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Scope- More focused in scope as it directly Relating research questions and its
relates to a specific study hypothesis:
Focus of content- A set of related concepts
Type of Research
that will be specifically used in the study
Number of theories- May combined different
theories into one cohesive framework
Descriptive comparative Ha: There is a significant difference in the
Correlational academic performance of learners when
Ex post facto exposed and not exposed to the intervention.
Quasi- experimental Ho: There is no significant difference in the
Experimental academic performance of learners when
exposed and not exposed to the Experimental
Research Questions intervention.
Descriptive comparative Steps of Hypothesis Testing (The steps are
realized if you have gathered and analyzed
Is there a significant difference in the
data)
attitudes of learners towards Modular Distance
Learning when grouped according to socio- The process to determine whether to reject a null
economic status and grade level? hypothesis or to fail to reject the null hypothesis,
based on sample data is called hypothesis testing.
Correlational
4 steps in Hypothesis Testing
Is there a relationship between study habits
and academic performance of learners? Define the null and alternate hypothesis
(focus of our discussion)
Ex post facto
Define an analysis plan to find how to use
Is there a significant difference in the sample data to estimate the null hypothesis
performance of learners who experienced and Do some analysis on the sample data to
not experienced bullying? create a single number called „test statistic‟
Understand the result by applying the
Quasi- experimental \ Experimental decision rule to check whether the Null
Is there a significant difference in the academic hypothesis is true or not If the value of t-
performance of learners when exposed and not stat is less than the significance level we
exposed to the intervention? will REJECT the null hypothesis, otherwise,
we will fail to reject the null hypothesis.
Hypothesis
Technically, we never accept the null hypothesis,
Descriptive comparative we say that either we fail to reject or we reject the
null hypothesis (Sahoo, 2003; Gupta &Kapoor,
Ha There is a there a significant difference in 2002; & Watkins, 2016)
the attitudes of learners towards Modular
Distance Learning when grouped according to Why a review of related literature in research
socio-economic status and grade level. is important
Ho: There is no there a significant difference in
the attitudes of learners towards Modular Before thinking how to do reviews of related
Distance Learning when grouped according to literature, it is necessary to understand its
socio-economic status and grade level. importance. Although the purpose of a review of
related literature varies depending on the discipline
Correlational and how it will be used, its importance is never in
question. Here are some ways in which a review
Ha: There is a relationship between study
can be crucial.
habits and academic performance of learners.
Ho: There is no relationship between study
Identify gaps in the knowledge – This is the
habits and academic performance of learners.
primary purpose of a review of related
literature (often called RRL in research). To create
Ex post facto
new knowledge, you must first determine what
Ha: There is a significant difference in the knowledge may be missing. This also helps to
identify the scope of your study.
performance of learners who experienced and
Avoid duplication of research efforts – Not
not experienced bullying. only will a review of related literature indicate gaps
Ho: There no significant difference in the in the existing research, but it will also lead you
performance of learners who experienced and away from duplicating research that has already
not experienced bullying. been done and thus save precious resources.
Provide an overview of disparate and
Quasi- experimental \ Experimental interdisciplinary research areas – Researchers
cannot possibly know everything related to their
disciplines. Therefore, it is very helpful to have
access to a review of related literature already
written and published.
Highlight researcher’s familiarity with their
topic1 – A strong review of related literature in a
study strengthens readers’ confidence in that study
and that researcher.
Structure your review logically: Guide
Tips on how to write a review of related the reader through the information. The
literature in research structure will depend on the function of the
review of related literature. Creating an
Define your topic, audience, and outline prior to writing the RRL in
purpose: You will be spending a lot of time research is a good way to ensure the
with this review, so choose a topic that is presented information flows well.
interesting to you. While deciding what to
write in a review of related literature, think As you read more extensively in your discipline, you
about who you expect to read the review – will notice that the review of related
researchers in your discipline, other literature appears in various forms in different
scientists, and the general public – and places. For example, when you read an article
tailor the language to the audience. Also, about an experimental study, you will typically see
think about the purpose of your review of a literature review or a RRL in research, in the
related literature. introduction that includes brief descriptions of
similar studies. In longer research studies and
Conduct a comprehensive literature dissertations, especially in the social sciences,
search: While writing your review of the review of related literature will typically be a
related literature, emphasize more recent separate chapter and include more information on
works but don’t forget to include some older methodologies and theory building. In addition,
publications as well. Cast a wide net, as you stand-alone review articles will be published that
may find some interesting and relevant are extremely useful to researchers.
literature in unexpected databases or library
corners. Don’t forget to search for recent The review of relevant literature or often
conference papers. abbreviated as, RRL in research, is an important
communication tool that can be used in many
Review the identified articles and take forms for many purposes. It is a tool that all
notes: It is a good idea to take notes in a researchers should befriend.
way such that individual items in your notes
can be moved around when you organize
them. For example, index cards are great References
tools for this. Write each individual idea on
a separate card along with the source. The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Writing
cards can then be easily grouped and Center. Literature
organized. Reviews. https://writingcenter.unc.edu/tips-and-
tools/literature-reviews/ [Accessed September 8,
Determine how to organize your 2022]
review: A review of related
literature should not be merely a listing of Pautasso M. Ten simple rules for writing a literature
descriptions. It should be organized by review. PLoSComput Biol. 2013, 9.doi:
some criterion, such as chronologically or 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003149.
thematically.