  0.30    81 0.1  87 Solution Interquartile range =
Dean’s final geography mark 65.3 – 47.0 = 18.3 years
is 87. 19. Strategy • Read the lowest value, the
• Divide the sum of the

16. Strategy To find the weighted GPA:
• Multiply the mark for each weighted marks by the
course by the credit value for total credit value (15).
the course, and then find

the sum.
• Calculate the total credit
value.
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highest value, the first quartile, the

third quartile, the median directly
from the box-and- whiskers plot.
• Find the range by subtracting the
lowest from the highest.
• Interquartile range = Q3 – Q1.
a. Solution Lowest is $63 930.
b. Solution Highest is $105 560.
c. Solution Q1 = $66 500
d. Solution Q3 = $77 300
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e. Solution Median = $68 710 21a. Strategy To find the number of adults
f. Solution Range: 105 560 – 63 930 = who had a cholesterol level
$41 630 above 217, the median, solve the
Interquartile range: basic percent equation for the
77 300 – 66 500 = $10 800 amount, where the base is 80 and
20a. Strategy To find the number of students the percent is 50%.
who scored over 88, the third Solution Percent × base  amount
quartile, solve the basic percent 0.50 × 80  40
equation for the amount, where There were 40 adults who had
the base is 200 and the percent cholesterol levels above 217.
is 25%. b. Strategy To find the number of adults

Solution Percent × base = amount who had a cholesterol level
0.25 × 200 = 50 below 254, the third quartile,
There were 50 students who solve the basic percent equation
scored over 88. for the amount, where the base is
b. Strategy To find the number of students 80 and the percent is 75%.
who scored below 72, the median, Solution Percent × base  amount
solve the basic percent equation 0.75 × 80  60
for the amount, where the base is There were 60 adults who had
200 and the percent is 50%. cholesterol levels below 254.
Solution Percent × base = amount c. Strategy To find the number of

0.50 × 200 = 100 cholesterol levels represented in
There were 100 students who each quartile, solve the basic
scored below 72. percent equation for the amount,
c. Strategy To find the number of scores where the base is 80 and the
represented in each quartile, percent is 25%.
solve the basic percent equation Solution Percent × base  amount

0.25 × 80  20
for the amount, where the base is
200 and the percent is 25%. There are 20 cholesterol levels in
Percent × base = amount each quartile.

Solution
0.25 × 200 = 50 d. The first quartile is at 198. So 25% of the
There are 50 scores in each adults had cholesterol levels not more
quartile. than 198.
d. The first quartile is at 54. There are 25% of 22a. Strategy • Arrange the data from smallest
the scores below the first quartile. So 75% to largest.
of the scores were above the first quartile.
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• Find the range.
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• Find Q1, the median of the 0.81  1.26

b. Median   1.035
lower half of the data. 2
• Find Q3, the median of the
upper half of the data.
Solution c. 6.05
7 7 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 10
24a. Strategy To determine whether the
11 11 11 12 12 12 12 14 15
difference in means is greater
Range: 15 – 7 = 8 litres per 100 km
than 10 centimetres:
Q1 = 8 litres per 100 km
• Find the sum of the rainfall in
Q3 = 12 litres per 100 km
Edmonton.
Interquartile range  Q3  Q1
 12  8
 4 litres per 100 km of months (12) to find the
mean.
b. Median = 10
Vancouver.
c. Yes, 11 is between Q1 and Q3. of months (12) to find the
23a. Strategy • Arrange the data from smallest mean.
to largest. Solution Edmonton Vancouver

22 25
• Find the range.
9 19
• Find Q1, the median of the 26 18
lower half of the data. 36 25
57 47
• Find Q3, the median of the 88 92
upper half of the data. 66 105
53 63
45 43
Solution 0.45 0.47 0.59 0.64 0.81 17 21
1.26 1.34 1.52 5.01 6.05 23 21

+13 +26
Range: 6.05 – 0.45 = 5.6 455 505
emissions 37.9 42.0
Q1 = 0.59 emissions 12 455.0 12 505.0
Q3 = 1.52 emissions 42 – 38 = 4
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Interquartile range  Q 3  Q1 No, the difference in the

 1.52  0.59 means is not greater than
 0.93 emissions
10 centimetres.
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b. Strategy To find the median the For Vancouver,
difference in the medians, write 21  21

Q1 =  21,
the rainfall in order from lowest 2
47  63
to highest. The median is the Q3 =  55
2
mean of the two middle
numbers. Find the difference
between the Edmonton median
and Vancouver median.
Solution
Edmonton Vancouver d. Answers will vary. For example, Edmonton

9  18  has months that average less rainfall than
 
13  19  any month in Vancouver, and Vancouver
 
17 5 numbers 21 5 numbers
22  21 
has months that average more rainfall than
 
23  25  any month in Edmonton. The range of the
26  25  Vancouver data is wider than the range of
 middle  middle
36  26  the Edmonton data.
45 43 
  25a. Strategy To determine whether the
57  47 
  difference in means is greater
57 5 numbers 63 5 numbers
66  92  than 10 centimetres:
 
88  105  • Find the sum of the rainfall in
26  36 Windsor, Ontario.
 31
For Edmonton, 2 • Divide the sum by the number
25  26 of months (12) to find the
 25.5
For Vancouver, 2 mean.
31 – 25.5 = 5.5
Ottawa, Ontario.
The difference in medians is 5.5 centimetres. • Divide the sum by the number
of months (12) to find the
c. Strategy To draw the box-and-whiskers
mean.
plot:
• Find the difference in the
• Find Q1 and Q3 in Edmonton.
means.
• Find Q1 and Q3 in Vancouver.
Solution For Edmonton,
17  22
Q1 =
Q3 =
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 19.5,
2
57  57
 57
2
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79.8 Solution
Solution Windsor: 100 12 958.0
58 Windsor Ottawa
62 58 52
82 62  64 
 
81 68 5 numbers 65 5 numbers
94 78  68 
 
78 79 74
79 81  77 
 middle  middle
83 82  79 
68 83  81
83 83  87 
 
+90 90 5 numbers 88 5 numbers
94  89 
958  
100 91
Ottawa:
76.2
64 8182
12 915.0 For Windsor,  81.5
52 2
65 77  79
68 For Ottawa,  78
2
81 81.5  78  3.5
91
The difference in medians is
89
3.5 centimetres.
88
87 c. Strategy To draw box-and-whiskers:
79 • Find Q1 and Q3 in Windsor.
77 • Find Q1 and Q3 in Ottawa.
7 4
Solution For Windsor,
915
68  78
80 – 76 = 4 Q1   73,
2
8390
No, the difference in the means Q3   86.5
2
is not greater than
For Ottawa,
10 centimetres. 6568
The mean rs. Find the

b. Strategy To find the difference between med of the difference between
the medians, write the rainfall in ian two the Windsor median
order from lowest to highest. is middle and Ottawa median.
the numbe
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Q1  
2 66.5  
87 88
Q 3  ,
2

87.5
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d. Answers will vary. For example, the c. (i) 34 scores

distribution of the data is relatively similar 1
(ii) 34  (4)  34  2  36
for the two cities. The average monthly 2
10 100%
rainfall in Ottawa is less than the average (iii)  20%, or 20th percentile
50
monthly rainfall in Windsor.
26. (iv)
27. Answers will vary. For example, 55, 55, 55,

55, 55, or 50, 55, 55, 55, 60.
28. Even though they had the same number of

test scores, Denzil’s final grade is higher
than Jack’s because his grade has a larger
weight for his final exam.
Critical Thinking
29. The box does represent 50% of the data, but
it provides a picture of the spread of the data.
The box is not one-half the entire length of
the box-and-whiskers plot because there is a
greater spread of data in the interquartile
range than in the first quarter or fourth
quarter of the data.
30. Answers will vary. For example, 20, 21, 22,

24, 26, 27, 29, 31, 31, 32, 32, 33, 33, 36, 37,
37, 39, 40, 41, 43, 45, 46, 50, 54, 57.

31a. 50, 55, 58, 61, 61, 61, 61, 62, 65, 66, 66, 67,
70, 70, 71, 71, 71, 72, 73, 73, 73, 74, 74, 74,
74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 79, 80, 80, 80, 81, 81,
81, 81, 83, 83, 83, 84, 84, 85, 86, 90, 90, 93,
93, 99
b. (i) 9 scores
1
(ii) 9  (2)  9  1  10
2
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36 100% favourable outcomes.

(iii)  72%, or 72nd percentile
5 • Use the probability formula.
0
Section 7.5
Concept Check
1. {3, 6, 9}
2. 0 to 1
Objective A Exercises
3. The possible outcomes of tossing a coin
four times: {(HHHH), (HHHT), (HHTT),
(HHTH), (HTTT), (HTHH), (HTTH),
(HTHT), (TTTT), (TTTH), (TTHH),
(THHH), (TTHT),
(THHT), (THTT), (THTH)}
4. The possible outcomes of having three

colours: RGB, RBG, GRB, GBR, BRG,
BGR
5. The possible outcomes of tossing two

tetrahedral dice: {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1,
4), (2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3), (2, 4), (3, 1), (3,
2), (3, 3), (3, 4), (4, 1), (4, 2), (4, 3), (4,
4)}
6. The possible outcomes of tossing a coin

and then a die: {(H, 1), (H, 2), (H, 3),
(H, 4), (H,
5), (H, 6), (T, 1), (T, 2), (T, 3), (T, 4),
(T, 5), (T, 6)}
7. The sample space is {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}.

8a. Strategy To calculate the probability:
• Count the number of
possible outcomes. Refer
to Exercise 3.
• Count the
number of
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Solution There are 16 possible outcomes. b. Strategy To calculate the probability:

There is 1 favourable outcome: • Count the number of possible
HHTT. outcomes. See the table on
1 p. 328.
Probability 
16 • Count the number of
1
The probability of HHTT is . favourable outcomes.
16
• Use the probability formula.
b. Strategy To calculate the probability:
Solution There are 36 possible outcomes.
• Count the number of possible
There are 0 favourable
outcomes. Refer to Exercise 3.
outcomes.
0
favourable outcomes. Probability = =0
36
• Use the probability formula. The probability that the sum
Solution There are 16 possible outcomes. is 15 is 0.
c. Strategy To calculate the probability:
outcomes:
HHTT, HTTH, TTHH, HTHT,
outcomes. See the table on
THTH, THHT.
p. 328.
6 3
Probability =  • Count the number of
16 8
The probability of two heads and favourable outcomes.

two tails is .
8 Solution There are 36 possible outcomes.
outcomes.
outcomes. See the table on 36
Probability = =1
36
p. 328.
The probability that the sum is
• Count the number of less than 15 is 1.
favourable outcomes.
outcomes.
There are 4 favourable outcomes:
(1, 4), (4, 1), (2, 3), (3, 2).
4 1
Probability = = • Use the probability formula.
36 9
The probability that the sum Solution A dodecahedral die has 12 sides.
1 There is 1 favourable
is 5 is .
9 outcome: 11.
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1 • Count the number of

Probability 
12 favourable outcomes.
The probability that the number • Use the probability formula.
is 11 is .
12
b. Strategy To calculate the probability: outcomes: (1, 3), (3, 1), (2, 2).
• Count the number of possible 3
Probability 
outcomes. 16
3
• Count the number of The probability is that the
16
sum of the dots on the two dice
is 4.
Solution A dodecahedral die has 12 sides.
There are 4 favourable b. Strategy To calculate the probability:
outcomes: 3, 6, 9, 12. • Count the number of possible

4 1
Probability = = • Count the number of
12 3
The probability that the number favourable outcomes.

is a multiple of 3 is .
c. Strategy To calculate the probability:
outcomes: (2, 4), (4, 2), (3, 3).
3
outcomes. Probability 
16
• Count the number of 3

The probability is that the
favourable outcomes. 16

Solution A dodecahedral die has 12 sides.
outcomes: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11.
5
Probability =
12
The probability that the number
5
is a prime number is .
12
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sum of the dots on the two

dice is 6.
12. Strategy To calculate the

probability:
possible outcomes. See
the table on
p.
32
8.
• Count the
number of
favourable
outcomes.
outcomes: (1, 1), (2, 2),
(3, 3), (4, 4), (5, 5), (6, 6).
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6 1 Solution There are 12 possible outcomes.

Probability = 
36 6 There are 3 favourable outcomes
The probability that numbers are of choosing a blue marble.
1 3 1
equal is . Probability = =
6 12 4
There are 5 favourable outcomes
13. Strategy To calculate the probability:
of choosing a red marble.
• Count the number of possible 5
Probability =
outcomes. See the table on 12
p. 328. 5 3
>
12 12
The probability of choosing a
favourable outcomes. red marble is greater.
• Compare the probabilities. 16. Strategy To calculate the probability:
Solution There are 36 possible outcomes. • Count the number of possible
For a sum of 10, there are outcomes.
3 favourable outcomes: (5, 5), • Count the number of
(4, 6), (6, 4). favourable outcomes.
Probability =
36 Solution There are 47 possible outcomes
For a sum of 5, there are
(4 + 8 + 22 + 10 + 3).
4 favourable outcomes:
(1, 4), (4, 1), (2, 3), (3, 2). There are 8 favourable
4 outcomes.
Probability =
36 8
Probability =
4 3 47
> 8
36 36 The probability is that
The probability of rolling 47
a sum of 5 is greater. the paper has a B grade.
14. (ii)
17. Strategy To calculate the empirical
probability, use the probability
formula and divide the number
outcomes.
of observations (37) by the total
number of observations (95).
37
• Use the probability formula. •
C
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ompare the probabilities. Solution Probability   0.39

95
The probability is 0.39 that a
person prefers a cash discount.
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18. Strategy To calculate the empirical 70 35

d. 
probability, use the probability 256 128
formula and divide the number 8 1

e. 7 tails means 1 head occurred; 
256 32
of observations (587) by the total
93
number of observations (725). f. 56 + 28 + 8 + 1 = 93;
256
587
Solution Probability =  0.81 g. 8 + 28 + 56 + 70 + 56 + 28 + 8 + 1 = 255;
725
The probability is 0.81 that an 255

employee participates in a group 256
health insurance plan through h. 1

work.
19. Strategy To calculate the probability: Chapter 7 Review Exercises

• Count the number of possible 1. Strategy To find the total monthly
outcomes. income:
• Count the number of • Read the circle graph to
favourable outcomes. determine the amounts of
• Use the probability formula. money spent.
Solution There are 377 (98 + 87 + 129 + • Add the amounts.
42 + 21) possible outcomes.
Solution Savings: $680
There are 185 (98 + 87) Housing: $2380
favourable outcomes. Transportation: $1020
185 Life: $1700
Probability 
377 Debt repayment: +$1020
$6800
185
377 The total monthly income for
b. 2 tails means 6 heads occurred; 28
customer rated the cable service
c. 1 + 8 + 28 + 56 + 70 + 56 + 28 + 8 + 1 =
satisfactory or excellent.
256
Critical Thinking
20. No, the numbers 1 through 5 are not equally
likely because the sizes of the sectors are
different.

21a. 56
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this family is $6800.
2. Strategy To find the percent, solve

the basic percent equation
for percent. The base is the
total monthly income
($6800) and the amount is
the amount spent on
savings ($680).
Solution Percent  base = amount
n  6800 = 6800
680
n=
6800
n = 0.1
10% is spent on savings.
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3. Strategy To find the ratio: Solution 1901 to 1921:

• Read the circle graph to find 4.5 – 4 = 0.5 million
the amount spent on housing 1921 to 1941:
and the amount spent on life. 5.5 – 4.5 = 1 million
• Write, in simplest form, the 1941 to 1961:
ratio of the amount spent on 13 – 5.5 = 7.5 million
housing to the amount spent 1961 to 1981:
on life. 17 – 13 = 4 million
1981 to 2001:
2380 119
Solution 
1700 85 23.5 – 17 = 6.5 million
119 The urban population increased
The ratio is .
85 the most from 1941 to 1961.
4. Rural had the larger population. 7. Strategy To find the number of games in
which the Knicks scored fewer
5. Strategy To find the difference in
than 100 points:
populations:
• Read the double broken-line
find the number of games in
graph to find the rural
which the Knicks scored 60–
population and the urban
70 points, 70–80 points, 80–
population in 2001.
90 points, and 90–100 points.
• Subtract the population of
• Add the four numbers.
urban from the population of
Solution 60  70 points: 1 game
rural.
70  80 points: 7 games
Solution Urban: 24
80  90 points: 15 games
Rural:  6
90 100 points: + 31 games
18
54
The urban population was There were 54 games in which
18 million people more than the the Knicks scored fewer than
rural population. 100 points.
6. Strategy To find which 20-year period the 8. Strategy To find the ratio:
urban population had the largest • Read the frequency polygon to
increase: find the number of games in
• Read the double-line graph to which the Knicks scored
find the population for each between 90 and 100 points and
20-year period. between 110 and 120 points.
• Subtract the two numbers.
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• Write in simplest form the 10. From the pictograph, Pearson airport had
ratio of the number of games 20 million more passengers than Calgary
in which the Knicks scored airport.
between 90 and 100 points to 11. Strategy To find the ratio:
the number of games in which • Read the pictograph to find the
they scored between 110 and number of passengers going
120 points. through Vancouver airport and
Solution 90 to 100 points: 31 games the number of passengers
110 to 120 points: 8 games
going through Pierre Elliott
31games 31
= Trudeau airport.
8 games 8
31 • Write in simplest form the
The ratio is .
8 ratio of the number of
9. Strategy To find the percent: passengers going through
• Read the frequency polygon to Vancouver airport to the
find the number of games in number of passengers going
which the Knicks scored through Pierre Elliott Trudeau
110 to 120 points and 120 to airport.
130 points. Solution Vancouver: 20 000 000
• Add the two numbers. Pierre Elliott Trudeau:
• Solve the basic percent 12 000 000
equation for percent. The base 20 000 000 4
= = 4:3
is 80 and the amount is the 12 000 000 3
number of games in which The ratio is 4 : 3 .
more than 110 points were
12. From the double-bar graph, the resort with
scored.
the largest size is Whistler and the resort
Solution 110 120 points: 8 games
with the smallest size is Banff.
120 130 points: + 1 game
9 games 13. From the double-bar graph, the resort with
the largest vertical drop is Blackcomb and
n × 80  9 the resort with the smallest vertical drop is
n  9 ÷ 80 Banff.
n  0.1125
14. Strategy To find the difference between
The percent is 11.3%.
the vertical drops:
vertical drop of Whistler and
Lake Louise.
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• Subtract the vertical drop of 4 1

Probability = =
Lake Louise from the vertical 16 4
drop of Whistler. The probability of one tail and
Solution Whistler: 1500 metres 1

three heads is .
Lake Louise: 900 metres 4
1500 – 900 metres = 600 metres 16. Strategy To find the number of people
The difference in vertical drops who slept 8 hours or more:
between Whistler and Lake • Read the histogram to find the
Louise is 600 metres. number of people who slept
Strategy To find the difference between 8 hours, 9 hours, or more than
resort sizes: 9 hours.

• Add the three numbers.
Solution Slept 8 hours: 12
resort size of Whistler and the
Slept 9 hours: 2
resort size of Lake Louise.
Slept more than 9 hours: + 1
• Subtract resort size of Lake
15
Louise from the resort size of
There were 15 people who slept
Whistler.
8 or more hours.
Solution Whistler: 4750 acres
Lake Louise: 4250 acres
4750 – 4250 = 500 acres
number of people who slept
The difference in resort size
7 hours.
between Whistler and Lake
Louise is 500 acres.
number of people who slept
outcomes.
7 hours.
Solution Slept 7 hours: 13
• Use the probability formula. n × 46  13
Solution There are 16 possible outcomes. n  13 ÷ 46
There are 4 favourable n  0.2826
outcomes: THHH, HHHT, The percent is 28.3%.
HHTH, HTHH.
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18a. Strategy To find the mean heart rates: Solution

• Find the sum of the heart rates. 73
78
• Divide the sum by the number 
80
of women (24). 
80 
Solution 81 
80 
82  11 numbers
82 84 

99 86
91 87 

93 91

87 91
103 93 
94  middle numbers
94 
73 94 
91.58  91.6
96
24 2198.00 
96 
86
80 216 96 

38 96 
97
24 97 
94 
99  11 numbers
108 140
100 
81 120 
100
103 
100 200
109 192 
108
91 8 
109
84 93+94
78 = 93.5
2
96 The median heart rate is
96
93.5 heartbeats per minute.
+100
2198 Strategy To find the mode, look at the
The mean heart rate is

heart rates and identify the
91.6 heartbeats per minute.
number that occurs most
Strategy To find the median heart rate: frequently.
write the heart rates in order Solution The mode is 96 heartbeats per
from smallest to largest. The minute, the number that occurs
median is the mean of the two most frequently.
middle numbers. b. Strategy • Arrange the data from smallest
to largest. Then find the range.
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• Find Q1, the median

of the lower half of
the data.
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• Find Q3, the median of the Chapter 7 Test

1. Strategy To find the number of students
who spent between $45 and $75
Solution Use the list in part a.
each week:
Range = 109 – 73 = 36
The range is 36 heartbeats per • Read the frequency polygon to
minute. find the number of students

who spent between $45 and
82+84
Q1   83 $60 and the number who spent
2
97+99 between $60 and $75.
Q3   98
2
• Add the two numbers.
Q3  Q1  98  83  15
Solution
The interquartile range is

Number between $45  $60: 12
15 heartbeats per minute. Number between $60  $75: +7
19a. Strategy To find the mean grade: 19
• Add all the grades. 19 students spent between $45 and $75
• Divide the sum of the grades each week.
by the total grades (5).
2. Strategy To find the ratio:
85  70  65  67  81
Solution  73.6 • Read the frequency polygon to
5
find the number of students
The mean grade is 74.
who spent between $30 and
b. Strategy To find the weighted GPA: $45 and the number who spent
• Multiply the mark for each between $45 and $60.
course by the credit value for • Write in simplest form the ratio
the course, and then find of the number of students who
the sum. spent between $30 and $45 to
• Calculate the total credit the number of students who
value. spent between $45 and $60.
• Divide the sum of the Solution Between $30 and $45: 8 students
weighted marks by the total Between $45 and $60: 12
credit value (17). students
Solution 8students 2

(3  85)  (4  70)  (3  65)  (4  67)  (3  81) 12 students 3
17 2
The ratio is .
 73 3
The weighted GPA is 73.
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3. Strategy To find the percent: 5. Strategy To find the ratio:

• Read the frequency polygon to • Read the pictograph to find the
find the number of students number of people who gave
who spent between $0 to $15, their marriage a B grade and
between $15 and $30, and the number who gave their
between $30 and $45 each marriage a C grade.
week. • Write in simplest form the
• Add the three numbers. ratio of the number of people
• Solve the basic percent who gave their marriage a
equation for percent. The base B grade to the number of
is 40 and the amount is the people who gave their
number of students who spent marriage a C grade.
less than $45 per week. Solution Number of B grades: 10 people
Solution Number of C grades: 4 people
Between $0 and $15: 4 students 10people 5

Between $15 and $30: 6 students 4 people 2
5
Between $30 and $45: +8students The ratio is .
2
18 students
Percent × base  amount 6. Strategy To find the percent:

n × 40  18
n  18 ÷ 40 • Read the pictograph to find the
n  0.45
number of people who gave
The percent is 45%.
their marriage an A grade.
4. Strategy To find the number of people
surveyed:
• Read the pictograph to
is 36 (from Exercise 4) and the
determine the number of
amount is the number of
people for each letter grade.
people who gave their
• Add the four numbers.
marriage an A grade.
Solution Number of A grades: 21
Solution Number of A grades: 21 people
Number of B grades: 10
Number of C grades: 4
n × 36  21
Number of D grades: +1
n  21 ÷ 36
36
n  0.583
There were 36 people that were
The percent is 58.3%.
surveyed for the Gallup poll.
7. Strategy Read the bar graph to find the
two consecutive years that the
number of fatalities were
the same.
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Solution From 1995 to 1996, the number 10. Strategy To find how many more R-rated
of fatalities was the same. films than PG:
8. Strategy To find the total fatalities on • Read the circle graph to find
amusement rides from 1991 the number of films rated R
to 1999: and PG.
• Read the bar graph to • Subtract the two numbers.
determine the number of Solution R: 427
fatalities for each year. PG: 72

355
• Add the nine numbers.
There were 355 more films

Solution
3 1991 rated R.
2 1992 11. Strategy To find how many times more
4 1993
PG-13 films were released than
2 1994
NC-17:
3 1995
3 1996 • Read the circle graph to find
4 1997 the number of films rated PG-
5 1998 13 and NC-17.
+6 1999 • Divide the two numbers.
32 Solution PG-13: 112
There were 32 fatal accidents
NC-17: 7
from 1991 to 1999.
16
9. Strategy To find how many more 7 112
fatalities from 1995 to 1998 than
There were 16 times more films
from 1991 to 1994:
rated PG-13.
• Add the number of fatalities
from 1995 to 1998. 12. Strategy To find the percent of films
• Add the number of fatalities rated G:

from 1991 to 1994. • Read the circle graph to find
• Subtract the two numbers. the number of G-rated films.
Solution 3 1995 3 1991 • Write and solve the basic

3 1996 2 1992 percent equation for the
4 1997 4 1993 percent. The base is the total
+5 1998 +2 1994 number of films (655) and
15 11
the amount is the number of
15 – 11 = 4
G-rated films.
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There were 4 more fatalities

from 1995 to 1998.
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Solution G: 37 Solution There are two provinces and

Percent × base  amount territories with a median income
n × 655  37 between $80 000 and $100 000.
n  37 ÷ 655 Percent  base  amount
n  0.056 n  13  2
The percent of films rated G n  2 ÷ 13
was 5.6%. n  0.153
13. Strategy To find the number of provinces The percent is 15%.
and territories with median 15. Strategy To find the percent:

income between $60 000 and • Read the histogram to find the
$80 000: number of provinces and
• Read the histogram to find the territories that have a median
number of provinces and income that is $90 000 or less.
territories with per capita • Solve the basic percent
income between $60 000 and equation for percent. The base
$80 000. is 13 and the amount is the
Solution There are 10 provinces and number of provinces and
territories that have a median territories with a median
income between $60 000 and $40 000 or less.
$80 000. Solution There are 11 provinces or
14. Strategy To find the percent of the territories with a median of
provinces and territories with a $40 000 or less.
median income between $80 000 Percent  base  amount
and $100 000: n  13  11
n  11 ÷ 13
• Read the histogram to find the n  0.846
number of provinces and The percent is 85%.
territories with median 16. Strategy To find which decade had the
incomes between $80 000 and smallest increase in enrollment:
$100 000. • Read the line graph to find the
• Solve the basic percent enrollment for each decade.
equation for percent. The base • Subtract the two numbers.
is 13 and the amount is the Solution 1960 to 1970:
number of provinces and 8 – 4 = 4 million
territories with a median 1970 to 1980:
income between $80 000 and 12 – 8 = 4 million
$100 000.
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1980 to 1990: Solution

2.9
14 – 12 = 2 million
2.4
1990 to 2000:
3.1
15 – 14 = 1 million
2.5
The student enrollment increased 2.6
the least during the 1990s. 2.0
3.0
17. Strategy To approximate the increase in
2.3
enrollment:
2.4
• Read the enrollment for 1960
2.7
and 2010. 2.0
• Subtract the two numbers. 2.4
Solution 2010: 21 million 2.6
1960: 4million 2.7

17 million 2.1
The increase in enrollment was 2.9

17 million students. 2.8
2.4
2.0
+2.8
outcomes. 50.6
• Count the number of 2.53
favourable outcomes. 20 50.60
• Use the probability formula. The mean time is 2.53 hours.
b. Strategy To find the median lifetime of
the batteries, write times in order
outcomes.
from lowest to highest. The
15 3
Probability = = median is the mean of the two
50 10
3 middle numbers.
The probability is that
10
the ball chosen is red.
19a. Strategy To find the mean lifetime of the

batteries:
• Find the sum of the times.
of batteries tested (20).
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Solution Cumulative Review Exercises

2.0
2.0  1. 2 2  33  5 = (2  2)  (3  3  3)  (5)

2.0 = 4  27  5 = 540

2.1
 2. 32  (5  2)  3  5
2.39 numbers
2.4   9  (3)  3  5


2.4  27  3  5
2.4  9  5

2.4  14
2.5  3.
 middle numbers
2.6
2.6
2.7 

2.7
1 1 1
 2225
2.8 4.
60
 
5
 144 2  2  2  2  3  3 12
2.89 numbers 1 1 1
2.9 

2.9 1 20
5. 4
4
3.0  2 20
 3 15
3.1 2 2
8 40
1 5
2.5+2.6 5 5
 2.55 5 40
2
43 3
The median time is 2.55 hours. 11  12
40 40
c. Strategy The data is arranged from
5 15 39
smallest to largest in part b. 6. 12  12  11
8 24 24
• Find Q1, the median of the 11  22 22
7  7 7
lower half of the data. 12 24 24

17
• Find Q3, the median of the 4
24

• Draw the box-and-whiskers 5 1 5 16
7.  3 
8 5 8 5
plot. 5  16

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2.3+2.4 85
Solution Q1   2.35 1 1 1 1
2 5  2  2  2  2
2.8+2.8  2
Q3   2.8 2  2  2  5
1 1 1 1
2
1 1 16 17 16 4 164 64
8. 3 4     

5 4 5 4 5 17 5  17 85
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5 3 2 3 5  9 8 3 16. 10%  n  8
9.       
8 4 3 4 8 12 12 4 0.10  n  8

n  8  0.10  80
5 1 3
  
8 12 4 17. 38%  43  n
5 12 3 0.38  43  n
  
8 1 4 16.34  n
1 1
5 22 3 3
 
2  2  2 4 18. n  75  30
n  30  75  0.40  40%
1 1
15 3 30 3 33
    
2 4 4 4 4 19. Strategy To find the income for the week:
1 • Find the commission earned
8
4
on sales by solving the basic
10. 209.305
percent equation for amount.
11. 4.092 The base is $27 500 and the
 0.69
36828 percent is 2%.
24552 • Find the total income by
2.82348
adding the base salary ($100)
2 50 to the commission.
12. 16   16.6
3 3 Solution 2%  27500  n
16.666 0.02  27500  n
3 50.000 550  n
3 100 + 550 = 650
20
The salesperson’s income for the
 18
20 week was $650.
 18
20 20. Strategy To find the cost, write and solve
 18 a proportion.
20
 18 8.15 n
Solution 
20 1000 50 000
8.15  50 000  n  1000
330kilometres
13.
48 litres  6.9 407 500  n  1000
kilometres/litre 407 500  1000  n
n 16 407.50  n
14. 
5 55 n  25  5  16
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n  25  80 The cost is $407.50.
21. Strategy To find the interest due, multiply

n  80  25  3.2
the principal by the annual
4 interest rate and the time (in

15.  100% = 80%
5 years).
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6 24. Strategy To find the difference:

Solution 125 000  0.06  = 3750
12 • Read the double-broken-line
The interest due is $3750. graph to find the number of
22. Strategy To find the markup rate of the problems student 1 answered
compact disc player: correctly on test 1 and the
• Find the markup amount by number of problems student 2
subtracting the cost ($180) answered correctly on test 1.
from the selling price ($279). • Subtract the student 1 total
• Solve the basic percent from the student 2 total to find
equation for percent. The base the difference.
is $180 and the amount is the Solution
amount of the markup. student 2: 27 answered correctly

279  180  99
student 1: 15answeredcorrectly
Solution
12 answered correctly
Percent × base  amount
n  180  99 The difference in the number answered

n  99  180 correctly is 12 problems.
 0.55  55%
25. Strategy To find the mean high
The markup rate is 55%.

temperature:
23. Strategy To find how much is budgeted • Find the sum of the high
for food: temperatures.
• Read the circle graph to find • Divide the sum of the high
what percent of the budget is temperatures by the number of
spent on food. temperatures (7).
• Solve the basic percent Solution
13°
equation for amount. The base
22°
is $4500 and the rate is the
27°
percent of the budget that is 24°
spent on food. 20°
Solution Amount spent on food: 19% 16°
Percent  base  amount + 23
19%  4500  amount 145° sum of high temps
0.19  4500  855
20.71
The amount budgeted for food 7 145.00
is $855.
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The mean high temperature is 20.7°C.
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outcomes.
outcomes: (2, 6), (6, 2), (3, 5),
(5, 3), (4, 4).
5
Probability =
36
5
36
sum of the dots on the two dice

is 8.
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Basic College Mathematics An Applied Approach Canadian 1st Edition Aufmann Solutions Manual 1

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Basic College Mathematics An Applied Approach Canadian 1st Edition Aufmann Solutions Manual 1

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Solution Manual for Basic College Mathematics An

Applied Approach Canadian 1st Edition by Aufmann

2. Strategy To find the percent increase:

Solution 57 026  34 197  22 829

Solution 250 million Trek and Iron Man 2.

Solution Percent × base  amount impacts daily life (600) from

Solution Percent × base  amount Solution Accounting  45

150 children said they hid their Math  12

to find the number of children • Read the circle graph to

11. No, the sum of the percents given in the

12. Carlos Slim Helu and Bill Gates have the

13. Larry Ellison has the smallest net worth.

15. Strategy To determine whether the number of

16. Strategy To determine whether the ratio

High food prices : 31

Percent × base  amount

8928000000  9300000000 100 000 homeless people living

25. The age group 31 to 50

in shelters are over age 61:

• Add the seven numbers. Percent  base  amount

Solution 7 686 884 Australia n  148 989 799  44 391162

148 989 799 • Read the circle graph to

Australia is 5.2% of the

1 271 000 people were of South

34. Strategy To find how many more people

Percent that is Black: 2.5%

35. Strategy To find the average number of

There would be an average of

Students may state that pictographs are more

b. A disadvantage is that the pictograph usually

37. Answers will vary. For example: The Objective A Exercises

Food represents approximately one-quarter zipline, read the bar graph to

of the month’s expenditures. determine which bar is the

1 Pronutro and Kapohokine

 1  1 Solution Pronutro zipline: 2000 metres

is taller than 8 billion, so the

7. Strategy To determine in which

9. Strategy To estimate the difference the highest maximum salaries

between the maximum salaries and Montréal has the lowest

of York Region and the city of maximum salary.

Montréal. 99 000 – 77 000 = 22 000

• Read the double-bar graph to The greatest difference in

determine the maximum salaries is between Vancouver

salaries for police constables and Montréal and between

in York Region and the city of Edmonton and Montréal.

Montréal. 12. (iii)

10. Strategy Read the double-bar graph to

broken-line graph for February.

17. Strategy To find the ratio: megawatt-hours of wind power.

• Read the broken-line graph to 21. Strategy To find the difference:

Solution The ratio is or 21.4:19.8.

18. Strategy To find the annual amount of from the number

to be 2 500 000 megawatt-hours The difference is 800 Calories.

2010 1 500 000 3 000 000 than $2000.

• Read the histogram to find the

• Solve the basic percent Solution 6 to 9 years: 220 cars

number of account balances There are 410 cars between 6

between $2000 and $2500. and 12 years old.

Solution Number of account balances 8. Strategy To find the ratio:

7. Strategy To find the number of cars

9. Strategy To find the number of cars

10. Strategy To find the percent:

• Add the three numbers. Difference: