Calculus of A Single Variable Early Transcendental Functions 6th Edition Larson Solutions Manual 1

Calculus of a Single Variable Early Transcendental
Functions 6th Edition Larson

Full download at:
Solution Manual:
https://testbankpack.com/p/solution-manual-for-calculus-of-a-single-variable-
early-transcendental-functions-6th-edition-by-larson-and-hedwards-isbn-
1285774795-9781285774794/
Test bank:
https://testbankpack.com/p/test-bank-for-calculus-of-a-single-variable-early-
transcendental-functions-6th-edition-by-larson-and-hedwards-isbn-1285774795-
9781285774794/
CH APTER 4
Applications of Differentiation
Section 4.1 Extrema on an Interval .......................................................................268
Section 4.2 Rolle’s Theorem and the Mean Value Theorem...............................278
Section 4.3 Increasing and Decreasing Functions

and the First Derivative Test ..............................................................289
Section 4.4 Concavity and the Second Derivative Test .......................................317
Section 4.5 Limits at Infinity .................................................................................339
Section 4.6 A Summary of Curve Sketching........................................................354
Section 4.7 Optimization Problems.......................................................................380
Section 4.8 Differentials ........................................................................................397
Review Exercises ........................................................................................................403
Problem Solving .........................................................................................................419
© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
C H A P T E R 4
Applications of Differentiation
Section 4.1 Extrema on an Interval
x2 8. Critical number: x = 0
1. f ( x) =
x + 4
2
x = 0: neither
( x2 )
+ 4 ( 2 x) − x ( )(22 x) 8x
f ′( x ) = 2
= 2 9. Critical numbers: x = 1, 2, 3
(x 2
+ 4 ) (x 2
+ 4 )
x = 1, 3: absolute maxima (and relative maxima)
f ′(0) = 0
x = 2: absolute minimum (and relative minimum)
πx
2. f ( x) = cos 10. Critical numbers: x = 2, 5
2
π πx x = 2: neither
f ′( x ) sin
= −
2 2 x = 5: absolute maximum (and relative maximum)
f ′(0) = 0
f ′( 2) = 0 11. f ( x ) = x 3 − 3x 2
f ′( x) = 3x 2 − 6x = 3x( x − 2)
4
3. f ( x) = x + 2 = x + 4x −2 Critical numbers: x = 0, 2
x
8
f ′( x) = 1 − 8x −3 = 1 − 12. g ( x) = x4 − 8x 2
x3
f ′( 2) = 0 g′( x ) = 4x3 − 16x = 4x x 2 − 4 ( )

Critical numbers: x = 0, − 2, 2
4. f ( x) = −3x x +1
−1 2
f ′( x ) = −3x ⎡ 1 ( x + 1) ⎤ + x + 1( −3) 13. g (t ) = t 4 − t, t < 3
⎣2 ⎦
⎡1
( 4 − t )−1 2 (−1)⎤
−1 2
= − 3 ( x + 1) ⎡x + 2( x + 1)⎤ g′(t ) = t + (4 − t )
12
2 ⎣ ⎦ ⎢⎣ 2 ⎥⎦
−1 2
= − 23 (x + 1) (3x + 2) 1 −1 2
= ( 4 − t ) ⎡−t + 2( 4 − t )⎤
⎣ ⎦
( )
f ′ − 23 = 0 2
8 − 3t
=
2 4−t
f ( x ) = ( x + 2)
23
5.
8
f ′( x) = 2
(x + 2)
−1 3 Critical number: t =
3 3
f ′( −2) is undefined.
4x
14. f ( x) =
x +1
2
6. Using the limit definition of the derivative,
(x )
+1 ( 4)− ( 4 x)( 2 x) (
4 1 −x )
f ( x)− f (0) (4 − x ) − 4 ( )
268 © 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
( x2 )
2 2
lim = lim− =1 +1
2
x → 0− x −0 x→0 x f′ x = =
( x2 )
2
+1
f ( x) − f (0) (4 − x ) − 4 Critical numbers: x = ±1
lim = lim+ = −1
x → 0+ x −0 x→0 x −0
15. h( x) = sin 2 x + cos x, 0 < x < 2π

f ′(0) does not exist, because the one-sided derivatives
are not equal. h′( x) = 2 sin x cos x − sin x = sin x( 2 cos x − 1)
π 5π
7. Critical number: x = 2 Critical numbers in (0, 2π ) : x = , π,
3 3
x = 2: absolute maximum (and relative maximum)
268 © 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Sectio n 4.1 Extrema o n a n Interval 269
16. f (θ ) = 2 sec θ + tan θ , 0 < θ < 2π 23. g ( x) = 2x 2 − 8x, [0, 6]
f ′(θ ) = 2 sec θ tan θ + sec 2 θ g′( x ) = 4x − 8 = 4( x − 2)

= sec θ ( 2 tan θ + sec θ ) Critical number: x = 2
⎡ ⎛ ⎞ ⎤
sin θ 1 Left endpoint: (0, 0)
= sec θ ⎢2⎜ ⎟ + ⎥
⎣ ⎝ cos θ ⎠ cos θ ⎦
Critical number: ( 2, −8) Minimum
= sec θ ( 2 sin θ + 1)
2
Right endpoint: (6, 24) Maximum

7π 11π
Critical numbers in (0, 2π ) : θ = ,
6 6
24. h( x) = 5 − x 2 , [−3, 1]
17. f (t ) = te −2t h′( x) = −2x
f ′(t ) = e −2t − 2te −2t = e −2t (1 − 2t ) Critical number: x = 0
Critical number: t = 1 Left endpoint: ( −3, − 4) Minimum

2
Critical number: (0, 5) Maximum
18. g ( x) = 4x 2 3x ( ) Right endpoint: (1, 4)
( )
g′( x ) = 8x 3x + 4x 2 3 x ln 3 = 4x 3 x ( 2 + x ln 3) ( )
Critical numbers: x = 0, −1.82 25. ( ) 3 3 2
[ ]
f x = x − 2
x , −1, 2
f ′( x) = 3x 2 − 3x = 3x( x − 1)
(
ln x 2 +1 )
19. (
f ( x ) = x 2 log 2 x 2 + 1 = x ) 2
ln 2 (
Left endpoint: −1, − 52 Minimum)
(
ln x 2 +1 ) 2x Right endpoint: (2, 2) Maximum
f ′( x) = 2x + x
ln 2 2 +1 ) Critical number: (0, 0)
(ln 2)( x 2
=
2x ⎡ 2
(
⎢ln x + 1 + ) x2
⎥
⎤
(
Critical number: 1, − 1 )
ln 2 ⎣ x + 1⎦
2 2
Critical number: x = 0 26. f ( x) = 2x3 − 6x, [0, 3]
20. g (t ) = 2t lnt f ′( x) = 6x 2 − 6 = 6 x 2 − 1( )
⎛1⎞ Critical number: x = 1 ( x = −1 not in interval.)

g ′(t ) = 2lnt + 2t ⎜ ⎟ = 2lnt + 2
⎝t ⎠
Left endpoint: (0, 0)
1
Critical number: t =
e Critical number: (1, − 4) Minimum

21. f ( x) = 3 − x, [−1, 2]
f ′( x) = −1 ⇒ no critical numbers
L t endpoint: ( −1, R ght endpoint: (2, 1)
e
f 4) Maximum i Minimum
27.
f [−1, 1]
(x
)
(
21 − 3
x )
3
= x
3x
23
−
2x
,
f
′( x)
=
2x −
13
− 2
=
Left endpoint: ( −1, 5) Maximum

3
22. f ( x) = x + 2, [0, 4] Critical number: (0, 0) Minimum
4
3
f ′( x) = 4 ⇒ no critical numbers Right endpoint: (1, 1)
Left endpoint: (0, 2) Minimum
270 Chapte r 4 Applicati on s o f Different iation
28. g ( x) = 3
x = x1 3 , [−8, 8] 33. f ( x) = a xb, [−2, 2] y
1
g′( x ) =
2
From the graph of f, you see
3x 2 3 that the maximum value of f is 1
Critical number: x = 0 2 for x = 2, and the minimum x

−2 −1 1 2
value is –2 for −2 ≤ x < −1.
Left endpoint: ( −8, − 2) Minimum
−2
Critical number: (0, 0)
Right endpoint: (8, 2) Maximum 34. h( x ) = a2 − xb, [−2, 2]
From the graph you see that the maximum value of h is 4

1
29. h( s ) = = ( s − 2) , [0, 1] at x = −2, and the minimum value is 0 for 1 < x ≤ 2.
−1
s − 2
y
−1
h′( s ) =
( s − 2)2 4
3
⎛ 1⎞
Left endpoint: 0, − Maximum
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2⎠
1
Right endpoint: (1, −1) Minimum x

−2 −1 1 2
t
30. h(t ) = , [−1, 6]
t +3 ⎡ 5π 11π ⎤
35. f ( x ) = sin x, ,
⎢⎣ 6 6 ⎥⎦
(t + 3)(1) − t (1) (t = 3
h′(t ) = f ′( x) = cos x
+ 3)
2 (t + 3)2
3π
No critical numbers Critical number: x =
2
⎛ 1⎞
Left endpoint: −1, − Minimum
⎜
2
⎟ ⎛ 5π 1⎞
⎝ ⎠ Left endpoint: ⎜ , ⎟ Maximum
⎝ 6 2⎠
⎛ 2⎞
Right endpoint: 6, Maximum
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 3⎠ ⎛ 3π ⎞
Critical number: ⎜ , −1⎟ Minimum
⎝ 2 ⎠
31. y = 3 − t − 3 , [−1, 5]
⎛ 11π 1⎞
Right endpoint: ⎜ ,− ⎟
For x < 3, y = 3 + (t − 3) = t ⎝
6 2
⎠
and y′ = 1 ≠ 0 on [−1, 3) ⎡ π π⎤
36. g ( x ) = sec x, ⎢− , ⎥
For x > 3, y = 3 − (t − 3) = 6 − t ⎣ 6 3⎦
g′( x ) = sec x tan x
and y′ = −1 ≠ 0 on (3, 5]
⎛ π 2 ⎞ ⎛ π ⎞
− ≈ −
So, x = 3 is the only critical number. Left endpoint: ⎜ , ⎟ ⎜ , 1.1547 ⎟
⎝ 6 3⎠ ⎝ 6 ⎠
Left endpoint: ( −1, −1) Minimum
π
Right endpoint: ⎜⎛ , 2 ⎟⎞ Maximum
Right endpoint: (5, 1) ⎝3 ⎠
Critical number: (3, 3) Maximum Critical number: (0, 1) Minimum
32. g ( x) = x + 4 , [−7, 1]
37. y = 3 cos x, [0, 2π ]
g is the absolute value function shifted 4 units to the y′ = −3 sin x

left. So, the critical number is x = − 4. Critical number in (0, 2π ): x = π
Left endpoint: ( − 7, 3) Left endpoint: (0, 3) Maximum
Critical number: ( − 4, 0) Minimum Critical number: (π , −3) Minimum
Right endpoint: (1, 5) Maximum Right endpoint: ( 2π , 3) Maximum
⎛ πx ⎞ 42. y = x 2 − 8 ln x, [1, 5]
38. y = tan ⎜ ⎟, [0, 2]
⎝ 8 ⎠ 8
y′ = 2x −
π ⎛ πx ⎞ x
y′ = sec 2 ⎜ ⎟ ≠ 0
8 ⎝ 8 ⎠ 8
2x − = 0 ⇒ 2x 2 = 8 ⇒ x = 2
Left endpoint: (0, 0) Minimum x

(x = −2 not in domain )
Right endpoint: ( 2, 1) Maximum
Critical number: x = 2
39. f ( x ) = arctan x , [−2, 1]
2
2x
f ′( x) = Right endpoint: (5, 25 − 8 ln5) ≈ (5, 12.124) Maximum
1 + x4
Critical number: x = 0 Critical number: ( 2, 4 − 8 ln2) ≈ ( 2, −1.545) Minimum
Left endpoint: ( −2, arctan4) ≈ ( −2, 1.326) Maximum

43. y = e x sin x, [0, π ]
⎛ π⎞
Right endpoint: (1, arctan1) = ⎜1, ⎟ ≈ (1, 0.785) y′ = e x sin x + e x cos x = e x (sin x + cos x)
⎝ 4⎠
Critical number: (0, 0) Minimum
Critical number:
40. g ( x) = ln x
, [1, 4] ⎛ 3π 2 3π 4 ⎞ ⎛ 3π ⎞
, e ≈ , 7.46 Maximum
x ⎜ 4 2 ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠
⎛1⎞
=x = − Right endpoint: (π , 0) Minimum
1 − ln x
g′( x ) = =
⎜x ⎟ln x x2
⎝ ⎠ 44. y = x ln ( x + 3), [0, 3]
x2
Critical number: x = e
⎛ 1 ⎞
Left endpoint: (1, 0) Minimum y′ = x ⎜ ⎟ + ln ( x + 3)
⎝ x + 3⎠
⎛ ln 4 ⎞
Right endpoint: 4, ≈ ( 4, 0.347 ) Left endpoint: (0, 0) Minimum
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 4 ⎠
Right endpoint: (3, 3 ln 6) ≈ (3, 5.375) Maximum
⎛ 1⎞
Critical number: e, ≈ ( 2.718, 0.368) Maximum
⎜ ⎟
⎝ e⎠ 45. f ( x) = 2x − 3
41. h( x ) = 5e − e , [−1, 2] (a) Minimum: (0, −3)

x 2x
h′( x) = 5e x − 2e 2x = e 5 − 2e
x x
( ) Maximum: ( 2, 1)
5 ⎛5⎞ (b) Minimum: (0, − 3)

5 − 2e x = 0 ⇒ e x = ⇒ x = ln ≈ 0.916
2
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2⎠
(c) Maximum: ( 2, 1)
⎛5⎞
Critical number: x = ln ⎜ ⎟ (d) No extrema
⎝ 2⎠
⎛ 5 1⎞ 46. f ( x ) = 4 − x2
Left endpoint: ⎜ −1, − 2 ⎟ ≈ ( −1, 1.704)
⎝ e e ⎠
(a) Minima: ( −2, 0) and ( 2, 0)
( )
Right endpoint: 2, 5e 2 − e 4 ≈ ( 2, −17.653) Minimum
Maximum: (0, 2)
⎛ ⎛ 5 ⎞ 25 ⎞
Critical number: ln , Maximum (b) Minimum: ( −2, 0)
⎜ ⎜ ⎟ ⎟
⎝ ⎝ 2⎠ 4 ⎠
(c) Maximum: (0, 2)
⎛ 5 ⎞
Note: h ⎜ ln ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟ ⎟ = 5eln(5 2) − e 2 ln(5 2)
⎝ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎠ (d) Maximum: 1, ( 3 )
2
⎛ 5 ⎞ ⎛ 5⎞ 25
= 5⎜ ⎟ − ⎜ ⎟ =
2
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ 2 4
3 49. f ( x) = [− 2, 2]
2 10
47. f ( x ) = , (1, 4] x + 4e x ,
x −1
Right endpoint: ( 4, 1) Minimum

4 (2, 3.6542)
8 (−2, 2.1098)
−3 3
0
(−0.7753, 1.9070)
0 4
(= 2 )=
0 2
2x x +10 8x + 5 e
f ′( x) =
2 x + 4
48. f ( x ) =
10
2 − x
, [0, 2)
Right endpoint: ( 2, 3.6542) Maximum
Critical point: ( − 0.7753, 1.9070) Minimum
3
x
50. f ( x ) = x + cos
2
, [0, 2π ]
(0, 1)
−1 5 3
−1 (1.729, 1.964)
0 2
0
1 1 x
f ′( x) = − sin
2 x 2 2
Critical point: (1.729, 1.964) Maximum

51. (a)
5
(1, 4.7)
Minimum: (0.4398, −1.0613)
0 1
(0.4398, −1.0613)
−2
(b) f ( x) = 3.2x5 + 5x3 − 3.5x, [0, 1]

f ′( x ) = 16x + 15x − 3.5
4 2
16x + 15x − 3.5 = 0

4 2
−15 ± (15)2 − 4(16)( −3.5) −15 ± 449

x =2
=
2(16) 32
−15 + 449
x = ≈ 0.4398
32
Critical point: (0.4398, −1.0613) Minimum
Right endpoint: (1, 4.7) Maximum
Sectio n 4.1 Extrema o n an Interval 273
52. (a) 3
(2, 38 ) ⎛ 8⎞
Maximum: 2,
⎜⎝ ⎟
3⎠
0 3
0
4
(b) f ( x) = x 3 − x, [0, 3]
3
4⎡ ⎛ 1⎞ ⎤ 4 1 2(6−3x ) 6( 2 − x ) 2( 2 − x)
f ′( x) = x (3 − x)−1 2 (−1) + (3 − x)1 2 (1) = (3 − x)−1 2 ⎛ ⎞⎡−x + 2(3 − x)⎤ = = =
⎢ ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ ⎜ ⎟⎣ ⎦
3⎣ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎦ 3 ⎝2⎠ 3 3− x 3 3− x 3− x
⎛ 8⎞
Critical point: 2, Maximum
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 3⎠
Right endpoint: (3, 0) Minimum
53. (a) 6
(3, 5.3753)
Minimum: (1.0863, −1.3972)
−1 4
(1.0863, −1.3972)
−3
(
(b) f ( x ) = x 2 − 2x ln ( x + 3), ) [0, 3]
( )
x 2 − 2 x + 2 x 2 + 4 x − 6 ln ( x + 3)
( )
1
( ) ( ) ( )
f ′ x = x 2 − 2x ⋅ + 2x − 2 ln x + 3 =
x + 3 x +3
Critical point: (1.0863, −1.3972) Minimum
Right endpoint: (3, 5.3753) Maximum

54. (a) 5
(−2, π )
Minimum: ( 2.1111, −1.0502)
(4, 0)
−2 4
(2.1111, −1.0502)
−3
x
(b) f ( x) = ( x − 4) arcsin , [− 2, 4]
4
1
x x −4 x
f ′( x) = ( x − 4) 4 + arcsin = + arcsin
2
x2 4 x 4
1− 4 1−
16 16
Left endpoint: ( − 2, π ) Maximum
Critical point: ( 2.1111, −1.0502) Minimum
Right endpoint: (4, 0)
f ( x ) = x ln ( x + 1), [0, 2]
55. f ( x ) = 1 + x3 ( ) [0, 2]
12
58.
x
f ′( x) = + ln ( x + 1)
( )
3 2 −1 2
f ′( x) = x 1 + x
3
2 ,
( x + 1)
x +1 − x
( x4 )( )
3 −3 2 1
f ′′( x ) = + 4x 1 + x3 f ′′( x ) = +
4 ( x + 1)2 x+1
( x6 )( )
3 −5 2
f ′′′( x) = − + 20x 3 − 8 1 + x3 1 1 x +2
8 = + =
( x + 1) 2
x +1 ( x + 1)2
Setting f ′′′ = 0, you have x 6 + 20x 3 − 8 = 0.
f ′′′( x) =
( x +1)2 −( x + 2)2( x +1) =
−x − 3
−20 ± 400 − 4(1)( −8) 4 3
x3 = (x + 1) ( x + 1)
2
f ′′(0) = 2 is the maximum value.

x = 3
−10 ± 108 = 3 −1
In the interval [0, 2], choose 59. f ( x) = ( x + 1)

23
, [0, 2]
x = 3
−10 ± 108 = 3 − 1 ≈ 0.732. f ′( x ) =
−1 3
3
2
(x + 1)
(
f ′′ 3
−10 + 108 ) ≈ 1.47 is the maximum value. f ′′( x) = − 92 ( x + 1)
−4 3
−7 3
f ′′′( x) = 8
27
(x + 1)
1 ⎡ 1 3⎤
56. f ( x) = ⎢ , ⎥ f ( 4) ( x) = − 56 ( x + 1)
−10 3
,
x2 + 1 ⎣2 ⎦ 81
f ′( x ) =
−2 x f ( ) ( x) =
5 560
243
(x + 1)
−13 3
( x2 )
2
+1
()
f ( 4) 0 = 56
81
is the maximum value.
f ′′( x) =
(
−2 1 − 3x 2
)
( x2 )
3
+1 1
60. f ( x) = , [−1, 1]
x2 + 1
24 x − 24 x 3
f ′′′( x ) = 24 x − 24 x3
f ′′′( x ) =
( x2 )
4
+1
( x 2 + 1)
4
Setting f ′′′ = 0, you have x = 0, ±1.

24(5 x 4 −10 x 2 +1)
f ( 4) ( x) =
1
f ′′(1) = ( x 2 + 1)
5
is the maximum value.
2
−240 x(3x 4 −10 x 2 + 3)
f (5) ( x) =
f ( x) = e− x , [0, 1] ( x − 1)
2 2 2 2 2
57. =
f ′( x) = −xe f ′′′( x) = e − x 2 ( 2x) + ( x 2 − 1)(−xe − x 2 )

− x2 2 2 2
f ′′( x ) = −x −xe − x ( 2 2
)−e − x2 2 e
−
x
(
x
2
+
1
61.
)
6
f ( 4) (0) = 24 is the maximum value.
f ( x ) = tan x
f is continuous on [0, π 4] but not on

[0, π ].
lim tan x = ∞.
− x → (π 2)
(3 − x 2 )
2 2
= xe − x
62. A: absolute minimum
f ′′(0) = 1 is the maximum value.
B: relative maximum
C: neither
D: relative minimum
E: relative maximum
F: relative minimum
G: neither
63. y
65. (a) Yes
5
(b) No
4
3
2
f 66. (a) No
1
x
(b) Yes
−2 −1 1 3 4 5 6
−2 67. (a) No
−3
(b) Yes
68. (a) No
64. y
5 (b) Yes
4
f
3
69. P = VI − RI 2 = 12I − 0.5I 2 , 0 ≤ I ≤ 15
2
x
P = 0 when I = 0.
−2 −1 1 2 3 4 5 6
P = 67.5 when I = 15.
−2
−3 P′ = 12 − I = 0
Critical number: I = 12 amps
When I = 12 amps, P = 72, the maximum output.
No, a 20-amp fuse would not increase the power

output. P is decreasing for I > 12.
v 2 sin 2θ π 3π
70. x = , ≤ θ ≤
32 4 4
dθ
is constant.
dt
dx dx dθ v 2 cos 2θ dθ
= ( by the Chain Rule) =
dt dθ dt 16 dt
In the interval [π 4, 3π 4], θ = π 4, 3π 4 indicate minimums for dx dt and θ = π 2 indicates a maximum for dx dt.
This implies that the sprinkler waters longest when θ = π 4 and 3π 4. So, the lawn farthest from the sprinkler gets the
most water.
3s 2 ⎛ 3 − cos θ ⎞ π π
71. S = 6hs + ⎜ ⎟ , ≤ θ ≤
2 ⎝ sin θ ⎠ 6 2
2
dS
=
3s
(− 3csc θ cot θ + csc 2 θ )
dθ 2
3s 2
=
2
csc θ − ( )
3cot θ + csc θ = 0
csc θ = 3cot θ
sec θ = 3
θ = arcsec 3 ≈ 0.9553 radians

2
© 2015 Cengage Learning. All2Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
⎛π ⎞
S ⎜ ⎟ = 6hs +
⎝ 6⎠
3s
( 3)
2
⎛π ⎞
S ⎜ ⎟ = 6hs +
⎝ 6⎠
3s
2
( 3)
( )
S arcsec 3 = 6hs +
3s2
2
( 2)
S is minimum when θ = arcsec 3 ≈ 0.9553 radian.
72. (a) Because the grade at A is 9%, A( −500, 45)
The grade at B is 6%, B (500, 30).

y
A
B
9% 6%
x
−50 0 500
(b) y = ax + bx + c
2
y′ = 2ax + b
At A: 2a( −500) + b = −0.09
At B: 2a(500) + b = 0.06
Solving these two equations, you obtain
3 3
a = and b = − .
40,000 200
Using the points A( −500, 45) and B(500, 30), you obtain
(−500)2 + ⎜⎛ − 200 ⎞⎟(−500) + C

3 3
45 =
40,000
⎝ ⎠
3 ⎛ 3 ⎞
(500) + ⎜ − 200 ⎟(500) + C.
2
30 =
40,000
⎝ ⎠
75 3 3 75
In both cases, C = 18.75 = . So, y = x2 − x +
4 40,000 200 4
(c)
x –500 –400 –300 –200 –100 0 100 200 300 400 500
d 0 0.75 3 6.75 12 18.75 12 6.75 3 0.75 0
(
For −500 ≤ x ≤ 0, d = ax 2 + bx + c − ( −0.09x ). )
(
For 0 ≤ x ≤ 500, d = ax 2 + bx + c − (0.06x ). )
3 3
(d) y′ = x − = 0
20,000 200
3 20,000
x = ⋅ = 100
200 3
The lowest point on the highway is (100, 18), is not directly over the origin.
73. True. See Exercise 37. 77. If f has a maximum value at
x = c, then f (c) ≥ f ( x) for all x in I. So,

74. True. This is stated in the Extreme Value Theorem.
− f (c) ≤ − f ( x) for all x in I. So, − f has a minimum

75. True value at x = c.
76. False. Let f ( x ) = x 2 . x = 0 is a critical number of f.
g ( x) = f ( x − k ) = ( x − k )
2
x = k is a critical number of g.
Sectio n 4.1 Extrema on an Interva l 277
78. f ( x ) = ax3 + bx 2 + cx + d , a ≠ 0
f ′( x) = 3ax + 2bx + c
2
The quadratic polynomial can have zero, one, or two zeros.

−2b ± 4b 2 − 12ac −b ± b 2 − 3ac
x = =
6a 3a
Zero critical numbers: b < 3ac. 2
Example: ( a = b = c = 1, d = 0) f ( x ) = x 3 + x 2 + x has no critical numbers.
One critical number: b 2 = 3ac.
Example: ( a = 1, b = c = d = 0) f ( x) = x 3 has one critical number, x = 0.
Two critical numbers: b 2 > 3ac.
1
Example: ( a = c = 1, b = 2, d = 0) f ( x ) = x3 + 2x 2 + x has two critical numbers: x = −1, − .
3
79. First do an example: Let a = 4 and f ( x) = 4.

Then R is the square 0 ≤ x ≤ 4, 0 ≤ y ≤ 4.
Its area and perimeter are both k = 16.

Claim that all real numbers a > 2 work. On the one hand, if a > 2 is given, then let f ( x) = 2a ( a − 2).
Then the rectangle
⎧ 2a ⎫ 2a 2
R = ⎨( x, y ) : 0 ≤ x ≤ a, 0 ≤ y ≤ ⎬ has k = :
a −2 a −2
⎩ ⎭
2
⎛ 2a ⎞ 2a
Area = a⎜ ⎟ =
⎝ a − 2⎠ a −2
⎛ 2a ⎞ 2a( a − 2) + 2( 2a ) 2a 2
Perimeter = 2a + 2⎜ ⎟ = = .
⎝ a − 2⎠ a − 2 a − 2
To see that a must be greater than 2, consider

R = {( x, y): 0 ≤ x ≤ a, 0 ≤ y ≤ f ( x )}.
f attains its maximum value on [0, a] at some point P( x0 , y0 ), as indicated in the figure.
y
P (x0 , y0 )
y0
O A x
x0 a
Draw segments OP and PA. The region R is bounded by the rectangle 0 ≤ x ≤ a, 0 ≤ y ≤ y0 , so area ( R ) = k ≤ ay0 .
Furthermore, from the figure, y0 < OP and y0 < PA. So, k = Perimeter ( R ) > OP + PA > 2 y0 . Combining,
2 y0 < k ≤ ay0 ⇒ a > 2.
278 Chapte r 4 Applicati on s o f Differenti ation
Section 4.2 Rolle’s Theorem and the Mean Value Theorem

1. f ( x ) =
1 9. f ( x) = −x 2 + 3x, [0, 3]
x
f (0) = − (0) + 3( 0)
2
f ( −1) = f (1) = 1. But, f is not continuous on [−1, 1].

f (3) = − (3) + 3(3) = 0
2
2. Rolle’s Theorem does not apply to f ( x) = cot ( x 2) over f is continuous on [0, 3] and differentiable on (0, 3).
[π , 3π ] because f is not continuous at x = 2π . Rolle’s Theorem applies.

f ′( x ) = −2x + 3 = 0
3. Rolle’s Theorem does not apply to f ( x) = 1 − x − 1
−2x = −3 ⇒ x = 3
over [0, 2] because f is not differentiable at x = 1.

2
c-value: 3
2
4. f ( x) = (2 − x )23 3
10. f ( x) = x 2 − 8x + 5, [2, 6]
f ( −1) = f (1) = 1
f ( 2) = 4 − 16 + 5 = −7
f ′( x) =
− (2 − x ) 23
f (6) = 36 − 48 + 5 = −7
13
x
f is continuous on [2, 6] and differentiable on ( 2, 6).
f is not differentiable at x = 0.
Rolle’s Theorem applies.
5. f ( x ) = x 2 − x − 2 = ( x − 2)( x + 1)
f ′( x ) = 2x − 8 = 0
x-intercepts: ( −1, 0), ( 2, 0) 2x = 8 ⇒ x = 4
f ′( x) = 2x − 1 = 0 at x = 1
2.
c-value: 4
11. f ( x) = ( x − 1)( x − 2)( x − 3), [1, 3]

6. f ( x ) = x 2 + 6x = x( x + 6)
f (1) = (1 − 1)(1 − 2)(1 − 3) = 0
x-intercepts: (0, 0), ( − 6, 0)
f (3) = (3 − 1)(3 − 2)(3 − 3) = 0
f ′( x) = 2x + 6 = 0 at x = −3.
f is continuous on [1, 3]. f is differentiable on (1, 3).
7. f ( x ) = x x+ 4
f ( x) = x3 − 6x 2 + 11x − 6
x-intercepts: ( −4, 0), (0, 0)
f ′( x) = 3x 2 − 12x + 11 = 0
1 −1 2
f ′( x) = x ( x + 4) + ( x + 4)
12
6± 3
2 x =
3
−1 2 ⎛ x ⎞
= ( x + 4) ⎜ + ( x + 4)⎟ 6− 3 6+ 3
2
⎝ ⎠ c-values: ,
3 3
⎛3 ⎞ −1 2 8
f ′( x) = x + 4 ( x + 4) = 0 at x = −
⎜ ⎟
⎝2 ⎠ 3
8. f ( x ) = −3x x +1
x-intercepts: ( −1, 0), (0, 0)

1
f ′( x ) = −3x
2
( x + 1)−1 2 − 3( x + 1)1 2
−1 2 ⎛ x ⎞
= −3( x + 1) ⎜ + ( x + 1)⎟
⎝2 ⎠
−1 2 ⎛ 3 ⎞ 2
f ′( x ) = −3( x + 1) ⎜ x + 1⎟ = 0 at x = −
⎝2 ⎠ 3
Sectio n 4.2 Rolle’ s Theorem and th e Mean Valu e Th eore m 279
12. f ( x) = ( x − 4)( x + 2) , [− 2, 4]
2
13. f ( x) = x 2 3 − 1, [−8, 8]
f ( − 2) = ( − 2 − 4)( − 2 + 2) = 0 f ( −8) = ( −8)

2 23
−1 = 3
f ( 4) = ( 4 − 4)( 4 + 2) = 0 f (8) = (8)

2 23
−1 = 3
f is continuous on [− 2, 4]. f is differentiable on f is continuous on [−8, 8]. f is not differentiable
(− 2, 4). Rolle’s Theorem applies. on ( −8, 8) because f ′(0) does not exist. Rolle’s
(
f ( x) = ( x − 4) x 2 + 4x + 4 = x3 − 12x − 16 ) Theorem does not apply.
14. f ( x) = 3 − x − 3 , [0, 6]
f ′( x) = 3x 2 − 12 = 0
f (0) = f (6) = 0
3x 2 = 12
x 2 = 4 ⇒ x = ±2 f is continuous on [0, 6]. f is not differentiable on
( Note: x = − 2 is not in the interval.) (0, 6) because f ′(3) does not exist. Rolle’s Theorem
does not apply.
c-value: 2
x 2 − 2x
15. f ( x) = , [−1, 6]
x + 2
1 +2
f ( −1) = = 3
1
36 −12
f ( 6) = = 3
8
f is continuous on [−1, 6]. f is differentiable on ( −1, 6). Rolle’s Theorem applies.
( )
(x (
+ 2)( 2 x − 2) − x −22 x (1) ) 2 x2 + 4 x − 2 x − 4 − x2 + 2 x x2 + 4 x − 4
f′ x = = =
(x + 2) (x + 2) (x + 2)
2 2 2
−4 ± 16 +16
f ′( x) = x 2 + 4x − 4 = 0 ⇒ x = = −2 + 2 2
2
( Note: − 2 − 2 2 is not in the interval. )

c-value: − 2 + 2 2
x −1
2
17. f ( x) = sin x, [0, 2π ]
16. f ( x) = [−1, 1]
,
x f (0) = sin 0 = 0
2
(−1) −1
f ( 2π ) = sin ( 2π ) = 0
f ( −1) = = 0
−1
12 −1 f is continuous on [0, 2π ]. f is differentiable on
f (1) = = 0
1 (0, 2π ). Rolle’s Theorem applies.
f is not continuous on [−1, 1] because f (0) does not exist. π 3π
f ′( x) = cos x = 0 ⇒ x = ,
Rolle’s Theorem does not apply. 2 2
π 3π
c-values: ,
2 2
280 Chapte r 4 A pplication s o f Different iation
18. f ( x) = cos 2x, [−π , π ] 23. f ( x) = x − 1, [−1, 1]

f ( −π ) = cos( − 2π ) = 1 f ( −1) = f (1) = 0
f (π ) = cos 2π = 1 f is continuous on [−1, 1]. f is not differentiable on
f is continuous on [−π , π ] and differentiable on (−1, 1) because f ′(0) does not exist. Rolle’s Theorem
(−π , π ). Rolle’s Theorem applies. does not apply.
f ′( x ) = −2 sin 2x
1
−2 sin 2x = 0
−1 1
sin 2x = 0
π π
x = −π , − , 0, ,π −1
2 2
π π 24. f ( x) = x − x −1 3 , [0, 1]
c-values: − , 0,
2 2
f (0) = f (1) = 0
19. f ( x) = tan x, [0, π ] f is continuous on [0, 1]. f is differentiable on

f (0) = tan 0 = 0 (0, 1). (Note: f is not differentiable at x = 0. )
f (π ) = tan π = 0 Rolle’s Theorem applies.
f is not continuous on [0, π ] because f (π 2) does not

1
f ′( x) = 1 − = 0
3 2
exist. Rolle’s Theorem does not apply. 3 x

1
1=
20. f ( x) = sec x, [π , 2π ] 3 3 x2
f is not continuous on 1
3
x2 =
[π , 2π ] because f (3π 2) = sec(3π 2) does not exist. 3
Rolle’s Theorem does not apply. 1
x2 =
27
( )
21. f ( x) = x 2 − 2x e x , [0, 2] 1 3
x = =
f (0) = f ( 2) = 0 27 9
3
f is continuous on [0, 2] and differentiable on (0, 2), so c-value: ≈ 0.1925
9
( ) (
f ′( x) = x 2 − 2x e x + ( 2x − 2)e x = e x x 2 − 2 )
= 0 ⇒ x = 2 0 1
c-value: 2 ≈ 1.414
−1
22. f ( x) = x − 2 ln x, [1, 3]
f (1) = 1 25. f ( x) = x − tan π x, ⎡− 1 , 1⎤
⎣ 4 4⎦
f (3) = 3 − 2 ln 3 =/ 1 ( )
f −1 = −1 + 1 = 3
4 4 4
Because f (1) =/ f (3), Rolle’s Theorem does not apply f () 1
= 1
−1 = −3
4 4 4
on [1, 3]. Rolle’s Theorem does not apply.
0.75
−0.25 0.25
−0.75
x πx 29. f (t ) = −16t 2 + 48t + 6

26. f ( x) = − sin , [−1, 0]
2 6
(a) f (1) = f ( 2) = 38
f ( −1) = f (0) = 0
(b) v = f ′(t ) must be 0 at some time in (1, 2).

f is continuous on [−1, 0]. f is differentiable on
(−1, 0). Rolle’s Theorem applies. f ′(t ) = −32t + 48 = 0
1 π πx t = 3
sec
f ′( x) =
2
− cos = 0
2 6 6
⎞ ⎛
πx 3 1
30. C ( x ) = 10⎜ +
x
cos = x + 3 ⎟⎠
6 π ⎝x
6 3
⎡Value needed in ( −1, 0).⎤⎦
25
x = − arccos (a) C (3) = C (6) =
π π ⎣ 3
≈ −0.5756 radian
⎛ ⎞
1 3
(b) C′( x ) = 10⎜ − + ⎟ = 0
c-value: –0.5756 ⎜ x2 ( x + 3) ⎟
2
⎝ ⎠
0.02
3 1
= 2
x 2 + 6x + 9 x
−1 0 2x 2 − 6x − 9 = 0
6 ± 108
−0.01 x =
4
27. (
f ( x) = 2 + arcsin x 2 − 1 , [−1, 1] ) =
6 ±6 3
=
3 ±3 3
4 2
f ( −1) = f (1) = 2
In the interval
2x 2x
f ′( x ) = = 3 +3 3
1 − x2 − 1 ( )
2
2x 2 − x 4 (3, 6): c = ≈ 4.098 ≈ 410 components
2
f ′(0) does not exist. Rolle’s Theorem does not apply. 31. y
Tangent line
3
(c2, f (c2))
(a, f (a))
f
−1 1 (b, f (b))
(c1, f (c1))
Tangent line
x
−1 a b
(
28. f ( x) = 2 + x 2 − 4x 2 − x 4 , [0, 4] )( ) 32. y
f ( 0) = f ( 4) = 2
f is continuous on [0, 4]. f is differentiable on (0, 4).

f
(⎛ 1⎞
f ′( x) = ( 2x − 4) 2− x 4 + x 2 − 4x ln 2 ⋅ 2 − x 4⎜ − ⎟
⎝ 4⎠
) a b
x
⎡ ⎛ 2 ⎞⎤
x
= 2 − x 4 ⎢2x − 4 − (ln 2)⎜ − x ⎟⎥
⎣ ⎝4 ⎠⎦ 33. f is not continuous on the interval [0, 6]. ( f is not
= 0 ⇒ x ≈ 1.6633 continuous at x = 2.)
c-value: 1.6633
34. f is not differentiable at x = 2. The graph of f is not
3
smooth at x = 2.
1
0 4
35. f ( x) = , [0, 6]
x −3
−3
f has a discontinuity at x = 3.
36. f ( x) = x − 3 , [0, 6] 40. f ( x) = 2x3 is continuous on [0, 6] and differentiable on
f is not differentiable at x = 3. (0, 6).

f (6) − f (0) 432 − 0
37. f ( x) = −x 2 + 5 = = 72
6 −0 6−0
1 −4
(a) Slope = = −1 f ′( x) = 6x = 72 2
2 +1
x 2 = 12
Secant line: y − 4 = −( x + 1)
x = ±2 3
y = −x + 3
x + y −3 = 0 In the interval (0, 6) : c = 2 3.
1
(b) f ′( x) = −2x = −1 ⇒ x = c =
2 41. f ( x) = x3 + 2x is continuous on [−1, 1] and
⎛ 1⎞ 1 19 differentiable on ( −1, 1).

(c) f (c) = f = − +5 =
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2⎠ 4 4 f (1) − f ( −1) 3 − (−3)
= = 3
Tangent line: y −
19⎛
= − x−
1⎞ 1 − ( −1) 2
⎜ ⎟
4 ⎝ 2⎠
4 y − 19 = −4x + 2 f ′( x ) = 3x 2 + 2 = 3
2
4x + 4 y − 21 = 0 3x = 1
1
(d) 7
x = ±
3
Secant
Tangent 3
f c = ±
3
−6 6
−1
42. f ( x ) = x 4 − 8x is continuous on [0, 2] and
38. f ( x) = x 2 − x − 12 differentiable on (0, 2).
−6 − 0 f ( 2) − f (0)
(a) Slope = =1 0 −0
−2 − 4 = = 0
2− 0 2
Secant line: y −0 = x − 4
x − y − 4 = 0
f ′( x ) = 4x 3 − 8 = 4 x3 − 2 = 0 ( )
3
x = 2
(b) f ′( x) = 2x − 1 = 1 ⇒ x = c =1
x = 3
2
(c) f (c) = f (1) = −12
c = 3
2
Tangent line: y + 12 = x − 1
x − y − 13 = 0 43. f ( x ) = x 2 3 is continuous on [0, 1] and differentiable on
5
(d)
f (0, 1).
−15 15
f (1) − f (0)
=1
Secant
Tangent 1−0
2 −1 3
f ′( x ) =
−15
x =1
3
39. f ( x) = x 2 is continuous on [−2, 1] and differentiable 3
⎛2⎞ 8
x = ⎜ ⎟ =
on ( −2, 1). ⎝ 3⎠ 27
f (1) − f ( −2) 1− 4 8
= = −1 c =
1 − ( −2) 3 27
f ′( x) = 2x = −1 x +1
44. f ( x ) = is not continuous at x = 0.
1 x
x = −
2 The Mean Value Theorem does not apply.

1
c = −
2
Sectio n 4.2 Rolle’ s Theorem and th e M ean Valu e Th eore m 283
45. f ( x) = 2x + 1 is not differentiable at x = −1 2. 50. f ( x) = ( x + 3) ln ( x + 3) is continuous on [−2, −1]
The Mean Value Theorem does not apply. and differentiable on ( −2, −1).
46. f ( x ) = 2 − x is continuous on [−7, 2] and f ( −1) − f ( −2) 2 ln 2 − 0

= = ln 4
−1 − ( −2) 1
differentiable on ( −7, 2).
1
f ( 2) − f ( −7) 0 −3 1 f ′( x) = ( x + 3) + ln ( x + 3) = 1 + ln ( x + 3)
= = − x +3
2 − ( −7) 9 3
1 + ln ( x + 3) = ln 4
−1 1
f ′( x) = = − 4
2 2− x 3 ln ( x + 3) = ln 4 − 1 = ln 4 − ln e = ln
e
2 2− x = 3 4
x +3 =
3 e
2 − x =
2 4
9 x = − 3 ≈ 1.386
2 − x = e
4 4 − 3e
1 c =
x e
= −
4
ln x
c = −
1 51. f ( x ) = x log2 x = x
4 ln 2
f is continuous on [1, 2] and differentiable on (1, 2).
47. f ( x) = sin x is continuous on [0, π ] and differentiable
f ( 2) − f (1) 2 −0
on (0, π ). = = 2
2 −1 2 −1
f (π ) − f (0) 0−0 1 ln x 1 + ln x
= = 0 f ′( x ) = x + = = 2
π −0 π x ln 2 ln 2 ln 2
f ′( x) = cos x = 0 1 + ln x = 2 ln 2 = ln 4
x = π 2 xe = 4
π x =
4
c = e
2
4
c =
48. f ( x ) = e
−3x
is continuous on [0, 2] and differentiable e
on (0, 2). 52. f ( x) = arctan (1 − x)
f ( 2) − f ( 0) e −6 − 1 f is continuous on [0, 1] and differentiable on (0, 1).

=
2−0 2
−6 f (1) − f (0) 0 − (π 4) π
=
e −1
f ′( x) = −3e −3x =
2 = −
1−0 1−0 4
e −6 −1 1 − e −6 −1
e −3x = = f ′( x ) =
1 + (1 − x)
2
−6 6
−6
⎛1 − e ⎞ −1 π
= = −
−3x = ln ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 6 ⎠ x 2 − 2x + 2 4
4
1 ⎛ 1 − e −6 ⎞ 1 ⎛ 6 ⎞ x 2 − 2x + 2 =
x = − ln ⎜ ⎟ = ln ⎜ ⎟ π
−6
3 ⎝ 6 ⎠ 3 ⎝1 − e ⎠
4
x 2 − 2x − + 2 = 0
1⎛ 6 ⎞ 6 π
c = ln = ln 3
⎜ ⎟
3 ⎝ 1 − e −6 ⎠ 1 − e −6 x ≈ 1.5227, 0.4773
c = 0.4773
49. f ( x) = cos x + tan x is not continuous at
x = π 2. The Mean Value Theorem does not apply.
x ⎡ 1 ⎤ 54. f ( x) = x − 2 sin x, [−π , π ]

53. f ( x) = , ⎢− , 2⎥
x +1 ⎣ 2 ⎦ (a) – (c) 2
(a) – (c) 1
f tangent
Tangent secant 2
−2
f tangent
−0.5 2
Secant
−2
−1 (b) Secant line:

(b) Secant line: f (π ) − f ( −π ) π − ( −π )
slope = = =1
f ( 2) − f ( −1 2) 2 3 − ( −1) 2 π − ( −π ) 2π
slope = = =
2 − ( −1 2) 52 3 y − π = 1( x − π )
2 2 y = x
y − = (x − 2)
3 3
(c) f ′( x) = 1 − 2 cos x = 1
2
y = ( x − 1) cos x = 0
3
π
1 2 x = c = ±
(c) f ′( x) = = 2
(x + 1)
2
3
⎛π ⎞ π
3 f⎜ ⎟ = −2
(x + 1) =
2
⎝2⎠ 2
2
⎛ π⎞ π
3 6 ⎜ ⎟ = − +
x = −1 ± = −1 ±
f − 2
⎝ 2⎠ 2
2 2
⎛π ⎞ ⎛ π⎞
In the interval [−1 2, 2]: c = −1 + ( 6 2 ) Tangent lines: y − ⎜ − 2 ⎟ = 1⎜ x − ⎟
2 2
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
y = x − 2
−1 + ( 6 2 )
f (c ) = ⎛ π ⎞ ⎛ π⎞
⎡−1 + ( )
6 2⎤ +1 y − ⎜ − + 2 ⎟ = 1⎜ x + ⎟
2 2
⎣ ⎦ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
−2 + 6 y = x + 2
=
6
−2 55. f ( x) = x, [1, 9]
= +1
6 (a) – (c) 3
Tangent
2 ⎛ ⎞
Tangent line: y − 1 + = 2 x − 6
+1
⎜ ⎟
6 3⎝ 2 ⎠ f Secant
6 2 6 2 1 9
y −1+ = x − +
3 3 3 3
(b) Secant line:
y =
1
(2x + 5 − 2 6 ) f (9) − f (1) 3 −1 1
3 slope = = =
9 −1 8 4
1
y − 1 = ( x − 1)
4
1 3
y = x +
4 4
1 1
(c) f ′( x) = =
2 x 4
x = c = 4
f ( 4) = 2
1
Tangent line: y − 2 =
4
( x − 4)
1
y = x +1
4
56. f ( x) = x 4 − 2x3 + x 2 , [0, 6] πx

57. f ( x) = 2e x 4 cos ,0 ≤ x ≤ 2
4
(a) – (c) 1000

(a) – (c) 3
Tangent
Secant f
f
Tangent Secant
0 6
−100 0 2
0
(b) Secant line:
(b) Secant line:
f (6) − f (0) 900 − 0
slope = = = 150 f ( 2) − f (0) 0− 2
6 −0 6 slope = = = −1
2−0 2−0
y − 0 = 150( x − 0)
y − 2 = −1( x − 0)
y = 150x
y = −x + 2
(c) f ′( x) = 4x3 − 6x 2 + 2x = 150
⎛1 πx ⎞ ⎛ πx ⎞ π
f ′ x = 2 e x 4 cos
⎟ + 2e ⎜ −sin
x 4
Using a graphing utility, there is one solution in ⎜ ⎟
⎝4 4 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠4
(c) ( )
(0, 6), x = c ≈ 3.8721 and f (c) ≈ 123.6721 ⎡1 πx π πx ⎤
= e x 4
⎢ cos − sin ⎥
Tangent line: y − 123.6721 = 150( x − 3.8721) ⎣ 2 4 2 4⎦
y = 150x − 457.143 f ′(c) = −1 ⇒ c ≈ 1.0161, f (c) ≈ 1.8
Tangent line: y − 1.8 = −1( x − 1.0161)

y = −x + 2.8161
58. f ( x) = ln sec π x
(a) – (c) 0. 5
f
secant
0 0.25
tangent
− 0. 1
f (1 4) − f (0)
(b) Secant line: slope = = 4 ln 2 = 2 ln 2 ≈ 1.3863

(1 4) − 0
y −0 = (2 ln 2)( x − 0)
y = (ln 4) x
1
(c) f ′( x) = ⋅ sec π x ⋅ tan π x ⋅ π = π tan π x
sec π x
f ′(c ) = π tan π c = ln 4
1 ln 4
c = tan −1 ≈ 0.1323
π π
f (c) ≈ 0.0889
Tangent line: y − 0.0889 = 1.3863( x − 0.1323)

y = 1.3863x − 0.0945
59. s (t ) = −4.9t 2 + 300 62. f ( a) = f (b) and f ′(c) = 0 where c is in the interval
s (3) − s (0) 255.9 − 300 (a, b).

(a) vavg = = = −14.7 m/sec
3−0 3 (a) g ( x) = f ( x) + k
(b) s(t ) is continuous on [0, 3] and differentiable on g ( a ) = g (b ) = f ( a ) + k
(0, 3). Therefore, the Mean Value Theorem applies. g′( x ) = f ′( x ) ⇒ g′(c ) = 0
v(t ) = s′(t ) = −9.8t = −14.7 m/sec Interval: [a, b]
−14.7
t = = 1.5 sec Critical number of g: c
−9.8
(b) g ( x) = f ( x − k )
⎛ ⎞ g ( a + k ) = g (b + k ) = f ( a )
9
60. S (t ) = 200⎜ 5 − ⎟
2 + t⎠
⎝ g′( x) = f ′( x − k )
S (12)−S (0) 200 ⎡⎣5 −(9 14)⎤⎦−200⎡⎣5 −(9 2)⎤⎦ g′(c + k ) = f ′(c ) = 0
(a) =
12 − 0 12
450 Interval: [a + k, b + k ]
=
7 Critical number of g : c + k
⎛ 9 ⎞ (c) g ( x) = f ( kx)
(b) S′(t ) = 200⎜ ⎟ = 450
⎝⎜ 2⎠
(2 + t ) ⎟ 7 ⎛ =a ⎞ ⎛ =b ⎞
g ⎜ ⎟ = g ⎜ ⎟ = f ( a)
1 1 k
⎝ ⎠ ⎝k⎠
=
( 2 + t )2 28 g ′( x ) = kf ′( kx )
2+t = 2 7 ⎛c⎞
g = kf (c) = 0
′⎜ ⎟ ′
⎝k⎠
t = 2 7 − 2 ≈ 3.2915 months
⎡a b ⎤
S′(t ) is equal to the average value in April. Interval: ⎢ , ⎥
⎣k k ⎦
61. No. Let f ( x) = x 2 on [−1, 2]. Critical number of g :

c
k
f ′( x) = 2x
⎧0, x = 0
f ′(0) = 0 and zero is in the interval ( −1, 2) but 63. f ( x) = ⎨
⎩1 − x, 0 < x ≤ 1
f ( −1) ≠ f ( 2).
No, this does not contradict Rolle’s Theorem. f is not
continuous on [0, 1].
64. No. If such a function existed, then the Mean Value

Theorem would say that there exists c ∈ ( −2, 2) such
that
f ( 2) − f ( −2) 6 +2
f ′(c ) = = = 2.
2 − ( −2) 4
But,
f ′( x) < 1 for all x.
65. Let S (t ) be the position function of the plane. If 70. (a) f is continuous on [−10, 4] and changes sign,
t = 0 corresponds to 2 P.M., S (0) = 0, S (5.5) = 2500
( f (−8) > 0, f (3) < 0). By the Intermediate Value
and the Mean Value Theorem says that there exists a Theorem, there exists at least one value of x in
time t0 , 0 < t0 < 5.5, such that
[−10, 4] satisfying f ( x) = 0.
2500 − 0
S ′(t0 ) = v(t0 ) = ≈ 454.54. (b) There exist real numbers a and b such that
5.5 − 0
−10 < a < b < 4 and f ( a ) = f (b) = 2.

Applying the Intermediate Value Theorem to the
velocity function on the intervals [0, t0 ] and [t0 , 5.5], Therefore, by Rolle’s Theorem there exists at least
one number c in (−10, 4) such that f ′(c) = 0.

you see that there are at least two times during the
flight when the speed was 400 miles per hour. This is called a critical number.
(0 < 400 < 454.54) (c) y
66. Let T (t ) be the temperature of the object. Then 4
T (0) = 1500° and T (5) = 390°. The average x
−8 −4
temperature over the interval [0, 5] is
4
−4
390 −1500
= −222° F/h. −8
5−0
71. f is continuous on [−5, 5] and does not satisfy the

By the Mean Value Theorem, there exist a time t0 ,
0 < t0 < 5, such that T ′(t0 ) = −222°F/h.
conditions of the Mean Value Theorem. ⇒ f is not
67. Let S (t ) be the difference in the positions of the differentiable on ( −5, 5). Example: f ( x) = x
2 bicyclists, S (t ) = S1 (t ) − S 2 (t ). Because y
8
S (0) = S ( 2.25) = 0, there must exist a time 6
f (x) = ⏐x⏐
(−5, 5) (5, 5)
t0 ∈ (0, 2.25) such that S′(t0 ) = v(t0 ) = 0. 4
At this time, v1 (t0 ) = v2 (t0 ). 2
x
68. Let t = 0 correspond to 9:13 A.M. By the Mean Value −4 −2 2 4
−2
Theorem, there exists t0 in 0, ( 1
30 ) such that
85 − 35 72. f is not continuous on [−5, 5].
′
v (t0 ) = a(t0 ) = = 1500 mi/h . 2
1 30
⎧1 x, x ≠ 0
Example: f ( x ) = ⎨
⎛ πx ⎞ ′ ⎛ πx ⎞⎛ ⎛ πx ⎞⎞⎛ π ⎞ ⎩0, x = 0
69. f ( x) = 3 cos , f ( x ) = 6 cos −sin
2
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎜ 2 ⎟⎟⎜ 2 ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎝ ⎝ ⎠⎠⎝ ⎠ y
⎛ πx ⎞ ⎛ πx ⎞
= −3π cos⎜ ⎟sin ⎜ ⎟ 4 f (x) = 1x
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
2
(a)
7 (5, 15)
f′ f x
2 4
(− 5, − 15)
−2 2
−5
−7
(b) f and f ′ are both continuous on the entire real line.
(c) Because f ( −1) = f (1) = 0, Rolle’s Theorem
applies on [−1, 1]. Because f (1) = 0 and f ( 2) = 3,
Rolle’s Theorem does not apply on [1, 2].

(d) lim f ′( x) = 0
x → 3−
lim f ′( x ) = 0
x → 3+
73. f ( x ) = x 5 + x 3 + x + 1 77. f ′( x) = 0
f is differentiable for all x. f ( x) = c
f ( −1) = −2 and f (0) = 1, so the Intermediate Value f ( 2) = 5
Theorem implies that f has at least one zero c in So, f ( x) = 5.

[−1, 0], f (c) = 0.
Suppose f had 2 zeros, f (c1 ) = f (c2 ) = 0. Then 78. f ′( x) = 4
Rolle’s Theorem would guarantee the existence of a f ( x) = 4x + c

number a such that
f ( 0) = 1 ⇒ c = 1
f ′( a) = f (c2 ) − f (c1 ) = 0.
So, f ( x) = 4x + 1.
But, f ′( x ) = 5x + 3x + 1 > 0 for all x. So, f has
4 2
exactly one real solution. 79. f ′( x ) = 2x
74. f ( x ) = 2x 5 + 7x − 1 f ( x) = x 2 + c
f (1) = 0 ⇒ 0 = 1 + c ⇒ c = −1
f is differentiable for all x.
f (0) = −1 and f (1) = 8, so the Intermediate Value So, f ( x ) = x 2 − 1.
Theorem implies that f has at least one zero c in

80. f ′( x) = 6x − 1
[0, 1], f (c) = 0.
Suppose f had 2 zeros, f (c1 ) = f (c2 ) = 0. Then ( )
f x = 3x 2 − x + c
Rolle’s Theorem would guarantee the existence of a ( )
f ( 2) = 7 ⇒ 7 = 3 2 2 − 2 + c
number a such that = 10 + c ⇒ c = −3
f ′( a) = f (c2 ) − f (c1 ) = 0.
So, f ( x ) = 3x 2 − x − 3.
But f ′( x) = 10x 4 + 7 > 0 for all x. So, f ( x) = 0 has
exactly one real solution. 81. False. f ( x) = 1 x has a discontinuity at x = 0.
75. f ( x) = 3x + 1 − sin x 82. False. f must also be continuous and differentiable on

each interval. Let
f is differentiable for all x.
x 3 − 4x
f ( −π ) = −3π + 1 < 0 and f (0) = 1 > 0, so the f ( x) = .
x2 − 1
Intermediate Value Theorem implies that f has at least
one zero c in [−π , 0], f (c ) = 0. 83. True. A polynomial is continuous and differentiable
everywhere.
Suppose f had 2 zeros, f (c1 ) = f (c2 ) = 0. Then
Rolle’s Theorem would guarantee the existence of a 84. True

number a such that
f ′( a) = f (c2 ) − f (c1 ) = 0. 85. Suppose that p( x ) = x 2n +1 + ax + b has two real roots
But f ′( x) = 3 − cos x > 0 for all x. So, f ( x) = 0 has
x1 and x2 . Then by Rolle’s Theorem, because
p ( x1 ) = p( x2 ) = 0, there exists c in ( x1 , x2 ) such that

exactly one real solution.
p′(c) = 0. But p′( x ) = ( 2n + 1) x 2n + a ≠ 0, because
76. f ( x) = 2x − 2 − cos x n > 0, a > 0. Therefore, p( x ) cannot have two real

f (0) = −3, f (π ) = 2π − 2 + 1 = 2π − 1 > 0. By the roots.
Intermediate Value Theorem, f has at least one zero.

86. Suppose f ( x) is not constant on ( a, b). Then there exists
Suppose f had 2 zeros, f (c1 ) = f (c2 ) = 0. Then
x1 and x2 in (a, b ) such that f ( x1 ) ≠ f ( x2 ). Then by the
Rolle’s Theorem would guarantee the existence of a
number a such that Mean Value Theorem, there exists c in ( a, b ) such that
f ′( a) = f (c2 ) − f (c1 ) = 0. f( 2x) − ( f1 ) x

f ′(c ) = ≠ 0.
But, f ′( x) = 2 + sin x ≥ 1 for all x. So, f has exactly x2 − x1
one real solution. This contradicts the fact that f ′( x) = 0 for all x in ( a, b).
Sectio n 4.3 Increasing and Decreasing Functio n s and the First Derivativ e Te st 289
87. If p ( x ) = Ax 2 + Bx + C, then 90. f ( x ) = 1

cos x differentiable on ( −∞, ∞ ).
2
f (b)− f ( a ) f ′( x) = − 21 sin x
p′( x ) = 2 Ax + B =
b − a 1 1
− 2 ≤ f ′( x ) ≤ ⇒ f ′( x ) < 1 for all real numbers.
( Ab 2 ) (
+ Bb + C − Aa 2 + Ba + C ) 2
= So, from Exercise 70, f has, at most, one fixed point.

b − a
( x ≈ 0.4502)
=
( )
A b 2 − a 2 + B (b − a )
b − a 91. Let f ( x) = cos x. f is continuous and differentiable for
(b − a ) ⎡⎣ A(b + a) + B⎤⎦ all real numbers. By the Mean Value Theorem, for any
=
b − a interval [a, b], there exists c in ( a, b ) such that
= A(b + a ) + B.
f (b ) − f ( a )
So, 2Ax = A(b + a ) and x = (b + a ) 2 which is the = f ′(c )

b −a
midpoint of [a, b]. cos b − cos a

= −sin c
b − a
88. (a) f ( x ) = x 2 , g ( x ) = −x 3 + x 2 + 3x + 2 cos b − cos a = ( −sin c)(b − a )
f ( −1) = g ( −1) = 1, f ( 2) = g ( 2) = 4 cos b − cos a = −sin c b − a
Let h( x ) = f ( x) − g ( x ). Then, h( −1) = h( 2) = 0. cos b − cos a ≤ b − a since −sin c ≤ 1.
So, by Rolle’s Theorem these exists c ∈ ( −1, 2) 92. Let f ( x) = sin x. f is continuous and differentiable for
such that h′(c) = f ′(c) − g ′(c) = 0. all real numbers. By the Mean Value Theorem, for any
So, at x = c, the tangent line to f is parallel to the interval [a, b], there exists c in ( a, b ) such that
tangent line to g.
f (b ) − f ( a )
= f ′(c )
h( x ) = x3 − 3x − 2, h′( x ) b − a
= 3x 2 − 3 = 0 ⇒ x = c = 1 sin (b ) − sin ( a ) = (b − a ) cos(c )
(b) Let h( x ) = f ( x) − g ( x ). Then h( a ) = h(b) = 0 by sin (b) − sin ( a ) = b − a cos(c )
Rolle’s Theorem, there exists c in ( a, b ) such that sin a − sin b ≤ a − b .
h′(c) = f ′(c) − g′(c) = 0.

93. Let 0 < a < b. f ( x) = x satisfies the hypotheses of
So, at x = c, the tangent line to f is parallel to the
the Mean Value Theorem on [a, b]. Hence, there exists c
tangent line to g.
in (a, b ) such that
89. Suppose f ( x) has two fixed points c1 and c2 . Then, by
1 f (b) − f ( a ) b − a
the Mean Value Theorem, there exists c such that f ′(c) = = = .
2 c b − a b −a
f (c2 ) − f (c1 ) c2 − c1
f ′(c ) = = = 1. 1 b −a
c2 − c1 c2 − c1 So, b − a = (b − a ) < .
2 c 2 a
This contradicts the fact that f ′( x) < 1 for all x.
Section 4.3 Increasing and Decreasing Functions and the First Derivative Test
1. (a) Increasing: (0, 6) and (8, 9). Largest: (0, 6) 2. (a) Increasing: ( 4, 5), (6, 7 ). Largest: ( 4, 5), (6, 7 )
(b) Decreasing: (6, 8) and (9, 10). Largest: (6, 8) (b) Decreasing: ( −3, 1), (1, 4), (5, 6). Largest: ( −3, 1)
3. f ( x ) = x 2 − 6x + 8 4. y = −( x + 1)
2
From the graph, f is decreasing on ( −∞, 3) and From the graph, f is increasing on ( −∞, −1) and
increasing on (3, ∞ ). decreasing on ( −1, ∞ ).
Analytically, f ′( x) = 2x − 6. Analytically, y′ = − 2( x + 1).
Critical number: x = 3 Critical number: x = −1
Test intervals: −∞ < x < 3 3 < x < ∞ Test intervals: − ∞ < x < −1 −1 < x < ∞
Sign of y′: y′ > 0 y′ < 0

Sign of f ′( x ): f′ < 0 f′ > 0
Conclusion: Decreasing Increasing Conclusion: Increasing Decreasing
x3
5. y = − 3x
4
From the graph, y is increasing on ( −∞, − 2) and ( 2, ∞ ), and decreasing on ( −2, 2).
3x 2
Analytically, y′ = −3 =
3
( x2 )
− 4 =
3
(x − 2)( x + 2)
4 4 4
Critical numbers: x = ± 2
Test intervals: − ∞ < x < −2 −2 < x < 2 2 < x < ∞
Sign of y′: y′ > 0 y′ < 0 y′ > 0
Conclusion: Increasing Decreasing Increasing
6. f ( x ) = x 4 − 2x 2
From the graph, f is decreasing on ( −∞, −1) and (0, 1), and increasing on ( −1, 0) and (1, ∞ ).
Analytically, f ′( x ) = 4x 3 − 4x = 4x( x − 1)( x + 1).
Critical numbers: x = 0, ±1.
Test intervals: − ∞ < x < −1 −1 < x < 0 0 < x <1 1< x < ∞
Sign of f ′: f′ < 0 f′ > 0 f′ < 0 f′ > 0

Conclusion: Decreasing Increasing Decreasing Increasing
1
7. f ( x ) =
(x + 1)
2
From the graph, f is increasing on ( −∞, −1) and decreasing on ( −1, ∞ ).

−2
Analytically, f ′( x) = 3.
(x + 1)
No critical numbers. Discontinuity: x = −1
Test intervals: − ∞ < x < −1 −1 < x < ∞
Sign of f ′( x ): f′ > 0 f′ < 0
Conclusion: Increasing Decreasing
x2
8. y =
2x − 1
From the graph, y is increasing on ( −∞, 0) and (1, ∞), and decreasing on (0, 1 2) and (1 2, 1).
(2x − 1)2x − x 2 ( 2) 2x 2 − 2x 2x( x − 1)
Analytically, y′ = = =
(2x − 1) (2x − 1) (2x − 1)
2 2 2
Critical numbers: x = 0, 1
Discontinuity: x = 1 2
Test intervals: −∞ < x < 0 0 < x <12 12 < x <1 1< x < ∞
Sign of y′: y′ > 0 y′ < 0 y′ < 0 y′ > 0
Conclusion: Increasing Decreasing Decreasing Increasing
9. g ( x ) = x 2 − 2x − 8
g′( x ) = 2x − 2
Test intervals: −∞ < x < 1 1< x < ∞
Sign of g′( x) : g′ < 0 g′ > 0

Conclusion: Decreasing Increasing
Increasing on: (1, ∞ )

Decreasing on: ( −∞, 1)
10. h( x ) = 12x − x 3
( )
h′( x) = 12 − 3x 2 = 3 4 − x = 3( 2 − x)( 2 + x)
2
Test intervals: −∞ < x < −2 −2 < x < 2 2 < x < ∞
Sign of h′( x): h′ < 0 h′ > 0 h′ < 0

Conclusion: Decreasing Increasing Decreasing
Increasing on: ( − 2, 2)
Decreasing on: ( −∞, − 2), ( 2, ∞ )
11. y = x 16 − x 2 Domain: [−4, 4]
(
−2 x 2 − 8 ) −2
y′ = =
( x − 2 2)( x + 2 2)
16 − x 2 16 − x 2
Critical numbers: x = ±2 2
Test intervals: − 4 < x < −2 2 −2 2 < x < 2 2 2 2 < x < 4
Sign of y′: y′ < 0 y′ > 0 y′ < 0

(
Increasing on: −2 2, 2 2 )
(
Decreasing on: − 4, − 2 2 , 2 2, 4 )( )
9
12. y = x +
x
1−9 x2 − 9 (x − 3)( x + 3)
y′ = = =
x2 x2 x2
Discontinuity: x = 0
Test intervals: −∞ < x < −3 −3 < x < 0 0 < x < 3 3 < x < ∞
Sign of y′: y′ > 0 y′ < 0 y′ < 0 y′ > 0
Increasing on: ( − ∞, − 3), (3, ∞ )
Decreasing on: ( −3, 0), (0, 3)

13. f ( x ) = sin x − 1, 0 < x < 2π
f ′( x) = cos x
π 3π
Critical numbers: x = ,
2 2
π π 3π 3π
Test intervals: 0 < x < < x < < x < 2π
2 2 2 2
Sign of f ′( x) : f′ > 0 f′ < 0 f′ > 0
⎛ π ⎞ ⎛ 3π ⎞
Increasing on: ⎜ 0, ⎟, ⎜ , 2π ⎟
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
⎛ π 3π ⎞
Decreasing on: ⎜ , ⎟
⎝2 2 ⎠
x
14. h( x ) = cos , 0 < x < 2π
2
h′( x )
1 x
sin
= −
2 2
Critical numbers: none
Test interval: 0 < x < 2π
Sign of h′( x): h′ < 0
Conclusion: Decreasing
Decreasing on 0 < x < 2π
Sectio n 4.3 Increasing and Decreasing Functio n s an d the First Derivativ e Test 293
15. y = x − 2 cos x, 0 < x < 2π

y′ = 1 + 2 sin x
1
y′ = 0: sin x = −
2
7π 11π
6 6
7π 7π 11π 11π
6 6 6 6
Sign of y′: y′ > 0 y′ < 0 y′ > 0
⎛ 7π ⎞, ⎛ 11π , 2π ⎞
Increasing on: 0,
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 6 ⎠ ⎝ 6 ⎠
⎛ 7π 11π ⎞
⎝ 6 6 ⎠
16. f ( x ) = sin 2 x + sin x, 0 < x < 2π
f ′( x) = 2 sin x cos x + cos x = cos x( 2 sin x + 1)
1 7π 11π
2 sin x + 1 = 0 ⇒ sin x = − ⇒ x = ,
2 6 6
π 3π
cos x = 0 ⇒ x = ,
2 2
π 7π 3π 11π
Critical numbers: , , ,
2 6 2 6
π π 7π 7π 3π 3π 11π 11π
Test intervals: 0 < x < < x < < x < < x < < x < 2π
2 2 6 6 2 2 6 6
Sign of f ′( x ) : f′ > 0 f′ < 0 f′ > 0 f′ < 0 f′ > 0
Conclusion: Increasing Decreasing Increasing Decreasing Increasing
⎛ π ⎞, ⎛ 7π , 3π ⎞, ⎛ 11π , 2π ⎞
Increasing on: 0,
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 6 2 ⎠ ⎝ 6 ⎠
⎛ π 7π ⎞, ⎛ 3π , 11π ⎞
Decreasing on: ,
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝2 6 ⎠ ⎝ 2 6 ⎠
17. g ( x) = e − x + e3x
g′( x ) = −e − x + 3e3x
Critical number: x = − 14 ln 3
Test intervals: −∞ < x < − 14 ln 3 − 14 ln 3 < x < ∞
Sign of g′( x ) : g′ < 0 g′ > 0
(
Increasing on: − 14 ln 3, ∞ )
(
Decreasing on: −∞, − 14 ln 3 )
18. h( x) = x e− x , x ≥ 0
1 ⎛ 1 ⎞ 1 − 2x
h′( x ) = − x e− x + e− x = e− x − x = e− x −
⎜ ⎟
2 x ⎝2 x ⎠ 2 x
1
Critical number: x =
2
(x = 0 is an endpoint )
1 1
Test intervals: 0 < x < < x < ∞
2 2
Sign of h′( x ) : h′ > 0 h′ < 0
⎛ 1⎞
Increasing on: ⎜0, ⎟
⎝ 2⎠
⎛1 ⎞
Decreasing on: ⎜ , ∞ ⎟
⎝2 ⎠
19. f ( x) = x 2 ln ⎛⎜ = ⎟⎞, x > 0

x 21. (a) f ( x ) = x 2 − 4x
⎝2⎠
f ′( x) = 2x − 4
2
⎛ x⎞ x ⎛ x⎞
f ′( x) = 2x ln ⎜ ⎟ + = 2x ln ⎜ ⎟ + x
2 x 2 Critical number: x = 2
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
2 (b)
Critical number: x = Test intervals: −∞ < x < 2 2 < x < ∞
e
Sign of f ′: f′ < 0 f′ > 0
2 2
Test intervals: 0 < x < < x < ∞ Conclusion: Decreasing Increasing
e e
Sign of f ′( x ) : f′ < 0 f′ > 0
Increasing on: ( 2, ∞ )
⎛ 2 ⎞ (c) Relative minimum: ( 2, − 4)

Increasing on: ,∞
⎜ ⎟
⎝ e ⎠
22. (a) f ( x ) = x 2 + 6x + 10
⎛ 2 ⎞
Decreasing on: 0, ′ = +
⎜
e
⎟ f ( x) 2x 6
⎝ ⎠ Critical number: x = −3
ln x
20. f ( x) = , (b)
x x > 0
x Sign of f ′: f′ < 0 f′ > 0
1
− ln x Conclusion: Decreasing Increasing
x 2 x = 2 − ln x
f ′( x) =
x 2x 3 2
Critical number: x = e 2 Decreasing on: ( −∞, −3)

Test intervals: 0 < x < e2 e2 < x < ∞ Increasing on: ( −3, ∞ )
Sign of f ′( x ) : f′ > 0 f′ < 0 (c) Relative minimum: ( −3, 1)
( )
Increasing on: 0, e 2
Decreasing on: (e 2 , ∞ )
23. (a) f ( x) = −2x 2 + 4x + 3 24. (a) f ( x) = − 3x 2 − 4x − 2

f ′( x) = −4x + 4 = 0 f ′( x) = − 6x − 4 = 0
Critical number: x = 1 Critical number: x = − 23
(b)
Test intervals: −∞ < x < 1 1< x < ∞ (b)
Test intervals: −∞ < x < − 23 − 23 < x < ∞
Sign of f ′( x ): f′ > 0 f′ < 0
Sign of f ′( x ): f′ > 0 f′ < 0
Increasing on: ( −∞, 1)
Decreasing on: (1, ∞ )

(
Increasing on: −∞, − 23 )
(c) Relative maximum: (1, 5) (

Decreasing on: − 23 , ∞ )
(c) Relative maximum: − 23 , − 23( )

25. (a) f ( x) = 2x + 3x − 12x
3 2
f ′( x) = 6x 2 + 6x − 12 = 6( x + 2)( x − 1) = 0
Critical numbers: x = −2, 1
(b)
Test intervals: −∞ < x < −2 −2 < x < 1 1< x < ∞
Sign of f ′( x): f′ > 0 f′ < 0 f′ > 0
Increasing on: ( −∞, − 2), (1, ∞ )
Decreasing on: ( −2, 1)
(c) Relative maximum: ( −2, 20)
Relative minimum: (1, − 7)

26. (a) f ( x) = x3 − 6x 2 + 15
f ′( x) = 3x 2 − 12x = 3x( x − 4)
(b)
Test intervals: −∞ < x < 0 0 < x < 4 4 < x < ∞
Sign of f ′( x): f′ > 0 f′ < 0 f′ > 0
Increasing on: ( −∞, 0), ( 4, ∞)
Decreasing on: (0, 4)
(c) Relative maximum: (0, 15)
Relative minimum: ( 4, −17)
f ( x) = ( x − 1) ( x + 3) = x3 + x 2 − 5x + 3
2
27. (a)
f ′( x) = 3x 2 + 2x − 5 = ( x − 1)(3x + 5)
Critical numbers: x = 1, − 53
(b)
Test intervals: − ∞ < x < − 53 −5 3 < x < 1 1< x < ∞
Sign of f ′: f′ > 0 f′ < 0 f′ > 0
(
Increasing on: −∞, − 53 and (1, ∞ ) )
(
Decreasing on: − 53, 1 )
(c) Relative maximum: − 53, ( 256
27 )
Relative minimum: (1, 0)
f ( x) = ( x + 2) ( x − 1)
2
28. (a)
f ′( x) = 3x( x + 2)
(b)
Test intervals: − ∞ < x < −2 −2 < x < 0 0 < x < ∞
Sign of f ′( x): f′ > 0 f′ < 0 f′ > 0

Increasing on: ( −∞, − 2), (0, ∞ )
(c) Relative maximum: ( −2, 0)

x5 − 5x
29. (a) f ( x) =
5
f ′( x) = x 4 − 1
(b)
Test intervals: − ∞ < x < −1 −1 < x < 1 1< x < ∞
Sign of f ′( x): f′ > 0 f′ < 0 f′ > 0

Increasing on: ( −∞, −1), (1, ∞ )
⎛ 4⎞
(c) Relative maximum: ⎜ −1, ⎟
⎝ 5⎠
Relative minimum: ⎜⎛1, − ⎟⎞

4
⎝ 5⎠
Sectio n 4.3 Increasing and Decreasing Functions and th e First Derivativ e Test 297
f ( x) = x 4 − 32x + 4 f ( x ) = ( x + 2)
23
30. (a) 33. (a)
f ′( x) = 4x3 − 32 = 4 x3 − 8 ( ) f ′( x) =
2
( x + 2)−1 3 = 2
3( x + 2)
13
3
(b) Critical number: x = −2

Test intervals: −∞ < x < 2 2 < x < ∞
(b)
Sign of f ′( x): f′ < 0 f′ > 0
Sign of f ′: f′ < 0 f′ > 0
Increasing on: ( 2, ∞ )
Decreasing on: ( −∞, − 2)
Increasing on: ( −2, ∞ )
(c) Relative minimum: ( 2, − 44)
(c) Relative minimum: ( −2, 0)
31. (a) f ( x) = x 13
+1
f ( x) = ( x − 3)
13
1 1 34. (a)
f ′( x ) = x −2 3
=
3 3x 2 3 1 1
( )
f′ x =
(x −3
)−2 3 =
3( x − 3)
23
Critical number: x = 0 3
(b)
Test intervals: −∞ < x < 0 0 < x < ∞ Critical number: x = 3
(b)
Sign of f ′( x): f′ > 0 f′ > 0 Test intervals: −∞ < x < 3 3 < x < ∞
Conclusion: Increasing Increasing Sign of f ′: f′ > 0 f′ > 0
Conclusion: Increasing Increasing

Increasing on: ( −∞, ∞ )
(c) No relative extrema Increasing on: ( −∞, ∞)
(c) No relative extrema

32. (a) f ( x) = x 2 3 − 4
2 −1 3 2 35. (a) f ( x) = 5 − x − 5
f ′( x) = x = 13
3 3x x < 5
⎧ 1,
x −5
Critical number: x = 0 f ′( x )
x −5 ⎩−1, x > 5
(b) = − = ⎨
Sign of f ′( x): f′ < 0 f′ > 0 (b)

Test intervals: −∞5 < x < 5 5 < x < ∞
Conclusion: Decreasing Increasing Sign of f ′( x): f′ > 0 f′ < 0
Increasing on: (0, ∞) Conclusion: Increasing Decreasing
Decreasing on: ( −∞, 0) Increasing on: ( −∞, 5)

(c) Relative minimum: (0, − 4) Decreasing on: (5, ∞ )
36. (a) f ( x) = x + 3 − 1
x +3 ⎧ 1, x > −3
′
f ( x) = = ⎨
x +3 ⎩−1, x < −3
Critical number: x = −3
(b)
Sign of f ′( x): f′ < 0 f′ > 0
Increasing on: ( −3, ∞ )

Decreasing on: ( −∞, −3)
(c) Relative minimum: ( −3, −1)
1
37. (a) f ( x ) = 2x +
x
1 2x 2 − 1
f ′( x) = 2 − 2 =
x x2
2
Critical numbers: x = ±
2
(b)
2 2 2 2
Test intervals: −∞ < x < − − < x < 0 0 < x < < x < ∞
2 2 2 2
Sign of f ′: f′ > 0 f′ < 0 f′ < 0 f′ > 0
⎛ 2⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞
Increasing on: −∞, − and ,∞
⎜ 2 ⎟⎠ ⎜ 2 ⎟
⎝ ⎝ ⎠
⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛ 2⎞
Decreasing on: ⎜ − , 0⎟ and ⎜ 0, 2 ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
⎛ 2 ⎞
(c) Relative maximum: ⎜ − , −2 2⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠
⎛ 2 ⎞
Relative minimum: ,2 2
⎜ 2 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
x
38. (a) f ( x) =
x −5
f ′( x) =
( x − 5) − x =
−5
( x − 5)2 (x − 5)
2
No critical numbers
(b)
Sign of f ′( x): f′ < 0 f′ < 0

Conclusion: Decreasing Decreasing
Decreasing on: ( −∞, 5), (5, ∞ )
x2
39. (a) f ( x) =
x −9
2
′( ) =
( x2 ) ( )(22 x)
− 9 ( 2 x) − x
=
−18x
f x
( x2 ) ( x 2 − 9)
2 2
−9
Discontinuities: x = −3, 3
(b)
Test intervals: −∞ < x < −3 −3 < x < 0 0 < x < 3 3 < x < ∞
Sign of f ′( x): f′ > 0 f′ > 0 f′ < 0 f′ < 0
Conclusion: Increasing Increasing Decreasing Decreasing
Increasing on: ( −∞, − 3), ( −3, 0)

Decreasing on: (0, 3), (3, ∞ )

x 2 − 2 x +1
40. (a) f ( x) =
x +1
′( x ) =
(x (
+1)( 2 x − 2) − x − 2 x +1 (1) ) =
x + 2x −3
=
(x + 3)( x −1)
2 2
f
( + 1) ( + 1) ( + 1)
2 2 2
x x x
Discontinuity: x = −1
(b)
Test intervals: −∞ < x < −3 −3 < x < −1 −1 < x < 1 1< x < ∞
Sign of f ′( x): f′ > 0 f′ < 0 f′ < 0 f′ > 0
Increasing on: ( −∞, − 3), (1, ∞ )

Decreasing on: ( −3, −1), ( −1, 1)
(c) Relative maximum: ( −3, −8)

⎪⎧4 − x , x ≤ 0
2
41. (a) f ( x) = ⎨
⎪⎩−2x, x > 0
⎧−2x, x < 0
f ′( x) = ⎨
⎩−2, x > 0
(b)
Sign of f ′: f′ > 0 f′ < 0
⎧2x + 1, x ≤ −1
42. (a) f ( x) = ⎨ 2
⎩x − 2, x > −1
⎧2, x < −1
f ′( x) = ⎨
⎩2x, x > −1
(b)
Test intervals: −∞ < x < −1 −1 < x < 0 0 < x < ∞
Sign of f ′: f′ > 0 f′ < 0 f′ > 0
Increasing on: ( −∞, −1) and (0, ∞)

(c) Relative maximum: ( −1, −1)

⎧3x + 1, x ≤ 1
43. (a) f ( x) = ⎨
⎩5 − x , x > 1
2
⎧3, x <1
f ′( x) = ⎨
⎩−2x, x > 1
(b)
Test intervals: −∞ < x < 1 1< x < ∞
Sign of f ′: f′ > 0 f′ < 0

⎪⎧−x + 1, x ≤ 0
3
44. (a) f ( x) = ⎨
⎩⎪−x + 2x, x > 0

2
⎧⎪−3x 2 , x < 0
f ′( x) = ⎨
⎪⎩−2x + 2, x > 0
(b)
Test intervals: −∞ < x < 0 0 < x <1 1< x < ∞
Sign of f ′: f′ < 0 f′ > 0 f′ < 0

Increasing on: (0, 1)
Decreasing on: ( −∞, 0) and (1, ∞)

Note: (0, 1) is not a relative minimum
45. f ( x ) = (3 − x)e x −3 48. f ( x) = x arctan x
f ′( x) = (3 − x)e x −3 − e x −3 f ′( x) =
x
+ arctan x
2
1+ x
= e x −3 ( 2 − x )
f ′( x) = 0
Test intervals: −∞ < x < 2 2 < x < ∞ Test intervals: −∞ < x < 0 0 < x < ∞
Sign of f ′( x): f′ > 0 f′ < 0
Sign of f ′( x): f′ < 0 f′ > 0
Conclusion: Increasing Decreasing Conclusion: Decreasing Increasing
Increasing on: ( − ∞, 2) 0.5
Increasing on: (0, ∞ ) 6
Decreasing on: ( 2, ∞ ) −2 4

Relative minimum: 2, e −1( ) Relative minimum: (0, 0)
−1 −6 6
−3
46. f ( x ) = ( x − 1)e x 49. g ( x) = ( x)3− x
f ′( x) = ( x − 1)e x + e x = xe x
g′( x ) = (1 − x ln 3)3
−x
1
Test intervals: −∞ < x < 0 0 < x < ∞ Critical number: x = ≈ 0.9102
ln 3
Sign of f ′( x): f′ < 0 f′ > 0
1 1
Conclusion: Decreasing Increasing Test intervals: −∞ < x < < x < ∞
ln 3 ln 3

4 Sign of f ′( x): f′ > 0 f′ < 0
Decreasing on: ( −∞, 0) 1
−5 5 ⎛ 1 ⎞
−∞
Relative minimum: (0, −1) Increasing on: ⎜ , ⎟ −2 4
ln 3
⎝ ⎠
−2
⎛ 1 ⎞
Decreasing on: ⎜ , ∞⎟
47. f ( x) = 4( x − arcsin x), −1 ≤ x ≤ 1 ⎝ ln 3 ⎠ −3
4 ⎛ 1 1 ⎞
f ′( x ) = 4 − Relative maximum: , ≈ (0.9102, 0.3349)
⎜ ⎟
1 − x2 ln 3 e ln 3
⎝ ⎠
50. f ( x) = 2
x 2 −3
Test intervals: −1 ≤ x < 0 0 < x ≤1
Sign of f ′( x): f ′( x) = (ln 2)2 x (2x)

2 −3
f′ < 0 f′ < 0
Conclusion: Decreasing Decreasing Critical number: x = 0
Decreasing on: [−1, 1] 3 Test intervals: −∞ < x < 0 0 < x < ∞
No relative extrema
(0, 0) Sign of f ′( x): f′ < 0 f′ > 0
−1.5 1.5
(Absolute maximum at Conclusion: Decreasing Increasing
x = −1, absolute minimum Increasing on: (0, ∞) 3
at x = 1 ) −3
R
e 8
l −3 3
a
t −1
i
v
e
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
:
(
0
,
1
ln x e 2x
51. f ( x) = x − log 4 x = x − 53. g ( x) =
ln 4 e +1
2x
f ′( x ) = 1 −
1
x ln 4
= 0 ⇒ x ln 4 = 1 ⇒ x =
1
ln 4 g′( x ) =
(e2 x +1)2e 2 x (
− e 2 x 2e 2 x ) =
2e 2 x
2
2
1
(e2x +1 ) (e 2 x +1 )
ln 4 No critical numbers. 2
1 1
Test intervals: 0 < x < < x < ∞ Increasing on: ( −∞, ∞ )
ln 4 ln 4
Sign of f ′( x): f′ < 0 f′ > 0 No relative extrema.

−3 3
Conclusion: Decreasing Increasing −2
54. h( x) = ln ( 2 − ln x)
5
⎛ 1 ⎞ Domain: x > 0 and 2 − ln x > 0 ⇒ 0 < x < e 2

Increasing on: ,∞ (0 7213 0 9570)
. , .
⎜ ⎟
ln 4
⎝ ⎠ 1 ⎛ 1⎞ 1 1
h′( x) = ⎜ − ⎟ = x ln x − 2x = x ln x − 2
⎛ 1 ⎞ −1 5 2 − ln x ⎝ x ⎠ ( )
Decreasing on: 0,
⎜ ⎟
⎝ ln 4 ⎠ −1 No critical numbers. 4
Relative maximum: h′( x) < 0 on entire domain.

−2 10
⎛ 1 1 ⎛ 1 ⎞⎞ ⎛ 1 ln (ln 4) +1⎞
( )
2
⎜ , − log 4 ⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜ , ⎟ Decreasing on: 0, e
⎝ ln 4 ln 4 ⎝ ln 4 ⎠⎠ ⎝ ln 4 ln 4 ⎠
No relative extrema.
≈ (0.7213, 0.9570) −6
1 ( 2 − x)
f ( x) = e ( ) = e
x3 −1 x − 2
55. , x =/ 2
52. f ( x) = − ln x
3
1 ( 2 − x)
⎛ 1 ⎞
f ′( x) = e ⎜
⎜ ( 2 − x) ⎟
2
⎟
Domain: x > 0 ⎝ ⎠
2
1 x −1
f ′( x) = x −
2
= No critical numbers.
x x x = 2 is a vertical asymptote.
Sign of f ′( x): f′ > 0 f′ > 0
Test intervals: 0 < x <1 1< x < ∞
Sign of f ′( x): f′ < 0 f′ > 0
Increasing on: ( −∞, 2), ( 2, ∞) 4

3
Decreasing on: (0, 1)
−1 4
−1 3
1
Relative minimum: ⎜⎛1, ⎞⎟ −1
⎝ 3⎠ −1
56. f ( x ) = earctan x 6
⎛ 1 ⎞
f ′( x) = earctan x⎜ 2⎟ =
/ 0
⎝1 + x ⎠
critical numbers.
Increasing on: ( −∞, ∞ )
−4 8
−2
x
57. (a) f ( x) = + cos x, 0 < x < 2π
2
1
f ′( x) = − sin x = 0
2
π 5π
6 6
π π 5π 5π
4 4 4 4
Sign of f ′(x): f′ > 0 f′ < 0 f′ > 0
⎛ π ⎞ ⎛ 5π ⎞
⎝ 6⎠ ⎝ 6 ⎠
⎛ π 5π ⎞
⎝6 6 ⎠
⎛ π π +6 3 ⎞
(b) Relative maximum: ,
⎜6 12 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎛ 5π 5π − 6 3 ⎞
Relative minimum: ,
⎜ 6 12 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
5
(c)
0 2
0
1
58. (a) f ( x ) = sin x cos x + 5 = sin 2x + 5, 0 < x < 2π
2
f ′( x) = cos 2x
π 3π 5π 7π
Critical numbers: , , ,
4 4 4 4
π π 3π 3π 5π 5π 7π 7π
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
Sign of f ′: f′ > 0 f′ < 0 f′ > 0 f′ < 0 f′ > 0
⎛ π ⎞ ⎛ 3π 5π ⎞ ⎛ 7π ⎞
Increasing on: ⎜ 0, ⎟, ⎜ , ⎟, ⎜ , 2π⎟
⎝ 4⎠ ⎝ 4 4 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠
⎛ π 3π ⎞ ⎛ 5π 7π ⎞
Decreasing on: ⎜ , ⎟, ⎜ , ⎟
⎝4 4 ⎠ ⎝ 4 4 ⎠
⎛ π 11 ⎞ ⎛ 5π 11 ⎞
(b) Relative maxima: ⎜ , ⎟, ⎜ , ⎟ (c) 7
⎝4 2⎠ ⎝ 4 2⎠
⎛ 3π 9 ⎞ ⎛ 7π 9 ⎞
Relative minima: ⎜ , ⎟ , ⎜ , ⎟
⎝ 4 2⎠ ⎝ 4 2⎠
0 2
3
59. (a) f ( x ) = sin x + cos x, 0 < x < 2π

f ′( x) = cos x − sin x = 0 ⇒ sin x = cos x
π 5π
4 4
π π 5π 5π
4 4 4 4
Sign of f ′(x): f′ > 0 f′ < 0 f′ > 0
⎛ π ⎞ ⎛ 5π ⎞
⎝ 4⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠
⎛ π 5π ⎞
⎝4 4 ⎠
⎛π ⎞
(b) Relative maximum: ⎜ , 2⎟
⎝4 ⎠
⎛ 5π ⎞
Relative minimum: ⎜ , − 2⎟
⎝ 4 ⎠
(c) 3
0 2
−3
60. (a) f ( x) = x + 2 sin x, 0 < x < 2π

1
f ′( x) = 1 + 2 cos x = 0 ⇒ cos x = −
2
2π 4π
Critical numbers: ,
3 3
2π 2π 4π 4π
3 3 3 3
Sign of f ′(x): f′ > 0 f′ < 0 f′ > 0
⎛ 2π ⎞ ⎛ 4π ⎞
Increasing on: 0, , , 2π
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠
⎛ 2π 4π ⎞
⎝ 3 3 ⎠
⎛ 2π 2π ⎞ ⎛ 2π ⎞
(b) Relative maximum: , + 3 ≈ , 3.826
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
3 3 3
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
⎛ 4π 4π ⎞ ⎛ 4π ⎞
Relative minimum: , − 3 ≈ , 2.457
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
3 3 3
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
(c) 7
0 2
−2
61. (a) f ( x) = cos 2 ( 2x ), 0 < x < 2π

f ′( x) = −4 cos 2x sin 2x = 0 ⇒ cos 2x = 0 or sin 2x = 0
π 3π 5π 7π π 3π
Critical numbers: x = , , , , , π,
4 4 4 4 2 2
π π π π 3π 3π
Test intervals: 0 < x < < x < < x < < x < π
4 4 2 2 4 4
Sign of f ′(x): f′ < 0 f′ > 0 f′ < 0 f′ > 0
5π 5π 3π 3π 7π 7π
Test intervals: π < x < < x < < x < < x < 2π
4 4 2 2 4 4
Sign of f ′(x): f′ < 0 f′ > 0 f′ < 0 f′ > 0
⎛ π π ⎞ ⎛ 3π ⎞ ⎛ 5π 3π ⎞ ⎛ 7π ⎞
Increasing on: ⎜ , ⎟, ⎜ , π ⎟, ⎜ , ⎟, ⎜ , 2π ⎟
4 2 4 4 2 4
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
⎛ π ⎞, ⎛ π , 3π ⎞, ⎛ π , 5π ⎞, ⎛ 3π , 7π ⎞
Decreasing on: 0,
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
4 2 4 4 2 4
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
⎛π ⎛ 3π
(b) Relative maxima: , 1 , (π , 1), ,1 (c) 3
⎞ ⎞
⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎠
⎛ π ⎞ ⎛ 3π ⎞ ⎛ 5π ⎞ ⎛ 7π ⎞
Relative minima: ⎜ , 0 ⎟, ⎜ , 0 ⎟, ⎜ , 0⎟, ⎜ , 0⎟
4 4 4 4 0 2
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
−1
62. (a) f ( x) = sin x − 3 cos x, 0 < x < 2π
f ′( x) = cos x + 3 sin x = 0 ⇒ 3 sin x = − cos x
−1 − 3
tan x = =
3 3
5π 11π
6 6
5π 5π 11π 11π
6 6 6 6
Sign of f ′(x): f′ > 0 f′ < 0 f′ > 0
⎛ 5π ⎞, ⎛ 11π , 2π ⎞
Increasing on: 0,
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 6 ⎠ ⎝ 6 ⎠
⎛ 5π 11π ⎞
⎝ 6 6 ⎠
⎛ 5π
⎞
(b) Relative maximum: ,2 (c) 3
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 6 ⎠
⎛ 11π ⎞
Relative minimum: , −2 0 2
⎜ ⎟
6 Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights
⎝ ⎠
−3
306 Chapter 4 Applicati on s o f Different iation
63. (a) f ( x) = sin 2 x + sin x, 0 < x < 2π

f ′( x) = 2 sin x cos x + cos x = cos x( 2 sin x + 1) = 0
π 7π 3π 11π
Critical numbers: x = , , ,
2 6 2 6
π π 7π 7π 3π 3π 11π 11π
2 2 6 6 2 2 6 6
Sign of f ′(x): f′ > 0 f′ < 0 f′ > 0 f′ < 0 f′ > 0
⎛ π ⎞, ⎛ 7π , 3π ⎞, ⎛ 11π , 2π ⎞
Increasing on: 0,
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 6 2 ⎠ ⎝ 6 ⎠
⎛ π 7π ⎞, ⎛ 3π , 11π ⎞
Decreasing on: ,
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝2 6 ⎠ ⎝ 2 6 ⎠
⎛ 7π 1 ⎞ ⎛ 11π 1⎞
(b) Relative minima: ⎜ , − ⎟, ⎜ ,− ⎟
6 4 6 4
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
⎛ π ⎞ ⎛ 3π ⎞
Relative maxima: ⎜ , 2 ⎟, ⎜ , 0 ⎟
⎝2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
(c) 3
0 2
−1
sin x
64. (a) f ( x) = , 0 < x < 2π
1 + cos 2 x
(
cos x 2 + sin 2 x )
f ′( x) = = 0
(1 + cos x)
2 2
π 3π
2 2
π π 3π 3π
2 2 2 2
Sign of f ′(x): f′ > 0 f′ < 0 f′ > 0
⎛ π ⎞ ⎛ 3π ⎞
Increasing on: ⎜0, ⎟, ⎜ , 2π ⎟
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
⎛ π 3π ⎞
⎝2 2 ⎠
⎛π ⎞
(b) Relative maximum: ⎜ , 1⎟
⎝2 ⎠
⎛ 3π ⎞
Relative minimum: ⎜ , −1⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠
2
(c)
0 2
−2
65. f ( x) = 2x 9 − x 2 , [−3, 3] 67. f (t ) = t 2 sin t, [0, 2π ]
(
2 9− 2x ) () ( )
(a) ( )
f′ x = 2
(a) f ′ t = t 2 cos t + 2t sin t = t t cos t + 2 sin t
(b)
(b) y
y 9 − x2 40
f
30 f′
10
8 20
f′ 10
4
2 t
π 2π
x − 10 2
−1 1 2
− 20
f
−8
− 10
(c) t (t cos t + 2 sin t ) = 0
(c)
(
2 9 − 2x 2
) = 0
t = 0 or t = −2 tan t
9 − x 2 t cot t = −2
t ≈ 2.2889, 5.0870 (graphing utility)
3 3 2
Critical numbers: x = ± = ±
2 2 Critical numbers: t = 2.2889, 5.0870
(d) Intervals: (d) Intervals:
⎛ 3 2⎞ ⎛ 3 2 3 2⎞ ⎛3 2 ⎞ (0, 2.2889) ( 2.2889, 5.0870) (5.0870, 2π )
−3,− − , ,3
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ f ′(t ) > 0 f ′(t ) < 0 f ′(t ) > 0
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
f ′( x) < 0 f ′( x) > 0 f ′( x) < 0 Increasing Decreasing Increasing
Decreasing Increasing Decreasing f is increasing when f ′ is positive and decreasing

when f ′ is negative.
f is increasing when f ′ is positive and decreasing
x x
68. f ( x) = + cos , [0, 4π ]
)
2 2
66. f ( x) = 10 5 − ( x 2 − 3x + 16 , [0, 5]
1 1 x
(a) f ′( x ) = − sin
2 2 2
x 2 − 3x + 16 (b) y
8
(b) y
15 6
f
4
2 f′
6
3 f′ x
π 2π 3π 4π
−1 1 3 4
−3
1 1 x
(c) − sin = 0
2 2 2
5( 2x − 3)
(c) − = 0 x
x 2 − 3x + 16 sin = 1
2
3 ⎛ 3⎞ ⎛3 ⎞
Critical number: x = 0, ,5
2
(d) Intervals:
x π Critical number: x = π
=
2 2 (d) Intervals:
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝2 ⎠ (0, π ) (π , 4π )
f ′( x) > 0 f ′( x) < 0 f ′( x ) > 0 f ′( x ) > 0
Increasing Decreasing Increasing Increasing

f is increasing when f ′ is positive and decreasing f is increasing when f ′ is positive.
308 Chapte r 4 Applicatio n s o f Differenti ati on
x 3π 9π
69. (a) f ( x ) = −3 sin , [0, 6π ] (c) Critical numbers: x = ,
3 2 2
x
f ′( x ) = −cos (d) Intervals:
3
⎛ 3π ⎞ ⎛ 3π 9π ⎞ ⎛ 9π ⎞
(b) y ⎜ 0, ⎟ ⎜ , ⎟ ⎜ , 6π ⎟
2 2 2 2
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
4 f′ < 0 f′ > 0 f′ < 0
f
2 Decreasing Increasing Decreasing

f′
x f is increasing when f ′ is positive and decreasing
2π 4π
−2 when f ′ is negative.
−4
1
70. (a) f ( x) = 2 sin 3x + 4 cos 3x, [0, π ] (c) f ′( x ) = 0 ⇒ tan 3x =
2
f ′( x) = 6 cos 3x − 12 sin 3x
Critical numbers: x ≈ 0.1545, 1.2017, 2.2489
(b) y (d) Intervals:
12
f' (0, 0.1545) (0.1545, 1.2017) (1.2017, 2.2489) ( 2.2489, π )
8
f′ > 0 f′ < 0 f′ > 0 f′ < 0

4 f
x Increasing Decreasing Increasing Decreasing

π
−4
f is increasing when f ′ is positive and decreasing when f ′ is
−8
negative.
− 12
71. f ( x) =
1 2
(
x − ln x , (0, 3] ) (
72. f ( x) = 4 − x 2 e x , [0, 2] )
2
2 x 2 −1
(a) ( ) ( )
(a) f ′( x) =
(b) f ′ x = 4 − 2x − x e
x 2
2x
y
(b) y
10 f
4 x
1 2
f
3
− 10
2 f′
− 20
1 f
x − 30
−1 1 2 3 4
−1
(c) (4 − 2x − x 2 )e x = 0
2x 2 − 1
(c)
2x
= 0 Critical number: x ≈ 1.2361 ( x = −1 + 5 )
1 2 (d) Intervals: (0, 1.2361) (1.2361, 2)
Critical number: x = =
2 2 f ′( x ) > 0 f ′( x) < 0
⎞ Increasing Decreasing
⎛ 2⎞ ⎛ 2
(d) Intervals: 0, , 3⎟
© 2015 Cengage ⎜Learning. ⎟All Rights Reserved.
⎜ May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ (e) f is increasing when f ′ is positive, and decreasing
f ′( x) < 0 f ′( x) > 0 when f ′ is negative.
Decreasing Increasing
(e) f is increasing when f ′ is positive, and decreasing

Sectio n 4 .3 Increasing an d Decreasing Functio ns and the First Derivative Te st 309
73. f ( x ) =
x5 − 4 x 3 + 3x
=
( x 2 −1)( x3 − 3x ) = x 3 − 3x, x ≠ ±1 y
x2 − 1 x2 − 1 5
f ( x ) = g ( x ) = x3 − 3x for all x ≠ ±1.

4
3
(−1, 2)
( )
f ′( x ) = 3x 2 − 3 = 3 x 2 − 1 , x ≠ ±1 ⇒ f ′( x ) ≠ 0 x
− 4 −3 −1 1 2 3 4 5
f symmetric about origin −2

(1, −2)
−3
( )
−
zeros of f : (0, 0), ± 3, 0 − 45
g ( x) is continuous on ( −∞, ∞) and f ( x) has holes at ( −1, 2) and (1, − 2).
74. f (t ) = cos 2 t − sin 2 t = 1 − 2 sin 2 t = g (t ) 77. f is quadratic ⇒ f ′ is a line.
f ′(t ) = −4 sin t cos t = −2 sin 2t

y
4
f symmetric with respect to y-axis
π 2 f′
zeros of f : ± x
4 −4 −2 2 4
−2
Relative maximum: (0, 1)
−4
⎛ π ⎞ ⎛π ⎞
Relative minimum: ⎜ − , −1⎟ , ⎜ , −1⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝2 ⎠
78. f is a 4th degree polynomial ⇒ f ′ is a cubic polynomial.
y
y
2
6
1 f′
x
−π π
x
−1 − 6 −4 −2 2 4 6
−2
The graphs of f ( x) and g ( x ) are the same.
79. f has positive, but decreasing slope.

75. f ( x) = c is constant ⇒ f ′( x) = 0.
y
y
4
4
2
2 f′
f′ x
x −4 −2 2 4
−4 −2 2 4 −2
−2
−4
−4
80. f has positive slope.

76. f ( x) is a line of slope ≈ 2 ⇒ f ′( x) = 2. y
6 4
2
f′
−
−6 6 2
− 3 −2 −1
−2 x
1 2 3
310 Chapte r 4 Applicati on s o f Differenti ati on
In Exercises 81 – 86, f ′( x ) > 0 on ( −∞, − 4), f ′( x ) < 0 on 90. (i) (a) Critical number: x = 2 ( Because f ′(2) = 0)
(– 4, 6) and f ′( x ) > 0 on (6, ∞ ). (b) f increasing on
81. g ( x ) = f ( x ) + 5 (2, ∞) ( Because f ′ > 0 on ( 2, ∞ ))

g′( x) = f ′( x )
f decreasing on
g′( 0) = f ′(0) < 0
(− ∞, 2) (Because f ′ < 0 on ( − ∞, 2))
82. g ( x ) = 3 f ( x) − 3
(c) f has a relative minimum at x = 2.
g′( x ) = 3 f ′( x )
(ii) (a) Critical numbers:
g′( −5) = 3 f ′( −5) > 0 x = 0, 1 ( Because f ′(1) = 0)
83. g ( x ) = − f ( x) (b) f increasing on ( − ∞, 0) and (1, ∞ )

g′( x ) = − f ′( x )
(Because f ′ > 0 on these intervals)
g′( −6) = − f ′( −6) < 0
f decreasing on
84. g ( x ) = − f ( x)
(0, 1) (Because f ′ < 0 on (0, 1))
g′( x) = − f ′( x )
(c) f has a relative maximum at x = 0, and a
g′(0) = − f ′(0) > 0 relative minimum at x = 1.
85. g ( x ) = f ( x − 10) (iii) (a) Critical numbers: x = −1, 0, 1
g′( x ) = f ′( x − 10) ( Because f ′(−1) = f ′(0) = f ′(1) = 0)

g′( 0) = f ′( −10) > 0
(b) f increasing on ( − ∞, −1) and (0, 1)
86. g ( x ) = f ( x − 10) (Because f ′ > 0 on these intervals)
g′( x) = f ′( x − 10)
f decreasing on ( −1, 0) and (1, ∞ )
g′(8) = f ′( −2) < 0
(Because f ′ < 0 on these intervals)
87. No. f does have a horizontal tangent line at x = c, but
f could be increasing (or decreasing) on both sides of the (c) f has a relative maximum at x = −1 and
point. For example, f ( x ) = x 3 at x = 0. x = 1. f has a relative minimum at x = 0.

(iv) (a) Critical numbers: x = −3, 1, 5
88. Yes. An example is f ( x ) = e − x , f ′( x ) = − e − x .
(Because f ′(− 3) = f ′(1) = f ′( s ) = 0)
⎧> 0, x < 4 ⇒ f is increasing on ( −∞, 4). (b) f increasing on ( −3, 1) and (1, 5)
⎪
′
89. f ( x)⎨undefined, x = 4
⎪ (Because f ′ > 0 on these intervals). In fact,
⎩ < 0, x > 4 ⇒ f is decreasing on ( 4 ∞ ).
f is increasing on ( −3, 5).
Two possibilities for f ( x) are given below.
f decreasing on ( − ∞, −3) and (5, ∞ )
(a) y
6 ( Because f ′ < 0 on these intervals)

4
(c) f has a relative minimum at x = −3, and a
2 relative maximum at x = 5.
2 6 8
x
x = 1 is not a relative extremum.
−2
91. Critical number: x = 5
(b) f ′( 4) = −2.5 ⇒ f is decreasing at x = 4.
y
f ′(6) = 3 ⇒ f is increasing at x = 6.
2
1 3 4 5
x (5, f (5)) is a relative minimum.
−1
−3
Sectio n 4 .3 Increasing an d Decreasing Functio ns and the First Derivative Te st 311
92. Critical number: x = 2

f ′(1) = 2 ⇒ f is decreasing at x = 1.
f ′(3) = 6 ⇒ f is increasing at x = 3.
( 2, f ( 2)) is not a relative extremum.

In Exercises 93 and 94, answers will vary.
Sample answers:
93. (a) y 94. (a) y
2
1
f
1
x x
π
−1 1 2
−1 −2
(b) The critical numbers are in intervals ( −0.50, − 0.25) (b) The critical numbers are in the intervals
⎛ π ⎞ ⎛π π ⎞ ⎛ 3π 5π ⎞
and (0.25, 0.50) because the sign of f ′ changes in 0, , , , and , because the sign of
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
6 3 2 4 6
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
these intervals. f is decreasing on approximately f ′ changes in these intervals. f is increasing on
(−1, − 0.40), (0.48, 1), and increasing on ⎛ π⎞ ⎛ 3π 6π ⎞
approximately ⎜ 0, ⎟ and ⎜ , ⎟ and decreasing
(−0.40, 0.48). 7 7 7
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
(c) Relative minimum when x ≈ −0.40: ( −0.40, 0.75) ⎛ π 3π ⎞ ⎛ 6π ⎞
on , and ,π .
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
7 7 7
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
Relative maximum when x ≈ 0.48: (0.48, 1.25)
3π
(c) Relative minima when x ≈ ,π
7
π 6π
Relative maxima when x ≈ ,
7 7
95. s (t ) = 4.9(sin θ )t 2
(a) s′(t ) = 4.9(sin θ )( 2t ) = 9.8(sin θ )t
speed = s′(t ) = 9.8(sin θ )t
(b)
π π π 2π 3π
θ 0 π
4 3 2 3 4
s′(t ) 0 4.9 2t 4.9 3t 9.8t 4.9 3t 4.9 2t 0
π
The speed is maximum for θ = .
2
96. (a) M = − 0.06803t 4 + 3.7162t 3 − 76.281t 2 + 716.56t − 2393.0
(b) 350
9 20
100
(c) Using a graphing utility, the maximum is approximately (17.7, 322.0), which compares well with the actual maximum in
2007: (17, 326.0).
312 Chapte r 4 Applicati on s o f Differenti ati on
3t
97. C = ,t ≥ 0
27 + t 3
(a)
t 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
C(t) 0 0.055 0.107 0.148 0.171 0.176 0.167

The concentration seems greatest near t = 2.5 hours.
(b) 0.25
0 3
0
The concentration is greatest when t ≈ 2.38 hours.
(c) C′ =
(27 + t 3 )(3) − (3t )(3t 2 ) =
(
3 27 − 2t 3 )
(27 + t 3 ) (27 + t )
2
3 2
C′ = 0 when t = 3 3
2 ≈ 2.38 hours.
By the First Derivative Test, this is a maximum.
98. f ( x) = x, g ( x) = sin x, 0 < x < π
(a)
x 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
f(x) 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
g(x) 0.479 0.841 0.997 0.909 0.598 0.141

f ( x) seems greater than g ( x) on (0, π ).
(b) 5
f
g
0
−2
x > sin x on (0, π ) so, f ( x) > g ( x).
(c) Let h( x) = f ( x ) − g ( x) = x − sin x
h′( x ) = 1 − cos x > 0 on (0, π ).

Therefore, h( x) is increasing on (0, π ). Because h(0) = 0 and h′( x ) > 0 on (0, π ),
h( x) > 0
x − sin x > 0
x > sin x
f ( x) > g ( x ) on ( 0, π )
99. v = k ( R − r ) r 2 = k Rr 2 − r 3 ( )
(
v′ = k 2Rr − 3r 2 )
= kr ( 2R − 3r ) = 0
r = 0 or 2R
3
Maximum when r =
2 R.
3
Sectio n 4.3 Increa sing and Decreasing Functio ns a nd the First Derivativ e Te st 313
100. R = 0.001T 4 − 4T + 100 101. (a) s(t ) = 6t − t 2 , t ≥ 0

0.004T 3 − 4 v(t ) = 6 − 2t
(a) R′ = = 0
2 0.001T 4 − 4T + 100 (b) v(t ) = 0 when t = 3.
Critical number: T = 10°
Moving in positive direction for 0 ≤ t < 3 because
Minimum resistance: R ≈ 8.3666 ohms v(t ) > 0 on 0 ≤ t < 3.
(b) 125
(c) Moving in negative direction when t > 3.
(d) The particle changes direction at t = 3.
− 100 100
102. (a) s(t ) = t 2 − 7t + 10, t ≥ 0
− 25
v(t ) = 2t − 7
The minimum resistance is approximately
(b) v(t ) = 0 when t =
27
R ≈ 8.37 ohms at T = 10°.
Particle moving in positive direction for

(
t > 72 because v′(t ) > 0 on 72 , ∞ . )
(c) Particle moving in negative direction on ⎡⎣0, 2)
7 .
(d) The particle changes direction at t = 7

2
.
103. (a) s(t ) = t 3 − 5t 2 + 4t, t ≥ 0
v(t ) = 3t 2 − 10t + 4
10 ± 100 − 48 5 ± 13
(b) v(t ) = 0 for t = =
6 3
Particle is moving in a positive direction on
⎡ − ⎞ ⎛ 5 + 13 ⎞
5 13
⎢0, ⎟ ≈ [0, 0.4648) and ⎜ , ∞ ⎟ ≈ ( 2.8685, ∞) because v > 0 on these intervals.
3 ⎟ ⎜ 3 ⎟
⎠ ⎝ ⎠
(c) Particle is moving in a negative direction on
⎛ 5 − 13 5 + 13 ⎞
⎜⎝ , ≈ (0.4648, 2.8685)
3 3 ⎠⎟
5 ± 13
(d) The particle changes direction at t = .
3
104. (a) s(t ) = t 3 − 20t 2 + 128t − 280 105. Answers will vary.
v(t ) = 3t 2 − 40t + 128 106. Answers will vary.

(b) v(t ) = (3t − 16)(t − 8)
v(t ) = 0 when t = 16 ,
3 8
v(t ) > 0 for ⎡0, 16 and (8, ∞ ) )

⎣ 3
3
(c) v(t ) < 0 for ( )
16 , 8
(d) The particle changes direction at t = 16

3
and 8.
107. (a) Use a cubic polynomial (d) 4
f ( x ) = a3 x + a2 x + a1 x + a0
3 2 (2, 2)
−2 4
(b) f ′( x) = 3a3 x 2 + 2a2 x + a1. (0, 0)
f (0) = 0: a (0) + a (0) + a (0) + a = 0 ⇒

3 2
a = 0 −4
3 2 1 0 0
f ′(0) = 0: 3a (0) + 2a (0) + a = 0 ⇒

2
a = 0
3 2 1 1
f ( 2) = 2: a ( 2) + a ( 2) + a ( 2) + a = 2 ⇒
3 2
8a + 4a = 2
3 2 1 0 3 2
f ′( 2) = 0: 3a ( 2) + 2a ( 2) + a = 0 ⇒ 12a + 4a = 0
2
3 2 1 3 2
(c) The solution is a0 = a1 = 0, a2 = 2 , a3 = − 12 :

3
( )
f x
= −1
x
3
+ 3 2
x .
2 2
108. (a) Use a cubic polynomial (d) 1200

(4, 1000)
f ( x ) = 3a3 x + a2 x + a1 x + a0
3 2
(b) f ′( x) = 3a3 x 2 + 2a2 x + a1 −3 8

(0, 0)
f ( 0) = 0: a (0 ) + a (0) + a (0) + a = 0 ⇒
3 2
a = 0 − 400
3 2 1 0 0
f ′(0) = 0: 3a (0) + 2a (0) + a = 0 ⇒

2
a = 0
3 2 1 1
f ( 4) = 1000: a ( 4) + a ( 4) + a ( 4) + a = 1000 ⇒ 64a + 16a = 100

3 2
3 2 1 0 3 2
f ′( 4) = 0: 3a ( 4) + 2a ( 4) + a = 0 ⇒
2
48a + 8a = 0
3 2 1 3 2
(c) The solution is a0 = a1 = 0, a2 = 375

2
, a3 = − 125
4
( )
f x = −
125 3
x +
375 2
x .
4 2
109. (a) Use a fourth degree polynomial

f ( x ) = a4 x 4 + a3 x 3 + a2 x 2 + a1 x + a0 .
(b) f ′( x) = 4a4 x 3 + 3a3 x 2 + 2a 2 x + a1
f (0) = 0: a (0) + a (0) + a (0) + a (0) + a = 0 ⇒

4 3 2
a = 0
4 3 2 1 0 0
f ′(0) = 0: 4a (0) + 3a (0) + 2a (0) + a = 0 ⇒

3 2
a = 0
4 3 2 1 1
f ( 4) = 0: a ( 4) + a ( 4) + a ( 4) + a ( 4) + a = 0 ⇒ 256a + 64a + 16a = 0

4 3 2
4 3 2 1 0 4 3 2
f ′( 4) = 0: 4a ( 4) + 3a (4) + 2a ( 4) + a = 0 ⇒
3 2
256a + 48a + 8a = 0
4 3 2 1 4 3 2
f ( 2) = 4: a ( 2) + a ( 2) + a ( 2) + a ( 2) + a = 4 ⇒
4 3 2
16a + 8a + 4a = 4
4 3 2 1 0 4 3 2
f ′( 2) = 0: 4a ( 2) + 3a (2) + 2a ( 2) + a = 0 ⇒
3 2
32a + 12a + 4a = 0
4 3 2 1 4 3 2
(c) The solution is a0 = a1 = 0, a2 = 4, a3 = −2, a4 = 41.
( ) 1 4 3 2
f x = 4
x − 2x + 4x
(d) 5
(2, 4)
−2 5
(0, 0) (4, 0)
−1
Sectio n 4.3 Increa sing and Decreasing Functio ns a nd the First Derivativ e Te st 315
110. (a) Use a fourth-degree polynomial

f ( x ) = a4 x 4 + a3 x 3 + a2 x 2 + a1 x + a0 .
(b) f ′( x) = 4a4 x 3 + 3a3 x 2 + 2a 2 x + a1
f (1) = 2: a (1) + a (1) + a (1) + a (1) + a = 2 ⇒

4 3 2
a + a + a + a + a = 2
4 3 2 1 0 4 3 2 1 0
f ′(1) = 0: 4a (1) + 3a (1) + 2a (1) + a = 0 ⇒

3 2
4a + 3a + 2a + a = 0
4 3 2 1 4 3 2 1
f ( −1) = 4: a ( −1) + a ( −1) + a ( −1) + a (−1) + a = 4 ⇒

4 3 2
a − a + a − a + a = 4
4 3 2 1 0 4 3 2 1 0
f ′( −1) = 0: 4a ( −1) + 3a ( −1) + 2a (−1) + a = 0 ⇒

3 2
− 4a + 3a − 2a + a = 0
4 3 2 1 4 3 2 1
f (3) = 4: a (3) + a (3) + a (3) + a (3) + a = 4 ⇒ 81a + 27a + 9a + a + a = 4

4 3 2
4 3 2 1 0 4 3 2 1 0
f ′(3) = 0: 4a (3) + 3a (3) + 2a (3) + a = 0 ⇒

3 2
108a + 27a + 6a + a = 0
4 3 2 1 4 3 2 1
(c) The solution is a0 = 23

, a1 = − , a2 = 3 1
, a3 = , a4 = −
1 1
8 2 4 2 8
f x
( ) = − 1 4
x
+ 1 3
x
+ 1 2
x
− 3
x
+ 23
.
8 2 4 2 8
(d) 6
(−1, 4) (3, 4)
(1, 2)
−4 6
−2
111. True. 117. Assume that f ′( x) < 0 for all x in the interval (a, b) and
Let h( x ) = f ( x) + g ( x) where f and g are increasing. let x1 < x2 be any two points in the interval. By the
Then h′( x ) = f ′( x) + g′( x ) > 0 because Mean Value Theorem, you know there exists a number c
such that x1 < c < x2 , and
f ′( x) > 0 and g ′( x) > 0.
f ( x2 ) − f ( x1 )
f ′( c) =
112. False. x2 − x1
Let h( x) = f ( x) g ( x ) where f ( x) = g ( x ) = x. Then Because f ′(c) < 0 and x2 − x1 > 0, then
h( x ) = x 2 is decreasing on ( −∞, 0). f ( x2 ) − f ( x1 ) < 0, which implies that

f ( x2 ) < f ( x1 ). So, f is decreasing on the interval.
113. False.
Let f ( x ) = x 3 , then f ′( x) = 3x 2 and f only has one 118. Suppose f ′( x ) changes from positive to negative at c.
critical number. Or, let f ( x ) = x3 + 3x + 1, then Then there exists a and b in I such that f ′( x) > 0 for all
( )
f ′( x) = 3 x 2 + 1 has no critical numbers. x in (a, c) and f ′( x) < 0 for all x in (c, b). By Theorem
4.5, f is increasing on (a, c) and decreasing on (c, b).

114. True. Therefore, f (c) is a maximum of f on (a, b) and so, a
If f ( x ) is an nth-degree polynomial, then the degree of relative maximum of f.
f ′( x ) is n − 1.
119. Let f ( x ) = (1 + x ) − nx − 1. Then
n
115. False. For example, f ( x ) = x 3 does not have a relative f ′( x) = n(1 + x)

n −1
− n = n ⎡(1 + x)
n −1
− 1⎤ > 0
⎣ ⎦
extrema at the critical number x = 0. because x > 0 and n > 1.
116. False. The function might not be continuous on the So, f ( x) is increasing on (0, ∞ ). Because
interval. f (0) = 0 ⇒ f ( x) > 0 on (0, ∞ )
(1 + x)n − nx − 1 > 0 ⇒ (1 + x) > 1 + nx.

n
120. Let x1 and x2 be two real numbers, x1 < x2 . Then 122. f ( x) = axebx
2
x3 < x 3
⇒ f (x ) < f ( x ). So f is increasing on
1 2 1 2 2 2 2
f ′ x = ax 2bx ebx + aebx = aebx 1 + 2bx 2
(−∞, ∞ ).
( ) ( ) ( )
1 1
f ( 4) = 2: 2 = 4ae ⇒ 2a = ⇒ a = e −16b
16b
121. Let x1 and x2 be two positive real numbers, e16b 2
0 < x1 < x2 . Then Relative maximum at x = 4:

1
1
>
1 f ′( 4) = 0 ⇒ 1 + 2b(16) = 0 ⇒ b = −
32
x1 x2
f ( x1 ) > f ( x2 ) So, a =
1 12
e =
e
,
2 2
So, f is decreasing on (0, ∞ ).
e − x2
f ( x) = xe 32
.
2
Notice the f is increasing on (0, 4) and decreasing on
(4, ∞), so ( 4, 2) is a relative maximum.
123. First observe that

sin x cos x 1 1
tan x + cot x + sec x + csc x = + + +
cos x sin x cos x sin x
sin 2 x + cos 2 x + sin x + cos x

=
sin x cos x
1 + sin x + cos x ⎛ sin x + cos x −1⎞
= ⎜ ⎟
sin x cos x ⎝ sin x + cos x − 1 ⎠
=
(sin x + cos x)2 − 1
sin x cos x(sin x + cos x − 1)
2sin x cos x
=
sin x cos x(sin x + cos x − 1)
2
=
sin x + cos x − 1
Let t = sin x + cos x − 1. The expression inside the absolute value sign is
2 2 2
f (t ) = sin x + cos x + = (sin x + cos x − 1) + 1 + = t +1+
sin x + cos x − 1 sin x + cos x − 1 t
⎛ π⎞ π π 2
Because sin x + = sin x cos + cos x sin = (sin x + cos x),
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 4⎠ 4 4 2
sin x + cos x ∈ ⎡− 2, 2 ⎤ and t = sin x + cos x − 1 ∈ ⎡−1 − 2, −1 + 2 ⎤.

⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
f ′(t ) = 1 −
2 = t2 − 2
=
t + ( )(
2 t − 2 )
2 2 2
t t t
(
f −1 + )
2 = −1 + 2 +1+
2
= 2 +
2
−1 + 2 2 −1
4 − 2⎛ 2 +1 ⎞ 4 2 −2 + 4 − 2
= = = 2+3 2
⎜ ⎟
2 − 1⎝ 2 + 1⎠ 1
For t > 0, f is decreasing and f (t ) > f −1 + ( )

2 = 2 +3 2
For t < 0, f is increasing on − ( 2 − 1, − )

2 , then decreasing on − ( )
2, 0 . So f (t ) < f − ( )
2 = 1 − 2 2.
Finally, f (t ) ≥ 2 2 − 1.
(You can verify this easily with a graphing utility.)
Sectio n 4.4 Concavit y and the Secon d Deriv ative Te st 317
Section 4.4 Concavity and the Second Derivative Test

1. y = x2 − x − 2
y′ = 2x − 1
y′′ = 2
y′′ > 0 for all x.
Concave upward: ( −∞, ∞ )
2. g ( x ) = 3x 2 − x3
Intervals: −∞ < x < 1 1< x < ∞
g′( x) = 6x − 3x 2
Sign of g′′: g′′ > 0 g′′ < 0
g′′( x ) = 6 − 6x
Conclusion: Concave upward Concave downward
g′′( x ) = 0 when x = 1.
Concave upward: ( −∞, 1)
Concave downward: (1, ∞ )
3. f ( x) = −x3 + 6x 2 − 9x − 1
Intervals: −∞ < x < 2 2 < x < ∞
f ′( x ) = −3x 2 + 12x − 9
Sign of f ′′: f ′′ > 0 f ′′ < 0
f ′′( x) = −6x + 12 = −6( x − 2)
f ′′( x) = 0 when x = 2.
Concave upward: ( −∞, 2)
Concave downward: ( 2, ∞ )
4. h( x) = x5 − 5x + 2
Intervals: −∞ < x < 0 0 < x < ∞
h′( x) = 5x 4 − 5
Sign of h′′: h′′ < 0 h′′ > 0
h′′( x ) = 20x3
Conclusion: Concave downward Concave upward
h′′( x ) = 0 when x = 0.
Concave upward: (0, ∞ )
Concave downward: ( −∞, 0)
24
5. f ( x) = 2
x + 12
Intervals: −∞ < x < − 2 −2 < x < 2 2 < x < ∞
−48 x
f ′( x) = Sign of f ′′: f ′′ > 0 f ′′ < 0 f ′′ > 0
( x2 )
2
+ 12
Conclusion: Concave upward Concave downward Concave upward
(
−144 4 − x 2 )
f ′′( x ) =
( x2 )
3
+ 12
f ′′( x ) = 0 when x = ± 2.
Concave upward: ( −∞, −2), ( 2, ∞ )
Concave downward: ( −2, 2)
2x 2
6. f ( x) =
3x 2 + 1
4x
f ′( x ) =
(3x 2 )
2
+1
−4(3x −1)(3x +1)
f ′′( x ) =
(3x 2 )
3
+1
1
f ′′( x ) = 0 when x = ± .
3
Intervals: − ∞ < x < − 13 − 31 < x < 1

3
1
3
< x < ∞
Sign of f ′′: f ′′ < 0 f ′′ > 0 f ′′ < 0

Conclusion: Concave downward Concave upward Concave downward
⎛ 1 1⎞
Concave upward: ⎜ − , ⎟
⎝ 3 3⎠
⎛ 1 ⎞⎛ 1 ⎞
Concave downward: ⎜− ∞, − ⎟⎜ , ∞ ⎟
⎝ 3 ⎠⎝ 3 ⎠
x +1
2
7. f ( x) = 2
x −1
−4 x
f′ =
( x2 − 1)
2
4(3x 2 + 1)
f ′′ =
( x 2 − 1)
3
f is not continuous at x = ±1.
Intervals: − ∞ < x < −1 −1 < x < 1 1< x < ∞
Sign of f ′′: f ′′ > 0 f ′′ < 0 f ′′ > 0
Concave upward: ( −∞, −1), (1, ∞ )
8. y = 1
270 (−3x5 + 40x3 + 135x)
270 ( )
y′ = 1 −15x 4 + 120x 2 + 135
y′′ = − 92 x( x − 2)( x + 2)
y′′ = 0 when x = 0, ± 2.
Intervals: −∞ < x < −2 −2 < x < 0 0 < x < 2 2 < x < ∞
Sign of y′′: y′′ > 0 y′′ < 0 y′′ > 0 y′′ < 0
Conclusion: Concave upward Concave downward Concave upward Concave downward
Concave upward: ( −∞, −2), (0, 2)
Concave downward: ( −2, 0), ( 2, ∞ )
Sectio n 4.4 Concavit y and the Secon d Deriv ative Test 319
x2 + 4
9. g ( x) =
4 − x2
16 x
g′( x) =
( )
2
4 − x2
(
16 3x + 4 ) (
16 3x + 4 )
( x)
2 2
= = ( 2 − x)3 ( 2 + x)3
g′′
(4 − x ) 2 3
f is not continuous at x = ± 2.
Intervals: −∞ < x < −2 −2 < x < 2 2 < x < ∞
Sign of g′′: g′′ < 0 g′′ > 0 g′′ < 0
Concave upward: ( −2, 2)
Concave downward: ( −∞, −2), (2, ∞ )

x −1
10. h( x) = 2
2x − 1
Intervals: −∞ < x < 1
2
1
2
< x < ∞
(
2 x − x +1 2
) Sign of h′′: h′′ > 0 h′′ < 0
( )
(2x − 1)
2
h′ x = Conclusion: Concave upward Concave downward
−6
h′′( x ) =
(2x − 1)
3
1
f ′′ is not continuous at x = .
2
⎛ 1⎞
Concave upward: ⎜ −∞, ⎟
⎝ 2⎠
⎛1 ⎞
Concave downward: ⎜ , ∞ ⎟
⎝2 ⎠
⎛ π π⎞
11. y = 2x − tan x, − , π π
⎜ ⎟ Intervals: − < x < 0 0 < x <
⎝ 2 2⎠ 2 2
y′ = 2 − sec x 2
Sign of y′′: y′′ > 0 y′′ < 0
y′′ = −2 sec x tan x 2
y′′ = 0 when x = 0.
⎛ π ⎞
Concave upward: ⎜− , 0 ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠
⎛ π⎞
Concave downward: ⎜0, ⎟
⎝ 2⎠
12. y = x + 2 csc x, (−π , π )

Intervals: −π < x < 0 0 < x < π
y′ = 1 − 2 csc x cot x Sign of y′′: y′′ < 0 y′′ > 0
(
y′′ = −2 csc x −csc x − 2 cot x(−csc x cot x) 2
) Conclusion: Concave downward Concave upward
(
= 2 csc x + csc x cot x
3 2
)
y′′ = 0 when x = 0.
Concave upward: (0, π )

Concave downward: ( −π , 0)
13. f ( x) = x3 − 6x 2 + 12x
Intervals: −∞ < x < 2 2 < x < ∞
f ′( x ) = 3x 2 − 12x + 12
Sign of f ′′: f ′′ < 0 f ′′ > 0
f ′′( x) = 6( x − 2) = 0 when x = 2.
Point of inflection: ( 2, 8)
14. f ( x) = − x3 + 6x 2 − 5
Intervals: −∞ < x < 2 2 < x < ∞
f ′( x ) = −3x 2 + 12x
Sign of f ′′: f ′′ > 0 f ′′ < 0
f ′′( x) = −6x + 12 = − 6( x − 2) = 0 when x = 2.
Concave upward: ( − ∞, 2)
Concave downward: ( 2, ∞ )
Point of inflection: (2, 11)
f ( x) = + 2x3
1 x4
15. 2
Intervals: −∞ < x < −2 −2 < x < 2 0 < x < ∞
f ′( x ) = 2x3 + 6x 2
Sign of f ′′: f ′′ > 0 f ′′ < 0 f ′′ > 0
f ′′( x) = 6x 2 + 12x = 6x( x + 2)
f ′′( x) = 0 when x = 0, −2
Concave upward: ( −∞, −2), (0, ∞ )
Points of inflection: ( −2, −8) and (0, 0)

16. f ( x) = 4 − x − 3x 4
Intervals: −∞ < x < 0 0 < x < ∞
f ′( x ) = −1 − 12x 3
f ′′( x) = −36x 2 = 0 when x = 0. Sign of f ′′: f ′′ < 0 f ′′ < 0
Conclusion: Concave downward Concave downward

Concave downward: ( − ∞, ∞ )
No points of inflection
f ( x) = x( x − 4)
3
17.
f ′( x ) = x ⎡3( x − 4) ⎤ + ( x − 4) = ( x − 4) ( 4x − 4)
2 3 2
⎣ ⎦
f ′′( x) = 4( x − 1) ⎡⎣2( x − 4)⎤⎦ + 4( x − 4) = 4( x − 4)⎡⎣2( x − 1) + ( x − 4)⎤⎦ = 4( x − 4)(3x − 6) = 12( x − 4)( x − 2)
2
f ′′( x) = 12( x − 4)( x − 2) = 0 when x = 2, 4.
Intervals: −∞ < x < 2 2 < x < 4 4 < x < ∞
Sign of f ′′( x): f ′′( x) > 0 f ′′( x) < 0 f ′′( x) > 0

Concave upward: ( − ∞, 2), ( 4, ∞ )
Concave downward: ( 2, 4)
Points of inflection: ( 2, −16), ( 4, 0)
f ( x) = ( x − 2) ( x − 1)
3
18.
f ′( x ) = ( x − 2) ( 4x − 5)
2
f ′′( x) = 6( x − 2)( 2x − 3)
3
f ′′( x) = 0 when x = , 2.
2
Intervals: −∞ < x < 3

2
3
2
< x < 2 2 < x < ∞
Sign of f ′′: f ′′ > 0 f ′′ < 0 f ′′ > 0

⎛ 3⎞
Concave upward: ⎜ −∞, ⎟, ( 2, ∞)
⎝ 2⎠
⎛3 ⎞
Concave downward: ⎜ , 2 ⎟
⎝2 ⎠
1⎞⎛3
Points of inflection: , ( 2, 0)
, −
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2 16 ⎠
19. f ( x) = x x + 3, Domain: [−3, ∞ ) 20. f ( x) = x 9 − x , Domain: x ≤ 9
⎛1⎞ 3( x + 2) 3(6 − x)
f ′( x ) =
−1 2
f ′( x ) = x (x + 3) + x +3 =
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2⎠ 2 x +3 2 9− x
6 x + 3 − 3( x + 2)( x + 3)
−1 2
f ′′( x) =
= 3(= x
= 0 when x = 12.
f ′′( x) =
4( x + 3) − 12)
4(9 − x)
32
3( x + 4) x = 12 is not in the domain. f ′′ is not continuous at

= = 0 when x = − 4.
4( x + 3) x = 9.
32
x = − 4 is not in the domain. f ′′ is not continuous at Interval: −∞ < x < 9

x = −3.
Sign of f ′′: f ′′ < 0
Interval: −3 < x < ∞ Conclusion: Concave downward
Sign of f ′′: f ′′ > 0
Conclusion: Concave upward No point of inflection
Concave upward: ( −3, ∞ )

There are no points of inflection.
4
21. f ( x) =
x2 + 1
−8 x
f ′( x ) =
( x 2 + 1)
2
8(3x 2 −1)
() =
f ′′ x
( )
3
2
x +1
3
f ′′( x) = 0 for x = ±
3
3 3 3 3
Intervals: −∞ < x < − − < x < < x < ∞
3 3 3 3
Sign of f ′′: f ′′ > 0 f ′′ < 0 f ′′ > 0
⎛ 3⎞ ⎛ 3 ⎞
Concave upward: − ∞, − , ,∞
⎜ 3 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 3 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎛ 3 3⎞
Concave downward: − ,
⎜ 3 3 ⎟⎠
⎝
⎛ 3 ⎞ ⎛ 3 ⎞
Points of inflection: ⎜ − , 3 ⎟ and ⎜ , 3⎟
⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠
x +3
22. f ( x) = , Domain: x > 0
x
x −3
f ′( x) =
2x 3 2
9 −x
′′
f ( x) = = 0 when x = 9
4x 5 2
Intervals: 0 < x < 9 9 < x < ∞
Sign of f ′′: f ′′ > 0 f ′′ < 0
Concave upward: (0, 9)
Concave downward: (9, ∞ )
Points of inflection: (9, 4)
x
23. f ( x) = sin , 0 ≤ x ≤ 4π
2 Intervals: 0 < x < 2π 2π < x < 4π
f ′( x) = cos⎛ ⎞
1 x
Sign of f ′′: f ′′ < 0 f ′′ > 0
2 ⎜ ⎟
⎝2⎠ Conclusion: Concave downward Concave upward
1 ⎛ x⎞
f ′′( x ) sin
= − ⎜2⎟
4 ⎝ ⎠
f ′′( x ) = 0 when x = 0, 2π , 4π .
Concave upward: ( 2π , 4π )
Concave downward: (0, 2π )
Point of inflection: ( 2π , 0)
3x
24. f ( x) = 2 csc , 0 < x < 2π
2
3x 3x
f ′( x) = −3 csc cot
2 2
9 ⎛ 3 3x 3x 3x ⎞
f ′′( x) = csc + csc cot 2 ≠ 0 for any x in the domain of f .
⎜ ⎟
2⎝ 2 2 2⎠
2π 4π
f ′′ is not continuous at x = and x = .
3 3
2π 2π 4π 4π
Intervals: 0 < x < < x < < x < 2π
3 3 3 3
Sign of f ′′( x): f ′′ > 0 f ′′ < 0 f ′′ > 0
⎛ 2π ⎞ ⎛ 4π ⎞
Concave upward: 0, , , 2π
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠
⎛ 2π 4π ⎞
Concave downward: ⎜ , ⎟
⎝ 3 3 ⎠
No point of inflection
⎛ π⎞
25. f ( x) = sec x − , 0 < x < 4π
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2⎠
⎛ π⎞ ⎛ π⎞
f ′( x ) = sec⎜ x − ⎟ tan ⎜ x − ⎟
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠
⎛ π⎞ ⎛ π⎞ ⎛ π⎞
f ′′( x) = sec3 ⎜ x − ⎟ + sec⎜ x − ⎟ tan 2 ⎜ x − ⎟ ≠ 0 for any x in the domain of f .
2 2 2
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
f ′′ is not continuous at x = π , x = 2π , and x = 3π .
Intervals: 0 < x < π π < x < 2π 2π < x < 3π 3π < x < 4π
Sign of f ′′: f ′′ > 0 f ′′ < 0 f ′′ > 0 f ′′ < 0
Conclusion: Concave upward Concave downward Concave upward Concave upward
Concave upward: (0, π ), ( 2π , 3π )
Concave downward: (π , 2π ), (3π , 4π )

26. f ( x) = sin x + cos x, 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π

f ′( x ) = cos x − sin x
f ′′( x) = sin x − cos x
3π 7π
f ′′( x) = 0 when x = , .
4 4
3π 3π 7π 7π
Intervals: 0 < x < < x < < x < 2π
4 4 4 4
Sign of f ′′: f ′′( x ) < 0 f ′′( x ) > 0 f ′′( x) < 0
⎛ 3π 7π ⎞
Concave upward: ⎜ , ⎟
⎝ 4 4 ⎠
⎛ 3π ⎞ ⎛ 7π ⎞
Concave downward: 0, , , 2π
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠
⎛ 3π ⎞ ⎛ 7π ⎞
Points of inflection: ⎜ , 0 ⎟, ⎜ , 0 ⎟
⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠
27. f ( x) = 2 sin x + sin 2x, 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π

f ′( x ) = 2 cos x + 2 cos 2x
f ′′( x) = −2 sin x − 4 sin 2x = −2 sin x(1 + 4 cos x)
f ′′( x ) = 0 when x = 0, 1.823, π , 4.460.
Intervals: 0 < x < 1.823 1.823 < x < π π < x < 4.460 4.460 < x < 2π
Sign of f ′′: f ′′ < 0 f ′′ > 0 f ′′ < 0 f ′′ > 0
Conclusion: Concave downward Concave upward Concave downward Concave upward
Concave upward: (1.823, π ), ( 4.460, 2π )
Concave downward: (0, 1.823), (π , 4.460)
Points of inflection: (1.823, 1.452), (π , 0), ( 4.46, −1.452)

28. f ( x) = x + 2 cos x, [0, 2π ]
f ′( x) = 1 − 2 sin x
f ′′( x ) = −2 cos x
π 3π
f ′′( x ) = 0 when x = , .
2 2
π π 3π 3π
Intervals: 0 < x < < x < < x < 2π
2 2 2 2
Sign of f ′′: f ′′ < 0 f ′′ > 0 f ′′ < 0
⎛ π 3π ⎞
Concave upward: ⎜ , ⎟
⎝2 2 ⎠
⎛ π 3π
Concave downward: 0, ⎞, ⎛ , 2π ⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
⎛ π π ⎞, ⎛ 3π , 3π ⎞
Points of inflection: ,
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝2 2⎠ ⎝ 2 2 ⎠
29. y = e −3 x
3
y′ = 2 e −3 x
x
e −3 x (9 − 6x)
y′′ =
x4
3
y′′ = 0 when x = . y is not defined at x = 0.
2
3 3
Test intervals: −∞ < x < 0 0 < x < < x < ∞
2 2
Sign of y′′: y′′ > 0 y′′ > 0 y′′ < 0
Conclusion: Concave upward Concave upward Concave downward
⎛3 ⎞
Point of inflection: ⎜ , e −2 ⎟
⎝2 ⎠
⎛ 3⎞
Concave upward: ( − ∞, 0), ⎜ 0, ⎟
⎝ 2⎠
⎛3 ⎞
Concave downward: ⎜ , ∞ ⎟
⎝2 ⎠
30. y =
1 x
2
(
e − e− x )
1 x
y′ = e + e
2
( −x
)
1 x
(
y′′ = 2 e − e
−x
)
y′′ = 0 when x = 0.
Test interval: −∞ < x < 0 0 < x < ∞
Sign of y′′: y′′ < 0 y′′ > 0
Concave downward: ( − ∞, 0)
31. f ( x) = x − ln x, Domain: x > 0
1
f ′( x ) = 1 −
x
1
f ′′( x) =
x2
f ′′( x) > 0 on the entire domain of f. There are no points of inflection.
32. y = ln x2 + 9 =
1
2
(
ln x 2 + 9 )
x
y′ =
x2 + 9
9 − x2
y′′ =
( x 2 + 9)
2
y′′ = 0 when x = ±3.
Test interval: −∞ < x < −3 −3 < x < 3 3 < x < ∞
Sign of y′′: y′′ < 0 y′′ > 0 y′′ < 0
⎛ 1 ⎞
Points of inflection: ⎜ ±3, ln 18 ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠
Concave upward: ( −3, 3)
Concave downward: ( − ∞, −3), (3, ∞ )

33. f ( x) = arcsin x 4 5 , −1 ≤ x ≤ 1
4
f ′( x ) =
5x15
1 − x8 5
85
20 x −4
f ′′( x) =
(1 − x8 5 )
32
65
25x
58
1 ⎛1⎞
f ′′( x ) = 0 when 20x8 5 = 4 ⇒ x8 5 = ⇒ x = ± ≈ ± 0.3657.
5 ⎜ ⎟
⎝5⎠
f ′′ is undefined at x = 0.
58 58
1 1 1 58 ⎛1⎞
58
Test intervals: −1 < x < − ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟ − ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟ < x < 0 0 < x < ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟ < x <1
⎝ 5⎠ ⎝ 5⎠ ⎝ 5⎠ ⎝⎜ 5 ⎠⎟
Sign of f ′′: f ′′ > 0 f ′′ < 0 f ′′ < 0 f ′′ > 0
Conclusion: Concave upward Concave downward Concave downward Concave upward
⎛ ⎛ 1 ⎞5 8 1⎞
Points of inflection: ⎜± ⎜ ⎟ , arcsin ⎟ ≈ ( ± 0.3657, 0.4636)
⎜ 5 ⎠⎟
⎝ ⎝5⎠
58 58
⎞ ⎛ ⎞
⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
⎛ 1 1 , 1⎟
⎟, ⎜
Concave upward: −1, −
⎜ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⎝ 5⎠ ⎟ ⎜⎝ 5 ⎠ ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
58
⎛ ⎞ ⎞ ⎛ 58
⎞
⎛ ⎞
⎛ 1 1
, 0⎟, ⎜0, ⎟
Concave downward: −
⎜ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⎝ 5⎠ ⎟ ⎜ ⎝ 5⎠ ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
Sectio n 4.4 Concavit y and the Secon d Deri vative Test 327
34. f ( x) = arctan x 2 ( )
2x
f ′( x ) = 4
x +1
′′( ) =
(
2 1 − 3x 4 )
f x
( x4 )
2
+1
1
f ′′( x ) = 0 when 3x 4 = 1 ⇒ x = ± 4 ≈ ± 0.7598.
3
1 1 1 1
Test interval: −∞ < x < − 4 −4 < x < 4 4 < x < ∞
3 3 3 3
Sign of f ′′( x ): f ′′ < 0 f ′′ > 0 f ′′ < 0
⎛ 1 1⎞
Points of inflection: ± 4 , arctan ≈ ( ± 0.7598, 0.5236)
⎜ 3 ⎟
3⎠
⎝
⎛ 1 1⎞
Concave upward: − 4 , 4
⎜ 3 3 ⎟⎠
⎝
⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛4 1 ⎞
Concave downward: − ∞, − 4 , ,∞
⎜ 3 ⎟ ⎜ 3 ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
35. f ( x) = 6x − x 2 38. f ( x) = − x3 + 7x 2 − 15x
f ′( x) = 6 − 2x f ′( x) = −3x 2 + 14x − 15 = − ( x − 3)(3x − 5)
f ′′( x ) = −2 f ′′( x ) = − 6x + 14 = − 2(3x − 7)
Critical number: x = 3 Critical numbers: x = 3, 53
f ′′(3) = − 2 < 0
f ′′(3) = − 4 < 0
Therefore, (3, 9) is a relative maximum.
36. f ( x) = x 2 + 3x − 8 (5)
f ′′ 3
= 4 > 0
f ′( x ) = 2x + 3
f ′′( x) = 2
Therefore, (53, − 275
27 ) is a relative minimum.
Critical number: x = − 23 39. f ( x ) = x 4 − 4x3 + 2
f ′( x ) = 4x3 − 12x 2 = 4x 2 ( x − 3)
f ′′ (− ) = 2 > 0
3
2
f ′′( x ) = 12x 2 − 24x = 12x( x − 2)
Therefore, ( − 32 , − 41
4 ) is a relative minimum. Critical numbers: x = 0, x = 3
37. f ( x) = x3 − 3x 2 + 3 However, f ′′(0) = 0, so you must use the First
f ′( x ) = 3x 2 − 6x = 3x( x − 2) Derivative Test. f ′( x) < 0 on the intervals ( −∞, 0)
f ′′( x) = 6x − 6 = 6( x − 1) Therefore, (0, 3) is a relative Therefo

maximum. re, ( 2,
Critical numbers: x = 0, x = 2
−1) is a
f ′′( 2) = 6 > 0
f ′′(0) = −6 < 0 relative
minimum. and (0, 3); so, (0, 2) is not an extremum. f ′′(3) > 0
so (3, −25) is a relative minimum.
40. f ( x) = −x 4 + 4x3 + 8x 2 44. f ( x) =

x
x −1
f ′( x ) = −4x3 + 12x 2 + 16x = −4x( x − 4)( x + 1) −1
f ′( x ) =
( ) (x − 1)
2
f ′′( x) = −12x 2 + 24x + 16 = −4 3x 2 − 6x − 4
There are no critical numbers and x = 1 is not in the
Critical numbers: x = −1, 0, 4
domain. There are no relative extrema.
f ′′( −1) = −20 < 0
45. f ( x) = cos x − x, 0 ≤ x ≤ 4π
Therefore ( −1, 3) is a relative maximum. f ′( x ) = −sin x − 1 ≤ 0
f ′′(0) = 16 > 0 Therefore, f is non-increasing and there are no relative
extrema.
Therefore, (0, 0) is a relative minimum.
46. f ( x) = 2 sin x + cos 2x, 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π
f ′′( 4) = −80 < 0
f ′( x) = 2 cos x − 2 sin 2x = 2 cos x − 4 sin x cos x
Therefore, ( 4, 128) is a relative maximum.
π π 5π 3π
= 2 cos x(1 − 2 sin x) = 0 when x = , , , .
41. f ( x) = x 23
−3 6 2 6 2
2 f ′′( x) = −2 sin x − 4 cos 2x
f ′( x ) =
3x1 3 ⎛π ⎞
2 f ′′⎜ ⎟ = −3 < 0
= − ⎝6⎠
f ′′( x)
9x 4 3 ⎛π 3 ⎞
Therefore, ⎜ , ⎟ is a relative maximum.
Critical number: x = 0 ⎝ 6 2⎠
However, f ′′( 0) is undefined, so you must use the First ⎛π ⎞

f ′′⎜ ⎟ = 2 > 0
Derivative Test. Because f ′( x) < 0 on ( −∞, 0) and ⎝2⎠

f ′( x) > 0 on (0, ∞), (0, −3) is a relative minimum. ⎛π ⎞
Therefore, , 1 is a relative minimum.
⎜ ⎟
⎝2 ⎠
⎛ 5π ⎞
42. f ( x) = x2 + 1 f ′′⎜ ⎟ = −3 < 0
⎝ 6 ⎠
x
f ′( x) = ⎛ 5π 3 ⎞
x +1
2 Therefore, ⎜ , ⎟ is a relative maximum.
⎝ 6 2⎠
1
f ′′( x ) = ⎛ 3π ⎞
f ′′⎜ ⎟ = 6 > 0
( x2 )
32
+1 ⎝ 2 ⎠
Critical number: x = 0 ⎛ 3π ⎞
Therefore, , −3 is a relative minimum.
⎜ 2 ⎟
f ′′(0) = 1 > 0 ⎝ ⎠
Therefore, (0, 1) is a relative minimum. 47. y = f ( x) = 8x 2 − ln x

1
f ′ x = 16x −
4 ( )
43. f ( x) = x + x
x 1
4 x2 − 4 f ′′( x) = 16 + 2
f ′( x) = 1 − 2 = x
x x2 1 1
f ′( x) = 0 ⇒ 16x = ⇒ 16x = 1 ⇒ x = ±
2
8
f ′′( x ) = x 4
x3
⎟ or in part.
© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole
Critical number:
Critical numbers: x = ±2 1 1
⎛ ⎞
x = ⎜ x = − is not in the domain.
f ′′( −2) = −1 < 0 4 4
⎝ ⎠
Therefore, ( −2, −4) is a relative maximum. ⎛1⎞
f ′′⎜ ⎟ > 0
⎝4⎠
f ′′( 2) = 1 > 0
⎛1 1 1⎞ ⎛ 1 1 ⎞
Therefore, ( 2, 4) is a relative minimum. Therefore, ⎜ , − ln ⎟ = ⎜ , + ln 4⎟ is a relative
⎝ 4 2 4 ⎠ ⎝ 4 2 ⎠
minimum.
48. y = f ( x) = x ln x 52. g ( x) =
1
e −( x −3)
2 2
2π
f ′( x ) = ln x + 1
−1 −( x −3)2 2
′
1 g ( x) = ( x − 3)e
f ′′( x) = 2π
x
1 − x −3 2 2
′′ 2 4
Critical number: ln x + 1 = 0 ⇒ ln x = −1 g ( x) = )( x − )e ( )
(x −
2π
1
⇒ x = e −1 = Critical number: x = 3
e
⎛1⎞ g′′(3) < 0
f ′′⎜ ⎟ > 0
⎝ e⎠ ⎛ 1 ⎞
Therefore, ⎜ 3, ⎟ ≈ (3, 0.399) is a relative
⎛1 1⎞ ⎝ 2π ⎠
Therefore, ⎜ , − ⎟ is a relative minimum.
⎝ e e⎠ minimum.
x 53. f ( x ) = x 2e − x
49. y = f ( x) =
ln x f ′( x ) = −x 2e− x + 2xe − x = xe − x ( 2 − x)
Domain: 0 < x < 1, x > 1

(
f ′′( x) = − e − x 2x − x 2 + e− x ( 2 − 2x) )
(ln x)(1) − ( x)(1 x) ln x −1
f ′( x ) =
(ln x)2
= (
= e − x x 2 − 4x + 2 )
(ln x)2
2 − ln x
f ′′ x =
()
x(ln x) f ′′(0) > 0
Critical number: x = e Therefore, (0, 0) is a relative minimum.

f ′′(e) > 0
f ′′( 2) < 0
Therefore, (e, e) is a relative minimum.
( )
Therefore, 2, 4e −2 is a relative maximum.
x
50. y = f ( x) = x 2 ln , Domain: x > 0 54. f ( x) = xe − x
4
⎛ 1⎞ x x⎞ ( ) ( )
f ′( x ) = x 2 + 2x ln = x 1 + 2 ln
f ′ x = −xe − x + e − x = e − x 1 − x
⎛
−x −x −x
⎜ ⎟
x 4
⎜
4
⎟ ′′
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ f ( x) = −e (
+ −e )(1 − x) = e ( x − 2)
x ⎛1⎞ x
f ′′( x) = 1 + 2 ln + 2x = 3 + 2 ln Critical number: x = 1
4 ⎜ ⎟ 4
⎝ x⎠
f ′′(1) < 0
Critical number: x = 4e −1 2
( )
f ′′ 4e −1 2 > 0
( )
Therefore, 1, e −1 is a relative maximum.
( )
Therefore, 4e −1 2 , −8e −1 is a relative minimum. 55. ( )
f ( x) = 8x 4− x
f ′( x ) = −8( 4− x )( x ln 4 − 1)
x −x
e +e
f ( x) =
51.
( −x )
© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated,( or) posted to a publicly( accessible website,
) in whole or in part.
2 f ′′ x = 8 4 ln 4 x ln 4 − 2
x −x
e −e
f ′( x) = Critical number: x =
1
=
1
2 ln 4 2 ln 2
ex +e −x
f ′′( x ) = ⎛ 1 ⎞
2 f ′′⎜ ⎟ < 0
⎝ 2 ln 2 ⎠
⎛ 1 4e −1 ⎞
f ′′(0) > 0 Therefore, ⎜ , ⎟ is a relative maximum.
⎝ 2 ln 2 ln 2 ⎠
Therefore, (0, 1) is a relative minimum.
ln x f x = 0.2x 2 x − 3 , −1, 4
3
56. y = f ( x) = x 2 log 3 x = x 2 59. ( ) ( ) [ ]

ln 3
f ′( x ) = 0.2x(5x − 6)( x − 3)
2
x( 2 ln x +1) (a)
f ′( x ) =
ln 3 f ′′( x ) = ( x − 3) 4x 2 − 9.6x + 3.6 ( )
f ′′( x) =
2 ln x + 3 = 0.4( x − 3) 10x 2 − 24x + 9 ( )
ln 3
(b) f ′′(0) < 0 ⇒ (0, 0) is a relative maximum.
Critical number: ln x
1
⇒ x = e−1 2 ( 6) ( )
= − f ′′ 5 > 0 ⇒ 1.2, –1.6796 is a relative minimum.
2
Points of inflection:
( )
f ′′ e −1 2 > 0
(3, 0), (0.4652, −0.7048), (1.9348, −0.9049)
Therefore, e ( −1 2
)
, −0.1674 is a relative minimum. (c) y
f″
57. f ( x) = arcsec x − x f′
2
1
f ′( x) = − 1 = 0 when x x − 1 = 1.
2 1
x x2 − 1 −2 −1 4
x
(
x2 x2 − 1 = 1 ) f
f is increasing when f ′ > 0 and decreasing when

1+ 5
x 4 − x 2 − 1 = 0 when x 2 = f ′ < 0. f is concave upward when f ′′ > 0 and
2
concave downward when f ′′ < 0.
1+ 5
or x = ± = ±1.272.
2 60. f ( x ) = x 2 6 − x 2 , ⎡− 6, 6⎤
⎣ ⎦
1 x
f ′′( x ) = − −
(
3x 4 − x 2 )
(a) f ′( x ) =
6 − x2
x2 − 1 x
( x2 )
x 32
−1 x
f ′′(1.272) < 0
f ′( x ) = 0 when x = 0, x = ± 2.
Therefore, (1.272, −0.606) is a relative maximum.
(
6 x 4 − 9 x 2 +12 )
( )
f ′′( −1.272) > 0
(6 )
32
2
Therefore, ( −1.272, 3.747) is a relative minimum. f ′′ x =

− x
9 − 33
f ′′( x) = 0 when x = ± .
2
58. f ( x ) = arcsin x − 2x
(b) f ′′(0) > 0 ⇒ (0, 0) is a relative minimum.

1
f ′( x ) = −2
1 − x2 f ′′( ±2) < 0 ⇒ ±2, 4 2 are relative maxima.( )
x
f ′′( x ) =
Points of inflection: ( ±1.2758, 3.4035)
(1 − x 2 )
32
(c) y
3 f
Critical numbers: x = ±
6
2
⎛ 3⎞
f ′′⎜ ⎟ > 0 x
⎝ 2 ⎠ −3 3
⎛ 3 ⎞
⎜ , −0.68 ⎟ is a relative minimum. f ''
f'
−6
⎝ 2 ⎠
The graph of f is increasing when f ′ > 0 and
⎛ 3⎞
f ′′⎜ − ⎟ < 0 decreasing when f ′ < 0. f is concave upward
⎝ 2 ⎠
when f ′′ > 0 and concave downward when
⎛ 3 ⎞ f ′′ < 0.
⎜− , 0.68 ⎟ is a relative maximum.
⎝ 2 ⎠
61. f ( x) = sin x −
1 1 62. f ( x ) = 2x sin x, [0, 2π ]
3
sin 3x + sin 5x,
5
[0, π ]
sin x
(a) f ′( x) = cos x − cos 3x + cos 5x (a) f ′( x) = 2x cos x +
2x
ππ 5π
f ′( x) = 0 when x = ,x = ,x = . Critical numbers: x ≈ 1.84, 4.82
6 2 6
f ′′( x ) = −sin x + 3 sin 3x − 5 sin 5x f ′′( x) = − 2x sin x +
cos x
+
cos x
−
sin x
2x 2x 2x 2x
π 5π
f ′′( x ) = 0 when x = ,x = , 2cos x (4 x 2
)
+1 sin x
6 6 = −
x ≈ 1.1731, x ≈ 1.9685 2x 2x 2x
⎛π ⎞ ⎛π ⎞ =
(
4x cos x − 4x 2 + 1 sin x )
(b) f ′′ < 0 ⇒ , 1.53333 is a relative
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ 2x 2x
2 2
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
maximum. (b) Relative maximum: (1.84, 1.85)
⎛π
Points of inflection: , 0.2667 ⎞, (1.1731, 0.9638), Relative minimum: ( 4.82, −3.09)
⎜ ⎟
⎝6 ⎠
5π Points of inflection: (0.75, 0.83), (3.42, − 0.72)
(1.9685, 0.9637), ⎛ , 0.2667 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 6 ⎠ (c) y
Note: (0, 0) and (π , 0) are not points of inflection 4

f′
because they are endpoints. 2 f
(c) y
π
x
2
4 f ''
−2
2 f
x
π π π −4
−2 4 2 f′
−4
f is increasing when f ′ > 0 and decreasing when
−6
f″ f ′ < 0. f is concave upward
−8
The graph of f is increasing when f ′ > 0 and f ′′ < 0.
decreasing when f ′ < 0. f is concave upward

63. (a) y

4
f ′′ < 0.
3
x
1 2 3 4
f ′ < 0 means f decreasing

f ′ increasing means concave upward
(b) y
x
1 2 3 4
f ′ > 0 means f increasing

f ′ increasing means concave upward
332 Chapte r 4 Applicati on s o f Differentiation
64. (a) y 67. (a) y
4
f ''
3
2
x
1 −2 −1 3
−1
x
1 2 3 4
f ′ < 0 means f decreasing

y
(b)
f ′ decreasing means concave downward f″
f′ f
4
(b) y
4
x
3 −2 2
−2
2
−4
1
1 2 3 4
f ′ > 0, f ′′ < 0.
f ′ > 0 means f increasing
(b) The graph of f is decreasing and concave upward:
f ′ decreasing means concave downward
f ′ < 0, f ′′ > 0.
65. Answers will vary. Sample answer:
69. y
Let f ( x) = x 4 .
f ′′( x ) = 12x 2
4
f ′′(0) = 0, but (0, 0) is not a point of inflection.

2
(2, 0) (4, 0)
y x
2 4 6
6
3
70. y
2
2
1
x 1
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3
(0, 0) (2, 0)
x
−1 1 3
66. (a) The rate of change of sales is increasing.

S′′ > 0
(b) The rate of change of sales is decreasing.
S′ > 0, S′′ < 0 71. y
(c) The rate of change of sales is constant. 3
S′ = C, S′′ = 0 2
1
(d) Sa es are steady. (2, 0) (4, 0)
S = C, S′ = 0, S′′ = 0 1 23 4 5
x
(e) Sales are declining, but at a lower rate.

S′ < 0, S′′ > 0
(f ) Sales have bottomed out and have started to rise.
S′ > 0, S′′ > 0 Answers will vary.
Sectio n 4.4 Concavit y and the Secon d Deri vative Te st 333
y
72. y 73.
3
2 f
x
(0, 0) (2, 0) −4 8 12
x
−1 1 3 −8 f″
−1
f ′′ is linear.
f ′ is quadratic.
f is cubic.
f concave upward on ( −∞, 3), downward on (3, ∞ ).
74. (a) d
12
t
10
(b) Because the depth d is always increasing, there are no relative extrema. f ′( x) > 0
(c) The rate of change of d is decreasing until you reach the widest point of the jug, then the rate increases until you reach the
narrowest part of the jug’s neck, then the rate decreases until you reach the top of the jug.
75. (a) n = 1: n = 2: n = 3: n = 4:
f ( x) = x − 2 f ( x ) = ( x − 2) f ( x ) = ( x − 2) f ( x ) = ( x − 2)
2 3 4
f ′( x) = 1 f ′( x ) = 2( x − 2) f ′( x ) = 3( x − 2)
2
f ′( x ) = 4( x − 2)
3
f ′′( x) = 0 f ′′( x ) = 2 f ′′( x ) = 6( x − 2) f ′′( x ) = 12( x − 2)

2
No point of inflection No point of inflection Point of inflection: ( 2, 0) No point of inflection
Relative minimum: ( 2, 0) Relative minimum: ( 2, 0)
6 6 6 6
f(x) = (x − 2)3
−9 9 −9 9 −9 9 −9 9
f(x) = (x − 2)2 f(x) = (x − 2)4

Point of
f(x) = x − 2 inflection
−6 −6 −6 −6
Conclusion: If n ≥ 3 and n is odd, then ( 2, 0) is point of inflection. If n ≥ 2 and n is even, then ( 2, 0) is a relative minimum.
n −1 n−2
(b) Let f ( x ) = ( x − 2) , f ′( x) = n( x − 2) , f ′′( x) = n( n − 1)( x − 2)
n
.
For n ≥ 3 and odd, n − 2 is also odd and the concavity changes at x = 2.

For n ≥ 4 and even, n − 2 is also even and the concavity does not change at x = 2.
So, x = 2 is point of inflection if and only if n ≥ 3 is odd.
76. (a) f ( x) = 3
x (b) f ′′( x) does not exist at x = 0.
f ′( x ) =
y
1 −2 3
3x
3
f ′′( x) = − 92 x −5 3 2
1
Point of inflection: (0, 0) (0, 0)
x
−6 −4 −2 2 4 6
−2
−3
77. f ( x) = ax3 + bx 2 + cx + d
f ′( x) = 3ax 2 + 2bx + c, f ′′( x) = 6ax + 2b

f (3) = 27a + 9b + 3c + d = 3 ⎫⎪
⎬ 98a + 16b + 2c = −2 ⇒ 49a + 8b + c = −1
f (5) = 125a + 25b + 5c + d = 1⎪⎭
f ′(3) = 27a + 6b + c = 0, f ′′( 4) = 24a + 2b = 0

49a + 8b + c = −1 24a + 2b = 0
27a + 6b + c = 0 22a + 2b = −1
22a + 2b = −1 2a = 1
a = 1
, b = −6, c = 45
, d = −24
2 2
f ( x) = − 6x + 45 − 24
1 x3 2
x
2 2
78. f ( x ) = ax 3 + bx 2 + cx + d
Relative maximum: ( 2, 4)
Relative minimum: ( 4, 2)
f ′( x ) = 3ax 2 + 2bx + c, f ′′( x ) = 6ax + 2b

f ( 2) = 8a + 4b + 2c + d = 4 ⎫⎪
⎬ 56a + 12b + 2c = −2 ⇒ 28a + 6b + c = −1
f ( 4) = 64a + 16b + 4c + d = 2⎪⎭
f ′( 2) = 12a + 4b + c = 0, f ′( 4) = 48a + 8b + c = 0, f ′′(3) = 18a + 2b = 0

28a + 6b + c = −1 18a + 2b = 0
12a + 4b + c = 0 16a + 2b = −1
16a + 2b = −1 2a = 1
a = 1,
2
b = − 29 , c = 12, d = −6
f ( x) = − 92 x 2 + 12x − 6
1 x3
2
79. f ( x ) = ax3 + bx 2 + cx + d
Maximum: ( −4, 1)
Minimum: (0, 0)
(a) f ′( x) = 3ax 2 + 2bx + c, f ′′( x ) = 6ax + 2b
f (0) = 0 ⇒ d = 0
f ( −4) = 1 ⇒ −64a + 16b − 4c = 1
f ′( −4) = 0 ⇒ 48a − 8b + c = 0
f ′(0) = 0 ⇒ c = 0
Solving this system yields a = 1

32
and b = 6a = 3
16
.
()
3 1 3 2
f x = 32
x + 16
x
(b) The plane would be descending at the greatest rate at the point of inflection.
f ′′( x ) = 6ax + 2b = x + = 30 ⇒ 3x = −2.
16 8
Two miles from touchdown.

80. (a) line OA: y = −0.06x slope: −0.06
line CB : y = 0.04x + 50 slope: 0.04 y
f ( x ) = ax3 + bx 2 + cx + d 150
f ′( x) = 3ax 2 + 2bx + c 100 (1000, 90)

B
(−1000, 60): 60 = ( −1000) a + (1000) b − 1000c + d

3 2 (−1000, 60)
A C
(0, 50)
−0.06 = (1000) 3a − 2000b + c
2
x
−1000 O 1000
(1000, 90): 90 = (1000) a + (1000) b + 1000c + d
3 2
0.04 = (1000) 3a + 2000b + c

2
The solution to this system of four equations is a = −1.25 × 10−8 , b = 0.000025, c = 0.0275, and d = 50.
(b) y = −1.25 × 10−8 x3 + 0.000025x 2 + 0.0275x + 50
100
−1100 1100
−10
(c) 0.1
−1100 1100
− 0.1
(d) The steepest part of the road is 6% at the point A.
336 Chapte r 4 A pplicati on s o f Different iation
81. C = 0.5x 2 + 15x + 5000
C 5000
C = = 0.5x + 15 +
x x
C = average cost per unit
dC 5000
= 0.5 − = 0 when x = 100
dx x2
By the First Derivative Test, C is minimized when x = 100 units.
5.755 3 8.521 2 6.540
82. S = T − T + T + 0.99987, 0 < T < 25
108 106 105
17.265 17.042 6.540

(a) S′ = T2 − T +
8 6
10 10 105
34.53 17.042
S′′ = T − = 0 when T ≈ 49.4, which is not in the domain
8 6
10 10
S′′ < 0 for 0 < T < 25 ⇒ Concave downward.
(b) The maximum is approximately ( 4, 1).

(c) 1.001
0 25
0.996
(d) When t = 20, S ≈ 0.998.
5000t 2
83. S = ,0 ≤ t ≤ 3
8 + t2
(a)
t 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
S 151.5 555.6 1097.6 1666.7 2193.0 2647.1
Increasing at greatest rate when 1.5 < t < 2

(b) 3000
0 3
0
Increasing at greatest rate when t ≈ 1.5.

5000t 2
(c) S =
8 + t2
80,000t
S′(t ) =
(8 + t 2 )
2
80,000(8 − 3t 2 )
S′′(t ) =
(8 + t 2 )
3
8 2 6
S′′(t ) = 0 for t = ± . So, t = ≈ 1.633 yrs.
3 3
100t 2
84. S = ,t > 0
65 + t 2
(a) 100
0 35
0
13,000t
(b) S′(t ) =
(65 + t 2 )
2
(
13,000 65 − 3t 2 )
S′′(t ) = = 0 ⇒ t = 4.65
( )
3
65 + t 2
S is concave upwards on (0, 4.65), concave downwards on ( 4.65, 30).
(c) S′(t ) > 0 for t > 0.
As t increases, the speed increases, but at a slower rate.
⎛π ⎞
85. f ( x) = 2(sin x + cos x), f⎜ ⎟ = 2 2
⎝4⎠
⎛π ⎞
f ′( x) = 2( cos x − sin x), f ′⎜ ⎟ = 0
⎝4⎠
⎛π ⎞
′′
f ′′( x) = 2( −sin x − cos x), f ⎜⎝ 4 ⎟⎠ = −2 2
⎛ π⎞
P1( x) = 2 2 + 0⎜ x − ⎟ = 2 2
⎝ 4⎠
P1′ ( x ) = 0
2 2
⎛ π⎞ 1 ⎛ π⎞ ⎛ π⎞
P2 ( x) = 2 2 + 0⎜ x − ⎟+ (−2 2 )⎜ x − ⎟ = 2 2 − 2⎜ x − ⎟
4
P
⎝ 4⎠ 2 ⎝ 4⎠ ⎝ 4⎠ 1
−2 2
′ ⎛ π⎞
P2 ( x) = −2 2 ⎜ x − ⎟ f
P2
⎝ 4⎠
−4
P2 ( x) = −2 2
′′
The values of f , P1 , P2 , and their first derivatives are equal at x = π 4. The values of the second derivatives of f and P2 are
equal at x = π 4. The approximations worsen as you move away from x = π 4.
86. f ( x) = 2(sin x + cos x), f (0) = 2

f ′( x) = 2(cos x − sin x), f ′(0) = 2
f ′′( x) = 2( −sin x − cos x), f ′′(0) = −2
P1 ( x ) = 2 + 2( x − 0) = 2(1 + x)
4
P1′ ( x ) = 2 f P2
P ( x) = 2 + 2( x − 0) + (−2)( x − 0) = 2 + 2x − x 2
1 2
2 2
P2′′ ( x) = −2
P2′ ( x) = 2 − 2x
−6 P1
6
−4
The values of f , P1 , P2 , and their first derivatives are equal at x = 0. The values of the second derivatives of f and P2 are
equal at x = 0. The approximations worsen as you move away from x = 0.
π
87. f ( x) = arctan x, a = −1, f (−1) = −
4
1 1
f ′( x) = , f ′( −1) =
1 + x2 2
2x 1
f ′′( x) = − , f ′′( −1) =
(1 + x 2 )
2
2
π 1
P1 ( x) = f ( −1) + f ′( −1)( x + 1) = − + ( x + 1)
4 2
1
P1′ ( x ) =
2
1 π 1 1
P ( x) = f ( −1) + f ′( −1)( x + 1) + f ′′(−1)( x + 1) = − ( x + 1) + ( x + 1)2
2
+
2
2 4 2 4
1 1
P2′ ( x ) = + ( x + 1)
2 2
1
P2′′ ( x) =
2
The values of f , P1 , P2 , and their first derivatives are equal when x = −1. The approximations worsen as
you move away from x = −1.

4
P2
−6 6
f
P1
−4
x
88. f ( x) = , f ( 2) = 2
x −1
−( x +1) 3 3 2
f ′( x) = , f ′(2) = − = −
x ( x − 1)
2
2 2 2 4
3x 2 + 6 x −1 23 23 2
f ′′( x ) = , f ′′(2) = =
4x 3 2 ( x − 1)
3 16
8 2
⎛ 3 2⎞ 3 2 5 2
P1 ( x) = 2 + ⎜− ⎟( x − 2) = − x+
⎝ 4 ⎠ 4 2
3 2
P1′ ( x) = −
4
⎛ 3 2⎞ 1 ⎛ 23 2 ⎞ 3 2 23 2
P ( x) = 2 + − ( x − 2) + ( x − 2)2 = (x − 2) + (x − 2)
2
2 −
2 ⎜ 4 ⎟ 2 ⎜ 16 ⎟ 4 32
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
3 2 23 2
P2′ ( x ) = − + ( x − 2)
4 16
23 2
P2′′ ( x) =
16
The values of f , P1, P2 and their first derivatives are equal at x = 2. The values of the second derivatives of f and P2 are equal
at x = 2. The approximations worsen as you move away from x = 2.

3
P1 P2
f
−1 5
−1
Sectio n 4.5 Limi ts at Infinity 339
⎛1⎞
89. f ( x) = x sin ⎜ ⎟
⎝x⎠
⎡ 1 ⎛ 1 ⎞⎤ ⎛ 1⎞ 1 ⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1⎞
′
f ( x) = x ⎢− 2 cos⎜ ⎟⎥ + sin ⎜ ⎟ = − cos⎜ ⎟ + sin ⎜ ⎟
⎣ x ⎝ x ⎠⎦ ⎝ x⎠ x ⎝ x⎠ ⎝ x⎠
1⎡ 1 ⎛ 1 ⎞⎤ 1 1⎞ 1 ⎛1⎞ 1 ⎛1⎞
f ′′ x sin cos cos sin 0
= − ⎢ ⎜ ⎟⎥ + ⎛ ⎜ ⎟ = − ⎜ ⎟ =
⎟−
() ⎝ x⎠ x2
⎜
x⎠ x2 ⎝ x⎠ x3 ⎝ x⎠
x x2
⎣ ⎦ ⎝
1 1
x =
π
−1
⎛1 ⎞ 1
Point of inflection: ,0 (1, 0
⎜ ⎟ π
⎝π ⎠
When x > 1 π , f ′′ < 0, so the graph is concave downward. −1
f ( x) = x( x − 6) = x − 12x + 36x 94. False. For example, let f ( x) = ( x − 2) .

2 3 2 4
90.
f ′( x ) = 3x 2 − 24x + 36 = 3( x − 2)( x − 6) = 0
95. f and g are concave upward on (a, b ) implies that f ′ and
f ′′( x) = 6x − 24 = 6( x − 4) = 0
g′ are increasing on ( a, b), and f ′′ > 0 and g′′ > 0 .
Relative extrema: ( 2, 32) and (6, 0)
So, ( f + g )′′ > 0 ⇒ f + g is concave upward on

Point of inflection ( 4, 16) is midway between the relative
extrema of f.
(a, b) by Theorem 4.7.
96. f, g are positive, increasing, and concave upward on
91. True. Let y = ax3 + bx 2 + cx + d , a ≠ 0. Then
(a, b) ⇒ f ( x) > 0, f ′( x ) ≥ 0 and f ′′( x) > 0, and

y′′ = 6ax + 2b = 0 when x = −(b 3a ), and the
g ( x) > 0, g′( x) ≥ 0 and g′′( x ) > 0 on (a, b). For
concavity changes at this point.
x ∈ ( a, b),
92. False. f ( x) = 1 x has a discontinuity at x = 0.
( fg )′ ( x) = f ′( x) g ( x) + f ( x) g′( x)
93. False. Concavity is determined by f ′′. For example, let
( fg )′′ ( x) = f ′′( x ) g ( x ) + 2 f ′( x ) g′( x) + f ( x) g′′( x ) > 0
f ( x) = x and c = 2. f ′(c ) = f ′( 2) > 0, but f is not
So, fg is concave upward on ( a, b).
concave upward at c = 2.
Section 4.5 Limits at Infinity

2x 2 x2
1. f ( x) = 4. f ( x) = 2 +
x2 + 2 x +1
4
No vertical asymptotes No vertical asymptotes

Horizontal asymptote: y = 2 Horizontal asymptote: y = 2
Matches (f ). Matches (a).
2x 4sin x
2. f ( x) = 5. f ( x) =
x + 2
2 x2 + 1
No vertical asymptotes No vertical asymptotes
Horizontal asymptotes: y = ±2 Horizontal asymptote: y = 0
Matches (c). f (1) > 1
Matches (b).
x
3. f ( x) =
x2 + 2
2x 2 − 3x + 5
No vertical asymptotes 6. f ( x) =
x2 + 1
Horizontal asymptote: y = 0
No vertical asymptotes
f (1) < 1 Horizontal asymptote: y = 2
Matches (d). Matches (e).
4x +3
7. f ( x) =
2x − 1
x 100 101 10 2 103 10 4 105 106

f(x) 7 2.26 2.025 2.0025 2.0003 2 2
lim f ( x) = 2
x →∞
10
− 10 10
− 10
2x 2
8. f ( x) =
x +1
x 100 101 10 2 103 10 4 105 106

f(x) 1 18.18 198.02 1998.02 19,998 199,998 1,999,998
lim f ( x) = ∞ ( Limit does not exist )

x →∞
20
0 10
−2
−6 x
9. f ( x) =
4x 2 + 5
x 100 101 102 103 104 105 106

f(x) –2 –2.98 –2.9998 –3 –3 –3 –3
lim f ( x ) = −3
x →∞
10
− 10 10
− 10
10
10. f ( x) =
2x 2 − 1
x 100 101 102 103 104 105 106

f(x) 10.0 0.7089 0.0707 0.0071 0.0007 0.00007 0.000007
lim f ( x) = 0
x →∞
10
−9 9
−2
1
11. f ( x) = 5 −
x2 + 1
x 100 101 102 103 104 105 106

f(x) 4.5 4.99 4.9999 4.999999 5 5 5
lim f ( x) = 5
x →∞
6
−1 8
0
3
12. f ( x) = 4 +
x2 + 2
x 100 101 102 103 104 105 106

f(x) 5 4.03 4.0003 4.0 4.0 4 4
lim f ( x) = 4
x →∞
10
0 15
0
f ( x) 5x − 3x +10 x 10 f ( x) −4 x + 2 x − 5 5
13. (a) h( x ) = = = 5x − 3 + 14. (a) h( x ) = = = −4x + 2 −
3 2
x2 x2 x x 2 x x
lim h( x) = ∞ (Limit does not exist ) lim h( x ) = −∞ ( Limit does not exist )
x →∞ x →∞
f ( x) 5x3 − 3x 2 +10 x 3 10 f ( x) −4 x 2 + 2 x − 5 2 5
(b) h( x ) (b) h x = = = −4 + −
()
= = = 5− + x2 x2 x x2
x3 x3 x x2
lim h( x ) = 5 lim h( x ) = −4
x →∞ x →∞
f ( x) 5 x 3 −3x 2 +10 x 5 3 10 f ( x) −4 x 2 + 2 x −5 4 2 5
(c) h( x )
h( x ) = = = − + −
= = = − + (c) x3 x3 x x2 x3
lim h( x ) = 0
4 4 2 3
x x x x x
lim h( x) = 0 x→∞
x→∞
x2 + 2 x
15. (a) lim = 0 25. lim
x →∞ x3 − 1 x → −∞ x2 − x
x2 + 2 = lim
1
(b) lim =1
x → −∞ ⎛ x2 − x ⎞
x →∞ x2 − 1
⎜ ⎟
⎜ − x2 ⎟
x2 + 2
⎝ ⎠
(c) lim
x −1
= ∞ (Limit does not exist )
x →∞ −1
= lim
x → −∞ 1 − (1 x)
3 − 2x
= 0
( )
16. (a) lim
x →∞ 3x3 − 1 = −1, for x < 0 we have x = − x2
3 − 2x 2
(b) lim
= −
x →∞ 3x − 1 3 x
26. lim
x → −∞
3 − 2x 2 x +12
(c) lim
x →∞ 3x − 1
= −∞ ( Limit does not exist ) 1
= lim
x → −∞ ⎛ x2 + 1 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
17. (a) lim 5 − 2x
32
= 0 ⎜ − x2 ⎟
x → ∞ 3x 2 − 4
⎝ ⎠
−1
5 − 2x3 2 2 = lim
(b) lim = − x → −∞
(
1 + 1 x2 )
x →∞ 3x 32
−4 3
5 − 2x 32
(
= −1, for x < 0 we have x = − x2 )
(c) lim
x →∞ 3x − 4
= −∞ ( Limit does not exist )
2x + 1
5x 3 2 27. lim
x → −∞
18. (a) lim = 0 x2 − x
x →∞ 4x 2 + 1
1
2+
5x3 2 5 x
(b) lim = = lim
x →∞ 4x 32
+1 4 x → −∞⎛ x2 − x ⎞
⎜ ⎟
5x 3 2 ⎜ − x2 ⎟
(c) lim = ∞ (Limit does not exist ) ⎝ ⎠
x →∞ 4 x +1
⎛ 1⎞
−2 − ⎜ ⎟
= lim ⎝x ⎠
⎛ 3⎞
19. lim 4 + = 4+ 0 = 4 x → −∞ 1
⎜
x → ∞⎝ ⎟ 1−
x⎠
x
20. lim
⎛5
−
x⎞
= ∞ ( Limit does not exist ) (
= −2, for x < 0, x = − x2 )
x → −∞⎝⎜ ⎟
x 3⎠
5x 2 + 2
2x − 1 2 − (1 x) 2−0 2 28. xlim
→∞
21. lim = lim = = x2 + 3
x →∞ 3x + 2 x →∞ 3 + ( 2 x) 3+0 3
5x 2 + 2
= lim
4 x2 + 5 (
4 + 5 x2 ) x →∞
x 1 + 3 x2 ( )
22. lim = lim = 4
x → −∞ x2 + 3 x → −∞ (
1 + 3 x2 ) = lim
5x 2 + ( 2 x)
x →∞
1 + 3 x2
x 1x 0
23. lim = lim = = 0 = ∞
x →∞ x2 − 1 x → ∞ 1 − 1 x2 ( )
1
Limit does not exist.
5 x 3 +1 5 +1 x 3 x2 − 1 x2 − 1 x2
24. lim = lim = lim
x →∞ 10x − 3x + 7
3 2 x→∞ 10 − 3 x + 7 x
3 29. lim
x →∞ 2x − 1 x→∞ 2−1x
5 +0 1
= = 1 − 1 x2 1
10 − 0 2 = lim =
x →∞ 2 −1x 2
x 4 −1 x 4 −1 ⎜ 1 − x ( )⎟ (
39. lim log10 1 + 10− x = 0
→∞
)
30. lim = lim
x → −∞ x → −∞
x3 − 1 x3 − 1 ⎛⎜ 6 ⎞ x
1 x3 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎛5 x 2 + 1⎞ 5
40. lim ⎜ + ln 2 ⎟ =
x →∞
1 x2 − 1 x
6 ⎝2 x ⎠ 2
= lim = 0,
x → −∞ −1 + 1 x3
⎛ 8⎞
lim 8t −1 − arctan t = lim − lim arctan t
(for x < 0, we have − x 6 = x3 ) 41. ( ) t

⎜ ⎟
t t
t
⎜ ⎟
→∞ → ∞⎝ ⎠ →∞
π π
= 0− = −
⎛ ⎞ 2 2
x +1 x +1 1 x2 3
31. lim = lim
⎝ ⎠
π
(x2 ) ( x2 ) ( )
x →∞ 13 x→∞ 13 13
+1 +1 ⎜1 x2 ⎟ 42. lim arcsec(u + 1) =
u →∞ 2
23
x1 3 + 1 x
= lim = ∞
(1 + 1 x 2 )
x→∞ 13
x
43. f ( x) =
x +1
Limit does not exist. x
lim =1
x +1
32. lim
2x
= lim
2x (1 x )
2 x →∞
x → −∞
( x6 −1 )
13 x → −∞
( x6 −1 )
13
(1 ( x ) )6 13 lim
x → −∞ x +1
= −1
2 x Therefore, y = 1 and y = −1 are both horizontal

= lim = 0
x → −∞
(1 − 1 x ) 6 13 asymptotes.
4
1 y = −1
33. lim = 0
x →∞ 2x + sin x −6 6
⎛1⎞ −4
34. lim cos = cos 0 = 1
x →∞ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ x⎠
3x + 2
44. f ( x) =
35. Because ( −1 x) ≤ (sin 2x) x ≤ (1 x) for all x ≠ 0, you x − 2
have by the Squeeze Theorem, y = 3 is a horizontal asymptote (to the right).
1 sin 2 x 1 y = −3 is a horizontal asymptote (to the left).

lim − ≤ lim ≤ lim
x →∞ x x →∞ x x →∞ x
8
sin 2 x
0 ≤ lim ≤ 0.
x →∞ Therefore, x
sin 2 x
lim
y=3
− 10 1
= 0. 0
x →∞ x y = −3
−6
x − cos x ⎛ cos x ⎞
36. lim = lim ⎜1 −
x →∞ x x→∞
⎟ 3x
x
⎝ ⎠ 45. f ( x) =
=1−0 =1 x2 + 2
Note: lim f ( x) = 3
x →∞
cos x lim f ( x) = −3
lim = 0 by the Squeeze Theorem because x → −∞
x →∞ x
1 cos x 1 Therefore, y = 3 and y = −3 are both horizontal
− ≤ ≤ .
x x x asymptotes.
(
37. lim 2 − 5e− x = 2
x →∞
) y=3
−9 9
8
38. xlim = 2 y = −3
→∞ 4 − 10 − x 2
−6
9x2 −2 1
= lim
sin t
=1
46. f ( x) = 47. lim x sin
x →∞ x t → 0+ t
2x + 1
3 (Let x = 1 t. )
y = is a horizontal asymptote (to the right).
2
1 tan t ⎡sin t 1 ⎤
3 48. lim x tan = lim = lim ⎢ ⋅ ⎥
y = − is a horizontal asymptote (to the left). x →∞ x x → 0+ t x → 0+ ⎣ t cos t ⎦
2
6
= (1)(1) = 1
(Let x = 1 t. )
3
3 y=2
y = −2
−9 9
−6
) ) x 2 +3 ⎤
⎡
49. lim x + ( x 2 + 3 = lim (x + x2 + 3 ⋅
x −
= lim
−3
= 0
⎢ ⎥
x → −∞ x → −∞ x → −∞
x − x2 + 3 x − x2 + 3
⎡ x+ x2 + x ⎤ −x −1
( ) ( )
1
50. lim x − x + x = lim ⎢ x − x + x ⋅ ⎥ = lim = lim = −
( )
x→∞
2 2 x + x2 + x x→∞ x+ x2 + x x→∞ 1+ 1+ 1x 2
2
x→∞⎢
⎣
3x − 9 x − x ⎤
51. lim 3x + ( )
9x 2 − x = lim ⎡ 3x +
⎢
( 9x 2 − x ⋅ ) ⎥
x → −∞ x → −∞ 3x − 9x 2 − x
x
= lim
x → −∞ 3x − 9x 2 − x
= lim
x → −∞
1
9x 2 − x
(for x < 0 you have x = − x2 )
3−
− x2
1 1
= lim =
x → −∞ 3+ 9 − (1 x) 6
(
16 x 2 − 16 x 2 − x )
(
52. lim 4x − 16x 2 − x ) 4x + 16 x 2 − x
= lim
( )
x →∞ 4x + 16x 2 − x x→∞ 4x + 16x 2 − x
x
= lim
x →∞ 4x + 16x 2 − x
1
= lim
x →∞ 4+ 16 − 1 x
1 1
= =
4+ 4 8
53.
x 100 101 102 103 104 105 106
f(x) 1 0.513 0.501 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500
( ) x − x −x x+ x −x
2 2
x 1 1
lim x − x( x − 1) = lim ⋅ = lim = lim =
x→∞ x →∞ 1 x + x2 − x x→ ∞ x+ x2 − x x →∞ 1+ 1 − (1 x) 2
−1 8
−2
54.
x 100 101 10 2 103 10 4 105 106
f(x) 1.0 5.1 50.1 500.1 5000.1 50,000.1 500,000.1
x2 − x x2 − x x2 + x x2 − x x3
lim ⋅ = lim = ∞
x →∞ x→∞
1 x + x
2
x − x
2
x + x
2
x2 − x
Limit does not exist.

30
0 50
0
55.
x 100 101 102 103 104 105 106
f(x) 0.479 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500
Let x = 1 t.
⎛ 1 ⎞ sin (t 2) 1 sin (t 2) 1
lim x sin ⎜ ⎟ = lim = lim =
x →∞ ⎝ 2x ⎠ t → 0+ t t → 0+ 2 t 2 2
−2 2
−1
56.
x 100 101 10 2 103 10 4 105 106
f(x) 2.000 0.348 0.101 0.032 0.010 0.003 0.001
x +1
lim = 0
x →∞ x x
3
0 25
−1
y
57. (a) lim f ( x) = 4 means that f ( x) approaches 4 as x 59. x = 2 is a critical number.
x →∞
f ′( x) < 0 for x < 2.

8
becomes large.
(b) lim f ( x) = 2 means that f ( x) approaches 2 as x f ′( x) > 0 for x > 2.

x → −∞ 4
becomes very large (in absolute value) and negative. lim f ( x) = lim f ( x) = 6
x → −∞ x →∞
x
58. Answers will vary. For example, let −2 2 4 6
−6
f ( x) = + 6.
0.1( x − 2) + 1
2
6 x −2 x −4 y
60. Yes. For example, let f ( x) = . 64. y =
x −3 5
(x − 2)
2
+1 4
y Intercepts: (0, 4 3), ( 4, 0) 3

2
8 Symmetry: none x
−1 1 2
3 4 5 6 7
−2
Vertical asymptote: x = 3
4 −3
2
y
x x +1
−4 −2 2 4 6 65. y =
−2 x2 − 4 4
3
Intercepts: (0, −1 4), ( −1, 0) 2

1
61. (a) 4
x
Symmetry: none −4 −1 2 3 4
Horizontal asymptote: y = 0 −2
−4 5 −3
Vertical asymptotes: x = ± 2 −4
−2
y
2x
(b) When x increases without bound, 1 x approaches 66. y =
9 − x2
6
5
zero and e1 x approaches 1. Therefore, f ( x) 4

Intercept: (0, 0)
3
2
approaches 2 (1 + 1) = 1. So, f ( x) has a 1 x
Symmetry: origin −5−4 −1 1 2 6

horizontal asymptote at y = 1. As x approaches −2
zero from the right, 1 x approaches ∞, e1 x −4
−5
Vertical asymptotes: x = ± 3 −6
approaches ∞, and f ( x) approaches zero. As x
approaches zero from the left, 1 x approaches −∞, x2

67. y =
e1x
approaches zero, and f ( x) approaches 2. The x + 16
2
limit does not exist because the left limit does not Intercept: (0, 0)
equal the right limit. Therefore, x = 0 is a
y
nonremovable discontinuity. Symmetry: y-axis 2
Horizontal asymptote: y = 1 1
62. (a) y
32 x
4 y′ = −8 −6 −4 −2
x
( )2
2 4 6 8
f
3
x 2 + 16 −1
2
f′
x Relative minimum: (0, 0) −2
−4 1 2 3 4
−3 2x 2
68. y =
−4
x − 4
2
(b) lim f ( x) = 3 lim f ′( x) = 0 Intercept: (0, 0)

x →∞ x→∞
→∞ ( )
(c) Because xlim f x = 3, the graph approaches that Symmetry: y-axis
of a horizontal line, lim f ′( x) = 0.
x →∞
Vertical asymptotes: x = ± 2
x y 4x
63. y = y′ = − y
8
1− x
( x 2 − 4)
4 2
3
Intercept: (0, 0) 2 6
1 16( x 2 + 4)
y′′ =
4
Symmetry: none
( x 2 − 4)
x 3
1 2
−1 2 3 4 5
Horizontal asymptote: y = −1 −2 x
−3 y′′ = (0) < 0 −4 −2 2 4 6
Vertical asymptote: x = 1 −4
Sectio n 4.5 Limi ts a t Infinity 347
y
69. xy = 9
2
4 75. y = 3 +
2
x
Domain: x > 0 3
2
Intercept:
Intercepts: none 1
x 2 2 2 ⎛ 2 ⎞
Symmetry: x-axis −1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 y = 0 = 3+ ⇒ = −3 ⇒ x = − ; ⎜ − , 0 ⎟
−2
x x 3 ⎝ 3 ⎠
3
y = ± −3
Symmetry: none
x −4
y
8
9 y
70. x 2 y = 9 ⇒ y = 7
x2 6
5
4
Intercepts: none 3
2
Symmetry: y-axis
x
2
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5
x
−8 −6 −4 2 4 6 8
−2
4 4 + x2
76. y = 2
+1=
3x y
x x2
71. y =
x −1 7
6
Intercept: none
Intercept: (0, 0)
5
4
Symmetry: none
3
Symmetry: none 2
Horizontal asymptote: y = 3 x
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5 6
y
3x y
72. y =
4
1 − x2 8
2
6
Intercept: (0, 0) 4
2 x
−4 −2 2 4
Symmetry: origin −4 −3 −2 −1 1
x
−2
3
Vertical asymptotes: x = ±1 x
77. y =
x2 − 4
3 2x − 3
2
73. y = 2 − = y Domain: ( −∞, − 2), ( 2, ∞ )
x2 x2
4
Intercepts: none
⎛ 3 ⎞ 3
Intercepts: ± ,0
⎜ ⎟
2 Symmetry: origin
⎝ 2 ⎠ 1
−4 −3 −2
x Horizontal asymptote: none
2 3 4
Symmetry: y-axis Vertical asymptotes: x = ± 2 (discontinuities)

Horizontal asymptote: y = 2 y
Vertical asymptote: x = 0 20
16
12
1 x −1 y
74. y = 1 − = 6
8
4
x x metr 5
Sy y: −4 −3 −2 −1
Intercept: (1, 0) m none
x
1 2 3 4 5
− 5 − 4 −3 −2 − 1
−8
− 12
x − 16
1 2 3 4 − 20
−2
−4
−5
x 5
78. y = 79. f ( x) = 9 −
x2 − 4 x2
Domain: ( −∞, − 2), ( 2, ∞ ) Domain: all x ≠ 0

10
Intercepts: none f ′( x) = ⇒ No relative extrema
x3
Symmetry: origin
30
Horizontal asymptotes: y = ±1 because f ′′( x) ⇒ No points of inflection
x4
x x = −
lim = 1, lim = −1.
x →∞ x2 − 4 x → −∞ x2 − 4
Vertical asymptotes: x = ± 2 (discontinuities) 12
y=9
y x=0
5
4
3
2 −6 6
x −2
−5 −4 −3 −1 1 3 4 5
−2
−3
−4
−5
1 1
80. f ( x) = =
x2 − x − 2 ( x + 1)( x − 2)
−( 2 x −1) 1
f ′( x ) = 2= 0 when x = .
( x − x − 2) 2 2
( x2 − x − 2) ( −2) + ( 2 x −1)( 2)( x − x2 − 2)( 2 x −1) ( )

2
6 x 2 − x +1
f ′′( x) = =
( x 2 − x − 2) (x )
4 3
2
− x − 2
⎛1⎞ ⎛ 1 4⎞
Because f ′′⎜ ⎟ < 0, ⎜ , − ⎟ is a relative maximum.
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝2 9⎠ x = −1 x=2
2
Because f ′′( x) ≠ 0, and it is undefined in the domain of f,

( 12 , − 49
there are no points of inflection. −3 3
Vertical asymptotes: x = −1, x = 2 y=0
x −2 x −2
81. f ( x) = =
x − 4x + 3
2
( x − 1)( x − 3)
f ′( x ) =
(x )
− 4 x + 3 − ( x − 2)( 2 x − 4)
=
−x + 4 x − 5
≠
2 2
( x2 ) ( x2 − 4x + 3)
2 2 0
− 4x + 3
( x2 ) (
) ( )
2
− 4 x + 3 ( −2 x + 4) − −x + 42 x − 5 ( 2) x − 4 x2 + 3 ( 2 x − 4)
f ′′( x) =
( x − 4x + 3)
4 2
(
2 x 3 − 6x 2 + 15x − 14) 2( x − 2)( x 2 − 4x + 7)
= = = 0 when x = 2.
( x2 ) ( x2 )
3 3
− 4x + 3 − 4x + 3
Because f ′′( x) > 0 on (1, 2) and f ′′( x) < 0 on ( 2, 3), then 2

x=3
(2, 0) is a point of inflection.

−1 5
Vertical asymptotes: x = 1, x = 3 y=0

x=1
x +1 2x
82. f ( x) = 84. g ( x) =
x2 + x + 1 3x 2 + 1
−x( x+ 2)
f ′( x ) = =2 0 when x = 0, −2. g′( x) =
2
( x2 + x + 1 ) (3x 2
+1 )
32
(
2 x3 + 3x 2 −1 ) ′′( )
−18 x
() 0
f ′′ x = = g x =
( )
52
2
( )
3
x2 + x + 1 3x + 1
when x ≈ 0.5321, −0.6527, − 2.8794. No relative extrema. Point of inflection: (0, 0).
f ′′( 0) < 0 Horizontal asymptotes: y = ±

2
3
f ′′( −2) > 0 4
y= 2
3
Therefore,
−6 6
⎛ 1⎞
−2, −
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 3⎠ y=− 2
3 −4
is a relative minimum.
⎛ x
Points of inflection: 85. g ( x ) sin ⎟, 3 x
⎞ < < ∞
= ⎜
(0.5321, 0.8440), (−0.6527, 0.4491) and ⎝ x − 2⎠

⎛ x ⎞
(−2.8794, − 0.2931) −2cos⎜ ⎟
= ⎝x − 2 ⎠
g′ x
( )
(x − 2)
2
Horizontal asymptote: y = sin (1)

(−0.6527, 0.4491)
2 (0.5321, 0.8440)
Relative maximum:
−3 3 x π 2π
(0, 1) = ⇒ x = ≈ 5.5039
(−2, − 1 x − 2 2 π −2
3 y=0
−2 No vertical asymptotes
(−2.8794, −0.2931)
1.2 ( π 2π− 2 , 1
3x
83. f ( x) =
4x 2 + 1 y = sin(1)
3
f ′( x ) = ⇒ No relative extrema
(4x 2 )
32 12
+1 3
0
−36 x
f ′′( x) = 52= 0 when x = 0. 86. f ( x) =
2sin 2 x
; Hole at (0, 4)
(4x 2 +1 ) x
4 x cos 2 x − 2 sin 2 x
f′ x =
Point of inflection: (0, 0) ()
x2
3 There are an infinite number of relative extrema. In the

Horizontal asymptotes: y = ±
2 interval ( −2π , 2π ), you obtain the following.
No vertical asymptotes Relative minima: ( ± 2.25, − 0.869), ( ± 5.45, − 0.365)
2
Relative maxima: ( ± 3.87, 0.513)
y = 23
−3 3 Horizontal asymptote: y = 0
y = −3 6
2
y=0
−2
(−3.87, 0.513) (3.87, 0.513)

−2 2
−2
(−5.45, −0.365) (5.45, −0.365)
(−2.25, −0.869) (2.25, −0.869)
87. (
f ( x) = 2 + x − 3 e − x 2
) x3 − 2 x 2 + 2 1 1
90. f ( x ) = − , g ( x) x +1−
2x 2 2 x2
f ′( x) = −e − x ( x + 1)( x − 3)
(a) = −
Critical numbers: x = −1, x = 3
4
f=g
Relative minimum: ( −1, 2 − 2e) ≈ (−1, −3.4366) −6 6
(
Relative maximum: 3, 2 + 6e −3 ≈ (3, 2.2987 ) ) −4
Horizontal asymptote: y = 2 x 3 − 2x 2 + 2
(b) f ( x ) = −
4
y=2 2x 2
3
⎡ x 2x 2 2 ⎤
= −⎢ − + ⎥
2
−2 6 ⎣ 2x 2x 2 2x 2 ⎦
(−1, 2 − 2e) 1 1
= − x + 1 − 2 = g ( x)
2 x
−4
70
(c)
10 ln x 10 ln x
88. f ( x) = = , Domain: x > 0 −80
x2 x x5 2 80
5
f ′( x) = (2 − 5 ln x)
x7 2 −70
The graph appears as the slant asymptote

Critical number: x = e 2 5 ≈ 1.4918
1
y = − x + 1.
Relative maximum: (1.4918, 1.4715) 2
⎡ 1 ⎤
3 91. lim 100 ⎢1 − ⎥ = 100[1 − 0] = 100%
(1.4918, 1.4715) v v →∞ ⎢ c
⎥
v v
1 2
⎣ (1 2 ) ⎦
−1 10
y=0
92. C = 0.5x + 500
C
−6 C =
x
500
x 3 − 3x 2 + 2 2 C = 0.5 +
89. f ( x) = , g ( x) = x +
x( x − 3) x( x − 3) x
⎛ 500 ⎞
lim 0.5 + = 0.5
x → ∞⎜
(a) 8 ⎟
x
⎝ ⎠
f=g 93. tlim N (t ) = ∞

→∞
lim E (t ) = c
−4 8
t →∞
−2
x 3 − 3x 2 + 2 94. (a) lim T = 1700°

(b) f ( x) = t →0
x( x − 3)
x 2 ( x − 3)
+
2
This is the temperature of the kiln.
= + x( x − 3)
(b) lim = 72°
x( x − 3) T
t →∞
This is the temperature of the room.

2
= x + = g ( x) (c) No. y = 72 is the horizontal asymptote.
x( x − 3)
(c) 70 0.83
95. (a) lim = 0.83 = 83%
n →∞ 1 + e −0.2n
− 80 80 0.166e −0.2n
(b) P′ =
(1 + e−0.2n )
2
P′(3) ≈ 0.038
− 70
The graph appears as the slant asymptote y = x. P′(10) ≈ 0.017
96. (a) T1 (t ) = −0.003t 2 + 0.68t + 26.6 98. f ( x) =

6x
x2 + 2
(b) 90
T1 (a) lim f ( x) = 6 = L
x→∞
lim f ( x) = −6 = K
x → −∞
− 10 130
6x
− 10 (b) f ( x1 ) + ε = 1
+ε = 6
x12 + 2
(c) 90
T2 6x1 = (6 − ε ) x12 + 2
(
36x 2 = x 2 + 2 (6 − ε )2 )
1 1
− 10 120
36x12 − (6 − ε ) x12 = 2( 6 − ε )
2 2
− 10
2 2 2
1451 + 86t x1 ⎡⎣36 − 36 + 12ε − ε = 2( 6 − ε )

T2 =
58 + t 2
2( 6 − ε )
(d) T1 ( 0) ≈ 26.6° x12 =
12ε − ε 2
T2 (0) ≈ 25.0° 2
x1 = (6 − ε )
86 12ε − ε 2
(e) lim T2 = = 86
t →∞ 1 x2 = −x1 by symmetry
(f ) No. The limiting temperature is 86°. 2

(c) M = x1 = (6 − ε )
T1 has no horizontal asymptote. 12ε − ε 2
2
2x2 (d) N = x2 = (ε − 6)
97. f ( x) = 2 12ε − ε 2
x + 2
(a) lim f ( x) = 2 = L 99. lim

3x
= 3
x →∞
x →∞ x2 + 3
2x12
(b) f ( x1 ) + ε = +ε = 2 3x 2
x12 + 2 f ( x1 ) + ε = 1
+ε = 3
x12 + 3
2x 2 + ε x 2 + 2ε = 2x 2 + 4
1 1 1
3x1 = (3 − ε ) x1 + 3
x12ε = 4 − 2ε
4 − 2ε
9x1 = (3 − ε ) x1 + 3 ( )
x1 =
ε 2 2 2
x2 = −x1 by symmetry
9x12 − (3 − ε ) x12 = 3(3 − ε )
2 2
(
x12 9 − 9 + 6ε − ε 2 = 3(3 − ε )2 )
4 − 2ε
3(3 − ε)
2
(c) Let M = > 0. For x > M :
ε x12 =
6ε − ε 2
4 − 2ε 3
x > x1 = (3 − ε ) 6ε − ε 2
ε
x 2ε > 4 − 2ε
3
Let M = x1 = (3 − ε )
2x 2 + x 2ε + 2ε > 2x 2 + 4 6ε − ε 2
2x 2 (a) When ε = 0.5:

+ε > 2
x + 2
2
3 5 33
M = (3 − 0.5) =
2x2 6 0.5 − 0.5 2
11
> −ε = ε ( ) ( )
− 2
x2 + 2 (b) When ε = 0.1:
f ( x) − L > ε
3 29 177
M = (3 − 0.1) =
4 − 2ε 6(0.1) − (0.1)
2
59
(d) Similarly, N = − .
ε
3x 2
100. lim = −3 102. lim = 0. Let ε > 0 be given. You need
x → −∞ x →∞
x2 + 3 x
3x1 M > 0 such that

f ( x1 ) − ε = − ε = −3
x + 3
2 2 2
( )
1 f x − L = −0 = < ε whenever
3x1 = (ε − 3) x x
x12 + 3
x > M.
9x 2 = (ε − 3) x 2 + 3
1
2
(1 )
2 x 1 4
< ε ⇒ > ⇒ x >
− (ε − 3) = 3(ε − 3)
2 2 2
9x12 x1 x 2 ε ε2
(
x12 9 − ε 2 + 6ε − 9 = 3(ε − 3) ) 2
Let M = 4 ε 2 .
3(ε − 3)
2
2
x12 = For x > M = 4 ε , you have

6ε − ε 2
2
3 x > 2ε ⇒ < ε ⇒ f ( x) − L < ε .
x1 = (ε − 3) x
6ε − ε 2
3 1
Let x1 = N = (ε − 3) 103. lim = 0. Let ε > 0. You need N < 0 such that
6ε − ε 2 x → −∞ x3
(a) When ε = 0.5: 1 −1

f ( x) − L = 3
− 0 = 3 < ε whenever x < N.
3 −5 33 x x
N = (0.5 − 3) =
6(0.5) − (0.5) −1 −1
2
11 1
< ε ⇒ −x 3 > ⇒ x <
x3 ε ε1 3
(b) When ε = 0.1:
−1
3 Let N = .
N = (0.1 − 3) ε
3
6( 0.1) − ( 0.1)
2
−1
−29 177 For x < N = ,
=
3
ε
59
1
> −3 ε
1 x
101. lim = 0. Let ε > 0 be given. You need
x2
x →∞ 1
− < 3
ε
M > 0 such that x
1
1 1 − < ε
f ( x) − L = −0 = < ε whenever x > M .
x
x2 x2
3
1 1
x2 > ⇒ x >
⇒ f ( x) − L < ε .
ε ε 1
104. lim = 0. Let ε > 0 be given.
1 x → −∞ x − 2
Let M = .
ε
You need N < 0 such that
For x > M , you have
1 −1
f x − L = −0 = < ε
1 1 1 x − 2
x > ⇒ x2 > ⇒ < ε ⇒ f ( x) − L < ε . ( )
x − 2
ε ε x2 whenever x < N.
−1 −1 1
< ε ⇒ x − 2 < ⇒ x < 2−
x − 2 ε ε
1 1
Let N = 2 − . For x < N = 2 − ,
ε ε
−1
x − 2 <
ε
−1
< ε
x − 2
⇒ f ( x) − L < ε .
105. line: mx − y + 4 = 0 106. line: y + 2 = m( x − 0) ⇒ mx − y − 2 = 0
y
y
5
4
y = mx + 4 (4, 2)
3 2
d
2
x
1 (3, 1) −4 4
x (0, −2)
−2 −1 1 2 3 4
−1 −4
Ax1 + By1 + C m(3) −1(1) + 4

(a) d = =
A + B
2 2
m2 + 1 Ax1 + By1 + C m( 4) −1( 2) − 2
(a) d = =
3m + 3 A + B
2 2
m2 + 1
=
m2 + 1 4m − 4
=
2
(b) 6 m +1
(b) 10
− 12 12
−5 5
−2
(c) lim d ( m) = 3 = mlim d ( m) −3

m→∞ → −∞
(c) lim d ( m ) = 4; lim d ( m) = 4
The line approaches the vertical line x = 0. So, the m→∞ m → −∞
distance from (3, 1) approaches 3. The line approaches the vertical line x = 0. So, the
distance from ( 4, 2) approaches 4.
p( x) an x n +" + a1 x + a0
107. lim = lim
x →∞ q( x ) x →∞ bm x m + " + b1x + b0
Divide p( x ) and q( x ) by x m .
an a1 a0
p ( x) +" + +
Case 1: If n < m: lim x m = 0 +" + 0 + 0 = 0 = 0.
= lim x
m −n
xm −1
b b
x → ∞ q ( x) bm + " + 0 + 0 bm
x→ ∞ bm + " + m −1 +
1 0
x xm
a a
p( x) a n + " + m1−1 + 0m
Case 2: If m = n: lim = lim x x = an +" + 0 + 0 = an .
b b
x →∞
x→∞ q( x ) b +"+
1
+ 0 bm + " + 0 + 0 bm
x m −1
m
xm
n−m a1 a
p( x) anx +"+ + 0m
Case 3: If n > m: lim = lim x m −1 x = ±∞ +" + 0 = ±∞.
x→∞ q( x ) x→∞ b1 b0 bm + " + 0

b +"+ +
x m −1
m
xm
108. lim x 3 = ∞. Let M > 0 be given. You need N > 0 such that f ( x) = x3 > M whenever x > N.
x →∞
x3 > M ⇒ x > M 1 3. Let N = M 1 3 . For x > N = M 1 3 , x > M 1 3 ⇒ x3 > M ⇒ ( )
f x > M.
2x
109. False. Let f ( x) = . (See Exercise 57(b).)
x2 + 2
110. False. Let y1 = ( )

x + 1, then y1 (0) = 1. So y1′ = 1 2 x + 1 and y1′ ( 0) = 1 2. Finally, y1′′ = −
1 32
4( x + 1)
1 1 1
and y1′′ ( 0) = − . Let p = ax 2 + bx + 1, then p( 0) = 1. So, p′ = 2ax + b and p′(0) = ⇒ b = .
4 2 2
1 1
Finally, p′′ = 2a and p′′(0) = − ⇒ a = − . Therefore,
4 8
⎧⎪( −1 8) x 2 + (1 2) x + 1, x < 0
() = ⎨
()
f x and f 0 = 1,
⎪⎩ x + 1, x ≥ 0
⎧⎪(1 2) − (1 4) x, x < 0 1
f ′( x) = and f ′(0) = , and
1 2 ( x )
1, x 0 2
⎨
⎪⎩ + >
⎧ (−1 4), x < 0

1
′′ ⎪
= ′′ = −
( x) and f (0)
( ),
f .
1 4( x 1)
32
x 0 4
⎨
⎪⎩− + >
f ′′( x) < 0 for all real x, but f ( x) increases without bound.
Section 4.6 A Summary of Curve Sketching

1
1. y = −3
x − 2
1
y′ = − ⇒ undefined when x = 2
(x − 2)
2
2
y′′ = ⇒ undefined when x = 2
(x − 2)
3
⎛7 ⎞ ⎛ 7⎞
Intercepts: ⎜ , 0 ⎟, ⎜ 0, − ⎟
⎝3 ⎠ ⎝ 2⎠
Horizontal asymptote: y = −3
y y′ y′′ Conclusion
−∞ < x < 2 − − Decreasing, concave down
2 < x < ∞ − + Decreasing, concave up
No relative extrema, no points of inflection

x=2
y
( 73 , 0 x
4
−2
−4 ( 0, − 72 y = −3
Sectio n 4.6 A Summary of Curve Sketching 355
x
2. y =
x2 + 1
1 − x2 (1 − x)( x + 1)
y′ = = = 0 when x = ±1.
( x2 ) ( x2 )
2 2
+1 +1
(
2x 3 − x 2 )
y′′ = − = 0 when x = 0, ± 3.
( x2 )
3
+1
−∞ < x < − 3 – – Decreasing, concave down

3
x = − 3 − – 0 Point of inflection
4
− 3 < x < −1 – + Decreasing, concave up
1
x = −1 − 0 + Relative minimum
2
−1 < x < 0 + + Increasing, concave up
x = 0 0 + 0 Point of inflection
0 < x <1 + – Increasing, concave down

y
1
x =1 0 – Relative maximum
2 1
( 3, 43 )
(1, 21 )
1< x < 3 – – Decreasing, concave down 1
(−1,− 2 )
x
3
x = 3 – 0 Point of inflection 1 2
4 (0, 0) y=0
(− 3, − 3 )
3 < x < ∞ – + Decreasing, concave up 4
x2
3. y =
x + 3
2
6x
y′ = = 0 when x = 0.
( )
2
x2 + 3
y′′ =
(
18 1 − x 2 ) = 0 when x = ±1.
( )
3
x2 + 3
−∞ < x < −1 – – Decreasing, concave down

1
x = −1 – 0 Point of inflection
4
−1 < x < 0 – + Decreasing, concave up
y
x = 0 0 0 + Relative minimum
y=1
0 < x <1 + + Increasing, concave up 1
1
x =1 + 0 Point of inflection −1, 1 (1, 1
4
1< x < ∞ + – Increasing, concave down ( 4 4
x
−4 (0, 0) 2 4
x2 + 1
4. y =
x2 − 4
−10 x
y′ = = 0 when x = 0 and undefined when x = ± 2.
( x 2 − 4)
2
10(3x 2 + 4)
y′′ = < 0 when x = 0.
( x2 − 4)
3
Intercept: (0, − 1 4)
Symmetric about y-axis
Vertical asymptotes: x = ±2
−∞ < x < −2 + + Increasing, concave up
−2 < x < 0 + − Increasing, concave down
x = 0 − 41 Relative maximum
0 < x < 2 − − Decreasing, concave down
2 < x < ∞ − + Decreasing, concave up
8
6
(0, − 14 ) 4
2
x
−8 −6 −4 −2 2 4 y=1
x = −2
x=2
3x
5. y =
x2 − 1
y′ =
(
−3 x 2 + 1 )
undefined when x = ±1
( x − 1)
2
2
6x( x 2 + 3) − ∞ < x < −1 − − Decreasing, concave down
y′′ =
−1 < x < 0 − +
( x2 ) Decreasing, concave up
3
−1
x = 0 0 −3 0 Point of inflection
Intercept: (0, 0)
0 < x <1 − − Decreasing, concave down
Symmetry with respect to origin
Vertical asymptotes: x = ±1 1< x < ∞ − + Decreasing, concave up
x = −1 y x = 1
y=0 1 (0, 0)
x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
x −3 3
6. f ( x) = =1−
x x
3
f ′( x ) = undefined when x = 0
x2
6
f ′′( x) ≠ 0
x3
= −
Intercept: (3, 0)
−∞ < x < 0 + + Increasing, concave up
0 < x < ∞ + − Increasing, concave down
4
3 y=1
2
1
x
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 3 4
−2 (3, 0)
x=0 −3
−4
32
7. f ( x) = x +
x2
f ′( x ) = −
64 (x (
− 4) x 2 + 4 x +16 )
= = x = x =
1 0 when 4 and undefined when 0.
x3 x3
192
f ′′( x) =
x4
Intercept: −2 3 4, 0 ( )
Slant asymptote: y = x
−∞ < x < 0 + + Increasing, concave up
0 < x < 4 − + Decreasing, concave up
4 < x < ∞ + + Increasing, concave up
(−2 3 4, 0) 8 (4, 6)
6
4
2 y=x
x
−8 −6 2 4 6 8
−4 x=0
−6
x3 9x
8. f ( x) = = x + 2
x −9
2 x −9
f ′( x) =
(
x 2 x 2 − 27 ) x = ± x = ±
=
( x2 )
2
−9 0 when 0, 3 3 and is undefined when 3.
f ′′( x) =
(
18x x 2 + 27 ) = 0 when x = 0
( )
3
x2 − 9
Intercept: (0, 0)
Symmetry: origin
Vertical asymptotes: x = ±3
− ∞ < x < −3 3 + − Increasing, concave down

9 3
x = −3 3 − 0 − Relative maximum
2
−3 3 < x < −3 − − Decreasing, concave down
−3 < x < 0 − + Decreasing, concave up y ( 3 3, 9 3

2 )
x = 0 0 0 0 Point of inflection x = −3
9
y=x
0 < x < 3 − − Decreasing, concave down
x
−12 −9 −6 −3 3 6 9 12
3 < x < 3 3 − + Decreasing, concave up
−6
9 3 x=3
2
3 3 < x < ∞ + + Increasing, concave up ( −3 3, − 9 3
2 )
x 2 − 6x + 12 4
9. y = = x − 2+
x − 4 x − 4
4 ( x − 2)( x − 6)
y′ = 1 − = = 0 when x = 2, 6 and is undefined when x = 4.
(x − 4) (x − 4)
2 2
8
y′′ =
(x − 4)
3
Slant asymptote: y = x − 2
−∞ < x < 2 + − Increasing, concave down
x=4
x = 2 −2 0 − Relative maximum y
8
2 < x < 4 − − Decreasing, concave down 6
(6, 6)
4
4 < x < 6 − + Decreasing, concave up 2 y=x−2
x
x = 6 6 0 + Relative minimum (0, − 3) 6 8 10
(2, − 2)
− x 2 − 4x − 7 4
10. y = = −x − 1 −
x + 3 x +3
x 2 + 6x + 5 (x + 1)( x + 5)
y′ = − = − = 0 when x = −1, −5 and is undefined when x = − 3.
(x + 3) (x + 3)
2 2
−8
y′′ =
(x + 3)
3
(
Intercept: 0, − 73 )
No symmetry
Vertical asymptote: x = −3
Slant asymptote: y = − x − 1
− ∞ < x < −5 − + Decreasing, concave up y
x = −5 6 0 + Relative minimum 12
10
(−5, 6) 8
6
−5 < x < − 3 + + Increasing, concave up 4 (−1, −2)
2
x
−3 < x < −1 + − Increasing, concave down −10 −8 −6 −4 −2
−4
2
−6
x = −1 −2 0 − Relative maximum −8 (0, − 7)
−10 3
−1 < x < ∞ − − Decreasing, concave down
11. y = x 4 − x, Domain: ( −∞, 4]
8 − 3x 8
y′ = = 0 when x = and undefined when x = 4.
2 4− x 3
3x −16 16
y′′ = = 0 when x = and undefined when x = 4.
4( 4 − x )
32
3
16
Note: x = is not in the domain.
3
8 y
−∞ < x < + – Increasing, concave down
3 4 ( 8 16 3
3
,
9
8 16
x = 0 – Relative maximum 2
3 3 3
8
< x < 4 – – Decreasing, concave down (0, 0) (4, 0)
x
3 −2 2 4
x = 4 0 Undefined Undefined Endpoint
12. h( x) = x 9 − x 2 , Domain: −3 ≤ x ≤ 3
2
9 −2x 3 3 2
h′( x) = = 0 when x = ± = ± and undefined when x = ± 3.
9 − x 2 2 2
h′′( x ) =
(
x 2 x 2 − 27 ) = 0 when x = 0 and undefined when x = ± 3.
(9 − x 2 )
32
Intercepts: ( 0, 0), ( ±3, 0)
Symmetric with respect to the origin

x = −3 0 Undefined Undefined Endpoint
3 − +
−3 < x < − Decreasing, concave up
2
3 +
x = − 0 Relative minimum
2 2
3 + +
− < x < 0 Increasing, concave up
2
x = 0 0 3 0 Point of inflection y
0 < x <
3 + − Increasing, concave down
5 ( 3 2
2
,
9
2
)
2 4
3
3 9 − 2
x = 0 Relative maximum (−3, 0) 1 (0, 0) (3, 0)
2 2 x
−5 −4 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5
3 − −
< x < 3 Decreasing, concave down
2 (
− 3 2, − 9
2 2 )
x = 3 0 Undefined Undefined Endpoint −5
13. y = 3x 2 3 − 2x
y′ = 2x −1 3 − 2 =
(
2 1 − x1 3 ) = 0 when x = 1 and undefined when x = 0.
x1 3
−2
y′′ = < 0 when x ≠ 0.
3x 4 3
−∞ < x < 0 – – Decreasing, concave down y
5
x = 0 0 Undefined Undefined Relative minimum

(1, 1)
x =1 1 0 – Relative maximum ( 278 , 0 )
x
(0, 0) 1 2 3 5
1< x < ∞ – – Decreasing, concave down

−2
y = ( x + 1) − 3( x + 1)
2 23
14.
2( x +1)=
43
−1 3 −2
y′ = 2( x + 1) − 2( x + 1) = = 0 when x = 0, − 2 and undefined when x = −1.
(x + 1)
13
43
2 −4 3 6( x +1) +2
y′′ = 2 + (x + 1) =
3( x + 1)
43
3
Intercepts: ( −1, 0), ± 33 4 − 1, 0 ( )

−∞ < x < − 2 – + Decreasing, concave up
x = −2 −2 0 + Relative minimum
− 2 < x < −1 + + Increasing, concave up
x = −1 0 Undefined + Relative maximum
−1 < x < 0 – + Decreasing, concave up
(−33/4 − 1, 0) 8
6
(−2, 0) 4
(−1, 0) (0, 0)
2
x
−5 −4 −2 2 3
(33/4 − 1, 0)
−4
15. y = 2 − x − x3
y′ = −1 − 3x 2
No critical numbers
y′′ = −6x = 0 when x = 0.
−∞ < x < 0 – + Decreasing, concave up
x = 0 2 – 0 Point of inflection
0 < x < ∞ – – Decreasing, concave down
5
4
(0, 2)
1
(1, 0)
x
−3 −2 −1 2 3
16. y = − 13 (x 3
− 3x + 2 )
y′ = −x 2 + 1 = 0 when x = ±1.
y′′ = −2x = 0 when x = 0.
– + Decreasing, concave up
− 34 0 + Relative minimum
−1 < x < 0 + + Increasing, concave up
x = 0 − 32 + 0 Point of inflection
x =1 0 0 – Relative maximum
1< x < ∞ – – Decreasing, concave down
1
(−2, 0) (1, 0)
x
−1 1 2
( 2
0, − 3
(−1, − 43 −2
17. y = 3x 4 + 4x3
y′ = 12x3 + 12x 2 = 12x ( x + 1) = 0 when x = 0, x = −1.
2
y′′ = 36x 2 + 24x = 12x(3x + 2) = 0 when x = 0, x = − 23.
−∞ < x < −1 – + Decreasing, concave up
x = −1 –1 0 + Relative minimum
−1 < x < − 23 + + Increasing, concave up
x = − 2
3
− 16
27 + 0 Point of inflection
− 23 < x < 0 + – Increasing, concave down
x = 0 0 0 0 Point of inflection
2
1
4
( −3, 0
(0, 0) x
−2 1
(− 23 , − 1627
(−1, −1)
3
y′ = −8x + 6x = 0 when x = 0, ± 3
. 3
2 −∞ < x < − + − Increasing, concave down
2
1
y′′ = − 24x 2 + 6 = 0 when x . 3 9
2 x = − 0 − Relative maximum
2 8
⎛ 6 ⎞ 3 1
Intercepts: ± ,0 − < x < − − − Decreasing, concave down
2 2
⎝ 2 ⎠ 1 5
x = − −2 0 Point of inflection
y
2 8
( − 12 , 58 ) (12, 58)
1
− < x < 0 − + Decreasing, concave up
2
(− 3 9
, ) ( 3 9
, )
2 8 2 8 x = 0 0 0 + Relative minimum
(− 26, 0) ( 26 , 0) 1
x
0 < x < + + Increasing, concave up
−1
2
1 5
x = 2 0 Point of inflection
2 8
1 3
< x < + − Increasing, concave down
2 2
3 9
x = 0 − Relative maximum
2 8
3
< x < ∞ − − Decreasing, concave down
2
19. y = x 5 − 5x
y′ = 5x 4 − 5 = 5 x 4 − 1 = 0 when x = ±1. ( )
y′′ = 20x = 0 when x = 0. 3
−∞ < x < −1 + – Increasing, concave down
x = −1 4 0 – Relative maximum
−1 < x < 0 – – Decreasing, concave down
x = 0 0 – 0 Point of inflection
0 < x <1 – + Decreasing, concave up
x =1 –4 0 + Relative minimum
1< x < ∞ + + Increasing, concave up
y
− 4 5, 0 )
6
(−1, 4)
4
(0, 0)
4
5, 0 )
x
−2 −1 1 2
−2
−4
(1, −4)
−6
20. y = ( x − 1)
5
y′ = 5( x − 1) = 0 when x = 1.
4
y′′ = 20( x − 1) = 0 when x = 1.

3
y
2
1
−∞ < x < 1 + − Increasing, concave down (1, 0)

x
−1 1 2 3
x =1 0 0 0 Point of inflection −1
1< x < ∞ + + Increasing, concave up
21. y = 2x − 3
2( 2x − 3) 3
y′ = undefined at x = .
2x − 3 2
y′′ = 0 y
y y′ Conclusion (0, 3)
3
−∞ < x < 3
2 − Decreasing 2
x = 3
2 0 Undefined Relative minimum 1
3
2
< x < ∞ + Increasing ( 32 , 0 3 4
22. y = x 2 − 6x + 5
(
2( x − 3) x 2 − 6 x + 5 ) 2( x − 3)( x − 5)( x −1)
y′ = =
x 2 − 6x + 5 (x − 5)( x − 1)
= 0 when x = 3 and undefined when x = 1, x = 5.
y′′ =
(
2 x2 −6x + 5 ) =
2( x − 5)( x −1)
undefined when x = 1, x = 5.
x − 6x + 5 (x − 5)( x − 1)
2
−∞ < x < 1 − + Decreasing, concave up
x =1 0 Undefined Undefined Relative minimum, point of inflection
1< x < 3 + − Increasing, concave down

y
x = 3 4 0 − Relative maximum
5
3 < x < 5 − − Decreasing, concave down 4
(3, 4)
x = 5 0 Undefined Undefined Relative minimum, point of inflection 3
5 < x < ∞ + + Increasing, concave up 1

(1, 0) (5, 0)
1 2 3 4 5 6
23. f ( x ) = e3x ( 2 − x )
5
f ′( x) = −e3x + 2( 2 − x)e3x = e (5 − 3x) = 0 when x =
3x
.
3
4
f ′′( x ) = −3e3x ( − 4 + 3x) = 0 when x = .
3
f ( x) f ′( x) f ′′( x ) Conclusion
4
−∞ < x < + + Increasing, concave up
3
4 2e4
x = 54.6 0 Point of inflection
3 3
4 5
< x < + – Increasing, concave down
3 3
5 e5
x = 0 – 445.2 Relative maximum
3 3
5
< x < ∞ – – Decreasing, concave down
3
5, e5
50
( 3 3
40
30
20
( 4 , 2e 4
3 3
10
(0, 2) (2, 0)
1 3 4 5
24. f ( x) = −2 + e3x ( 4 − 2x)

f ′( x ) = −2e3x (3x − 5) = 0 when x = 5
3.
f ′′( x) = −6e3x (3x − 4) = 0 when x = 4

3
.
Horizontal asymptote (to left): y = −2
f ( x) f ′( x ) f ′′( x) Conclusion
−∞ < x < 4
3
+ + Increasing, concave up
x = 4
3
70.7975 109.1963 0 Point of inflection
4
3
< x < 5
3 + – Increasing, concave down
x = 5
3 96.9421 0 – 890.4790 Relative maximum
5
3
< x < ∞ – – Decreasing, concave down
y
100 ( 53 , 96.9421)
80
60
( 43 , 70.7975 )
40
20
x
1 3 4 5
10
25. g (t ) =
1 + 4e−t
40e−t
g′(t ) = > 0 for all t.
(1 + 4e−t )
2
40e ( 4e −1)
() 0 at 1.386.
−t −t
g′′ t = = t ≈
(1 + 4e−t )
3
lim g (t ) = 10 ⇒ t = 10 is a horizontal asymptote.

t →∞
lim g (t ) = 0 ⇒ t = 0 is a horizontal asymptote.

t → −∞ y
y = 10
g (t ) g′(t ) g′′(t ) Conclusion

8
−∞ < t < 1.386 + + Increasing, concave up 6

(1.386, 5)
4
t = 1.386 5 2.5 0 Point of inflection (0, 2)
2 y=0
1.386 < t < ∞ + − Increasing, concave down
−4 −2 2 4 6
t
8
26. h( x ) =
2 + 3e− x 2
12e x 2
h′( x) =
(2e x 2 + 3)
2
6e x 2 (3 − 2e x 2)
h′′( x ) =
(2e x 2 + 3)
3
No critical numbers, no relative extrema

8
lim h( x ) = = 4 ⇒ x = 4 is a horizontal asymptote.
x →∞ 2
lim h( x ) = 0 ⇒ x = 0 is a horizontal asymptote.

x → −∞
3 3
h′′( x ) = 0: 3 = 2e x 2 ⇒ e x 2 = ⇒ x = 2 ln ⎛ ⎞
2 ⎜ 2⎟
⎝ ⎠
8
Intercept: ⎛ 0, ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 5⎠
h( x ) h′( x) h′′( x) Conclusion y
6
3 y=4
−∞ < x < 2 ln + + Increasing, concave up 5
2 4
3
x = 2 ln
3 1 ( 0, 8
5 2
2
2
2
0 Point of inflection
( 2 ln 3 , 2
2
x
3 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5
2 ln < x < ∞ + – Increasing, concave down −2 y=0
2
27. y = ( x − 1) ln ( x − 1), Domain: x > 1

y′ = 1 + ln ( x − 1) = 0 when ln ( x − 1) = −1 ⇒ (x − 1) = e −1 ⇒ x = 1 + e −1
1
y′′ =
x −1 y
3
2
1 < x < 1 + e −1 − + Decreasing, concave up
1
−1 −1 (2, 0)
x =1+ e −e 0 e Relative minimum
−1 2 3
x
(1.368, − 0.368)
1 + e −1 < x < ∞ + + Increasing, concave up −1
1 3
28. y = x − ln x, Domain: x > 0
24
y′ =
(x (
− 2) x 2 + 2x + 4 ) = 0 when x = 2.
8x
x3 + 4
4x 2 y
5
4
0 < x < 2 − + Decreasing, concave up 3
2
x = 2 − 0.3598 0 3 Relative minimum
1
(2, 13 − ln2)
2 < x < ∞ + + Increasing, concave down x
1 3 4 5
2
⎛ x −2 ⎞
29. g ( x) = 6 arcsin , Domain: [0, 4]
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠
12( x − 2)
g′( x) = = 0 when x = 2.
( )(
4x − x 2 x 2 − 4x + 8 )
g′′( x ) =
(
12 x 4 − 8 x3 + 24 x 2 − 32 x + 32 )
⎣( 4x − x )( x
32
− 4x + 8 ⎦ ) y
⎡ 2 2 ⎤
g ( x) g′( x) g′′( x ) Conclusion 12
10
0 < x < 2 − + Decreasing, concave up 8

6
x = 2 +
4
0 0 Relative minimum 2 (2, 0)
x
2 < x < 4 + + Increasing, concave down − 3 −2 − 1 1 2 3 4 5
−4
30. h( x ) = 7 arctan ( x + 1) − ln x 2 + 2x + 2 ( )
5 − 2x 5
h′( x) = = 0 when x = .
x + 2x + 2
2
2
(
2 x 2 − 5x − 7 ) 5 ± 53
( ) 0 when
′′ = = =
h x x
( )
2
2
x + 2x + 2 2
h( x) h′( x) h′′( x) Conclusion
−∞ < x < −1.1401 + + Increasing, concave up
x = −1.1401 –0.9935 + 0 Point of inflection

5
−1.1401 < x < + – Increasing, concave down
2
5
x = 6.4635 0 – Relative maximum
2 y
5 ( 25 , 6.4635)
< x < 6.1401 – – Decreasing, concave down 8
2 4
(6.1401, 6.0707)
x = 6.1401 6.0707 – 0 Point of inflection x
−8 −4 4 8
(−1.1401, −0.9935)
6.1401 < x < ∞ – + Decreasing, concave up
x 27x
31. f ( x) = x −3 =
3 3x
27(1 − x ln 3) 1
f ′( x ) = = 0 ⇒ x = ≈ 0.910
3x ln 3
27 ln 3( x ln 3 − 2) 2
f ′′( x) = = 0 ⇒ x = ≈ 1.820
3x ln 3
lim f ( x) = 0, lim f ( x) = −∞
x→∞ x→ −∞
Horizontal symptote: y = 0
Intercept: (0, 0)
f ( x) f ′( x) f ′′( x) Conclusion
y
−∞ < x < 0.910 + – Increasing, concave down
10 (0.91, 9.04)
x = 0.910 9.041 0 – Relative maximum 8
(1.82, 6.65)
0.910 < x < 1.820
6
– – Decreasing, concave down
4
x = 1.820 – 0 Point of inflection 2 y=0

(0, 0)
x
1.820 < x < ∞ 6.652 – + Decreasing, concave up
−1 1 2 3
32. g (t ) = (5 − t )5t
5 ln 5 −1 1
g′(t ) = 5t (5 ln 5 − 1 − t ln 5) = 0 ⇒ t ln 5 = 5 ln 5 − 1 ⇒ t = = 5− ≈ 4.379
ln 5 ln 5
5 ln 5 − 2 2
g′′(t ) = 5t ln 5(5 ln 5 − 2 − t ln 5) = 0 ⇒ t = = 5− ≈ 3.757
ln 5 ln 5
lim g (t ) = −∞ and lim g (t ) = 0
t →∞ t → −∞
Intercepts: (5, 0), (0, 5)
g (t ) g′(t ) g′′(t ) Conclusion

y
(3.757, 525.553)
−∞ < t < 3.757 + + Increasing, concave up 800 (4.379, 714.301)
700
t = 3.757
600
525.553 + 0 Point of inflection 500
400
3.757 < t < 4.379 + – Increasing, concave down 300
200 y=0
t = 4.379 714.301 0 – Relative maximum
100 (0, 5)
(5, 0)
x
4.379 < t < ∞ – – Decreasing, concave down −100 1 2 3 4 6
(
ln x − x 2 ),
33. (
g ( x) = log 4 x − x 2 = ) ln 4
Domain: 0 < x < 1
2 x −1 1
g ′( x) = = 0 when x = .
ln 4 ⋅ x( x − 1) 2
2
−2 x + 2 x −1
g′′( x ) =
ln 4 ⋅ x 2 ( x − 1)
2
g ( x) g′( x ) g′′( x) Conclusion y
1
1 x=0
0 < x < + – Increasing, concave down x
2 − 0.5 0.5 1.0
−1
1
x = −1 0 – Relative maximum (0.5, −1)
2 −2 x=1
1 −3
< x <1 – – Decreasing, concave down
2 −4
ln x 2 − 4x
34. f ( x) = log 2 x 2 − 4x =
ln 2
2( x − 2)
f ′( x ) = = 0 when x = 2 and undefined when x = 0 and x = 4.
x( x − 4) ln 2
(
−2 x 2 − 4 x + 8 )
( )
f ′′ x =
x 2 ( x − 4) ln 2
2
f ( x) f ′( x ) f ′′( x) Conclusion
−∞ < x < 0 – – Decreasing, concave down
x = 0 Undefined Undefined Undefined Undefined
0 < x < 2 + – Increasing, concave down y
6
x = 2 2 0 – Relative maximum 4
(2, 2)
2 < x < 4 – – Decreasing, concave down x
−4 −2 2 6 8
x = 4 Undefined Undefined Undefined Undefined −2
−4
4 < x < ∞ + – Increasing, concave down −6
20x 1 19x 2 − 1 4 x3 + x + 4
35. f ( x) = − = 36. f ( x) = x + = = 0 for x ≈ −1.379
x2 + 1 x (
x x2 + 1 ) x2 + 1 x2 + 1
x 4 + 2x 2 − 8x + 1
(
− 19 x 4 −22 x 2 −1 ) f ′( x) = 2 = 0 for x ≈ 1.608, x ≈ 0.129
( ) 2
f′ x = 2 = 0 for x ≈ ±1.10 ( )
2
(
x x +1 2
) x +1
(
8 3x − 1
2
) = 0 for x = ±
(
2 19 x 6 −63x9 −3x 2 −1 ) f ′′( x) =
1
≈ ±0.577
0 for x ≈ ±1.84 (2 )
3
3
f ′′( x) = =
x +1
( )
3
x3 x 2 + 1
Points of inflection: ( −0.577, 2.423), ( 0.577, 3.577)
Minimum: ( −1.10, −9.05) Relative maximum: (0.129, 4.064)
Maximum: (1.10, 9.05) Relative minimum: (1.608, 2.724)
Points of inflection: ( −1.84, −7.86), (1.84, 7.86)

5
10
−6 6
− 15 15 −3
−2 x 4
− 10
37. f ( x) =
x + 7
2
−6 6
−14
f ′( x) = < 0
( x2 )
32
+ 7
−4
42 x
f ′′( x) = = 0 at x = 0
( x2 )
52
+ 7
Horizontal asymptotes: y = ± 2
4x 41. f ( x) = 2x − 4 sin x, 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π
38. f ( x) =
x 2 + 15 f ′( x ) = 2 − 4 cos x
60
f ′( x ) = > 0 f ′′( x) = 4 sin x
( x2 )
32
+ 15
1 π 5π
f ′ x = 0 ⇒ cos x = ⇒ x = ,
−180 x ( )
f ′′( x) = = 0 at x = 0 2 3 3
( x2 )
52
+ 15 f ′′( x) = 0 ⇒ x = 0, π , 2π
Horizontal asymptotes: y = ± 4 ⎛ π 2π ⎞
Relative minimum: ⎜ , − 2 3⎟
Point of inflection: (0, 0) ⎝3 3 ⎠
⎛ 5π 10π ⎞
+ 2 3⎟
6
Relative maximum: ⎜ ,
3 3
⎝ ⎠
−8 8 Points of inflection: (0, 0), (π , 2π ), ( 2π , 4π )
y
−6
16
12
x ⎛ x ⎞
39. y = + ln
⎜ ⎟
⎝ x + 3⎠
8
2
4
1 3
y′ = + x
2 x( x + 3) π
2
π 3π
2
2π
−3( 2x + 3)
y′′ =
x 2 ( x + 3)
2
42. f ( x) = −x + 2 cos x, 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π
5 f ′( x ) = −1 − 2 sin x
f ′′( x) = −2 cos x
f ( x) = 0 at x ≈ 1.030
−8 6
1 7π 11π
f ′( x ) = 0 ⇒ sin x = − ⇒ x = ,
−5
2 6 6
Vertical asymptotes: x = −3, x = 0 π 3π
f ′′( x) = 0 ⇒ x = ,
2 2
x
Slant asymptote: y = Relative minimum:
2
⎛ 7π 7π ⎞
,− 3 − ≈ 3.665, −5.397
40. y =
3x
2
(
1 + 4e − x 3 ) ⎜ ⎟ ( )
⎝ 6 6 ⎠
3e x 3 − 4( x − 3)
Relative maximum:
y′ = ⎛11π 11π ⎞
, 3 − ⎟ ≈ (5.760, −4.028 )
x3
2e ⎜
⎝ 6 6 ⎠
2( x − 6)
y′′ = y
3e x 3
4
3
Slant asymptote: y = x 2
2
x
π 3π 2π
35 −2 2
−4
−6
0 20
0
1
43. y = sin x − sin 3x, 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π
18
1
y′ = cos x − cos 3x
6
1
= cos x − [cos 2x cos x − sin 2x sin x]
6
1⎡
( )
= cos x − ⎣ 1 − 2 sin 2 x cos x − 2 sin 2 x cos x⎦⎤
6
⎣
( ⎦
)
= cos x ⎡⎢1 − 1 1 − 2 sin 2 x − 2 sin 2 x ⎥⎤ = cos x ⎢⎡5 + 2 sin 2 x⎥⎤
6 ⎣6 3 ⎦
y′ = 0: cos x = 0 ⇒ x = π 2, 3π 2
5 2
+ sin 2 x = 0 ⇒ sin 2 x = −5 4, impossible
6 3
1
y′′ = −sin x + sin 3x = 0 ⇒ 2 sin x = sin 3x
2
= sin 2x cos x + cos 2x sin x
(
= 2 sin x cos 2 x + 2 cos 2 x − 1 sin x )
(
= sin x 2 cos x + 2cos x − 1
2 2
)
= sin x( 4 cos 2 x − 1)
sin x = 0 ⇒ x = 0, π , 2π
π 5π 7π 11π
2 = 4 cos 2 x − 1 ⇒ cos x = ± 3 2 ⇒ x = , , ,
6 6 6 6 y
⎛ π 19 ⎞ 2
Relative maximum: ⎜ , ⎟
⎝ 2 18 ⎠ 1
⎛ 3π 19 ⎞
Relative minimum: ⎜ , − ⎟ π π 3π
x
⎝ 2 18 ⎠ −1
2 2
⎛ π 4 ⎞ ⎛ 5π 4⎞ ⎛ 7π 4 ⎞ ⎛ 11π 4⎞
⎟ , (π , 0), ⎜ , − ⎟ , ⎜ ,− ⎟ −2
Points of inflection: ⎜ , ⎟, ⎜ ,
6 9 6 9 6 9 6 9
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
1
44. y = cos x − cos 2x, 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π
4
1
y′ = −sin x + sin 2x = −sin x + sin x cos x
2
= sin x(cos x − 1)
y′ = 0: sin x = 0 ⇒ x = 0, π , 2π
cos x − 1 = 0 ⇒ x = 0, 2π
y′′ = −cos x + cos 2x
= −cos x + 2 cos 2 x − 1
= ( 2 cos x + 1)(cos x − 1)
2π 4π y
y′′ = 0: 2 cos x + 1 = 0 ⇒ x = ,
3 3 2
cos x − 1 = 0 ⇒ x = 0, 2π 1
⎛ 5⎞ x
Relative minimum: π , − π π π π
⎜ ⎟ 3 2
⎝ 4⎠ −1
2 2
⎛ 2π 3 ⎞ ⎛ 4π 3⎞ −2
Points of inflection: ⎜ , − ⎟ , ⎜ ,− ⎟
⎝ 3 8⎠ ⎝ 3 8⎠
π π 46. y = 2( x − 2) + cot x, 0 < x < π

45. y = 2x − tan x, − < x <
2 2 π 3π
y′ = 2 − csc2 x = 0 when x = , .
π 4 π4
y′ = 2 − sec 2 x = 0 when x = ± .
4
y′′ = −2 sec 2 x tan x = 0 when x = 0. y′′ = 2 csc2 x cot x = 0 when x = .
2
⎛π π ⎞ ⎛ 3π 3π ⎞
Relative maximum: , −1 Relative maximum: , − 5
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝4 2 ⎠ ⎝ 4 2 ⎠
⎛ π π⎞ ⎛ π π − 3⎞
Relative minimum: − , 1 − Relative minimum: ,
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 4 2⎠ ⎝4 2 ⎠
Point of inflection: (0, 0) π
⎛ ⎞
Point of inflection: ⎜ , π − 4 ⎟
π ⎝2 ⎠
Vertical asymptotes: x = ±
2 Vertical asymptotes: x = 0, π
y y
5
2
4
3
1 2
1
x x
−π π π −1 π
2 4 2
−1 −2
−3
−2 −4
−5
π
47. y = 2( csc x + sec x), 0 < x < y
2
16
π
y′ = 2(sec x tan x − csc x cot x) = 0 ⇒ x = 12
4
8
⎛π ⎞ 4
Relative minimum: ⎜ , 4 2 ⎟
⎝4 ⎠ x
π π
π −4 4 2
Vertical asymptotes: x = 0,
2
⎛ πx ⎞ ⎛ πx ⎞
48. y = sec 2 ⎜ ⎟ − 2 tan ⎜ ⎟ − 1, −3 < x < 3
⎝ 8 ⎠ ⎝ 8 ⎠
⎛ πx ⎞ ⎛ πx ⎞⎛ π ⎞ ⎛ πx ⎞⎛ π ⎞
y′ = 2 sec 2 ⎜ ⎟ tan ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟− 2 sec2 ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟= 0 ⇒ x = 2
⎝ 8 ⎠ ⎝ 8 ⎠⎝ 8 ⎠ ⎝ 8 ⎠⎝ 8 ⎠
Relative minimum: ( 2, −1)
y
5
4
3
2
x
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 3 4 5
−2 (2, −1)
−3
−4
−5
3π 3π 53. f is cubic. y
49. g ( x) = x tan x, − < x <
f″
2 2 f ′ is quadratic. f
x + sin x cos x
′ f ′′ is linear.
g ( x) = = 0 when x = 0.
cos 2 x
The zeros of f ′ correspond x
2(cos x + x sin x) −2 2
g′′( x ) = to the points where the graph −1

cos3 x of f has horizontal tangents. f′ −2
3π π π 3π The zero of f ′ corresponds to

Vertical asymptotes: x = − ,− , ,
2 2 2 2 the point where the graph of f ′
Intercepts: ( −π , 0), (0, 0), (π , 0) has a horizontal tangent.
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
2 2 2 f ''
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ f is quadratic.
Points of inflection: ( ±2.80, −1) The zero of f ′ corresponds x
y
to the points where the graph
10
8
of f has a horizontal tangent.
6
4
There are no zeros on of f ′′, f'
2
x
which means the graph of f ′
−π −2 π π 3π
4 2 has no horizontal tangent.
−4
−6
4( x −1)
−8 2
55. f ( x) =
x 2 − 4x + 5
50. g ( x ) = x cot x, − 2π < x < 2π Vertical asymptote: none
sin x cos x − x Horizontal9 asymptote: y = 4

g′ x =
()
sin 2 x
x
g′(0) does not exist. But lim x cot x = lim = 1.
x →0 x →0 tan x
Vertical asymptotes: x = ±2π , ± π
−6 9
⎛ 3π ⎞ ⎛ π ⎞ ⎛ π ⎞ ⎛ 3π ⎞ −1
Intercepts: ⎜− , 0 ⎟, ⎜− , 0 ⎟, ⎜ , 0 ⎟, ⎜ , 0 ⎟
2 2 2 2 The graph crosses the horizontal asymptote y = 4.
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
Symmetric with respect to y-axis. If a function has a vertical asymptote at x = c, the
graph would not cross it because f (c) is undefined.

Decreasing on (0, π ) and (π , 2π )
Points of inflection: ( ±4.49, 1) 56. g ( x) =

3x4 − 5x + 3
y
x4 + 1
4 Vertical asymptote: none
3
2
−4
x
−2π −π π 2π
−1
−2
−3
7
−6 6
−1
51. Because the slope is negative, the function is decreasing
on ( 2, 8), and so f (3) > f (5). The graph crosses the horizontal asymptote y = 3.
If a function has a vertical asymptote at x = c, the
52. If f ′( x) = 2 in [−5, 5], then f ( x) = 2x + 3 and graph would not cross it because f (c) is undefined.
f ( 2) = 7 is the least possible value of f ( 2). If
f ′( x) = 4 in [−5, 5], then f ( x) = 4x + 3 and
f ( 2) = 11 is the greatest possible value of f ( 2).
sin 2 x x 2 − 3x −1 3
57. h( x ) = 61. ( )
f x = − = −x + 1 +
x x − 2 x − 2
Vertical asymptote: none 3
3
−3 6
−3
−2 2
The graph appears to approach the slant asymptote

−1
y = −x + 1.
Yes, it is possible for a graph to cross its horizontal
asymptote. 2x 2 − 8x − 15 5
It is not possible to cross a vertical asymptote because 62. g ( x) = = 2x + 2 −

x −5 x −5
the function is not continuous there.
18
cos 3x
58. f ( x) =
4x
−10 20
2
y = 2x + 2.
−2 2
2x3 2x
63. f ( x) = = 2x − 2
−2 x2 + 1 x +1
Yes, it is possible for a graph to cross its horizontal 4
asymptote.
It is not possible to cross a vertical asymptote because
−6 6
the function is not continuous there.
6 − 2x
59. h( x ) = −4
3− x The graph appears to approach the slant asymptote

2(3− x) ⎧2, if x ≠ 3 y = 2x.
= = ⎨
3− x ⎩Undefined, if x = 3
−x3 + x 2 + 4 4
The rational function is not reduced to lowest terms. 64. h( x ) = = −x + 1 +
3 x2 x2
10
−2 4 − 10 10
−1
There is a hole at (3, 2). − 10

x2 + x − 2 y = −x + 1.
60. g ( x) =
x −1
(x + 2)( x − 1) ⎧x + 2, if x ≠ 1
= = ⎨
x −1 ⎩Undefined, if x = 1
The rational function is not reduced to lowest terms.

4
−8 4
−4
There is a hole at (1, 3).
y y
65. y y 67.
4 4 4
4 f″
f
2 f 2
2 f″
x x x
x −8 4
−4 −2 2 4 −4 −2 2 4 −4 8
−2
−2 −2
−4
−4 −4 −4
(or any vertical translation of f ) (or any vertical translation of f )
66. y y 68. y y
120
2
100 10
80 f 8 1 1
60 6 f ′′
x x
4 −2 1 2 −2 −1 1 2
2 −1 −1
x x
− 6 −3 3 6 9 12 15 −4 −2 2 4 6 8 10 −2 −2
−2
(or any vertical translation of f ) (or any vertical translation of the 3 segments of f )
2
cos πx
69. f ( x) = , (0, 4)
x2 + 1
(a) 1.5
0 4
− 0.5
On (0, 4) there seem to be 7 critical numbers: 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5
(b) f ′( x) =
(
−cos π x x cos π x + 2π x 2 + 1 sin π x ( ) ) = 0
(x )
32
2
+1
1 3 5 7
Critical numbers ≈ , 0.97, , 1.98, , 2.98, .
2 2 2 2
The critical numbers where maxima occur appear to be integers in part (a), but approximating them using f ′ shows that
they are not integers.
70. f ( x) = tan (sin π x )
(a) 3
−2 2
−3
(b) f ( −x) = tan (sin ( −π x )) = tan ( −sin π x ) = −tan (sin π x ) = − f ( x)

Symmetry with respect to the origin
(c) Periodic with period 2
(d) On ( −1, 1), there is a relative maximum at ( 12, tan 1) and a relative minimum at (− 12, − tan 1).
(e) On (0, 1), the graph of f is concave downward.
71. Vertical asymptote: x = 3 76. g ( x) = ln f ( x), f ( x) > 0

Horizontal asymptote: y = 0 f ′( x )
g ′( x ) =
1 f ( x)
y =
x −3
(a) Yes. If the graph of g is increasing, then g′( x ) > 0.
72. Vertical asymptote: x = −5 Because f ( x) > 0, you know that
Horizontal asymptote: none f ′( x) = g′( x) f ( x) and f ′( x) > 0. So, the graph

2
x of f is increasing.
y =
x + 5 (b) No. Let f ( x ) = x 2 + 1 (positive and concave up).
73. Vertical asymptote: x = 3 ( )

g ( x ) = ln x 2 + 1 is not concave up.
Slant asymptote: y = 3x + 2
77. (a) f ′( x) = 0 at x0 , x2 and x4 (horizontal tangent).
1 3x 2 − 7x − 5
y = 3x + 2 + =
x −3 x −3 (b) f ′′( x ) = 0 at x2 and x3 (point of inflection).
74. Vertical asymptote: x = 2 (c) f ′( x ) does not exist at x1 (sharp corner).
Slant asymptote: y = −x (d) f has a relative maximum at x1 .
1 −x 2 + 2 x +1 (e) f has a point of inflection at x2 and x3 (change in

y = −x + =
x − 2 x − 2 concavity).
75. (a) f ( x) = ln x, g ( x) = x 78. (a) f ′( x) = 0 for x = −2 (relative maximum) and
f ′( x) =
1
, g′( x) =
1 x = 2 (relative minimum).
x 2 x f ′ is negative for −2 < x < 2 (decreasing).
For x > 4, g′( x) > f ′( x). g is increasing at f ′ is positive for x > 2 and x < −2 (increasing).
a higher rate than f for “large” values of x. (b) f ′′( x ) = 0 at x = 0 (point of inflection).
25
f ′′ is positive for x > 0 (concave upward).
g
f ′′ is negative for x < 0 (concave downward).
f
(c) f ′ is increasing on (0, ∞). ( f ′′ > 0)
0 500
(d) f ′( x ) is minimum at x = 0. The rate of change of f

0
(b) f ( x) = ln x, g ( x ) = 4
x at x = 0 is less than the rate of change of f for all
1 1 other values of x.
f ′( x) = , g′( x) =
x 4 4 x3
For x > 256, g′( x ) > f ′( x). g is increasing at
a higher rate than f for “large” values of x.

f ( x) = ln x increases very slowly for “large”
values of x.
15
g
f
0 20,000
0
79. Tangent line at P: y − y0 = f ′( x0 )( x − x0 )

−1
(a) Let y = 0: − y0 = f ′( x0 )( x − x0 ) (d) Let x = 0: y − y0 = (−x0 )
f ′( x0 )
f ′( x0 ) x = x0 f ′( x0 ) − y0
x0
y = y0 +
y0 f ( x0 ) f ′( x0 )
x = x − = x −
f ′( x ) f ′( x )
0 0
0 0
⎛ x0 ⎞
⎛ f ( x0 ) ⎞ y-intercept: ⎜ 0, y0 +
f ′( x ) ⎟
x-intercept: x0 − ,0 ⎝ 0 ⎠
⎜ ⎟
⎝ f ′( x0 ) ⎠
f ( x0 ) f ( x0 )
(b) Let x = 0: y − y0 = f ′( x0 )(−x0 ) (e) BC = x0 − − x0 =
f ′( x ) f ′( x )
0 0
y = y0 − x0 f ′( x0 )
( ) ( )= ( )= (
2 2
y = f ( x0 ) − x0 f ′( x0 ) (f ) PC ) 2
= y +⎜ ⎟=
0
2 2
⎝ f x0 ⎠⎞
⎛ f x0 f ′ x0 + f x0
0
⎜ f ′( x ) ⎟ f ′( x )2
0
y-intercept: (0, f ( x0 ) − x0 f ′( x0 ))
f (x ) 1 + ⎡ f ′( x )⎤
2
1 PC =
0 ⎣ 0 ⎦
(c) Normal line: y − y0 = −
f ′( x0 )
( x − x0 ) f ′( x0 )
Let y = 0: − y0 = −
1
( x − x0 ) (g) AB = x0 − ( x0 + f ( x0 ) f ′( x0 )) = f ( x0 ) f ′( x0 )
f ′( x0 )
2 2 2
′ 2
(h) AP = f ( x0 ) f ( x0 ) + y0
− y0 f ′( x0 ) = −x + x0
2
x = x0 + y0 f ′( x0 ) = x0 + f ( x0 ) f ′( x0 ) AP = f ( x0 ) 1 + ⎡⎣ f ′( x0 )⎤⎦
x-intercept: ( x0 + f ( x0 ) f ′( x0 ), 0)
2x
80. f ( x) =
x4 + 1
(a) For n even, f is symmetric about the y-axis. For n odd, f is symmetric about the origin.
(b) The x-axis will be the horizontal asymptote if the degree of the numerator is less than 4.
That is, n = 0, 1, 2, 3.
(c) n = 4 gives y = 2 as the horizontal asymptote.
2x 5 2x
(d) There is a slant asymptote y = 2x if n = 5: = 2x − 4 .
x4 + 1 x +1
(e) 2.5 2.5

n=0 n=4 n=5
n=2
−3 3 −3 3
n=3
n=1
− 1.5
− 1.5
n 0 1 2 3 4 5
M 1 2 3 2 1 0
N 2 3 4 5 2 3
ax
81. f ( x ) =
(x − b)
2
Answers will vary. Sample answer: The graph has a vertical asymptote at x = b. If a and b are both positive,
or both negative, then the graph of f approaches ∞ as x approaches b, and the graph has a minimum at x = –b.
If a and b have opposite signs, then the graph of f approaches −∞ as x approaches b, and the graph has a
maximum at x = –b.
1 1
82. f ( x) = (ax)2 − ( ax ) = ( ax)( ax − 2), a ≠ 0
2 2
1
f ′( x ) = a 2 x − a = a( ax − 1) = 0 when x = .
a
f ′′( x ) = a 2 > 0 for all x.
⎛2 ⎞
(a) Intercepts: (0, 0),
y
,0 (b) a=2 a = −2
⎜ ⎟
⎝a ⎠ 45
⎛ 1 1⎞
Relative minimum: ⎜ , − ⎟
⎝a 2⎠
a=1
Points of inflection: none
x
−3 2 3
a = −1 −1
83. y = 4 + 16x 2 84. y = x 2 + 6x = (x + 3) − 9

2
As x → ∞, y → 4x. As x → −∞, y → −4x. y → x + 3 as x → ∞, and y → −x − 3 as x → −∞.

Slant asymptotes: y = ± 4x Slant asymptotes: y = x + 3, y = − x − 3
y y
12
15
10
8 12
6
2
x 3
−8 −6 −4 −2 2 4 6 8
x
−9 −6 −3 3 6
−3
f ( x) − f ( a) f ( b) − f ( a )
−
85. Let λ = x −a b −a , a < x < b.

x −b
f ( x) − f ( a ) f (b) − f ( a )
λ ( x − b) = −
x − a b −a
f (b)− f ( a )
λ ( x − b)( x − a) = f ( x) − f ( a ) − ( x − a)
b − a
f (b)− f (a )
f ( x) = f (a) + ( x − a) + λ ( x − b)( x − a)
b − a
⎧ f (b ) − f ( a )
Let h(t ) = f (t ) − f ( a) + (t − a ) + λ (t − a )(t − b) .
⎪ ⎫⎪
⎨ ⎬
⎪⎩ b −a ⎭⎪
h( a ) = 0, h(b) = 0, h( x) = 0
By Rolle’s Theorem, there exist numbers α1 and α 2 such that a < α1 < x < α 2 < b and h′(α1 ) = h′(α 2 ) = 0.
By Rolle’s Theorem, there exists β in ( a, b) such that h′′( β ) = 0.
Finally,
0 = h′′( β ) = f ′′( β ) − {2λ} ⇒ λ = 1

2 f ′′( β ).
Section 4.7 Optimization Problems

1. (a)
First Number, x Second Number Product, P
10 110 − 10 10(110 − 10) = 1000
20 110 − 20 20(110 − 20) = 1800
30 110 − 30 30(110 − 30) = 2400
40 110 − 40 40(110 − 40) = 2800
50 110 − 50 50(110 − 50) = 3000
60 110 − 60 60(110 − 60) = 3000
(b)
First Number, x Second Number Product, P
10 110 − 10 10(110 − 10) = 1000
20 110 − 20 20(110 − 20) = 1800
30 110 − 30 30(110 − 30) = 2400
40 110 − 40 40(110 − 40) = 2800
50 110 − 50 50(110 − 50) = 3000
60 110 − 60 60(110 − 60) = 3000
70 110 − 70 70(110 − 70) = 2800
80 110 − 80 80(110 − 80) = 2400
90 110 − 90 90(110 − 90) = 1800
100 110 − 100 100(110 − 100) = 1000

The maximum is attained near x = 50 and 60.
(c) P = x(110 − x) = 110x − x 2
(d) 3500
(55, 3025)
0 120
0
The solution appears to be x = 55.

dP
(e) = 110 − 2x = 0 when x = 55.
dx
d 2P
= −2 < 0
dx 2
P is a maximum when x = 110 − x = 55. The two numbers are 55 and 55.
Sectio n 4.7 Optimization Proble ms 381
2. (a)
Height, x Length & Width Volume
1 24 − 2(1) 1[24 − 2(1)]2 = 484
2 24 − 2(2) 2[24 − 2(2)]2 = 800
3 24 − 2(3) 3[24 − 2(3)]2 = 972
4 24 − 2(4) 4[24 − 2(4)]2 = 1024
5 24 − 2(5) 5[24 − 2(5)]2 = 980
6 24 − 2(6) 6[24 − 2(6)]2 = 864
The maximum is attained near x = 4.

(b) V = x( 24 − 2x ) , 0 < x < 12
2
dV
= 2x( 24 − 2x)( −2) + ( 24 − 2x ) = ( 24 − 2x)( 24 − 6x)
2
(c)
dx
= 12(12 − x)( 4 − x) = 0 when x = 12, 4 (12 is not in the domain ).

2
d V
= 12( 2x − 16)
dx 2
d 2V
< 0 when x = 4.
dx 2
When x = 4, V = 1024 is maximum.

(d) 1200
0 12
0
The maximum volume seems to be 1024.

3. Let x and y be two positive numbers such that 5. Let x and y be two positive numbers such that
x + y = S. xy = 147.
P = xy = x( S − x) = Sx − x 2 S = x + 3y =
147
+ 3y
dP S y
= S − 2x = 0 when x = . dS 147
dx 2 = 3− = 0 when y = 7.
2
d 2P S dy y
= −2 < 0 when x = .
2
dx 2 2 d S 294
= > 0 when y = 7.
2 3
P is a maximum when x = y = S 2. dy y
S is minimum when y = 7 and x = 21.
4. Let x and y be two positive numbers such that
xy = 185. 6. Let x be a positive number.
185 1
S = x + y = x + S = x +
x x
dS 185 dS 1
=1− = 0 when x = 185. =1− = 0 when x = 1.
dx x2 dx x2
d 2 S = 370 > 0 when x = d 2S 2
185 = 3 > 0 when x = 1.
dx 2 x3 dx 2 x
S is a minimum when x = y = 185. The sum is a minimum when x = 1 and 1 x = 1.
7. Let x and y be two positive numbers such that 11. Let x be the length and y the width of the rectangle.
x + 2 y = 108. xy = 32
P = xy = y (108 − 2 y ) = 108 y − 2 y 2 32
y =
dP x
= 108 − 4 y = 0 when y = 27. 32 64
dy P = 2x + 2 y = 2x + 2⎜⎛ ⎞ ⎟ = 2x +
⎝ x⎠ x
d 2 P = −4 < 0 when y = 27.
dP 64
dy 2 = 2− = 0 when x = 4 2.
dx x2
P is a maximum when x = 54 and y = 27. 2
d P 128
= > 0 when x = 4 2.
2 3
8. Let x and y be two positive numbers such that dx x
x 2 + y = 54. P is minimum when x = y = 4 2 ft.
( )
P = xy = x 54 − x 2 = 54x − x3 12. Let x be the length and y the width of the rectangle.
dP xy = A
= 54 − 3x 2 = 0 when x = 3 2.
dx A
y =
2 x
d P
= −6x < 0 when x = 3 2.
dx 2 ⎛ A⎞ 2A
P = 2x + 2 y = 2x + 2⎜ ⎟ = 2x +
The product is a maximum when x = 3 2 and y = 36. ⎝x⎠ x

dP 2A
= 2 − 2 = 0 when x = A.
9. Let x be the length and y the width of the rectangle. dx x
2x + 2 y = 80 d2 P 4A
= > 0 when x = A.
2 3
y = 40 − x dx x
P is minimum when x = y = A cm. (A square!)
A = xy = x( 40 − x) = 40x − x 2
dA
= 40 − 2x = 0 when x = 20.
dx
d2A
= −2 < 0 when x = 20. y
dx 2
A is maximum when x = y = 20 m.
x
10. Let x be the length and y the width of the rectangle.
2x + 2 y = P
(x − 2) + ⎡x 2 − (1 2)⎤
2 2
13. d =
P −2x P ⎣ ⎦
y = = − x
2 2 = x 4 − 4x + (17 4)
⎞ ⎛P P
A = xy = x− x = x − x2 Because d is smallest when the expression inside the
⎜ ⎟
⎝2 ⎠ 2 radical is smallest, you need only find the critical
dA P P numbers of
= − 2x = 0 when x = .
dx 2 4
f ( x ) = x 4 − 4x + 17
.
2 4
d A P
= −2 < 0 when x = . 3
dx 2
4 f ′( x) = 4x − 4 = 0
A is maximum when x = y = P 4 units. (A square!) x =1
By the First Derivative Test, the point nearest to 2, ( 12) is

(1, 1).
y
y
4
2
x (x, x 2 )
1 d (2, 12
x
−2 −1 1 2
14. f ( x ) = ( x − 1) , ( −5, 3)
2
16. f ( x ) = x − 8, (12, 0)
2 2 2
2 2
d = (x + 5) + ⎡( x − 1) − 3⎤ d = (x − 12) + ( x −8 −0 )
⎣ ⎦
x 2 − 24x + 144 + x − 8
(x ) ( ) =
2
= 2
+ 10x + 25 + x − 2x − 2 2
= x 2 − 23x + 136
= ( ) (
x 2 + 10x + 25 + x 4 − 4x3 + 8x + 4 )
Because d is smallest when the expression inside the radical
= x 4 − 4x 3 + x 2 + 18x + 29 is smallest, you need to find the critical numbers of
Because d is smallest when the expression inside the radical g ( x) = x 2 − 23x + 136
is smallest, you need to find the critical numbers of
23
g ( x) = x 4 − 4x3 + x 2 + 18x + 29 g ′( x) = 2x − 23 = 0 when x =
2
g′( x ) = 4x3 − 12x 2 + 2x + 18 23

g′′( x ) = 2 > 0 at x =
(
= 2( x + 1) 2x 2 − 8x + 9 = 0 ) 2
The point nearest to (12, 0) is

x = −1
By the First Derivative Test, x = −1 yields a minimum. ⎛ 23 ⎛ 23⎞⎞ ⎛ 23 14 ⎞
, f = ,
⎜2 ⎜ 2 ⎟⎟ ⎜2 2 ⎠⎟
So, ( −1, 4) is closest to ( −5, 3). ⎝ ⎝ ⎠⎠ ⎝
30
( ) 17. xy = 30 ⇒ y =
2
(x − 4) +
2
15. d = x − 0 x
⎛ 30 ⎞
= x 2 − 7x + 16 A = ( x + 2) + 2 (see figure)
⎜ ⎟
⎝ x ⎠
Because d is smallest when the expression inside the
dA ⎛ −30 ⎞ ⎛ 30 ⎞
radical is smallest, you need only find the critical = ( x + 2)⎜ 2 ⎟ + ⎜ + 2⎟
numbers of dx x x
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
f ( x ) = x − 7x + 16.
2
(
2 x 2 − 30 )
= = 0 when x = 30.
f ′( x) = 2x − 7 = 0 x2
30
x = 7 y = = 30
2 30
By the First Derivative Test, the point nearest to ( 4, 0) is By the First Derivative Test, the dimensions ( x + 2) by
(7 2, 7 2. ) (y + 2) are 2 + ( ) (
30 by 2 + )
30 (approximately
y 7.477 by 7.477). These dimensions yield a minimum

4
3
x
(x, x)
2
1 d
y y+2
x
1 2 3 (4, 0)
18. xy = 36 ⇒ y =
36 19. xy = 245,000 (see figure)
x S = x + 2y
⎛ 36 ⎞
A = ( x + 3)( y + 3) = ( x + 3) +3 ⎛ 490,000 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ = x+ where S is the length
⎝ x ⎠ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ x ⎠
108
= 36 + + 3x + 9 of fence needed.
x
dS 490,000
dA −108 =1− = 0 when x = 700.
= + 3 = 0 ⇒ 3x = 108 ⇒ x = 6, y = 6
2
dx x2
dx x2
d 2S 980,000
Dimensions: 9 × 9 = > 0 when x = 700.
dx 2 x3
x+3
S is a minimum when x = 700 m and y = 350 m.
x
y
y y+3
20. S = 2x 2 + 4xy = 337.5

337.5 − 2x 2
y =
4x
⎡337.5 − 2x 2 ⎤ 1 3
V = x2 y = x2 ⎢ ⎥ = 84.375x − x
⎣ 4x ⎦ 2
dV 3
= 84.375 − x 2 = 0 ⇒ x 2 = 56.25 ⇒ x = 7.5 and y = 7.5.
dx 2
y
d 2V
= −3x < 0 for x = 7.5.

dx 2 x
The maximum value occurs when x = y = 7.5 cm. x
⎛ x⎞
21. 16 = 2 y + x + π ⎜ ⎟
⎝2⎠
32 = 4 y + 2x + π x
32 − 2 x −πx
y =
4
2
π ⎛ x⎞ ⎛ 32 − 2 x −πx ⎞ πx 2 1 π π
A = xy + ⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟x + = 8x − x −
2
x +
2
x2
2⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠ 8 2 4 8
dA π π ⎛ π⎞ 8 32
= 8 − x − x + x = 8 − x⎜1 + ⎟ = 0 when x = = .
dx 2 4 ⎝ 4⎠ 1 + (π 4) 4+π
d2A ⎛ π⎞ 32
= −⎜1 + ⎟ < 0 when x = .
dx 2 4 4+π
⎝ ⎠
32 − 2⎡⎣32 ( 4 +π)⎤⎦ −π⎡⎣32 ( 4 +π)⎦⎤ 16
y = =
4 4+π x
2 y
16 32
The area is maximum when y = ft and x = ft.
4+π 4 +π x
6 −x
22. You can see from the figure that A = xy and y = .
2
y
6
5
6−x
4 y=
2
3
2 (x, y)
1
x
1 2 3 4 5 6
⎛6 −x⎞
A = x =
1
(6x − x 2 ).
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠ 2
dA 1
= (6 − 2x ) = 0 when x = 3.
dx 2
d2A
= −1 < 0 when x = 3.
dx 2
A is a maximum when x = 3 and y = 3 2.

y −2 0 −2
23. (a) =
0 −1 x −1
2
y = 2+
x −1
2
⎛ 2 ⎞ 8 4
L = x2 + y2 = x2 + 2 + = x2 + 4 + + , x >1
⎜ ⎟
x − 1⎠ x −1 (x − 1)
2
⎝
10
(b)
(2.587, 4.162)
0 10
0
L is minimum when x ≈ 2.587 and L ≈ 4.162.

1 1 ⎛ 2 ⎞ x
(c) Area = A( x ) = xy = x 2+ = x +
⎜ ⎟
2 2 x −1 x −1
⎝ ⎠
A′( x) = 1 +
( x −1) − x =1−
1
= 0
( x − 1)2 (x − 1)
2
(x − 1) = 1
2
x − 1 = ±1
x = 0, 2 (select x = 2)
They y = 4 and A = 4.
Vertices: (0, 0), ( 2, 0), (0, 4)
24. (a) A =
1
2
base × height =
1
2
2 36 − h 2 (6 + h) = ( ) 36 − h 2 (6 + h)
( ) ( )
dA 1 −1/2
( −2h)(6 + h) + 36 − h 2
1/ 2
= 36 − h 2
dh 2
(
−2 h 2 + 3h −18 ) −2( h + 6)( h − 3)
( ) ( )
−1/2
⎣ (
= 36 − h 2 ⎡−h 6 + h ) + 36 − h 2 ⎤ = =
⎦
36 − h 2 36 − h 2
dA
= 0 when h = 3, which is a maximum by the First Derivative Test. So, the sides are 2 36 − h 2 = 6 3, an
dh
equilateral triangle. Area = 27 3 sq. units.
6
h
36 − h 2
6 +h 6 +h
(b) cos α = =
2 3 6+ h 2 3
36 − h 2
tan α =
6 + h
⎛ 1⎞
Area = 2⎜ ⎟
⎝2⎠
( )
36 − h 2 (6 + h) = (6 + h) tan α = 144 cos 4 α tan α
2
A′(α ) = 144⎡⎣cos 4 α sec 2 α + 4 cos3 ( −sin α ) tan α = 0
⇒ cos 4 α sec 2 α = 4 cos3 α sin α tan α
1 = 4 cos α sin α tan α

1
= sin 2 α
4
1
sin α = ⇒ α = 30° and A = 27 3.
2
2 3 6+h
α
6
6
h
36 − h 2
(c) Equilateral triangle

25. A = 2xy = 2x 25 − x 2 (see figure)
dA ⎛ 1 ⎞⎛ −2x ⎞ ⎛ 25 − 2x 2 ⎞ 5 2
= 2x⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ + 2 25 − x 2
= 2⎜ ⎟ = 0 when x = y = ≈ 3.54.
dx ⎝ 2 ⎠⎝ 25 − x 2 ⎠ ⎝ 25 − x ⎠ 2
2
By the First Derivative Test, the inscribed rectangle of maximum area has vertices
y
⎞ ⎛ ⎞
5 2 5 2
⎛ 5 2 ± , .
± ,0 ,
⎜ 2 ⎟ ⎜ 2 2 ⎠⎟
8
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ 6 ( x, 25 − x 2
5 2
Width: ; Length: 5 2
2 x
−6 −4 −2 2 4 6
−2
−4
26. A = 2xy = 2x r 2 − x 2 (see figure)
dA
=
(
2 r 2 − 2x 2 ) = 0 when x =
2r
.
dx r − x
2 2 2
By the First Derivative Test, A is maximum when the rectangle has dimensions
y
2r by ( )
2r 2.
(−x, r2 − x2 ( x, r2 − x2
x
(−r, 0) (r, 0)
⎛ y⎞ 200 − 2 x 2
27. (a) P = 2x + 2π r = 2x + 2π = 2x + π y = 200 ⇒ y = = (100 − x)
⎜ ⎟ π π
⎝ 2⎠
y
2
y
(b)
Length, x Width, y Area, xy
2
10 π
(100 − 10) 2
(10)π (100 − 10) ≈ 573
2 2
20
π
(100 − 20) (20)π (100 − 20) ≈ 1019
2 2
30
π
(100 − 30) (30) π (100 − 30) ≈ 1337
2 2
40
π
(100 − 40) (40)π (100 − 40) ≈ 1528
2 2
50
π
(100 − 50) (50) π (100 − 50) ≈ 1592
2 2
60
π
(100 − 60) (60) π (100 − 60) ≈ 1528
The maximum area of the rectangle is approximately 1592 m2.
(c) A = xy = x
2
π
(100 − x) =
π
2
(100x − x 2 )
2
(d) A′ =
π
(100 − 2x ). A′ = 0 when x = 50.
100
Maximum value is approximately 1592 when length = 50 m and width = .
π
(e) 2000
(50, 1591.6)
0 100
0
Maximum area is approximately

1591.55 m2 ( x = 50 m ).
22
28. V = π r 2 h = 22 cubic inches or h =
π r2
(a)
Radius, r Height Surface Area
22 ⎡ 22 ⎤
0.2 2π (0.2) 0.2 + ≈ 220.3
π ( 0.2) π (0.2) ⎥⎦
2 2
⎣⎢
22 ⎡ 22 ⎤
0.4 2π (0.4) 0.4 + ≈ 111.0
π (0.4) π (0.4) ⎥⎦
2 2
⎣⎢
22 ⎡ 22 ⎤
0.6 2π (0.6) 0.6 + ≈ 75.6
π (0.6) π (0.6) ⎦⎥
2 2
⎣⎢
22 ⎡ 22 ⎤
0.8 2π (0.8) 0.8 + ≈ 59.0
π (0.8) π (0.8) ⎥⎦
2 2
⎣⎢
(b)
Radius, r Height Surface Area
22 ⎡ 22 ⎤
0.2 2π (0.2) 0.2 + ≈ 220.3
π (0.2) π (0.2) ⎥
2 2
⎢
⎣
22 ⎡ 22 ⎤
0.4 2π (0.4) 0.4 + ≈ 111.0
π (0.4) π (0.4) ⎥
2 2
⎢
⎣
22 ⎡ 22 ⎤
0.6 2π (0.6) 0.6 + ≈ 75.6
π (0.6) π (0.6) ⎥
2 2
⎢
⎣
22 ⎡ 22 ⎤
0.8 2π (0.8) 0.8 + ≈ 59.0
π (0.8) π (0.8) ⎥
2 2
⎢
⎣
22 ⎡ 22 ⎤
1.0 2π (1.0) 1.0 + ≈ 50.3
π (1.0) π (1.0) ⎦⎥
2 2
⎣⎢
22 ⎡ 22 ⎤
1.2 2π (1.2) 1.2 + ≈ 45.7
π (1.2) π (1.2) ⎦⎥
2 2
⎣⎢
22 ⎡ 22 ⎤
1.4 2π (1.4) 1.4 + ≈ 43.7
π (1.4) π (1.4) ⎦⎥
2 2
⎣⎢
22 ⎡ 22 ⎤
1.6 2π (1.6) 1.6 + ≈ 43.6
π (1.6) π (1.6) ⎦⎥
2 2
⎣⎢
22 ⎡ 22 ⎤
1.8 2π (1.8) 1.8 + ≈ 44.8
π (1.8) π (1.8) ⎦⎥
2 2
⎣⎢
22 ⎡ 22 ⎤
2.0 2π ( 2.0) 2.0 + ≈ 47.1
π ( 2.0) π ( 2.0) ⎥
2 2
⎢
⎣
The minimum seems to the about 43.6 for r = 1.6.

(c) S = 2π r 2 + 2π rh
⎡ 22 ⎤ 44
= 2π r ( r + h) = 2π r ⎢r + 2 ⎥ = 2π r +
2
⎣ π r ⎦ r
(d) 100
(1.52, 43.46)
−1 4
−10
The minimum seems to be 43.46 for r ≈ 1.52.

dS 44
(e) = 4π r − = 0 when r = 3 11 π ≈ 1.52 in.
dr r2
22
h = ≈ 3.04 in.
π r2
22 22 ⎛111 3 ⎞
Note: Notice that h = = = 2⎜ 1 3 ⎟ = 2r.
πr2 π (11 π ) ⎝π ⎠
23
29. Let x be the sides of the square ends and y the length of 30. V = πr2x
the package.
x + 2π r = 108 ⇒ x = 108 − 2π r (see figure)
P = 4x + y = 108 ⇒ y = 108 − 4x
V = x 2 y = x 2 (108 − 4x) = 108x 2 − 4x3

(
V = π r (108 − 2π r ) = π 108r − 2π r )
2 2 3
dV
dV
= 216x − 12x 2 dr
( )
= π 216r − 6π r 2 = 6π r (36 − π r )
dx
36
= 12x(18 − x) = 0 when x = 18. = 0 when r = and x = 36.
π
2
dV
= 216 − 24x = −216 < 0 when x = 18. d 2V 36
dx 2 = π ( 216 − 12π r ) < 0 when r = .
dr 2 π
The volume is maximum when x = 18 in. and

y = 108 − 4(18) = 36 in.
r
x
Volume is maximum when x = 36 in. and

r = 36 π ≈ 11.459 in.
31. No. The volume will change because the shape of the container changes when squeezed.
32. No, there is no minimum area. If the sides are x and y, then 2x + 2 y = 20 ⇒ y = 10 − x.
The area is A( x ) = x(10 − x) = 10x − x 2 . This can be made arbitrarily small by selecting x ≈ 0.
4
33. V = 14 = π r 3 + π r 2 h
3
14 − ( 4 3)π r 3 14 4
h = = − r
π r2 πr2 3
⎛ 14 4 ⎞ 28 8 2 4 28
S = 4π r 2 + 2π rh = 4π r 2 + 2π r − r = 4π r 2 + − πr = πr2 +
⎜ 2 ⎟
⎝πr 3 ⎠ r 3 3 r
dS 8 28 21
= πr − = 0 when r = 3 ≈ 1.495 cm.
dr 3 r2 2π
2
d S 8 56 21
= π + > 0 when r = 3 . r
dr 2 3 r3 2π
h
21
The surface area is minimum when r = 3 cm and h = 0.
2π
The resulting solid is a sphere of radius r ≈ 1.495 cm.
4 3
34. V = 4000 = π r + π r 2h
3
4000 4
h = − r
πr2 3
Let k = cost per square foot of the surface area of the sides, then 2k = cost per square foot of the hemispherical ends.
( ) ⎡ ⎛ 4000 4 ⎞⎤ ⎡ 16
C = 2k 4π r 2 + k ( 2π rh) = k ⎢8π r 2 + 2π r ⎜ 2 − r ⎟⎥ = k ⎢ π r 2 +
⎣ ⎝ πr 3 ⎠⎦ ⎣3
8000⎤
r ⎥⎦
dC ⎡32 8000⎤ 750
= k πr − = 0 when r = 3 ≈ 6.204 ft and h ≈ 24.814 ft.
dr ⎢3 r 2 ⎥ π
⎣ ⎦
d 2C ⎡32 12,000⎤ 750
By the Second Derivative Test, you have = k⎢ π + > 0 when r = 3 .
dr 2 ⎣3 r 3 ⎦⎥ π
750
The cost is minimum when r = 3 ft and h ≈ 24.814 ft.
π
35. Let x be the length of a side of the square and y the length of a side of the triangle.
4x + 3y = 10
1 ⎛ 3 ⎞
A = x2 + y y
2 ⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎠
=
(10 − 3y )2 +
3
y2
16 4
dA 1 3
= (10 − 3y )( −3) + y = 0
dy 8 2
−30 + 9 y + 4 3y = 0
30
y =
9 + 4 3
d2A 9+ 4 3
= > 0
dy 2 8
30 10 3
A is minimum when y = and x = .
9 + 4 3 9+ 4 3
36. (a) Let x be the side of the triangle and y the side of the square.
3⎛ π⎞ 2 4⎛ π⎞ 2
A = ⎜ cot ⎟ x + ⎜ cot ⎟ y where 3x + 4 y = 20
4 3 4 4
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
2
3 ⎛ 3 ⎞ 20
= x2 + 5 − x , 0 ≤ x ≤ .
⎜ ⎟
4 ⎝ 4 ⎠ 3
3 ⎛ 3 ⎞⎛ 3 ⎞
A′ = x + 2⎜ 5 − x ⎟⎜ − ⎟ = 0
2 ⎝ 4 ⎠⎝ 4 ⎠
60
x =
4 3 +9
( )
When x = 0, A = 25, when x = 60 4 3 + 9 , A ≈ 10.847, and when x = 20 3, A ≈ 19.245. Area is maximum
when all 20 feet are used on the square.
(b) Let x be the side of the square and y the side of the pentagon.
4⎛ π⎞ 2 5⎛ π⎞ 2
A = ⎜ cot ⎟ x + ⎜ cot ⎟ y where 4x + 5y = 20
4 4 4 5
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
2
⎛ 4 ⎞
= x 2 + 1.7204774⎜ 4 − x ⎟ , 0 ≤ x ≤ 5.
⎝ 5 ⎠
⎛ 4 ⎞
A′ = 2x − 2.75276384⎜ 4 − x ⎟ = 0
⎝ 5 ⎠
x ≈ 2.62
When x = 0, A ≈ 27.528, when x ≈ 2.62, A ≈ 13.102, and when x = 5, A ≈ 25. Area is maximum when all 20 feet
are used on the pentagon.
(c) Let x be the side of the pentagon and y the side of the hexagon.
5⎛ π⎞ 2 6⎛ π⎞ 2
A = ⎜ cot ⎟ x + ⎜ cot ⎟ y where 5x + 6 y = 20
4 5 4 6
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
π⎞
2
=
5⎛
cot x2 +
3
( 3)⎛ 20 −5x ⎞ , 0 ≤ x ≤ 4.
⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟
4 2 5 6
⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠
5⎛ π⎞ ⎛ 5 ⎞⎛ 20 − 5x ⎞
A′ = cot x + 3 3 − = 0
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟
2 5 6 6
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠
x ≈ 2.0475
When x = 0, A ≈ 28.868, when x ≈ 2.0475, A ≈ 14.091, and when x = 4, A ≈ 27.528. Area is maximum when all
20 feet are used on the hexagon
(d) Let x be the side of the hexagon and r the radius of the circle.
6⎛ π⎞ 2
A = ⎜ cot ⎟ x + π r where 6x + 2π r = 20
2
4⎝ 6⎠
2
3 3 2 ⎛ 10 3x ⎞ 10
= x + π⎜ − ,0 ≤ x ≤ .
2 ⎝π π ⎠⎟ 3
⎛10 3x ⎞
A′ = 3 3 − 6⎜ − = 0
⎝π π ⎟⎠
x ≈ 1.748
When x = 0, A ≈ 31.831, when x ≈ 1.748, A ≈ 15.138, and when x = 10 3, A ≈ 28.868. Area is maximum when all
20 feet are used on the circle.
In general, using all of the wire for the figure with more sides will enclose the most area.
37. Let S be the strength and k the constant of 38. Let A be the amount of the power line.
proportionality. Given
A = h − y + 2 x2 + y2
h + w = 20 , h = 20 − w ,
2 2 2 2 2 2
dA 2y x
= −1 + = 0 when y = .
S = kwh 2
dy x2 + y2 3
(
S = kw 400 − w2 = k 400w − w3 ) ( ) d2A
=
2x 2
> 0 for y =
x
.
2 2 2 32 3
dy
dS
(
= k 400 − 3w2 = 0 when w = )
20 3
in.
(x + y )
dw 3
The amount of power line is minimum when
20 6
and h = in. y = x 3.
3
y
d 2S 20 3
= −6kw < 0 when w = .

dw2 3
(0, h)
These values yield a maximum. h−y
x
(−x, 0) (x, 0)
39. h h π
θ x2 + 4 40. sin α = ⇒ s = ,0 < α <
2 s sin α 2
x 4−x
h 2tan α
tan α = ⇒ h = 2 tan α ⇒ s = = 2 sec α
C ( x ) = 2k x 2 + 4 + k ( 4 − x) 2 sin α
k sin α k sin α k
2xk I = = = sin α cos 2 α
C′( x) = − k = 0 s2 4 sec 2 α 4
x + 4
2
dI k
2x = x2 + 4 = ⎡⎣sin α ( −2 sin α cos α ) + cos 2 α (cos α )⎤⎦
dα 4
4x 2 = x 2 + 4 k
= cos α ⎡cos
⎣
2
α − 2 sin 2 α
3x 2
= 4 4
k
x =
2 = cos α ⎡1 − 3 sin 2 α ⎤
⎣ ⎦
3
π 3π 1
Oil well = 04 when α = , , or when sin α = ± .
2 2 3
4
2 3 Because α is acute, you have
1 ⎛ 1 ⎞ =
2 sin α = ⇒ h = 2 tan α = 2⎜ ⎟ 2 ft.
4− 2 Refinery
3 3 3 ⎝ 2⎠
The path of the pipe should go underwater from the

oil well to the coast following the hypotenuse of a
Because d 2 I ( ) ( dα 2 ) = (k 4) sin α (9 sin 2α )
− 7 < 0
right triangle with leg lengths of 2 kilometers and when sin α = 1 3, this yields a maximum.
2 3 kilometers for a distance of 4 3 kilometers.
Then the pipe should go down the coast to the refinery
for a distance of 4 − 2 ( )
3 kilometers.
s
α α
4 ft
1 + (3 − x)
2
41. (a) S = x 2 + 4, L =
x2 + 4 x 2 − 6x + 10
Time = T = +
2 4
dT x x −3
= + = 0
dx 2 x2 + 4 4 x 2 − 6x + 10
x2 9 − 6x + x 2
=
x2 + 4 (
4 x 2 − 6x + 10 )
x − 6x + 9x + 8x − 12 = 0
4 3 2
S= x2 + 4
2
x 3−x
1
L= 1 + (3 − x 2
Q
You need to find the roots of this equation in the interval [0, 3]. By using a computer or graphing utility you can
determine that this equation has only one root in this interval ( x = 1). Testing at this value and at the endpoints,
you see that x = 1 yields the minimum time. So, the man should row to a point 1 mile from the nearest point on
the coast.
x2 + 4 x 2 − 6x + 10
(b) T = +
v1 v2
dT x x −3
= + = 0
dx v x2 + 4 v x 2 − 6x + 10
1 2
x x −3
Because = sin θ1 and = −sin θ 2
x2 + 4 x 2 − 6x + 10
sin θ1 sin θ 2 sin θ1 sin θ 2

you have − = 0 ⇒ = .
v1 v2 v1 v2
θ1
d 2T 4 1 2
Because = + > 0 x 3−x
( ) ( )
2 32 32 1
dx v x + 4 2
v x − 6x + 10
2
θ2 Q
1 2
this condition yields a minimum time.

250
42. p (t ) =
1 + 4e −t 3
−t 3
1000 e
p′(t ) = ; p′( 2) ≈ 18.35 elk month
(
3 1 + 4e−t 3 2 )
()
1000 e (4e −1 ) when 4.16 months.
−t 3 −t 3
p′′ t = = 0 t ≈
(1 + 4e−t 3 )
3
9
43. f ( x) = 2 − 2 sin x x2 + d 2 d 2
+ ( a − x)
2
2
44. T = 1
+
y
v1 v2
3 dT x x −a
= + = 0
x2 + d + ( a − x)
dx 2 2 2
2 v1 v d
1 2 2
1
Because
x −a
x
−π π π x
4 4 2 = sin θ1 and = −sin θ 2
−1
x 2 + d12 d 2 + ( a − x)
2 2
(a) Distance from origin to y-intercept is 2. you have

Distance from origin to x-intercept is π 2 ≈ 1.57. sin θ sin θ sin θ sin θ
1
− 2
= 0 ⇒ 1
= 2
.
v1 v2 v1 v2
x + ( 2 − 2 sin x)
2
(b) d = x + y 2 2
= 2
Because
3
d2T d 21 d 2
= + 2
> 0
( )
32 32
dx 2 v1 x + d12 v2 ⎡d 2 2 + ( a − x) ⎤
2 2
−1
(0.7967, 0.9795)
−
4 2
⎣ this condition yields a minimum time.
⎦
Minimum distance = 0.9795 at x = 0.7967.
(c) Let f ( x) = d 2 ( x ) = x 2 + ( 2 − 2 sin x) .

2
f ′( x) = 2x + 2( 2 − 2 sin x)(−2 cos x)
Setting f ′( x ) = 0, you obtain x ≈ 0.7967, which
corresponds to d = 0.9795.
45. V =
1
π r 2h =
1
π r 2 144 − r 2 46. (a) f (c ) = f ( c + x )
3 3 10ce −c = 10( c + x)e ( )

− c+ x
1 ⎡ 2⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎥⎤
( ) (−2r ) + 2r
dV −1 2
= π ⎢r 144 − r 2 144 − r 2 c c +x
dr 3 ⎜ ⎟ =
2
⎣ ⎝ ⎠ ⎦ ec ec + x
=
1 ⎡ 288r − 3r 3 ⎤
π⎢ cec + x = (c + x)ec
⎥
3 ⎣ 144 − r 2 ⎦
ce x = c + x
= π⎢
(
⎡ r 96 − r 2 ⎤ )
⎥ = 0 when r = 0, 4 6.
ce x − c = x
144 − r 2 x
c =
ex − 1
By the First Derivative Test, V is maximum when
(b) A( x ) = xf (c)
r = 4 6 and h = 4 3.
− ( )⎤
−1
Area of circle: A = π (12) = 144π = x 10
2
e
⎡ ⎛ x ⎞ x ex
⎢ ⎜ x ⎟ ⎥
⎣ ⎝ e − 1⎠ ⎦
Lateral surface area of cone:
=
10 x 2
e (
x 1− e x )
( ) (4 6 ) ( )
2 2
S = π 4 6 + 4 3 = 48 6π ex − 1
Area of sector: (c) A( x ) =

10x 2 e x (1− ex)
x
1 2 e −1
144π − 48 6π = θ r = 72θ 6
2
144π − 48 6π
θ =
72
2π
=
3 ( )
3 − 6 ≈ 1.153 radians or 66° 0
0
9
The maximum area is 4.591 for x = 2.118 and

f ( x) = 2.547.
x 2
(d) c =
ex − 1
lim c = 1
x → 0+
lim c = 0 0 4
x →∞
0
47. Let d be the amount deposited in the bank, i be the interest rate paid by the bank,
and P be the profit.
P = (0.12) d − id
(
d = ki 2 because d is proportional to i 2 )
( ) ( )
P = (0.12) ki 2 − i ki 2 = k 0.12i 2 − i 3 ( )
dP
( )
= k 0.24i − 3i 2 = 0 when i =
0.24
= 0.08.
di 3
d 2P
= k (0.24 − 6i ) < 0 when i = 0.08 ( Note: k > 0).
di 2
The profit is a maximum when i = 8%.
48. (a) The profit is increasing on (0, 40).
(b) The profit is decreasing on (40, 60).

(c) In order to yield a maximum profit, the company should spend about $40 thousand.
(d) The point of diminishing returns is the point where the concavity changes, which in this case is x = 20 thousand dollars.
L
49. y = , a > 0, b > 0, L > 0
1 + ae − x b
⎛ a ⎞ aL − x b
−L ⎜− e − x b ⎟ e
⎝ b ⎠ = b
y′ =
( )
2
1 + ae− x b
( )
2
1 + ae − x b
(1 + ae− x b )⎜⎝⎛b2−aL e − x⎟b⎠⎞⎜−b⎝⎛ aL e−⎟x b ⎞⎠2(1 + ae−⎜xbb )⎛⎝ −a e⎟− x b ⎞⎠

2
y′′ =
(1 + ae− x b )
4
−x b ⎛ −aL −x b ⎞ ⎛ aL − x b ⎞⎛ a −x b ⎞
(1 + ae ⎝)⎜ b 2 ⎟ + 2⎜ be
)(
e ⎟⎜ eb ⎟
=
⎠ ⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠
= (
Lae −xb ae −x b −1 1
(1 + ae ) −x b 3
+ ae )b
−x b 3 2
−x ⎛1⎞
y′′ = 0 if ae− x b
=1⇒ = ln ⎜ ⎟ ⇒ x = b ln a
b ⎝a⎠
L L L
yb a = = =
( ln )
1 + ae
−(b ln a) b
1 + a(1 a ) 2
Therefore, the y-coordinate of the inflection point is L 2.

50. A = ( base)( height ) = 2xe − x
2
52. S 2 = 4m − 1 + 5m − 6 + 10m − 3
dA 2 2 Using a graphing utility, you can see that the minimum

= −4x 2e − x + 2e − x
dx occurs when m = 0.3.
Line y = 0.3x
( ) 2
2
= 2e − x 1 − 2x 2 = 0 when x = .
2
S 2 = 4(0.3) − 1 + 5(0.3) − 6 + 10( 0.3) − 3 = 4.7 mi.
A = 2e −1 2
S2
y
30
3
2 20
1
( 2 −2
2 , e ) 10
x (0.3, 4.7)
m
−2 −1 1 2
1 2 3
−1
4m − 1 5m − 6 10m − 3
S = ( 4m − 1) + (5m − 6) + (10m − 3) 53. S3 = + +
2 2 2
51.
1
m2 + 1 m2 + 1 m2 + 1
dS1
= 2( 4m − 1)( 4) + 2(5m − 6)(5) + 2(10m − 3)(10) Using a graphing utility, you can see that the minimum
dm
occurs when x ≈ 0.3.
64
= 282m − 128 = 0 when m = . Line: y ≈ 0.3x
141
Line: y =
64
x 4(0.3)−1 + 5( 0.3)−6 + 10( 0.3)−3
141 S3 = ≈ 4.5 mi.
(0.3)2 +1
⎛ 64 ⎞ ⎛ 64 ⎞ ⎛ 64 ⎞
S = 4⎜ ⎟ − 1 + 5⎜ 141 ⎟ − 6 + 10⎜ 141 ⎟ − 3
⎝ 141 ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ S3
256 320 640 858

= −1 + −6 + −3 = ≈ 6.1 mi 30
141 141 141 141
20
10
(0.3, 4.5)
m
1 2 3
54. (a) Label the figure so that r 2 = x 2 + h 2 .
Then, the area A is 8 times the area of the region given by OPQR:
A = 8
⎡1 ⎤ ⎡1
h 2 + ( x − h)h = 8 r 2 − x 2 + x − ( ) ( r 2 − x2 ) r 2 − x2
⎤
= 8x r 2 − x 2 + 4x 2 − 4r 2
⎢2 ⎥ ⎢2 ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
8x 2
A′( x ) = 8 r − x − + 8x = 0
2 2
r 2 − x2
8x 2
= 8x + 8 r 2 − x 2
r 2 − x2
x2 = x r 2 − x2 + r 2 − x2 ( )
2x 2 − r 2 = x r 2 − x 2
4x 4 − 4x 2 r 2 + r 4 = x 2 r 2 − x 2 ( )
h
5x − 5x r + r
4 2 2 4
= 0 Quadratic in x 2 .
θ
2 4 4 2 2
5r ± 25r − 20r r ⎡
x2 = = 5 ± 5 ⎤. R
10 10 ⎣ ⎦ O
x
Take positive value. P r Q
5+ 5
x = r ≈ 0.85065r Critical number
10
θ h θ x
(b) Note that sin = and cos = . The area A of the cross equals the sum of two large rectangles minus the common
2 r 2 r
square in the middle.
θ θ θ ⎛ θ⎞
A = 2( 2x)( 2h ) − 4h 2 = 8xh − 4h 2 = 8r 2 sin cos − 4r 2 sin 2 = 4r 2 sin θ − sin 2
⎜ ⎟
2 2 2 ⎝ 2⎠
⎛ θ θ⎞
A′(θ ) = 4r 2 ⎜ cos θ − sin cos ⎟ = 0
⎝ 2 2⎠
θ θ 1
cos θ = sin cos = sin θ
2 2 2
tan θ = 2
θ = arctan ( 2) ≈ 1.10715 or 63.4°

r2 r2
(c) Note that x 2 =
10
5+ ( )
5 and r 2 − x 2 =
10
5−( 5. )
A( x) = 8x r 2 − x 2 + 4x 2 − 4r 2
12
) r (5 − ) (5 + )
⎤
⎡2r
(5 +
2 r2
= 8 5 5 + 4 5 − 4r 2
⎢ ⎥
⎣10 10 ⎦ 10
12
⎤ 2
⎡r4 + 2r 2 + 5r 2 − 4r 2
= 8 ⎢ ( 20)⎥
⎣10 ⎦ 5
8 2 5
= r2 5 − 2r 2 + r2
5 5
⎡4 5⎤
= 2r 2 5 −1+ = 2r 2 ( 5 −1 )
⎢⎣ 5 5 ⎥⎦
2 ⎛θ ⎞ 1 1⎛ 1 ⎞
Using the angle approach, note that tan θ = 2, sin θ = and sin 2 ⎜ ⎟ = (1 − cos θ ) = ⎜1 − ⎟.
5 ⎝2⎠ 2 2⎝ 5⎠
⎛ ⎞ ⎛ 2 1⎛ 1 ⎞⎞ 4r 2 ( 5 −1 )
θ
So, A(θ ) = 4r 2 ⎜ sin θ − sin 2 ⎟ = 4r ⎜
2
− ⎜1 − ⎟⎟ = = 2r 2 ( )
5 −1
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 5 2⎝ 5 ⎠⎠ 2
Sectio n 4.8 Differential s 397
55. f ( x ) = x 3 − 3x; x 4 + 36 ≤ 13x 2 ⎛ 1⎞ 1

3
56. Let a = ⎜ x + ⎟ and b = x 3 + 3 , x > 0.
⎝ x⎠ x
(
x 4 − 13x 2 + 36 = x 2 − 9 x 2 − 4 )( ) 6 2
⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1⎞
= ( x − 3)( x − 2)( x + 2)( x + 3) ≤ 0 a 2 − b2 = x + − x3 +
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
x x3
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
So, −3 ≤ x ≤ −2 or 2 ≤ x ≤ 3. 6
⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
= x + − x6 + + 2
f ′( x) = 3x 2 − 3 = 3( x + 1)( x − 1) ⎜
x
⎟ ⎜
x 6 ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
f is increasing on ( −∞, −1) and (1, ∞ ).
Let f ( x ) =
(x + 1 x) − x 6 + 1 x 6 + 2
6
( )
So, f is increasing on [−3, − 2] and [2, 3]. (x + 1 x) + x + 1 x
3
( 3 3
)
f ( −2) = −2, f (3) = 18. The maximum value of f is 18. a −b
2 2
= = a −b
a +b
⎛ 3 1⎞ ⎛ 1⎞
= ⎜ x 3 + 3x + + 3 ⎟ − ⎜ x3 + 3 ⎟
x x x
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
3 ⎛ 1⎞
= 3x + = 3⎜ x + ⎟.
x ⎝ x⎠
1 1
Let g ( x) = x + , g′( x ) = 1 − 2 = 0 ⇒ x = 1.
x x
2
g ′′( x ) = and g′′(1) = 2 > 0. So g is a minimum at
x3
x = 1: g (1) = 2.
Finally, f is a minimum of 3( 2) = 6.
Section 4.8 Differentials

1. f ( x) = x 2
f ′( x) = 2x
Tangent line at (2, 4): y − f ( 2) = f ′( 2)( x − 2)
y − 4 = 4( x − 2)
y = 4x − 4
x 1.9 1.99 2 2.01 2.1
f ( x) = x 2 3.6100 3.9601 4 4.0401 4.4100
T ( x ) = 4x − 4 3.6000 3.9600 4 4.0400 4.4000
6
2. f ( x) = = 6x −2
x2
−12
f ′( x) = −12x −3 =
x3
⎛ 3⎞ x 1.9 1.99 2 2.01 2.1
Tangent line at ⎜ 2, ⎟ :
⎝ 2⎠ 6
f ( x) = 1.6620 1.5151 1.5 1.4851 1.3605
3 −12 −3 x2
y − = (x − 2) = (x − 2)
3 9
T ( x) = − x + 1.65 1.515 1.5 1.485 1.35
2 8 2 2 2
3 9
y = − x +
2 2
3. f ( x ) = x5
f ′( x ) = 5x 4
Tangent line at ( 2, 32):
y − f ( 2) = f ′( 2)( x − 2)
y − 32 = 80( x − 2)
y = 80x − 128
x 1.9 1.99 2 2.01 2.1
f ( x) = x5 24.7610 31.2080 32 32.8080 40.8410
T ( x) = 80x − 128 24.0000 31.2000 32 32.8000 40.0000
4. f ( x) = x
1
f ′( x ) =
2 x
Tangent line at 2, ( )
2:
y − f ( 2) = f ′( 2)( x − 2)
1
y − 2 = ( x − 2)
2 2
x 1
y = +
2 2 2
x 1.9 1.99 2 2.01 2.1
f ( x) = x 1.3784 1.4107 1.4142 1.4177 1.4491

x 1
T ( x) = + 1.3789 1.4107 1.4142 1.4177 1.4496
2 2 2
5. f ( x) = sin x
f ′( x) = cos x
Tangent line at ( 2, sin 2):
y − f ( 2) = f ′( 2)( x − 2)
y − sin 2 = (cos 2)( x − 2)

y = (cos 2)( x − 2) + sin 2
x 1.9 1.99 2 2.01 2.1
f ( x) = sin x 0.9463 0.9134 0.9093 0.9051 0.8632
T ( x) = (cos 2)( x − 2) + sin 2 0.9509 0.9135 0.9093 0.9051 0.8677
Sectio n 4.8 Differentia ls 399
ln x
6. f ( x) = log 2 x = , ( 2, 1)
ln 2
1
f ′( x ) =
x ln 2
1
f ′( 2) =
2 ln 2
1
Tangent line at ( 2, 1): y − 1 =
2 ln 2
( x − 2)
1 1
y = x +1−
2 ln 2 ln 2
x 1.9 1.99 2 2.01 2.1
f ( x) = log 2 x 0.9260 0.9928 1 1.0072 1.0704

1 1
T ( x) = x +1− 0.9279 0.9928 1 1.0072 1.0721
2 ln 2 ln 2
7. y = f ( x) = x3 , f ′( x ) = 3x 2 , x = 1, ∆x = dx = 0.1
∆y = f ( x + ∆x) − f ( x) dy = f ′( x) dx
= f (1.1) − f (1) = f ′(1)(0.1)
= 0.331 = 3(0.1)
= 0.3
8. y = f ( x ) = 6 − 2x 2 , f ′( x) = − 4x, x = − 2, ∆x = dx = 0.1
∆y = f ( x + ∆x) − f ( x) dy = f ′( x) dx
= f ( −1.9) − f (− 2) = − 4( − 2)( 0.1)
(
= 6 − 2( −1.9) − 6 − 2( − 2)
2 2
) = 0.8
= −1.22 − (− 2) = 0.78
9. y = f ( x ) = x 4 + 1, f ′( x) = 4x3 , x = −1, ∆x = dx = 0.01
∆y = f ( x + ∆x) − f ( x) dy = f ′( x) dx
= f ( −0.99) − f ( −1) = f ′( −1)( 0.01)
= ⎡(−0.99) + 1⎤ − ⎡ (−1) + 1⎤ ≈ −0.0394

4 4
= ( −4)(0.01) = −0.04
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
10. y = f ( x) = 2 − x 4 , f ′( x) = −4x3 , x = 2, ∆x = dx = 0.01
∆y = f ( x + ∆x) − f ( x) dy = f ′( x ) dx
= f ( 2.01) − f ( 2) (
= −4x3 dx)
≈ −14.3224 − ( −14) = − 0.3224
= −4( 2) (0.01)
3
= −0.32
11. y = 3x 2 − 4 12. y = 3x 2 3
dy = 6x dx 2
dy = 2x −1 3 dx = dx
x1 3
13. y = x tan x 24. y = arctan ( x − 2)
(
dy = x sec x + tan x dx
2
) dy =
1
dx
1 + ( x − 2)
2
14. y = csc 2x
dy = ( − 2csc 2x cot 2x) dx 25. (a) f (1.9) = f ( 2 − 0.1) ≈ f ( 2) + f ′( 2)( −0.1)
≈ 1 + (1)( −0.1) = 0.9

x +1
15. y =
2x − 1 (b) f ( 2.04) = f ( 2 + 0.04) ≈ f ( 2) + f ′( 2)( 0.04)
dy = −
3
dx ≈ 1 + (1)(0.04) = 1.04
(2x − 1)
2
26. (a) f (1.9) = f ( 2 − 0.1) ≈ f ( 2) + f ′( 2)( −0.1)
( )
1 2
16. y = x + ≈ 1 + − 1 (−0.1) = 1.05
x
⎛ 1 1 ⎞ x −1 (b) f ( 2.04) = f ( 2 + 0.04) ≈ f ( 2) + f ′( 2)( 0.04)

dy = − dx = dx
⎜ ⎟
⎝
2 x 2x x
⎠
2x x ( )
≈ 1 + − 1 (0.04) = 0.98
2
17. y = 9 − x2 27. (a) g ( 2.93) = g (3 − 0.07) ≈ g (3) + g′(3)( −0.07)

−x
(9 − x 2 ) (−2x) dx
1 −1 2
dy = = dx ( 1 )( )
≈ 8 + − 2 −0.07 = 8.035
2 9− x 2
(b) g (3.1) = g (3 + 0.1) ≈ g (3) + g′(3)( 0.1)

18. y = x 1 − x2
⎛ −x ⎞ 1 − 2x 2
( )
≈ 8 + − 12 (0.1) = 7.95
dy = ⎜ x + 1 − x 2 ⎟ dx = dx
⎝ 1 − x2 ⎠ 1 − x2 28. (a) g ( 2.93) = g (3 − 0.07) ≈ g (3) + g′(3)( −0.07 )
≈ 8 + (3)( −0.07) = 7.79

19. y = 3x − sin 2 x
dy = (3 − 2 sin x cos x) dx = (3 − sin 2x) dx (b) g (3.1) = g (3 + 0.1) ≈ g (3) + g′(3)( 0.1)
≈ 8 + (3)(0.1) = 8.3
sec 2 x
20. y =
x2 + 1 1
29. x = 10 in., ∆x = dx = ± in.
( )
⎡ x 2 + 1 2 sec 2 x tan x − sec 2 x( 2x ) ⎤ 32
dy = ⎢⎢ ⎥ dx
(a) A = x2
( x2 ) ⎥
2
⎣ +1 ⎦
dA = 2xdx
(
⎡ 2 sec 2 x x 2 tan x + tan x − x ⎤
)
= ⎢ ⎥ dx ∆A ≈ dA = 2(10)⎜ ± ⎟ = ± in.
2
⎢
( ⎥
)
2
x2 + 1 ⎝ 32 ⎠ 8
⎣ ⎦
(b) Percent error:
21. y = ln 4 − x2 =
1
(
ln 4 − x 2 ) dA 58 5 1
2 = = = = 0.00625 = 0.625%
A 100 800 100
1 ⎛ −2 x ⎞ −x
dy = dx = dx
⎜ ⎟ 4 − x2 1
2 ⎝ 4 − x2 ⎠ 30. r = 16 in., ∆r = dr = ± in.
4
22. y = e −0.5x cos 4x (a) A = π r 2

dy = ⎡⎣e −0.5x
(− 4 sin 4x) + (− 0.5)e −0.5x
cos 4x dx dA = 2π r dr
= e −0.5x
[− 4 sin 4x − 0.5 cos 4x] dx
( )⎛ 1 ⎞ 2
∆A ≈ dA = 2π 16 ⎜ ± ⎟ = ±8π in.
⎝ 4⎠
23. y = x arcsin x
(b) Percent error:
⎛ x ⎞ dA 8π 1
dy = + arcsin x dx
⎜ ⎟ = = = 0.03125 = 3.125%
⎝ 1 − x2 ⎠ A π (16)
2
32
Sectio n 4.8 Differentia ls 401
31. b = 36 cm, h = 50 cm, 34. r = 8 in., dr = ∆r = ± 0.02 in.

∆b = ∆h = db = dh = ± 0.25 cm 4
(a) V = π r3
1 3
(a) A = bh
2 dV = 4π r 2 dr
1 1
dA = b dh + h db ∆V ≈ dV = 4π (8) 2 ( ± 0.02) = ± 5.12π in.3
2 2
2
1 1 (b) S = 4π r
∆A ≈ dA = (36)( ± 0.25) + (50)( ± 0.25)
2 2 dS = 8π r dr
= ±10.75 cm 2 ∆S ≈ dS = 8π (8)( ± 0.02) = ±1.28π in.2
(b) Percent error: (c) Percent error of volume:

dA 10.75 dV 5.12π
= ≈ 0.011944 = 1.19% = = 0.0075 or 0.75%
A 1
2
(36)(50) V 4
π (8)
2
3
32. (a) C = 64 cm Percent error of surface area:
dS 1.28π
∆C = dC = ±0.9 cm = 2 = 0.005 or 0.5%
S 4π (8)
C
C = 2π r ⇒ r =
2π
2
35. T = 2.5 x + 0.5 x 2 , ∆x = dx = 26 − 25 = 1, x = 25
⎛C⎞ 1 2
A = πr2 = π⎜ ⎟ = C dT = ( 2.5 + x )dx = ( 2.5 + 25)(1) = 27.5 mi
⎝ 2π ⎠ 4π
±28.8 dT 27.5
dA =
1
C dC =
1
(64)(±0.9) = Percentage change = = ≈ 7.3%
2π 2π π T 375
dA 28.8 π
= ≈ 0.028125 = 2.8% 36. Because the slope of the tangent line is greater at
⎡⎣1 ( 4π )⎤⎦ (64)
2
A x = 900 than at x = 400, the change in profit is
= units.
greater at x 900
dA ⎡⎣1 ( 2π)⎤⎦CdC 2 dC
(b) = = ≤ 0.03
A ⎡⎣1 ( 4π )⎤⎦ C 2 C 37. (a) T = 2π L g
dC 0.03 π
≤ = 0.015 = 1.5% dT = dL
C 2 g L g
33. x = 15 in., ∆x = dx = ± 0.03 in. Relative error:
(a) V = x3 dT (π dL) ( g L g )
=
dV = 3x 2 dx T 2π L g
dL
∆V ≈ dV = 3(15) ( ± 0.03) = ± 20.25 in.3
2
=
2L
(b) S = 6x 2 1
= (relative error in L)
dS = 12x dx 2
1
∆S ≈ dS = 12(15)( ± 0.03) = ±5.4 in.2 = (0.005) = 0.0025
2
(c) Percent error of volume:

dT 1
dV 20.25 Percentage error: (100) = 0.25% = %
= = 0.006 or 0.6% T 4
V 153
Percent error of surface area:

(b) (0.0025)(3600)( 24) = 216 sec = 3.6 min
dS 5.4
= 2 = 0.004 or 0.4%
S 6(15)
38. E = IR 43. Let f ( x) = 4
x, x = 625, dx = −1.
E
R = 1
I f ( x + ∆x) ≈ f ( x) + f ′( x ) dx = 4
x + dx
4 4 x3
E
dR = − 2 dI 1
I f ( x + ∆x) = 4
624 ≈ 4
625 + (−1)
( )
3
( )
4
− EI dI
2 4 625
dR dI
= = −
R E I I 1
= 5− = 4.998
500
dR dI dI
= − =
R I I Using a calculator, 4
624 ≈ 4.9980.
401,493,267 e369,444 (50t +19,793) 44. Let f ( x) = x3 , x = 3, dx = −0.01.

39. dH = − dt
2,000,000 (50t + 19,793)
2
f ( x + ∆x ) ≈ f ( x ) + f ′(x ) dx = x + 3x dx
3 2
At t = 72 and dt = 1, dH ≈ −2.65. f ( x + ∆x) = ( 2.99) ≈ 33 + 3(3) (−0.01)

3 2
40. h = 50 tan θ = 27 − 0.27 = 26.73
Using a calculator: ( 2.99) ≈ 26.7309

3
45. f ( x) = x + 4
h 1
f ′( x) =
2 x + 4
θ
1
50 ft At (0, 2), f (0) = 2, f ′(0) =
4
θ = 71.5° = 1.2479 radians 1

Tangent line: y − 2 = (x − 0)
dh = 50 sec 2θ ⋅ dθ 4
1
dh 50 sec2 (1.2479) y = x + 2
= dθ ≤ 0.06 4
h 50 tan (1.2479)
6
9.9316
dθ ≤ 0.06
2.9886 f
y (0, 2)
−6
dθ ≤ 0.018
6
−2
41. Let f ( x) = x, x = 100, dx = −0.6.

46. f ( x ) = tan x
f ( x + ∆x) ≈ f ( x) + f ′( x ) dx
f ′( x) = sec 2 x
1
= x + dx f (0) = 0
2 x
≈
f ( x + ∆x) = 99.4
1
100 + (−0.6) f ′(0) = 1
= 9.97
2 100 Tangent line at (0, 0): y − 0
= ( x − 0)
y
=
x
Using a calculator: 99.4 ≈ 9.96995 4
f
y
42. Let f ( x) = 3
x, x = 27, dx = −1. −
(0, 0)
1
f ( x + ∆x) ≈ f ( x ) + f ′( x) dx = x+
3
dx
3 3 x2 −4
1 1
3
26 ≈ 3
27 + (−1) = 3 − 27 ≈ 2.9630
3 3 27 2 47. In general, when ∆x → 0, dy approaches ∆y.
Using a calculator, 3
26 ≈ 2.9625
Review Exercises for Chapter 4 403
48. Propagated error = f ( x + ∆x) − f ( x ), 50. Yes. y = x is the tangent line approximation to
f ( x) = sin x at (0, 0).
dy
relative error = , and the percent error f ′( x ) = cos x
y
f ′(0) = 1
dy
= × 100.
y Tangent line: y − 0 = 1( x − 0)
y = x
49. (a) Let f ( x) = x, x = 4, dx = 0.02,
51. True
(
f ′( x ) = 1 2 )
x.
∆y dy
Then 52. True, = = a
∆x dx
f ( 4.02) ≈ f ( 4) + f ′( 4) dx
1 1 53. True
4.02 ≈ 4 + (0.02) = 2+ (0.02).
2 4 4
54. False
(b) Let
Let f ( x ) = x, x = 1, and ∆x = dx = 3. Then
f ( x ) = tan x, x = 0, dx = 0.05, f ′( x ) = sec 2 x.
∆y = f ( x + ∆x) − f ( x) = f ( 4) − f (1) = 1
Then
f (0.05) ≈ f (0) + f ′(0) dx

1 3
and dy = f ′( x) dx = (3) = 2 .
2 1
tan 0.05 ≈ tan 0 + sec 2 0(0.05) = 0 + 1( 0.05).

So, dy > ∆y in this example.
Review Exercises for Chapter 4

1. f ( x) = x 2 + 5x, [−4, 0] 4. h( x ) = 3 x − x, [0, 9]
f ′( x ) = 2x + 5 = 0 when x = −5 2 h′( x ) =
3
−1 = 0 ⇒ 2 x = 3 ⇒ x = 94
2 x
Critical number: x = −5 2
Critical number: x = 9 4
Left endpoint: ( −4, − 4)
Critical number: ( −5 2, −25 4) Minimum
Critical number: (9 4, 9 4) Maximum
Right endpoint: (9, 0) Minimum
2. f ( x) = x 3 + 6x 2 , [− 6, 1]
4x
f ′( x ) = 3x 2 + 12x = 3x( x + 4) = 0 when x = 0, − 4 5. f ( x) = , [− 4, 4]
x2 + 9
(x )
+ 9 4− 4 x( 2 x) 36 − 4 x
Critical numbers: x = 0, − 4 () 2 2
f′ x = =
Left endpoint: ( − 6, 0) ( x2 ) ( x2 )
2 2
Minimum +9 + 9
Critical number: (0, 0) Minimum = 0 ⇒ 36 − 4x 2 = 0 ⇒ x = ± 3
Critical number: ( − 4, 32) Maximum Critical numbers: x = ±3

Right endpoint: (1, 7) Left endpoint: − 4, − 16
25( )
3
3. f ( x) = x − 2, [0, 4] (
Critical number: −3, − 2 ) Minimum
f ′( x ) =
1 Critical number: 3, ( 2) Maximum
3
2 x
No critical numbers on (0, 4) (
Right endpoint: 4, 16
25 )
Left endpoint: (0, − 2) Minimum
Right endpoint: ( 4, 0) Maximum
x 12. f ( x) = sin 2x, [− π , π ]
6. f ( x) = , [0, 2]
x2 + 1 Yes. f ( − π ) = f (π ) = 0. f is continuous on [− π , π ]
⎥
( ) ( )
−3 2 −1 2
⎡ 1
f ′( x ) = x ⎢− x 2 + 1 (2x)⎤ + x 2 + 1 and differentiable on (− π , π ).
⎣ 2 ⎦
3π π
f ′ x = 2 cos 2x = 0 for x = ± ,± .
1 ( )
= 4 4
(x )
32
2
+1 π 3π
c-values: ± , ±
No critical numbers 4 4
Left endpoint: (0, 0) Minimum 13. f ( x ) = x 2 3 , 1 ≤ x ≤ 8
Right endpoint: 2, 2 ( 5 ) Maximum

f ′( x ) =
2 −1/ 3
x
3
f (b)− f ( a ) 4 −1
7. g ( x ) = 2x + 5 cos x, [0, 2π ] = =
3
b − a 8 −1 7
g′( x ) = 2 − 5 sin x = 0 when sin x = 2
.
2 3
f ′(c ) =
5
c −1 3 =
Critical numbers: x ≈ 0.41, x ≈ 2.73 3 7

3
⎛ 14 ⎞ 2744
Left endpoint: (0, 5) c = ⎜ ⎟ = ≈ 3.764
⎝9⎠ 729
Critical number: (0.41, 5.41)
Critical number: ( 2.73, 0.88)

1
Minimum 14. f ( x ) = ,1 ≤ x ≤ 4
x
Right endpoint: ( 2π , 17.57) Maximum 1
f ′( x )
x2
8. f ( x) = sin 2x, [0, 2π ] = − −3 4 1
f (b)− f ( a ) (14) −1
π 3π 5π 7π = = = −
f ′( x ) = 2 cos 2x = 0 when x = , , , . b − a 4 −1 3 4
4 4 4 4 −1 1
′
f (c ) = = −
2
c 4
c = 2
⎛π ⎞
Critical number: ,1 Maximum
⎜ ⎟
⎝4 ⎠ 15. The Mean Value Theorem cannot be applied. f is not
⎛ 3π ⎞ differentiable at x = 5 in [2, 6].
Critical number: , −1 Minimum
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 4 ⎠ 16. The Mean Value Theorem cannot be applied. f is not
⎛ 5π ⎞ defined for x < 0.
Critical number: ,1 Maximum
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 4 ⎠ π π
17. f ( x) = x − cos x, − ≤ x ≤
⎛ = 7π ⎞ 2 2
Critical number: , 1−
Minimum
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 4 ⎠ f ′( x) = 1 + sin x
Right endpoint: ( 2π , 0) f (b)− f ( a ) (π 2) − (−π 2)

= =1
b − a (π 2) − (−π 2)
9. No, Rolle’s Theorem cannot be applied.
f ′(c) = 1 + sin c = 1
f (0) = −7 ≠ 25 = f ( 4)
c = 0
10. Yes. f ( −3) = f ( 2) = 0. f is continuous on [−3, 2], ln x

18. f ( x) = x log 2 x = x ⋅ , [1, 2]
differentiable on (−3, 2). ln 2

1
f ′( x ) = ( x + 3)(3x − 1) = 0 for x = 31 . f ′( x) = [ln x + 1]
ln 2
c-value: 1 f (b)− f ( a ) 2 −0
3 = = 2
b − a 2 −1
x2 1
11. No. f ( x ) = is not continuous on [−2, 2]. f ( −1) f ′(c ) = [ln c + 1] = 2

1 − x2 ln 2
is not defined. ln c = 2 ln 2 − 1
2 −1 4
c = e 2 ln = ≈ 1.4715
e
19. No; the function is discontinuous at x = 0 which is in 21. f ( x) = x 2 + 3x − 12
the interval [−2, 1].
f ′( x) = 2x + 3
20. (a) f ( x) = Ax 2 + Bx + C Critical number: x = − 32

f ′( x) = 2 Ax + B
Intervals: −∞ < x < − 23 − 23 < x < ∞
f ( x2 ) − f ( x1 )
=
( )
A 2x 2 − x12 + B ( x2 − x1 )
Sign of f ′( x ) : f ′( x ) < 0 f ′( x) > 0
x2 − x1 x2 − x1
= A( x1 + x2 ) + B
f ′(c ) = 2 Ac + B = A( x1 + x2 ) + B
2 Ac = A( x1 + x2 )
22. h( x ) = ( x + 2)
13
+8
x1 + x2
c = 1 1
h′( x) =
−2 3
2 (x + 2) =
3( x + 2)
23
3
= Midpoint of [ x1 , x2 ]
(b) f ( x) = 2x 2 − 3x + 1 Critical number: x = −2

Intervals: (−∞, −2) (−2, ∞)
f ′( x) = 4x − 3
Sign of h′( x ) : h′( x) > 0 h′( x) > 0
f (b)− f ( a ) 21 −1 Conclusion: Increasing Increasing

= = 5
b − a 4−0
f ′(c) = 4c − 3 = 5
c = 2 = Midpoint of [0, 4] h is increasing on (−∞, ∞ ).
f ( x) = ( x − 1) ( x − 3)
2
23.
Intervals: −∞ < x < 1 1< x < 7 7
< x < ∞
f ′( x) = ( x − 1) (1) + ( x − 3)(2)( x − 1)
2 3 3
Sign of f ′( x) : f ′( x) > 0 f ′( x) < 0 f ′( x) > 0

= ( x − 1)(3x − 7)
Critical numbers: x = 1 and x = 7
3
24. g ( x) = ( x + 1)
3
25. h( x ) = x ( x − 3) = x3 2 − 3x1 2
g′( x ) = 3( x + 1) Domain: (0, ∞)

2
Critical number: x = −1 3 3 3 3( x −1)

′
h ( x) = x3 2 − x −1 2 = x −1 2 ( x − 1) =
Intervals: −∞ < x < −1 −1 < x < ∞
2 2 2 2 x
Sign of g′( x ) : g′( x) > 0 g′( x) > 0 Critical number: x = 1
Intervals: 0 < x <1 1< x < ∞
Sign of h′( x ): h′( x) < 0 h′( x) > 0

26. f ( x) = sin x + cos x, 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π

f ′( x) = cos x − sin x
π 5π
4 4
π π 5π 5π
Intervals: 0 < x < < x < < x < 2π
4 4 4 4
Sign of f ′( x ) : f ′( x) > 0 f ′( x) < 0 f ′( x) > 0
27. f (t ) = ( 2 − t )2t 1 1
Intervals: −∞ < t < 2 − 2− < t < ∞
f ′(t ) = ( 2 − t )2 ln 2 − 2 = 2 ⎡⎣( 2 − t ) ln 2 − 1⎤⎦
t t t ln 2 ln 2
f ′(t ) = 0: ( 2 − t )ln2 = 1 Sign of f ′(t ) : f ′(t ) > 0 f ′(t ) < 0

1 Conclusion: Increasing Decreasing
2−t =
ln 2
1
t = 2− ≈ 0.5573, Critical number
ln 2
⎛ 1 ⎞
Increasing on: −∞, 2 −
⎜ ⎟
⎝ ln 2 ⎠
⎛ 1 ⎞
Decreasing on: 2 − ,∞
⎜ ⎟
⎝ ln 2 ⎠
28. g ( x ) = 2x ln x 29. (a) f ( x) = x 2 − 6x + 5

⎛1⎞
g ′( x) = 2x⎜ ⎟ + 2x ln x = 2 + 2x ln x = 0 f ′( x) = 2x − 6 = 0 when x = 3.
⎝x⎠
(b)
Intervals: −∞ < x < 3 3 < x < ∞
ln x = −1
Sign of f ′( x) : f ′( x ) < 0 f ′( x) > 0
1
Critical number: x = Conclusion: Decreasing Increasing
e
⎛1 ⎞
Increasing on: ⎜ , ∞ ⎟
⎝e ⎠
(c) Relative minimum: (3, − 4)
⎛ 1⎞
Decreasing on: 0,
⎜ ⎟ (d) 3
e
⎝ ⎠
1 1
Intervals: 0 < x < < x < ∞
e e −3 9
Sign of g′( x) : g′( x ) < 0 g′( x) > 0

Conclusion: Decreasing Increasing −5
30. (a) f ( x) = 4x3 − 5x

5 15
f ′( x) = 12x 2 − 5 = 0 when x = ± = ± .
12 6
(b)
15 15 15 15
Intervals: −∞ < x < − < x < < x < ∞
6 6 6 6
Sign of f ′( x) : f ′( x) > 0 f ′( x) < 0 f ′( x) > 0
⎛ 15 5 15 ⎞
(c) Relative maximum: − ,
⎜ 6 9 ⎟⎠
⎝
⎛ 15 5 15 ⎞
Relative minimum: , −
⎜ 6 9 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
4
(d)
−6 6
−4
31. (a) h(t ) = 1t4

4
− 8t (c) Relative minimum: ( 2, −12)
h′(t ) = t 3 − 8 = 0 when t = 2.
(b) (d) 10
Intervals: −∞ < t < 2 2 < t < ∞
Sign of h′(t ): h′(t ) < 0 h′(t ) > 0 −2 6
− 15
32. (a) g ( x) =
4
(
1 3
x − 8x )
3 8 2 6
g′( x ) = x2 − 2 = 0 ⇒ x2 = ⇒ x = ±
4 3 3
(b)
2 6 2 6 2 6 2 6
Intervals: −∞ < x < − − < x < < x < ∞
3 3 3 3
Sign of g′( x) : g′( x ) > 0 g′( x ) < 0 g′( x ) > 0
⎛ 2 6 8 6⎞
(c) Relative maximum: − ,
⎜ 3 9 ⎟⎠
⎝
⎛2 6 8 6⎞
Relative minimum: , −
⎜ 3 9 ⎟⎠
⎝
(d) 6
−9 9
−6
x + 4
33. (a) f ( x) =
x2
x (1)− ( x + 4)( 2 x)
2
x 2 + 8x x +8
( )
f′ x = = − = −
x4 x4 x3
f ′( x) = 0 when x = −8.
Discontinuity at: x = 0
(b) 0 < x < ∞
Intervals: −∞ < x < −8 −8 < x < 0
Sign of f ′( x ) : f ′( x) < 0 f ′( x) > 0 f ′( x ) < 0

(c) Relative minimum: −8, −161 ( )

(d) 8
− 10 5
−2
x 2 − 3x − 4
34. (a) f ( x) =
x − 2
f ′( x) =
(x (
− 2)( 2 x − 3) − x −23x − 4 (1) )
(x − 2)
2
2x 2 − 7x + 6 − x 2 + 3x + 4
=
( x − 2)2
x 2 − 4x + 10
=
( x − 2) 2
f ′( x) ≠ 0 since x 2 − 4x + 10 = 0 has no real roots.
Discountinuity at: x = 2
(b)
Intervals: −∞ < x < 2 2 < x < ∞
Sign of f ′( x) : f ′( x) > 0 f ′( x) > 0


(d) 6
−8 10
−6
35. (a) f ( x) = cos x − sin x, (0, 2π )

f ′( x) = −sin x − cos x = 0 ⇒ − cos x = sin x ⇒ tan x = −1
3π 7π
4 4
(b) 3π 3π 7π 7π
Intervals: 0 < x < < x < < x < 2π
4 4 4 4
Sign of f ′( x ) : f ′( x) < 0 f ′( x) > 0 f ′( x) < 0
⎛ 3π ⎞
(c) Relative minimum: ⎜ , − 2⎟
⎝ 4 ⎠
⎛ 7π ⎞
Relative maximum: ⎜ , 2⎟
⎝ 4 ⎠
(d) 2
0 2p
−2
3 ⎛ πx
36. (a) g ( x) = − 1 ⎞, [0, 4]
sin
⎜
⎟
2 ⎝ 2
⎠
3⎛ π ⎞ ⎛ πx 2 2
g ( x) = cos − 1⎟ = 0 when x = 1 + , 3 + .
′ ⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ π π
2⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
(b) 2 2 2 2
Intervals: 0 < x <1+ 1+ < x < 3+ 3+ < x < 4
π π π π
Sign of g′( x ) : g′( x) > 0 g′( x) < 0 g′( x) > 0
2 3
(c) Relative maximum: ⎜⎛1 + , ⎞⎟
⎝ π 2⎠
⎛ 2 3⎞
Relative minimum: ⎜3 + , − ⎟
⎝ π 2⎠
2
(d)
0 4
−2
37. f ( x) = x3 − 9x 2
f ′( x ) = 3x 2 − 18x
f ′′( x) = 6x − 18 = 0 when x = 3.
Intervals: −∞ < x < 3 3 < x < ∞
Sign of f ′′( x ) : f ′′( x) < 0 f ′′( x) > 0

Point of inflection: (3, −54)

38. f ( x) = 6x 4 − x 2
f ′( x ) = 24x3 − 2x
f ′′( x) = 72x 2 − 2 = 0 ⇒ x 2 = ⇒ x = ± 16
1
36
Intervals: −∞ < x < − 16 − 16 < x < 1

6
1
6
< x < ∞
Sign of f ′′( x ) : f ′′( x ) > 0 f ′′( x ) < 0 f ′′( x ) > 0

(
Points of inflection: − 16 , − 216
5
, ) ( 16, − 216
5
)
39. g ( x) = x x + 5, Domain: x ≥ −5
⎛1⎞ 3x +10
+ ( x + 5) = ( x + 5) ( x + 2( x + 5)) =
−1 2 1 −1 2
g′( x) = x⎜ ⎟( x + 5)
12
⎝ 2⎠ 2 2 x +5
−1 2
2 x + 5 (3)− (3x +10)( x + 5) 6( x + 5) − (3x +10) 3x + 20

g ′′( x ) = = = > 0 on (−5, ∞ ).
4( x + 5) No inflection
point
Concave upward on ( −5, ∞ )
of
4( x + 5) 4( x + 5)
32 32
40. f ( x) = 3x − 5x3
f ′( x) = 3 − 15x 2
f ′′( x ) = −30x = 0 when x = 0.
Intervals: −∞ < x < 0 0 < x < ∞
Sign of f ′′( x) : f ′′( x ) > 0 f ′′( x) < 0


41. f ( x) = x + cos x, 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π
f ′( x ) = 1 − sin x
π 3π
f ′′( x) = −cos x = 0 when x = , .
2 2
π π 3π 3π
Intervals: 0 < x < < x < < x < 2π
2 2 2 2
Sign of f ′′( x): f ′′( x) < 0 f ′′( x) > 0 f ′′( x) < 0
⎛ π π ⎞ ⎛ 3π 3π ⎞
Points of inflection: ⎜ , ⎟, ⎜ , ⎟
⎝2 2⎠ ⎝ 2 2 ⎠
42. f ( x) = tan
x
, (0, 2π ) 45. (
g ( x ) = 2x 2 1 − x 2 )
4
1
g′ x = −4x 2x 2 − 1 = 0 ⇒ x = 0, ±
1 x
f ′( x ) = sec 2
4 4 ( ) ( )
2
1 x x ⎞⎛ 1 ⎞ g ( x) 4 24x
f ′′( x) = (2)⎛ sec 2 tan
′′ = − 2
4
⎜
4
⎟⎜ ⎟
4 4 g′′ 0 = 4 > 0 0, 0 is a relative minimum.
⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠ () ( )
1 x x
= sec 2 tan > 0 on (0, 2π ). ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 1⎞
8 4 4 g′′⎜ ± ⎟ = −8 < 0 ⎜ ± , ⎟ are relative maxima.
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2 2⎠
Concave upward on (0, 2π )
No point of inflection 46. h(t ) = t − 4 t + 1, Domain: [−1, ∞]
2
h′(t ) = 1 − = 0 ⇒ t = 3
f ( x) = ( x + 9)
2
43. t +1
f ′( x ) = 2( x + 9) = 0 ⇒ x = −9 1
h′′(t ) =
(t + 1)
3/ 2
f ′′( x) = 2 > 0 ⇒ ( −9, 0) is a relative minimum.
1
h′′ 3 = > 0 3, −5 is a relative minimum.
44. f ( x) = 2x3 + 11x 2 − 8x − 12 () ( )

8
f ′( x) = 6x 2 = 22x − 8 = 2( x + 4)(3x − 1)
18
f x = 2x +
Critical numbers: x = − 4, 1 47. ( )
3 x
18
f ′′( x) = 12x + 22 f ′( x) = 2 − = 0 ⇒ 2x 2 = 18 ⇒ x = ±3
x2
f ′′( − 4) < 0 ⇒ ( − 4, 68) is a relative maximum.

Critical numbers: x = ±3
( 13 )
f ′′ > 0 ⇒ ( 13, − 361
27 )
36
f ′′( x) =
x3
f ′′( −3) < 0 ⇒ ( −3, −12) is a relative maximum.
f ′′(3) > 0 ⇒ (3, 12) is a relative minimum.
Review Exercises fo r Chap ter 4 411
48. h( x) = x − 2 cos x, [0, 4π ]
1
h′( x) = 1 + 2 sin x = 0 ⇒ sin x = −
2
7π 11π 19π 23π
Critical numbers: x = , , ,
6 6 6 6
h′′( x ) = 2 cos x
⎛ 7π ⎞ ⎛ 7π 7π ⎞
h′′⎜ ⎟ = − 3 < 0 ⇒ ⎜ , + 3 ⎟ ≈ (3.665, 5.397) is a relative maximum.
6 6 6
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
⎛ 11π ⎞ ⎛ 11π 11π ⎞
h′′ = 3 > 0 ⇒ , − 3 ≈ (5.760, 4.028) is a relative minimum.
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 6 ⎠ ⎝ 6 6 ⎠
⎛ 19π ⎞ ⎛ 19π 19π ⎞
h′′ = − 3 < 0 ⇒ , + 3 ≈ (9.948, 11.680) is a relative maximum.
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 6 ⎠ ⎝ 6 6 ⎠
⎛ 23π ⎞ ⎛ 23π 23π ⎞
h′′ = 3 > 0 ⇒ , − 3 ≈ (12.043, 10.311) is a relative minimum.
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 6 ⎠ ⎝ 6 6 ⎠
49. y 53. (a)
D = 0.00188t 4 − 0.1273t 3 + 2.672t 2 − 7.81t + 77.1,
7
6
(5, f (5))
5
0 ≤ t ≤ 40
4
3 (3, f (3))
2 (b) 800
1 (6, 0)
x
−1 (0, 0) 2 3 4 5 7
y
50. 0
0
40
7
6
5 (c) Maximum occurs at t = 40 (2010).

Minimum occurs at t ≈ 1.6 (1970).
4
3
2
(d) D′(t ) is greatest at t = 40 (2010).
1
x
−1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
⎛ 18,000 ⎞
54. t = 50 log10 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 18,000 − h ⎠
51. The first derivative is positive and the second derivative
is negative. The graph is increasing and is concave (a) Domain: 0 ≤ h < 18,000
down. (b) t Vertical asymptote:

100 h = 18,000
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ 80
⎝ x⎠ ⎝ 2⎠
60
= − + = 40
dx x2 2
20
h
x2 2 4,000 12,000
2Qs
x2 =
r (c) t = 50 log10 18,000 − 50 log10 (18,000 − h)
2Qs r
x
=
dt dh
=
d 2t dh 2 50
(
l
n
1
0
)
(
1
8
,
0
0
0
h
)
=
50
(l
n
1
0
)(
1
8
,
0
0
0
−
h
)2
No critical numbers
As t increases, the rate of change of the altitude is
increasing.
⎛ 1⎞ 5x
55. lim 8 + = 8+ 0 = 8 66. g ( x) = 2
⎜ ⎟
x →∞
⎝ x⎠ x + 2
2
5x 2 5
1 − 4x 1 x −4 lim = lim = 5
56. lim
x → −∞ x + 1
= lim
x → −∞ 1 + 4x
= −4 x →∞ x 2 + 2 x → ∞1 + 2 x 2 ( )
2x 2 2 2
57. lim = lim = 10
x → ∞ 3x 2 +5 x →∞ 3 +5 x
2
3
y=5
4x3 4 x
58. xlim = lim = 0
→∞ x 4 + 3 x → ∞1 + 3 x 4 −9 9
−2
2
3x
59. lim = −∞ 2x + 3
x → −∞ x +5 67. h( x ) =
x − 4
x2 + x Discontinuity: x = 4
60. lim = 12
x → −∞ −2x 2x + 3 2 + (3 x)
lim = lim = 2
x →∞ x − 4 x →∞ 1 − ( 4 x)
5cos x
61. lim = 0, because 5 cos x ≤ 5.
x →∞ x Vertical asymptote: x = 4
x3 x3
62. lim = lim 8
x →∞
x →∞ x2 + 2 x 1 + 2 x2
y=2
x2
= lim = ∞
x →∞ 1 + 2 x2 −6 12
Limit does not exist. −4
6x 3x
63. lim = 6 68. f ( x) =
x → −∞ x + cos x x + 22
3x 3x x
lim = lim
x
64. lim does not exist. x→∞ x2 + 2 x →∞ x2 + 2 x2
x → −∞ 2 sin x
3
= lim = 3
65. f ( x) =
3
− 2
x →∞
(
1 + 2 x2 )
x
3x 3x x
lim = lim
⎛3 ⎞
x → −∞
x2 + 2 x → −∞
x2 + 2 − ( x2 )
lim − 2 = −2
x → ∞⎜ ⎟ 3
⎝
x
⎠ = lim = −3
x → −∞
− 1+ 2 x ( 2
)
Horizontal asymptote: y = −2 Horizontal asymptotes: y = ±3
3 4
−5 5 y=3
−6 6
y = −3
y = −2
−7 −4
69. f ( x) =
5 73. f ( x ) = 4x − x 2 = x( 4 − x)
3 + 2e − x
5 5 Domain: ( −∞, ∞); Range: (−∞, 4]

lim =
x →∞ 3 + 2e − x 3 f ′( x) = 4 − 2x = 0 when x = 2.
5
lim = 0 f ′′( x) = −2
x → −∞ 3 + 2e − x
Horizontal asymptotes: y = 0, y =
5 Therefore, ( 2, 4) is a relative maximum.
3
Intercepts: (0, 0), ( 4, 0)
3
5 y
y=3
5
(2, 4)
−3 3 4
y=0
3
−1
2
70. g ( x) = 30xe −2 x
1
(0, 0) (4, 0)
x
lim 30xe −2 x = 0
1 2 3 5
x →∞
Horizontal asymptote: y = 0 74. f ( x ) = 4x 3 − x 4 = x 3 ( 4 − x)

8
Domain: ( −∞, ∞); Range: ( −∞, 27)
y=0
f ′( x) = 12x 2 − 4x 3 = 4x 2 (3 − x) = 0 when
−2 10 x = 0, 3.
−1
f ′′( x ) = 24x − 12x 2 = 12x( 2 − x) = 0 when
x = 0, 2.
71. g ( x) = 3 ln 1 + e − x( 4
)
f ′′(3) < 0
(
lim 3 ln 1 + e − x
x→∞
4
)=0
Points of inflection: (0, 0), ( 2, 16)
9
Intercepts: (0, 0), ( 4, 0)

y
−9 9
y=0 30 (3, 27)
−3 25
20
(2, 16)
15
⎛ x ⎞ 10
72. h( x ) = 10 ln ⎜ ⎟ (0, 0) 5
⎝ x + 1⎠ (4, 0)
x
−2 1 2 3 5
Discontinuities: x = 0, x = −1
⎛ x ⎞ ⎛ x ⎞
lim 10 ln = lim 10 ln = 0
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
x→∞ x +1 x → −∞ x +1
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
Vertical asymptotes: x = 0, x = −1
6 x=0
y=0
−9 9
x = −1
−6
75. f ( x ) = x 16 − x 2 77. f ( x ) = x1 3 ( x + 3)
23
Domain: [−4, 4]; Range: [−8, 8] Domain: ( −∞, ∞); Range: ( −∞, ∞ )
16 − 2 x 2
x +1
f ′( x) = = 0 when x = ± 2 2 and f ′( x) = = 0 when x = −1 and
(x + 3) x 2 3
13
16 − x 2
undefined when x = ± 4. undefined when x = −3, 0.
(
2 x x 2 − 24 ) −2
( )
x 5 3 ( x + 3)
43
f ′′ x = f ′′( x ) = is undefined when x = 0, −3.
(16 − x ) 2 32
By the First Derivative Test ( −3, 0) is a relative

(
f ′′ −2 2 > 0 )
(
Therefore, −2 2, −8 is a relative minimum. ) maximum and ( )
−1, − 3
4 is a relative minimum. (0, 0)
is a point of inflection.
(
f ′′ 2 2 < 0 ) Intercepts: ( −3, 0), (0, 0)
(
Therefore, 2 2, 8 is a relative maximum. ) y
Point of inflection: (0, 0) 4

3
Intercepts: ( −4, 0), (0, 0), (4, 0) 2
1 (0, 0)
(−3, 0)
Symmetry with respect to origin x
−5 −4 −2 −1 1 2
y
2 2, 8 ) (−1, −1.59)
8
−3
6
4
78. f ( x ) = ( x − 3)( x + 2)
3
2
(−4, 0) (4, 0)
x
−8 −6 −2 2 4 6 8
(0, 0) Domain: ( −∞, ∞); Range: ⎡−

16,875
,∞ )
⎣ 256
f ′( x) = ( x − 3)(3)( x + 2) + ( x + 2)
−8 2 3
−2 2, − 8 )
= ( 4x − 7 )( x + 2) = 0 when x = −2, 4 .
2 7
(
76. f ( x ) = x − 4 )
2
2
f ′′( x ) = ( 4x − 7)( 2)( x + 2) + ( x + 2) ( 4)

2
Domain: ( −∞, ∞); Range: [0, ∞)

= 6( 2x − 1)( x + 2) = 0 when x = −2, 12.
(
f ′( x ) = 4x x − 4 = 0 when x = 0, ± 2.
2
)
4
(7) > 0
f ′′
(
f ′′( x) = 4 3x 2 − 4 = 0 when x = ± ) 2 3
.
( 7 16,875
)
3 Therefore, 4
,− 256
2 16
f ′′( 0) < 0 f ′′( ± 2) > 0

Therefore, (0, 16) are relative maximum.
Points of inflection: ( −2, 0), ( 1 , − 625 ) Intercepts: ( −2, 0), (0, − 24,) (3, 0)
y
(−2, 0)
Therefore, ( ± 2, 0) are relative minima.
(3, 0)
x
−4 −2 2 4
Points of inflection: ± 2 3 3, 64 9 ( ) − 20
(0,−24)
− 40
Intercepts: ( −2, 0), (0, 16), ( 2, 0)
− 60
Symmetry with respect to y-axis
( 74 , − 16.875
256 )
y
24
20
(0, 16)
(−2, 0) (2, 0)
8
4
x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3
5 − 3x 81. f ( x ) = x 3 + x +
4
79. f ( x) =
x − 2 x
f ′( x ) =
1
> 0 for all x ≠ 2 Domain: ( −∞, 0), (0, ∞); Range: (−∞, − 6], [6, ∞)
(x − 2)
2
4
f ′ x = 3x 2 + 1 −
−2 ()
f ′′( x ) = x2
(x − 2)
3
3x 4 + x 2 − 4 3x 2 + 4 x 2 − 1 ( )( )
= = = 0
Concave upward on ( −∞, 2)
2
x x2
Concave downward on ( 2, ∞ ) when x = ±1.
8 6x4 +8
Vertical asymptote: x = 2 f ′′( x ) = 6x + 3 =
≠ 0
x x3
Horizontal asymptote: y = −3
f ′′( −1) < 0

⎛5 ⎞ ⎛ 5⎞
Intercepts: , 0 , 0, −
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝
3
⎠ ⎝
2
⎠ Therefore, ( −1, − 6) is a relative maximum.
f ′′(1) > 0
y y
x=2
2
1 ( 35 , 0 Therefore, (1, 6) is a relative
10
x 5 (1, 6)
−2 −1 1 2 3 4 5 6 minimum.
y = −3
−2 ( 0, − 25 Vertical asymptote: x = 0 −2 −1 1 2
x
(−1, −6) −5
−4 Symmetric with respect to x=0
−5
−6 origin
1 x3 +1
2x 82. f ( x ) = x 2 + =
80. f ( x ) = x x
1 + x2
Domain: ( −∞, ∞); Range: [−1, 1] Domain: ( −∞, 0), (0,∞ ); Range: ( −∞, ∞ )
1 2x 3 − 1 1
2(1 − x)(1 + x ) f ′( x) = 2x − = = 0 when x = .
f ′( x) = = 0 when x = ±1. 2 2 3
x x
(1 + x ) 2 2 2
f ′′( x ) = 2 +
2 (
2 x3 + 1 )
(
−4 x 3 − x 2 ) 3
=
3
= 0 when x = −1.
( )
f ′′ x = = 0 when x = 0, ± 3. x x
(1 + x 2 )
3
⎛ 1 ⎞
f ′′ > 0
⎜3 ⎟
f ′′(1) < 0 ⎝ 2⎠
Therefore, (1, 1) is a relative maximum. ⎛ 1 3 ⎞

Therefore, , is a relative minimum.
⎜3 3 ⎟
2 4
⎝ ⎠
f ′′( −1) > 0
Point of inflection: ( −1, 0)
Therefore, ( −1, −1) is a relative minimum.
Intercept: ( −1, 0)
Points of inflection:
(− 3, − )
3 2 , (0, 0), ( 3, )
3 2 Vertical asymptote: x = 0
y
Intercept: (0, 0) 3
Symmetric with respect to the origin 2

1 ( 12 , 34 )
3 3
(−1, 0) x
y −3 −2 1 2 3
3
2
(1, 1)
1
x
−1 1 2 3
(−1, −1)
−2
−3
83. 4x + 3y = 400 is the perimeter.
⎛ 400 − 4 x ⎞
A = 2xy = 2x ⎜
⎝ 3 ⎠
8
⎟ = 100x − x
3
2
( )
dA 8
= (100 − 2x ) = 0 when x = 50.
dx 3
d2A 16
2
= − < 0 when x = 50. y
dx 3 x x
200
A is a maximum when x = 50 ft and y = ft.
3
x2 y2 1 85. You have points (0, y ), ( x, 0), and (1, 8). So,
84. Ellipse: + = 1, y = 144 − x 2
144 16 ⎟ 3 y −8 0−8 8x
m = = or y = .
⎛2
A = ( 2x)⎜
⎞ 4
144 − x 2 = x 144 − x 2 0 −1 x −1 x 2− 1
3 3
⎠ ⎝
⎝ ⎠
⎛ 8x ⎞
dA 4 ⎡ −x 2 ⎤ Let f ( x ) = L2 = x 2 + .
⎜ ⎟
= ⎢ + 144 − x 2 ⎥ x −1
dx 3 ⎣ 144 − x 2 ⎦
x ⎡ ( x −1)− x ⎤
4 ⎡ 144 − 2 x 2 ⎤ f ( x) = 2x + 128 =0
⎛ ⎞
′ ⎢ ⎥
= ⎢ ⎥ = 0 when x = 72 = 6 2. ⎜ ⎟ (x 1)
2
x −1
3 ⎣ 144 − x 2 ⎦ ⎝ ⎠ − ⎥⎦
64 x
The dimensions of the rectangle are 2x = 12 2 by x− =0
( x − 1) 3
2
y = 144 − 72 = 4 2.
x ⎡( x − 1) − 64⎤ = 0 when x = 0, 5 (minimum).
3
3
⎣ ⎦
y
Vertices of triangle: (0, 0), (5, 0), (0, 10)

12
8
( x, 1 144 − x 2
y
(0, y)
10
−12 12 8 (1, 8)
6
−8
4
−12
2
(x, 0)
2 4 6 8 10
86. You have points (0, y ), ( x, 0), and (4, 5). So,
y −5 5 −0 5x
m = = or y = .
0− 4 4− x x − 4
⎛ 5x ⎞
Let f ( x ) = L2 = x 2 + ⎜ ⎟ (0, y)
⎝ x − 4⎠
L
x ⎡ x −4 − x ⎤
f ( x ) = 2x + 50⎜
(4, 5)
⎟ 2 = 0
⎝ x − 4 ⎠ ⎢⎣ ( x − 4) ⎦⎥ 5
(x, 0)
100 x
( x −) = 0 x⎡ x − 4
3
− 100⎤ = 0 when x = 0 or x = 4 +
( x − 4)3 ⎣ ⎦
4
3
100.
25 x2
x 3
100 + 4
L = x2 + = ( x − 4)2 + 25 = 100 2 3 + 25 ≈ 12.7 ft
( x − 4) 2
x − 4 3
100
Review Exercise s fo r Chapter 4 417
87. 89. You can form a right triangle with vertices (0, 0), (x, 0)
h 0 5 10 15 20
and (0, y). Assume that the hypotenuse of length L
P 10,332 5,583 2,376 1,240 517 passes through (4, 6).
ln P 9.243 8.627 7.773 7.123 6.248 (0, y)
12
(a) (4, 6)
−2 22
0 (0, 0) (x, 0)
y = −0.1499h + 9.3018 is the regression line for y −6 6−0 6x

m = = or y =
data ( h, ln P ). 0− 4 4− x x − 4
2
(b) ln P = ah + b ⎛ 6x ⎞
Let f ( x) = L2 = x 2 + y 2 = x 2 + ⎜ ⎟ .
P = e ah + b = ebe ah ⎝ x − 4⎠
P = Ce ah , C = eb ⎛ x ⎞ ⎡ −4 ⎤
f ′( x) = 2x + 72⎜ ⎟⎢ 2⎥ = 0
For our data, a = −0.1499 and ⎝ x − 4 ⎠⎢⎣ ( x − 4) ⎥⎦
C = e9.3018 = 10,957.7.
x ⎡( x − 4) − 144⎤ = 0 when x = 0 or x = 4 +
3 3
144.
⎣ ⎦
P = 10,957.7e −0.1499h
L ≈ 14.05 ft
12,000
(c)
L1
90. csc θ =
6
or L1 = 6 csc θ (see figure)
L2
0 22
sec θ = or L2 = 9 sec θ
0 9
dP L = L1 + L2 = 6 csc θ + 9 sec θ
(d) = (10,957.71)( −0.1499)e −0.1499h
dh dL
= −6 csc θ cot θ + 9 sec θ tan θ = 0
= −1.642.56e −0.1499h dθ 3
2 2
dP tan 3 θ = ⇒ tan θ = 3
For h = 5, ≈ −776.3. For h = 18, 3 3
dh
23 23 23
dP ⎛ 2⎞ 3 +2
≈ −110.6. sec θ = 1 + tan θ = 2
1+ ⎜ ⎟ =
dh ⎝3⎠ 31 3
sec θ 32 3 + 22 3
88. f ( x ) = x n , n is a positive integer. csc θ = =
tan θ 21 3
(a) f ′( x) = nx n −1
L = 6
(= 32 3 (= 32 3
The function has a relative minimum at (0, 0) when
+ 22 3 )
12
+9
+ 2 )
23 12
13 31 3
2
n is even.
( )
32
= 3 32 3 + 2 2 3 ft ≈ 21.07 ft
n−2
(b) f ′′( x) = n( n − 1) x
L1
6
The function has a point of inflection at (0, 0) when θ
n is odd and n ≥ 3. L2
θ (π2 − θ
9
91. V =
1 2
3
1
π x h = π x2 r +
3
( r 2 − x2 ) (see figure)
3
dV
=
1 ⎡
π
⎢
−x
+ 2x r + ( r 2 − x2 )⎥⎤ = πx
(2r 2
+ 2r r 2 − x2 )
− 3x 2 = 0
dx 3 r 2 − x2 3 r − x
2 2
⎣ ⎦
2r 2 + 2r r 2 − x 2 − 3x 2 = 0
2r r 2 − x 2 = 3x 2 − 2r 2
( )
4r 2 r 2 − x 2 = 9x 4 − 12x 2 r 2 + 4r 4
0 = 9x 4 − 8x 2 r 2 = x 2 9x 2 − 8r 2 ( )
2 2r
x = 0,
3
(0, r)
x r
(x, − r2 − x2
By the First Derivative Test, the volume is a maximum when

2 2r 4r
x = and h = r + r 2 − x2 = .
3 3
1 ⎛ 8r 2 ⎞⎛ 4r ⎞ 32π r 3
Thus, the maximum volume is V = π⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ = cubic units.
3 ⎝ 9 ⎠⎝ 3 ⎠ 81
92. V = π x 2h = π x 2 2 r 2 − x 2 = 2π x 2 ( ) r 2 − x 2 (see figure)
dV ⎡ ⎛1⎞ 12 ⎤ 2π x 2r 2 6r
( ) ( )
−
= 2π ⎢ x 2 ⎜ ⎟ r 2 − x 2 (−2x) + 2x r 2 − x 2 ⎥ = 2r 2 − 3x 2 = 0 when x = 0 and x 2 = ⇒ x = .
dx ⎣ ⎝2⎠ ⎦ r2 − x2 3 3
(x, r2 − x2
x
r h
(x, − r2 − x2
6r 2r
By the First Derivative Test, the volume is a maximum when x = and h = .
3 3
⎛2 ⎞⎛ 2r ⎞ 4πr 3
Thus, the maximum volume is V = π r2 = .
⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎜
3⎠ 3 3 ⎝3 ⎠⎝
93. y = f ( x) = 0.5x , f ( x) = x, x = 3, ∆x = dx = 0.01
2
′ 94. y = f ( x) = x3 − 6x, f ′( x ) = 3x 2 − 6, x = 2,
∆x = dx = 0.1
∆y = f ( x + ∆x) − f ( x) dy = f ′( x) dx
= f (3.01) − f (3) = f ′(3) dx ∆y = f ( x + ∆x) − f ( x) dy = f ′( x) dx
= 4.53005 − 4.5 = 3( 0.01) = f ( 2.1) − f ( 2) = f ′( 2) dx
= 0.03005 = 0.03 = −3.339 − (− 4) = 6(0.01)

= 0.661 = 0.06
Proble m Solv ing fo r Chap ter 4 419
95. y = x(1 − cos x) = x − x cos x 98. p = 75 − 1x
4
dy
= 1 + x sin x − cos x ∆p = p (8) − p(7) = 75 − ( 8
4 ) − (75 − 74) = − 14
dx
dp = − 1 dx = − 1 (1) = − 1
4 4 4
dy = (1 + x sin x − cos x) dx
[∆p = dp because p is linear.]
96. y = 36 − x 2
− x 400
−x 99. P = 100xe
dy
=
1
(36 − x ) (−2x) =
2 −1 2 , x changes from 115 to 120.
dx 2 36 − x 2
⎛ ⎞
− x 400 x − x 400
−x dP = 100⎜ e − e ⎟ dx
dy = dx ⎝ 400 ⎠
36 − x 2 ⎛ 115 ⎞
= e −115 400 ⎟(120 − 115)
⎜100 −
⎝ 4 ⎠
97. r = 9 cm, dr = ∆r = ± 0.025
≈ 267.24
4
(a) V = π r3 Approximate percentage change:
3
dP 267.24
dV = 4π r dr 2
P
(100) =
8626.57
(100) ≈ 3.1%
∆V ≈ dV = 4π (9) ( ± 0.025) = ±8.1π cm3

2
(b) S = 4π r 2
dS = 8π r dr
∆S ≈ dS = 8π (9)( ± 0.025) = ±1.8π cm 2
(c) Percent error of volume:

dV 8.1π
= = 0.0083, or 0.83%
V 4 π (9)3
3
Percent error of surface area:

dS 1.8π
= 2 = 0.0056, or 0.56%
S 4π (9)
Problem Solving for Chapter 4

1. p( x) = x 4 + ax 2 + 1
(a) p′( x) = 4x3 + 2ax = 2x 2x 2 + a ( )

p′′( x ) = 12x + 2a 2
For a ≥ 0, there is one relative minimum at (0, 1).
(b) For a < 0, there is a relative maximum at (0, 1).

a
(c) For a < 0, there are two relative minima at x = ± − .
2
(d) If a < 0, there are three critical points; if a > 0, there is only one critical point.
a=1 a=3 y a=2 a=0
8
7
6
5 a = −1
4
3 a = −2
2
a = −3
x
−2 −1 2
−2
2. (a) For a = −3, − 2, −1, 0, p has a relative maximum at (0, 0).
For a = 1, 2, 3, p has a relative maximum at (0, 0) and 2 relative minima.
(b) (
p′( x) = 4ax3 − 12x = 4x ax 2 − 3 = 0 ⇒ x = 0, ± ) 3
a
p′′( x ) = 12ax 2 − 12 = 12( ax 2 −1 )
For x = 0, p′′(0) = −12 < 0 ⇒ p has a relative maximum at (0, 0).
3
(c) If a > 0, x = ± are the remaining critical numbers.
a
⎛ 3⎞ ⎛ 3⎞
p′′ ± = 12a − 12 = 24 > 0 ⇒ p has relative minima for a > 0.
⎜ a ⎟⎠ ⎜a⎟
⎝ ⎝ ⎠
(d) (0, 0) lies on y = −3x 2 .

2
⎛ 3⎞⎛ 3⎞
9 18 9
3
Let x = ± . Then p( x ) = a⎜ ⎟ − 6⎜ ⎟ = − = − .
a ⎝a⎠ ⎝a⎠ a a a
2
⎛ ⎞
9 3
So, y = − = −3 ± ⎟ = −3x 2 is satisfied by all the relative extrema of p.
a ⎜ a⎟
⎝ ⎠
y
a=2 a=3
2 a=1
x
−3 1 2 3
−8
a = −1 a = −2
a = −3 a=0
c
3. f ( x) = + x2
x
c c c c
f ′( x ) + 2x = 0 ⇒ = 2x ⇒ x3 = ⇒ x = 3
= − 2
x x2 2 2
2c
f ′′( x) = 3 + 2
x
If c = 0, f ( x) = x 2 has a relative minimum, but no relative maximum.
c ⎛ c⎞
If c > 0, x = 3 is a relative minimum, because f ′′ 3 > 0.
⎜ ⎟
2 ⎝ 2⎠
c
If c < 0, x = 3 is a relative minimum, too.
2
Answer: All c.
Proble m Solv ing for Ch apter 4 421
4. (a) f ( x) = ax 2 + bx + c, a ≠ 0
f ′( x ) = 2ax
f ′′( x) = 2a ≠ 0
(b) f ( x) = ax3 + bx 2 + cx + d , a ≠ 0
f ′( x ) = 3ax 2 + 2bx + c
−b
f ′′( x) = 6ax + 2b = 0 ⇒ x =
3a
One point of inflection
⎛ y⎞ k
(c) y′ = ky⎜1 − ⎟ = ky − y 2
⎝ L⎠ L + + + + + + − − − − −
y″
L
2k ⎛ 2 ⎞ y=
y′′ = ky′ − yy′ = ky′⎜1 − y ⎟ 2
L ⎝ L ⎠
L
If y = , then y′′ = 0, and this is a point of inflection because of the analysis above.
2
f (b) − f ( a) − f ′( a)(b − a )
5. Set = k.
(b − a)
2
Define F ( x) = f ( x) − f ( a ) − f ′( a )( x − a ) − k ( x − a) .
2
F ( a ) = 0, F (b) = f (b) − f ( a ) − f ′( a )(b − a ) − k (b − a ) = 0

2
F is continuous on [a, b] and differentiable on ( a, b).
There exists c1 , a < c1 < b, satisfying F′(c1 ) = 0.
F′( x) = f ′( x) − f ′( a) − 2k ( x − a ) satisfies the hypothesis of Rolle’s Theorem on [a, c1]:
F′( a ) = 0, F′(c1 ) = 0.
There exists c2 , a < c2 < c1 satisfying F′′(c2 ) = 0.
Finally, F′′( x) = f ′′( x) − 2k and F′′(c2 ) = 0 implies that
f ′′( c2 )
k = .
2
f (b) − f ( a ) − f ′( a )(b − a ) f ′′(c2 ) 1 2
′ ′′
So, k = = ⇒ f (b ) = f ( a ) + f ( a)(b − a ) + f (c2 )(b − a ) .
(b − a)
2 2 2
6.
5
θ
x
d = 132 + x 2 , sin θ = .
d
Let A be the amount of illumination at one of the corners, as indicated in the figure. Then
kI kIx
A = sin θ =
(132 + x2 ) (132 + x2 )
32
( x2 ) (1) − x⎜⎛2⎝ 3⎟ ⎞⎠( x 2 ) (2x)

32 12
+ 169 + 169
A′( x ) = kI = 0
(169 + x 2 )
3
( x2 ) ( )
32 12
⇒ + 169 = 3x 2 x 2 + 169
x 2 + 169 = 3x 2
2x 2 = 169
13
x = ≈ 9.19 ft
2
By the First Derivative Test, this is a maximum.
7. Distance = 42 + x 2 + ( 4 − x)2 + 4 2 = f ( x)
x 4 −x
f ′( x) = − = 0
4 + x
2 2
( 4 − x) 2 + 42
x ( 4 − x)2 + 42 = −( x − 4) 4 2 + x 2
x 2 ⎡⎣16 − 8x + x 2 + 16⎤⎦ = x 2 − 8x + 16 16 + x 2 ( )( )
32x − 8x + x = x − 8x + 32x − 128x + 256
2 3 4 4 3 2
128x = 256
x = 2
The bug should head towards the midpoint of the opposite side.
Without Calculus: Imagine opening up the cube:
P
x
The shortest distance is the line PQ, passing through the midpoint.
8. Let T be the intersection of PQ and RS. Let MN be the perpendicular to SQ and PR passing through T.
Let TM = x and TN = b − x.
SN MR b −x
= ⇒ SN = MR
b − x x x
NQ PM b −x
= ⇒ NQ = PM
b − x x x
b −x b −x
SQ = (MR + PM ) = dx
x
2
1 1⎛ b −x ⎞ 1 ⎡ (b − x) ⎤ 1 ⎡2 x 2 − 2bx + b 2 ⎤
() ( )
A x = Area = dx + ⎜ d ⎟ b − x = d ⎢x + ⎥ = d⎢ ⎥
2 2⎝ x ⎠ 2 x 2 ⎣ x ⎦
1 (
x( 4 x − 2b ) − 2 x − 2bx + b )⎥
A′( x ) d⎢
⎡ 2 2 ⎤
= 2
2 ⎢ x ⎥
⎣ ⎦
A′( x ) = 0 ⇒ 4x 2 − 2xb = 2x 2 − 2bx + b 2

2x 2 = b 2
S N Q
b−x
2
( )d T b
b − b 2
So, you have SQ =
b − x
d = = ( 2 − 1 d.) x
P M R
d
Using the Second Derivative Test, this is a minimum. There is no maximum.
9. f continuous at x = 0: 1 = b 10. f continuous at x = −1: a = 2

f continuous at x = 1: a + 1 = 5 + c f continuous at x = 0: 2 = c
f differentiable at x = 1: a = 2 + 4 = 6. So, c = 2. f continuous at x = 1: b + 2 = d + 4 ⇒ b = d + 2
⎧1, x = 0 f differentiable at x = 0: 0 = 0
⎪
f ( x) = ⎨6x + 1, 0 < x ≤1 f differentiable at x = 1: 2b = d
⎪x 2 + 4x + 2, 1 < x ≤ 3
⎩ So, b = −2 and d = −4.
⎧6x + 1, 0 ≤ x ≤1
= ⎨ 2
⎩x + 4x + 2, 1 < x ≤ 3
11. Let h( x) = g ( x) − f ( x), which is continuous on [a, b] and

y
g
By the Mean Value Theorem, there exists c in ( a, b) such that
f
b − a b − a
Because h′(c) = g′(c ) − f ′(c ) > 0 and b − a > 0, a b
g (b) − f (b) > 0 ⇒ g (b) > f (b).
12. (a) Let M > 0 be given. Take N = M . Then whenever x > N = M , you have f ( x) = x 2 > M .
1 1 1 1 1
(b) Let ε > 0 be given. Let M = . Then whenever x > M = , you have x 2 > ⇒ < ε ⇒ 2 − 0 < ε.
ε ε ε x2 x
(c) Let ε > 0 be given. There exists N > 0 such that f ( x) − L < ε whenever x > N.
1 1
Let δ = . Let x = .
N y
1 1 1 ⎛1⎞
If 0 < y < δ = , then < ⇒ x > N and f ( x) − L = f − L < ε.
⎜ ⎟
N x N ⎝ y⎠
13. y = 1 + x2 ( )
−1
15. Assume y1 < d < y2 . Let g ( x ) = f ( x) − d ( x − a ).
−2 x g is continuous on [a, b] and therefore has a minimum

y′ =
(1 + x ) 2 2 (c, g (c)) on [a, b]. The point c cannot be an endpoint
2(3x 2 −1) of [a, b] because
1 3
y′′ = = 0 ⇒ x = ± = ±
g ′( a ) = f ′(a ) − d = y1 − d < 0
( x2 )
3
+1 3 3
g′(b) = f ′(b) − d = y2 − d > 0.
+++ −−−− −−−− +++
y :
− 33
0 So, a < c < b and g ′(c ) = 0 ⇒ f ′(c) = d.
3
3
⎛ 3 3⎞
The tangent line has greatest slope at − , and x y 4
⎜ 3 4⎟ 16. The line has equation + = 1or y = − x + 4.
⎝ ⎠ 3 4 3
⎛ 3 3⎞ Rectangle:
least slope at , .
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 3 4⎠
Area = A = xy = x⎛ − x + 4 ⎞ = − x 2 + 4x.
4 4
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 3 ⎠ 3
km ⎛ m ⎞ 8 8 3
v ⎜1000 ⎟ A′( x ) x + 4 = 0 ⇒ x = 4 ⇒ x =
h ⎝ km ⎠ 5 = −
14. (a) s = = v 3 3 2
⎛ sec ⎞ 18
3600
3
v 20⎜ 40
h
⎟ 60 80 100 Dimensions: ×2 Calculus was helpful.
⎝ ⎠
s 5.56 11.11 16.67 22.22 27.78 2
Circle: The distance from the center ( r, r ) to the line
d 5.1 13.7 27.2 44.2 66.4
x y
+ − 1 = 0 must be r:
3 4
r r
d ( s ) = 0.071s 2 + 0.389s + 0.727 + −1
3 4 12 7r − 12 7r − 12
r = = =
(b) The distance between the back of the first vehicle 1 1 5 12 5
+
and the front of the second vehicle is d ( s ), the safe 9 16
stopping distance. The first vehicle passes the given 5r = 7r − 12 ⇒ r = 1 or r = 6.

point in 5.5/s seconds, and the second vehicle takes
d ( s ) s more seconds. So, Clearly, r = 1.
d ( s) 5.5 x y
T = + . Semicircle: The center lies on the line + =1
s s 3 4
(c) 10 and satisfies x = y = r.
r r 7 12
So + =1⇒ r =1⇒ r = .
3 4 12 7
No calculus necessary.
0 30
0
T =
1
s
(
0.071s 2 + 0.389s + 0.727 +
5.5
s
)
The minimum is attained when s ≈ 9.365 m/sec.
6.227
(d) T ( s ) = 0.071s + 0.389 +
s
6.227
T ′( s ) = 0.071 − ⇒ s2
s2
6.227
= ⇒ s ≈ 9.365 m/sec
0.071
T (9.365) ≈ 1.719 seconds
3600
9.365 m/sec ⋅ = 33.7 km/h
1000
(e) d (9.365) = 10.597 m
17. p ( x) = ax3 + bx 2 + cx + d
p′( x ) = 3ax 2 + 2bx + c
p′′( x ) = 6ax + 2b
6ax + 2b = 0
b
x = −
3a
The sign of p′′( x ) changes at x = −b 3a. Therefore, ( −b 3a, p( −b 3a )) is a point of inflection.
⎛ b⎞ ⎛ b3 ⎞ ⎛ b2 ⎞ bc⎛ b⎞ 2b 3
p⎜ − ⎟ = a ⎜ − ⎟ + b ⎜ ⎟ + c ⎜ − ⎟ + d = − + d
3 2 2
⎝ 3a ⎠ ⎝ 27a ⎠ ⎝ 9a ⎠ ⎝ 3a ⎠ 27a 3a
When p( x ) = x3 − 3x 2 + 2, a = 1, b = −3, c = 0, and d = 2.
−( −3)
x0 = =1
3(1)
2( −3)
3
(−3)(0)
y0 = − + 2 = −2 − 0 + 2 = 0
27(1)
2
3(1)
The point of inflection of p( x ) = x3 − 3x 2 + 2 is ( x0 , y0 ) = (1, 0).
18. (a) T R
PQ − TR
x
8.5 − x
PQ
8.5 in.
C
x
P Q
x 2 + PQ 2 = C 2 ⇒ PQ 2 = C 2 − x 2
TR 2 + (8.5 − x) = x 2 ⇒ TR 2 = 17x − 8.52
2
( PQ − TR ) + 8.52 = PQ 2 ⇒ 2( PQ )(TR ) = TR 2 + 8.52

2
So, 2( PQ )(TR ) = 17x − 8.52 + 8.52.
8.5x = ( PQ )(TR ) = C 2 − x 2 17x − 8.52
(8.5x)2
= C 2 − x2
17x − 8.52
(8.5x)2 17x 3
C2 = x + =
2
17x − 8.52 17x − 8.52
2x3
C2 =
2x − 8.5
(b) Domain: 4.25 < x < 8.5
(c) To minimize C, minimize f ( x) = C 2 :
()
(2x ( )
− 8.5) 6 x 2 − 2 x ( 23) 8x3 − 51x 2
f′ x = = = 0
(2x − 8.5) (2x − 8.5)
2 2
51
x = = 6.375
8
By the First Derivative Test, x = 6.375 is a minimum.

(d) For x = 6.375, C ≈ 11.0418 in.
19. f ( x) = sin (ln x )
(a) Domain: x > 0 or (0, ∞)
π
(b) f ( x) = 1 = sin (ln x ) ⇒ ln x = + 2kπ .
2
Two values are x = eπ 2 , e(π 2) + 2π .
3π
(c) f ( x) = −1 = sin (ln x ) ⇒ ln x = + 2kπ .
2
Two values are x = e −π 2 , e3π 2 .

(d) Because the range of the sine function is [−1, 1], parts (b) and (c) show that the range of f is [−1, 1].
1
(e) f ′( x) = cos(ln x )
x
π
f ′( x) = 0 ⇒ cos(ln x ) = 0 ⇒ ln x = + kπ ⇒ x = eπ 2
on [1, 10].
2
(
f eπ 2
)=1 ⎫
⎪
f (1) = 0
π 2
⎬ Maximum is 1 at x = e ≈ 4.8105.
f (10) ≈ 0.7440⎪
⎭
(f ) 2
0 5
−2
1
lim f ( x) seems to be − . (This is incorrect.)
x →0+ 2
(g) For the points x = eπ 2 , x = e −3π 2 , x = e −7π 2 , … you have f ( x) = 1.
For the points x = e −π 2 , x = e −5π 2 , x = e −9π 2 , … you have f ( x) = −1.
That is, as x → 0 + , there is an infinite number of points where f ( x) = 1, and an infinite number where f ( x) = −1.
So, lim sin (ln x) does not exist.

x →0+
You can verify this by graphing f ( x) on small intervals close to the origin.

Calculus of A Single Variable Early Transcendental Functions 6th Edition Larson Solutions Manual 1

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Calculus of A Single Variable Early Transcendental Functions 6th Edition Larson Solutions Manual 1

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Calculus of a Single Variable Early Transcendental

Functions 6th Edition Larson

Section 4.1 Extrema on an Interval .......................................................................268

Section 4.2 Rolle’s Theorem and the Mean Value Theorem...............................278

Section 4.3 Increasing and Decreasing Functions

Section 4.4 Concavity and the Second Derivative Test .......................................317

Section 4.5 Limits at Infinity .................................................................................339

Section 4.6 A Summary of Curve Sketching........................................................354

Section 4.7 Optimization Problems.......................................................................380

Section 4.8 Differentials ........................................................................................397

Review Exercises ........................................................................................................403

Problem Solving .........................................................................................................419

x = 2: absolute minimum (and relative minimum)

f ′( 2) = 0 g′( x ) = 4x3 − 16x = 4x x 2 − 4 ( )

15. h( x) = sin 2 x + cos x, 0 < x < 2π

x = 2: absolute maximum (and relative maximum)

16. f (θ ) = 2 sec θ + tan θ , 0 < θ < 2π 23. g ( x) = 2x 2 − 8x, [0, 6]

f ′(θ ) = 2 sec θ tan θ + sec 2 θ g′( x ) = 4x − 8 = 4( x − 2)

Right endpoint: (6, 24) Maximum

17. f (t ) = te −2t h′( x) = −2x

f ′(t ) = e −2t − 2te −2t = e −2t (1 − 2t ) Critical number: x = 0

Critical number: t = 1 Left endpoint: ( −3, − 4) Minimum

Critical number: x = 0 26. f ( x) = 2x3 − 6x, [0, 3]

⎛1⎞ Critical number: x = 1 ( x = −1 not in interval.)

Right endpoint: (3, 36) Maximum

Left endpoint: ( −1, 5) Maximum

Left endpoint: (0, 2) Minimum

Right endpoint: (4, 5) Maximum

Critical number: x = 0 2 for x = 2, and the minimum x

Right endpoint: (8, 2) Maximum 34. h( x ) = a2 − xb, [−2, 2]

From the graph you see that the maximum value of h is 4

Right endpoint: (1, −1) Minimum x

Critical number: (3, 3) Maximum Critical number: (0, 1) Minimum

g is the absolute value function shifted 4 units to the y′ = −3 sin x

Left endpoint: (0, 0) Minimum x

Left endpoint: ( −2, arctan4) ≈ ( −2, 1.326) Maximum

41. h( x ) = 5e − e , [−1, 2] (a) Minimum: (0, −3)

5 ⎛5⎞ (b) Minimum: (0, − 3)

Right endpoint: ( 4, 1) Minimum

Critical point: (1.729, 1.964) Maximum

(b) f ( x) = 3.2x5 + 5x3 − 3.5x, [0, 1]

16x + 15x − 3.5 = 0

−15 ± (15)2 − 4(16)( −3.5) −15 ± 449

Critical point: (0.4398, −1.0613) Minimum

Right endpoint: (1, 4.7) Maximum

Left endpoint: (0, 0)

Critical point: (1.0863, −1.3972) Minimum

Right endpoint: (3, 5.3753) Maximum

Critical point: ( 2.1111, −1.0502) Minimum

Right endpoint: (4, 0)

f ′′(0) = 2 is the maximum value.

In the interval [0, 2], choose 59. f ( x) = ( x + 1)

Setting f ′′′ = 0, you have x = 0, ±1.

f ′( x) = −xe f ′′′( x) = e − x 2 ( 2x) + ( x 2 − 1)(−xe − x 2 )

f ( 4) (0) = 24 is the maximum value.

f is continuous on [0, π 4] but not on

No, a 20-amp fuse would not increase the power

θ = arcsec 3 ≈ 0.9553 radians

72. (a) Because the grade at A is 9%, A( −500, 45)

The grade at B is 6%, B (500, 30).

At A: 2a( −500) + b = −0.09

(−500)2 + ⎜⎛ − 200 ⎞⎟(−500) + C

d 0 0.75 3 6.75 12 18.75 12 6.75 3 0.75 0