扬哥厦门大学2009 2017真题汇总

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‡&ú¯Ò: sxkyliyang
˜!ÀJK( K 30 ©, z K 6 ©)
1. {an } •üNê , e•3˜Âñf {anj }, ùžk ( ).

A. lim an = lim anj ;
n→∞ j→∞
B. {an } Ø˜½Âñ;
C. {an } Ø˜½k.;
D. …= ýkb {an } •k.ê ž, âk A ¤á.
2. f (x) • R þ ëY¼ê, Kk ( ).
A. I m«mž, f (I) 7•m«m;
B. I 4«mž, f (I) 7•4«m;
C. f (I) m«mž, I 7•m«m;
D. ±þ A, B, C ÑØ˜½¤á.
3. f (x) 3, % • U ◦ (x0 ) SŒ , ùžk ( ).

A. e lim f 0 (x) = A •3, K f 0 (x0 ) = A;
x→x0
B. e f 3 x0 ëY, K A ¤á;
C. e f 0 (x0 ) = A •3, K lim f 0 (x) = A.
x→x0
D. ±þ A, B, C ÑØ˜½¤á.
4. f (x) 3 [a, b] þ Riemann ŒÈ, Kk ( ).

A. f (x) 3 [a, b] þ7½ëY;
B. f (x) 3 [a, b] þ–õ•kk•‡mä:;
C. f (x) Œ±´Ã.¼ê;
D. f (x) 3 [a, b] þ ëY:7½È—.
∞
X
5. un •˜ ‘?ê, ùžk ( ).
n=1
∞
X
A. e lim un = 0, K un Âñ;
n→∞
n=1
∞
X un+1
B. e un Âñ, K lim < 1;
n=1
n→∞ un
∞
X √
C. e un Âñ, K lim n
un < 1;
n→∞
n=1
D. ±þ A, B, C ÑØ˜½¤á.
!)‰K

1 σ 1 σ
1. ( 15 ©) a > 0, σ > 0, a1 = a+ , an+1 = an + , n = 1, 2, · · · . y²: ê {an } Âñ, ¿¦
2 a 2 an
Ù4•.
4
2. ( 15 ©) ¼ê f (x) 3«m [a, +∞) þëY, g(x) 3«m [a, +∞) þ˜—ëY, ¿…

lim f (x) − g(x) = 0,
x→∞
y² f (x) 3«m [a, +∞) þ˜—ëY.
3. ( 20 ©) f (x) 3 (−∞, +∞) þkëY ê, … f (0) = f 0 (0) = 0, ½Â
 f (x) , x 6= 0;

g(x) = x
0, x = 0.

y² g(x) 3 (−∞, +∞) þkëY ê.
4. ( 15 ©) ¦È© ZZ
xy 2 dydz + yz 2 dzdx + zx2 dxdy,
S
2 2
Ù¥ S • Î¡ x + y = 1, −1 ≤ z ≤ 1 Ü© ý.
5. ( 15 ©) y²:
(1) ?ê
∞
X sinn x
n=1
2n
3 (−∞, +∞) ˜—Âñ;

π
(2) •3 ε ∈ 0, ,¦
2
∞
X n cos ε sinn−1 ε 2
n
= .
n=1
2 π
5
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˜!ÀJK( K 30 ©, z K 6 ©)
1. ¼ê f (x) Œ , ¿…÷v•§ f 00 (x) + 3[f 0 (x)]2 + 2ex f (x) = 0, x0 • f (x) ˜‡7:¿…÷v

f (x0 ) < 0, K f (x) 3 x0 k ( ).
A. 4ŒŠ;
B. 4 Š;
C. Ø 4Š;
D. ØU(½.
x
2. ¼ê f (x) = ln x − + k, (k > 0) 3«m (0, +∞) S": ‡ê• ( ).
e
A. 0 B. 1 C. 2 D. ØU(½
3. ®• x → 0 ž, ¼ê etan x − ex † xn •ÓdÃ¡ þ, K n = ( ).
A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4
4. e ·K ( ´( ).
Z b
A. XJ f (x) 3 [a, b] þ Riemann ŒÈ, …k ¼ê F (x), K f (x)dx = F (b) − F (a);
a
Z x
B. XJ f (x) 3 [a, b] þ Riemann ŒÈ, K f (t)dt 3 [a, b] þŒ ;
a
C. XJ f 2 (x) 3 [a, b] þ Riemann ŒÈ, K |f (x)| Ø˜½3 [a, b] þ Riemann ŒÈ;
D. XJ |f (x)| 3 [a, b] þ Riemann ŒÈ, K f (x) 3 [a, b] þ Riemann ŒÈ, .
Z a
5. a > 0, f (x) 3 (−a, a) S÷v f 00 (x) > 0, … |f (x)| ≤ x2 , I = f (x)dx, K7k ( ).
−a
A. I = 0 B. I > 0 C. I < 0 D. Ø(½
!)‰K
1. ( 10 ©) f (x) = a1 sin(x) + a2 sin(2x) + · · · + an sin(nx), … |f (x)| ≤ | sin x|, ai (i = 1, 2, · · · , n) •¢~ê,

y²
|a1 + 2a2 + · · · + nan | ≤ 1.
2. ( 15 ©) ¼ê f (x) 3«m (−∞, +∞) þ˜—ëY, η > 0. 3 (−∞, +∞) þÏLeª½Â¼ê
g(x) = sup {|f (y) − f (z)| y, z ∈ (x − η, x + η)} .
y² g 3«m (−∞, +∞) þ˜—ëY.
3. ( 15 ©) ¼ê ϕ 3«m [0, a] þëY, ¼ê f 3 (−∞, +∞) þ Œ , … f 00 (x) ≥ 0, ∀x ∈ (−∞, +∞).

y² Z a
1 a
Z
1
f ϕ(t)dt ≤ f [ϕ(t)]dt.
a 0 a 0
4. ( 10 ©) f0 (x) 3«m [0, a] þëY, -

Z x
fn (x) = fn−1 (t)dt, n = 1, 2, · · · .
0
y² {fn (x)} 3«m [0, a] þ˜—Âñu 0.
6
5. ( 15 ©) ¦¼ê
f (x, y) = ax2 + 2bxy + cy 2
3 x2 + y 2 ≤ 1 þ •ŒŠÚ• Š.
y z
6. ( 15 ©) ¼ê z = z(x, y) d•§ F x + , y + = 0 ¤(½, Ù¥ F k˜ ëY ê, y²
z x
∂z ∂z
x +y = z − xy.
∂x ∂y
7
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˜!ÀJK( K 30 ©, z K 6 ©)
1. ¼ê y = f (x) 3: x0 ,‡ •SäkëY ê, ÷v f 0 (x0 ) = 0, ¿… f 00 (x0 ) < 0, K ( ).

A. f (x) 3: x0 ? 4ŒŠ;
B. f (x) 3: x0 ? 4 Š;
C. (x0 , f (x0 )) •-‚ y = f (x) $:;
D. f (x) 3 x0 ,‡ •SüN~ .
2. ¼ê f (x) = ln x − x 3«m (0, +∞) S": ‡ê• ( ).

A. 0 B. 1 C. 2 D. ØU(½
3. ®• x → 0 ž, ¼ê esin x − ex † xn •ÓdÃ¡ þ, K n = ( ).
A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4
4. e ·K ( ´ ( ).
Z x 0
A. XJ f (x) 3 [a, b] þ Riemann ŒÈ, …k ¼ê F (x), K f (t)dt = f (x);
a
B. XJ f (x) 3 [a, b] þ Riemann ŒÈ, K |f (x)| ˜½3 [a, b] þŒÈ;
C. XJ f 2 (x) 3 [a, b] þ Riemann ŒÈ, K |f (x)| ˜½3 [a, b] þ Riemann ŒÈ;
D. XJ |f (x)| 3 [a, b] þ Riemann ŒÈ, K f (x) 3 [a, b] þ Riemann ŒÈ, .
Z 1
5. f (x) 3 (−1, 1) S÷v f 00 (x) > 0, … |f (x)| ≤ x4 , I = f (x)dx, K7k ( ).
−1
A. I = 0 B. I > 0 C. I < 0 D. Ø(½
!)‰K
1. ( 10 ©) f (x) 3 [0, 1] þ Œ , …k
f (0) = f (1) = 0, min f (x) = −1.

x∈[0,1]
¦y: •3 ξ ∈ (0, 1), ¦ f 00 (ξ) ≥ 8.
2. ( 10 ©)
¼ê f (x) ∈ C[0, 1], y²
Z λ x 1 π
lim f 2
dx = f (0).
λ→+∞ 0 λ 1+x 2
3. ( 15 ©)
f (x) 3 [0, 1] þëY, y² ∀t > 0, Ñk
Z 1 2
π 1 f 2 (x)
Z
f (x)
2 2
dx ≤ dx.
0 t +x 2t 0 t2 + x2
4. ( 15 ©)
0 < λ < 1, lim an = a, ¦y:
n→∞
a
lim λn a0 + λn−1 a1 + · · · + λan−1 + an =

.
n→∞ 1−λ
8
2
5. ( 20 ©) fn (x) = e−nx cos x, x ∈ [−1, 1], n • ê. y²:
(1) fn 3 [−1, 1] þØ˜—Âñ;
Z 1 Z 1
(2) lim fn (x)dx = lim fn (x)dx.
n→∞ −1 −1 n→∞
6. ( 10 ©) y²k•4«mþ ëY¼êU • Š.
7. ( 15 ©) f (x) 3 a :Œ‡, … f (a) 6= 0, ¦4•

" #n
f a + n1
lim .
n→∞ f (a)
8. ( 15 ©) OŽ ZZ
y sin(xy)dxdy.
[0,π]×[0,1]
9. ( 10 ©) OŽ
(n+1)2
X 1
lim √ .
n→∞ k
k=n2
9
o
1. ( 20 ©) {xn } •k. ¢êê ,¦
xn
lim .
n→∞ x1 + x2 + · · · + xn
2. ( 20 ©) g(x) ÷v lim g(x) = u0 , f (u) 3 u = u0 ?ëY. y²: lim f (g(x)) = f (u0 ).

x→∞ x→∞
3. ( 15 ©) ¼ ê f (x) 3 (−∞, +∞) þ š ð • ", • 3 ? ¿ ê, ¿ … é ? Û x ∈ (−∞, +∞) Ñ k

(n) (n−1) 1 (n) x
|f (x) − f (x)| ≤ 2 , n = 1, 2, · · · . y²: lim f (x) = Ce , Ù¥ C •~ê.
n n→∞
4. ( 15 ©) ¼ê z = z(x, y) äk ëY ê, ÷v•§
∂2z ∂z 2
y +2 = .
∂y 2 ∂y x
x ∂2w
¦y3C† u = , v = x, w = xz − y ƒe, þã•§òC• = 0.
y ∂u2
5. ( 20 ©) ¼ê f (x) Ú¼ê g(x) 3 x ≥ a žŒ , ¿…3 x ≥ a ž÷v |f 0 (x)| ≤ g 0 (x), ¦y: x ≥ a ž, Ø
ª |f (x) − f (a)| ≤ |g(x) − g(a)| ¤á.
6. ( 15 ©) a1 , a2 , · · · • ¢ê , ½Â
a1 + a2 + · · · + an a−1 + a−1 −1
2 + · · · + an
sn = , rn = 1 ,
n n
Ù¥, lim sn , lim rn þ•3, y²ùü‡4•ƒÈØ u 1.
n→∞ n→∞
7. ( 15 ©) D ´ R2 ¥ 4 , f ´½Â3 D þ ¢¼ê, y²e

ZZ
(f (x, y))2 dxdy = 0,
D
K f 3 D ¥ ëY:þ Š•".
∞
X ∞
X
8. ( 15 ©) {nan } Âñ, ?ê n(an − an−1 ) Âñ, y² an •Âñ.
n=1 n=1
9. ( 15 ©) y²e ª
ZZZ Z 1
cos(ax + by + cz)dxdydz = π (1 − u2 ) cos(ku)du.
−1
V
Ù¥, V : x2 + y 2 + z 2 ≤ 1 •ü ¥, a, b, c •~ê.
10
o
1. ( 15 ©) ê {an } üN4O, šK, ¿… lim an = a, y²:
n→∞
1
lim (an1 + a22 + · · · + ann ) n = a.
n→∞
2. ( 15 ©) ¼ê f 3 [a, b] þ•üN¼ê, … f (a) > a, f (b) < b, ¦y: •3 x0 ∈ [a, b], ¦ f (x0 ) = x0 .
3. ( 15 ©) ¼ê f ∈ C[a, b], …
Z 1 Z 1 Z 1
f (x)dx = xf (x)dx = 0, x2 f (x)dx = 1,
0 0 0
¦y•3 x0 ∈ [0, 1], ÷v |f (x0 )| ≥ 12.
4. ( 15 ©) ¼ê u = u(x, y) 3 ‡²¡þk ëY ê, ¦y
∂2u ∂2u
∆u = + 2 =0
∂x2 ∂y
I
∂u
¿©7‡^‡´ →
− ds = 0, Ù¥ →
−
n •1wµ4-‚ C ü {•þ.
C ∂ n

a+b
5. ( 15 ©) ¼ê f 3«m [a, b] Œ , f = 0, … |f 0 (x)| ≤ M , y²:
2
Z
b M
f (x)dx ≤ (b − a)2 .

2

a
6. ( 20 ©) {fn } •4«m [a, b] þ ˜‡¼ê , ¿…÷v

(1) é?¿ z ∈ [a, b], {fn (z)} ´˜‡k.ê ;
(2) ∀ε > 0, ∃δ > 0, ¦ |x − y| < δ ž, é˜ƒg,ê n, k |fn (x) − fn (y)| < ε.
y²: •3f {fnk } 3 [a, b] þ˜—Âñ.
7. ( 20 ©) f 3«m [a, b] þšK, ëY… lim f (x) = 0.

n→∞
(1) y² f 3«m [a, b] þ •ŒŠ;
(2) f 3«m [a, b] þUÄ • Š? (£‰¯K¿`²nd)
8. ( 20 ©) f 3 [0, +∞) Œ‡…k., y²•3 {xn }∞ ⊂ [0, +∞), ¦ xn → ∞, ¿… f 0 (xn ) → 0.

ZZ
9. ( 15 ©) OŽ -È© zdxdy. Ù¥ Σ ń / {(x, y, z) : x, y, z ≥ 0, x + y + z = 1}.
Σ
11
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∞
X
1. ( 20 ©) ®• f (x) 3 [0, +∞) þüN4~, … lim f (x) = 0, y²: f (n) Âñ ¿©7‡^‡´
n→+∞
n=1
Z +∞
f (x)dx
0
Âñ.
1
2. ( 20 ©) f ∈ C 1 [0, +∞), f (0) = 1, f 0 (x) = . y²:
x2 + f 2 (x)
(1)
lim f (x)
n→+∞
•3;
(2)
π
lim f (x) ≤ 1 + .
n→+∞ 2
an
3. ( 15 ©) ®• lim = 0, y²:
n→∞ n
max{a1 , · · · , an }
lim = 0.
n→∞ n
4. ( 20 ©) ®• f (x) k., …3 R þëY, T > 0, y²: •3ê {xn }, ¦
lim xn = +∞, lim (f (xn + T ) − f (xn )) = 0.

n→∞ n→∞
5. ( 20 ©) ¼ê f 3«m [a, b] þ Œ , … ∀x ∈ (a, b) k f 00 (x) > 0. y²: ∀x1 , x2 ∈ (a, b) k

x1 + x2 1
f < [f (x1 ) + f (x2 )].
2 2
6. ( 15 ©) f 3 [a, b] þŒÈ, …k
Z x Z b
f (t)dt ≥ 0, f (x)dx = 0.
0 a
y²: Z b
xf (x)dx ≤ 0.
a
7. ( 20 ©) B •ü ¥ x2 + y 2 + z 2 ≤ 1 «•, ∂B •Ù¥¡. ®• f • k gàg¼ê. = f (ax, ay, az) =

k
a f (x, y, z). y²: ZZ ZZZ
f (x, y, z)dS = ∆f dxdydz.
∂B B
Ù¥:
∂2f ∂2f ∂2f
∆f = 2
+ 2 + 2.
∂x ∂y ∂z
8. ( 20 ©) k˜Ü••/’¡, ‡3þ¡æôÚ, ••/’¡SÜæôÚ ¡È• A cm2 , > k˜Y, þe

>°ÝƒÚ• r cm, †m°Ý• h cm. ¿g´: 3••/’¡þ‰Ý/¦: ••/’¡• ( y cm) Ú° (
x cm) •õ ž, ••/¡È• ?
12
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o
˜!W˜K(z K 6 ©, 36 ©)
1. A •n Œ_• , K (A∗ )∗ = , ùp A∗ ´ A Š‘Ý .

−1

−2
2. = .

.

..

−n
3. f (x), g(x) ´knXêõ‘ª, e f (x), g(x) 3knê•þpƒ, K3Eê•þ f (x), g(x) (À

W“˜½” ½“™7”)pƒ.
 
1 1 0
 
4. A= 0 1 1  , K† A ¦{Œ † N¢Ý ¤ ‚5˜m ‘ê´ , ˜|Ä´

0 0 1
.
5. X ń • A áuA Š λ A •þ, P ´ n Œ_Ý , K ´ P −1 AP áuA

Šλ A •þ.
6. þn Ý /X .
!)‰K
1. ( 20 ©) n ‘‚5˜mþ‚5C† A k n + 1 ‡A •þ, …Ù¥ ?¿ n ‡•þÑ´‚5Ã' . ¦y:

A •¦êC†.
2. ( 20 ©) A ń • , ¦y:
(1)
A = B + C,
Ù¥ trB = 0, C ´êþÝ λI, ùp I ´ n ü Ý , λ ´˜‡ê;

(2) ª (1) ©)´•˜ .
3. ( 20 ©)
(1) y² N ¢ê R+ 3\{½Â• a ⊕ b = ab, ê¦½Â• k ◦ a = ak e ¤¢ê• R þ‚5˜m;
(2) ¦ù‡˜m ‘ê;
(3) \{½Â•ê \{, ê¦½Â•ê ¦{, R ´ R þ ‚5˜m, EP• R. ®• loga : R+ → R, x 7→
loga x Ñ l R+ R ˜Ñ , ù‡N ´Ø´‚5˜m Ó ?
(4) ¦l R+ R Ó A, ¦
A (2) = 3.
4. ( 14 ©) U, V, W ´k•‘‚5˜m, A : V → U, B : W → U ´‚5N .
(1) ¦y: •3‚5N C :V →W ¦ A = BC ¿©7‡^‡´ ImA ⊆ ImB;
(2)
dim V = dim W.
¯Ÿo^‡e, (1) ¥ C Œ± ¤Ó N ? ¿‰Ñy².
13
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˜!W˜K(z K 6 ©, 36 ©)

a
1 0 b1 0

0 c1 0 d1
1. 1 ª = .
a2 0 b2 0

0 c2 0 d2
2. ¤kŒU 2 é¡ ´ .
3. •þ| α, β, γ ±9~ê k, l, m ÷v kα + lβ + mγ = 0, … km 6= 0, K α, β 7† d.
4. f (x) ´knXêõ‘ª…3knê•þvk-Ïª, K f (x) 3¢ê•þ (ÀW“˜½” ½“ ™

7”) vk-Ïª.
5. n • A = α0 α, Ù¥ α = (a1 , a2 , · · · , an ) 6= 0, α0 L« α =˜, K A ¤kA Š´ (ž

5²-ê).
6. V ´ n ‘‚5˜m, A ´ V ‚5C†, XJ A A õ‘ªÚ4 õ‘ªƒ , KA z‡A Š λ

A f˜m‘ê´ , A − λε ‘ê´ , Ù¥ ε ´ V ð C†.
!)‰K
1. ( 20 ©) A •n Ý , y²:
r(A + I) + r(A − I) = n
¿‡^‡´ A2 = I, Ù¥ I • n ü Ý .
2. ( 20 ©) A ´s×n Ý , η1 , η2 , · · · , ηr ´ à g ‚ 5 • § | AX = 0 ˜ ‡ Ä : ) X, P Ý
B = (η1 , η2 , · · · , ηr ), XJ n × m Ý C ÷v AC = 0, y²•3•˜ Ý G, ¦
C = BG.
3. ( 20 ©) V ´ê• F þ n ‘‚5˜m, A ´ V þ‚5C†. q F þõ‘ª f (x), g(x) pƒ, ϕ =

f (A ), ψ = g(A ). ¦y:
ker ϕψ = ker ϕ ⊕ ker ψ,

Ù¥ ker ϕ ´ ϕ Ø˜m, = ker ϕ = α ∈ V ϕ(α) = 0 .

4. ( 14 ©) y²: n Œ_é¡Ý A´ ½Ý ¿‡^‡´é?¿ n ½Ý B, AB , tr(AB) þŒ

u 0.
14
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˜!W˜K(z K 6 ©, 36 ©)
1. x5 + 2x + 2 3¢ê•þ´ÄŒ ? = (ÀW“Œ ” ½“ØŒ ”).

 
1 −1 1 −1
 
 −1 2 −2 2 
2. ®• A =    , Mij • A 1 (i, j) ƒ aij {fª, K M14 + M24 + M34 + M44 =
 1 −2 3 −3 

1 −2 −3 4
.
!
2 1
3. òÝ A = L«•Ð Ý ¦È .
1 1
4. n Ý A ˆ1 ƒƒÚ•", … A • r(A) = n − 1, Kàg‚5•§| AX = 0 ¤k)•

.
5. A •n Ý ,A 1 ª |A| =
6 0, … a • A ˜‡A Š, K 7´ A Š‘Ý A∗ ˜
‡A Š.
6. A •3 š"Ý … A2 = 0, K A Jordan IO/´ .
!)‰K
1. ( 20 ©) β, α1 , α2 , · · · , αn ´‚5˜m V •þ, … β Œd α1 , α2 , · · · , αn ‚5L«. ¦y: L«{•

˜ ¿‡^‡´ α1 , α2 , · · · , αn ‚5Ã'.
2. ( 15 ©) A ´m×n ¢Ý , ¦y: A •
r(A) = n
¿‡^‡´ A0 A ½, Ù¥ A0 L« A =˜.
3. ( 15 ©) A, B ´ n • , §‚• Ú u u n, =
r(A) + r(B) ≤ n.
¦y: •3 n š"• C, ¦ ACB = 0.
4. ( 15 ©) f (x) ´Ä‘Xê• 1 n g Xêõ‘ª, a1 , a2 , · · · , an ´ n ‡üüØÓ ê, …
f (ai ) = −1, (i = 1, 2, · · · , n).
¦y: f (x) 3knê•þØŒ .
15
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˜!W˜K(z K 6 ©, 48 ©)
1. A ń • , Eij L«1 (i, j) ƒ´ 1, Ù{ ƒ´ 0 Ä:Ý , K Eij AEkj = .
2. n • A ÷v A2 = 2A, … A •• r, K1 ª |A − E| = .
 
a b b
∗
 

 , … A Š‘Ý A
3. eA =  b a b  •• 1, K a, b A÷v'X .
b b a
4. A •m×n ¢Ý , b ´ m ‘¢ •þ, eE•þ Y, Z ´ AX = b 3Eê•þ ü‡pÉ), K

AX = 0 3¢ê•þ (ÀW“7” ½“ ™7”) kš").
 
1 2 0 0 3
 
 0 0 1 0 0 
5. 4×5 Ý A ²L˜X Ð 1C† C•A =   0 0 0 1 −1  , K A
 •þ| α1 , α2 , α3 , α4 , α5
 
0 0 0 0 0
˜‡4Œ‚5Ã'|´ , Ù{•þ^T4Œ‚5Ã'|‚5L«• .
√ n √ o √
6. Q( 2) = a + b 2|a, b ∈ Q , K Q( 2) ´knê• Q þ ‘‚5˜m, ´Ù˜|
Ä.
!
B C
7. B ń×n ½Ý , C ´•• m n×m ¢Ý , n > m, KA = k ‡
C0 0
A Š, k ‡KA Š.
8. p ´ƒê, K xp + px + p Ú x2 + p •ŒúÏª´ .
!)‰K
1. ( 20 ©) ®•‚5•§| 
 x + x2 + x3 = 1;
 1


2x1 + (a + 2)x2 + (a + 1)x3 = a + 3;



x + 2x + ax = 3
1 2 3
kÃ¡õ), q A ´3 • , α1 = (1, a, 0) , α2 = (−a, 1, 0)0 , α3 = (0, 0, a)0 • A áuA

0
Š λ1 =
1, λ2 = −2, λ3 = −1 A •þ.
(1) ¦Ý A;
(2) ¦1 ª |A∗ + 2E|.
2. ( 15 ©) õ‘ª f (x), g(x) pƒ, y²
(f (x)g(x), f (x) + g(x)) = 1.
3. ( 15 ©) A, B ©O´ m × n, n × s, … r(A) = r(AB). y²: •3 s × n Ý C, ¦
A = ABC.
16
4. ( 15 ©) α, β ´ØÓ n(> 1) ‘ü •þ, A = αβ 0 6= 0, y²:
(1) 0 ´ A ˜‡A Š;
(2) A Œé z ¿‡^‡ α †β Ø .
5. ( 15 ©) V1 ´ê• F þ 
x1 + x2 − x3 = 0;
x + x = 0
2 3
)˜m, V2 ´ F þ x2 − x3 = 0 )˜m. y²
F3 = V1 ⊕ V2 .
6. ( 15 ©) A , B ´ n ‘‚5˜m V ‚5C†, … A k n ‡pÉ A Š. y²:

(1) A A •þÑ´ B A •þ ¿‡^‡´
A B = BA ;
(2) e A B = BA , K B ´ ε, A , A 2 , · · · , A n−1 ‚5|Ü, Ù¥ ε ´ V ð C†.
7. ( 10 ©) A, A1 , A2 • n • , ÷v A2 = A, A = A1 + A2 , r(A) = r(A1 ) + r(A2 ), Ù¥ r(A) L« A

•, ¦y:
A2i = Ai , (i = 1, 2)
Ai , Aj = 0, (1 ≤ i 6= j ≤ 2)
17
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˜!W˜K(z K 6 ©, 48 ©)
1. α, β, γ1 , γ2 , γ3 þ• 4 ‘ •þ, ®• 4 • , A = (α, γ1 , γ2 , γ3 ), B = (β, γ1 , γ2 , γ3 ) …§‚ 1 ª

©O• det A = 5, det B = 2, K A + B 1 ª det(A + B) = .
 
1 0 0
−1 −1
 
2. A ´ 3 • , P AP =  0 2 0 

 , e P = (X1 , X2 , X3 ), Q = (X1 + X2 , X2 , X3 ), K Q AQ =
0 0 3
.
3. ê• F, K ÷v F ⊂ K, α1 , α2 , · · · , αs ´ F þ n ‘ •þ. e α1 , α2 , · · · , αs 3 K þ‚5ƒ', K
α1 , α2 , · · · , αs 3 F þ (ÀW“ 7” ½“ ™7”) ‚5ƒ'.
4. A∗ ´ n(> 2) • A Š‘Ý , e A∗ • r(A∗ ) = 1, Kàg‚5•§| AX = 0 )˜m‘ê•

.
5. x2012 + 1 Ø± (x − 1)2 {ª• .
6. ¢ê• R þ n ‘‚5˜m V ‚5C† A ÷v A 3 + A = 0, K A 3Eê• C þ A Š•ŒU•

, A , (= A 3,˜|Äe Ý ,)• .
 
1 0 0
 
7. ®•• A A Ý λE − A ²LÐ C†z•
 0 λ−1 0 , K A
 Jordan IO.•
2
0 0 (λ − 1)
.
!
2 1
8. ¢Ý , e 2 ‘¢•þ˜m R2 'uSÈ (α, β) = α0 Aα ¤ î¼˜m, K c = .
1 c
!)‰K
1. ( 20 ©) ®• α1 = (1, −2, 1)T , α2 = (−1, a, 1)T ©Oń ØŒ_¢é¡Ý A áuA Š λ1 = 1, λ2 =

−1 A •þ. ¦:
(1) A;
(2) A2012 β, Ù¥ β = (1, 1, 1)T .
2. ( 20 ©) ®• X1 , X2 , X3 , X4 ´šàg‚5•§| AX = β 6= 0 ØÓ). y²:

(1) e X1 , X2 , X3 ‚5ƒ', K X1 − X2 , X1 − X3 7‚5ƒ';
(2) e X1 , X2 , X3 , X4 ‚5Ã', K X1 − X2 , X1 − X3 , X1 − X4 7‚5Ã',…´ AX = 0 ).
3. ( 16 ©) A, B, C, D • n • . y²:

A B
(1) y²: e A Œ_, K = (det A) det(D − CA−1 B);

C D
! !
A B det A det B
(2) er = n, ¯ ´ÄŒ_? eŒ_, žy²: eØŒ_, žÞ‡~.
C D det C det D
18
4. ( 16 ©) F ´ê•, V1 ´ F þ n þn N, V2 ´ F þ n ‡é¡ N, =
V1 = {A = (aij )n×n ∈ F n×n |aij = 0, 1 ≤ j < i ≤ n}, V2 = {A ∈ F n×n |AT = −A},
Ù¥ AT L«Ý A =˜.
(1) y²: F n×n ¥?¿Ý A þŒL«•˜‡þn Ú˜‡‡é¡ Ú;
(2) y²: F n×n = V1 ⊕ V2 .
5. ( 12 ©) F 2×2 ´ê• F þ 2 • N, F 2×2 ‚5C† A 3Ä E11 , E12 , E21 , E22 Ý •

 
2 0 2 0
 
 0 1 0 1 
A=
 2
,
 0 2 0 

0 1 0 1
=
A (E11 , E12 , E21 , E22 ) = (E11 , E12 , E21 , E22 )A,
Ù¥ Eij •1 (i, j) ƒ• 1, Ù{ ƒ • 0 2 • .
(1) ¦ A ”˜m Imϕ Ú A N Ø˜m ker A , ‡¦ ÑL§Únd.
(2) ¦ ImA Ú ker A ÄÚ‘ê.
6. ( 12 ©) V1 , V2 ´ n ‘î¼˜m V f˜m, … V1 ‘ê u V2 ‘ê, = dim V1 < dim V2 . y²: V2

¥7k˜š"•þ † V1 ˜ƒ•þ.
7. ( 6 ©) V ´ê• F þ n • N, V = {A|A ∈ F n×n }, ½Â V ‚5C† σ : A 7→ 2A − 3AT , Ù¥

AT L«Ý A =˜.
(1) ¦ σ A õ‘ª;
(2) y² σ Œé z.
19
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˜!W˜K(z K 6 ©, 48 ©)
! ! !
a 0 1 0 1 b
1. ò 2 Ý L«¤eZ‡/X ½ Ð Ý ¦È .
0 a−1 b 1 0 1
!
n×n A C
2. A, B, C, X, Y ∈ F , … AX + Y B = C, Kr † r(A), r(B) 'X´ .
O B
3. α1 , α2 , α3 , α4 ´ 4 ‘ š " • þ, A = (α1 , α2 , α3 , α4 ). ® • à g ‚ 5 • § | AX = 0 Ï)•

0 ∗ ∗
k(0, 1, 1, 0) , K ´•§| A X = 0 ˜‡Ä:)X, Ù¥ A ´ A Š‘Ý .
   
1 2 −2 a
   
4. 3 Ý A= 2
 1  , 3 ‘ •þα =  1  . ®• Aα † α ‚5ƒ', K a =
2    .
3 0 4 1
5. C† A : a + bi 7→ a − bi (a, b ∈ R). K C Š• R þ ‚5˜m, A (ÀW“´” ½“Ø´”) C

‚5C†; C Š• C þ ‚5˜m, A (ÀW“ ´” ½“Ø´”) C ‚5C†.
6. f (x), p(x) ´ F þ õ‘ª, … p(x) 3 F þØŒ . e f (x), p(x) 3 C þkú Š, K p(x)

(ÀW“ 7” ½“™7”) Ø f (x).
7. X ´ n ‘1•þ, … XX 0 = 1, K E − 2X 0 X ¤kA Š´ , Ù¥ En L« n ü Ý .
8. ¢ g. f (x1 , x2 , x3 ) = X 0 AX ²L O† X = QY z•IO. f = y12 + y22 , K aE + A • ½Ý

¿©7‡^‡´ a ÷v^‡ .
!)‰K
1. ( 12 ©) Ý A Š‘Ý
 
1 0 0 0
 
∗
 0 1 0 0 
A =
 1
,
 0 1 0 

0 −3 0 8
… ABA−1 = BA−1 + 3E, ¦ B.

(1) A;
(2) A2012 β, Ù¥ β = (1, 1, 1)0 .
2. ( 15 ©) •þ β Œ±d α1 , α2 , · · · , αs ‚5LÑ, ØUd α1 , α2 , · · · , αs−1 ‚5LÑ. ¦y: •þ

α1 , α2 , · · · , αs−1 , αs Ú•þ| α1 , α2 , · · · , αs−1 , β d.
3. ( 15 ©)
!
a11 XT
A=
X B
´¢é¡Ý , Ù¥ a11 < 0, B ´ n − 1 ½Ý , ¦y:

(1) B − a−1
11 XX
T
´ ½Ý ;
(2) A ÎÒ • n − 2.
20
4. ( 15 ©) A ´î¼˜m V C†, U ´ A −ØCf˜m. y² U Ö˜m U ⊥ •´ A −ØCf
˜m.
5. ( 15 ©) V = {(a, b)|a, b ∈ R} ¥, ½Â\{Úê¦•:

1 2
(a, b) ⊕ (c, d) = (a + c, b + d + ac), k (a, b) = ka, kb + k (k − 1) a .
2
¯ V ´Ä• R þ ‚5˜m? e´, ¦ V ˜|ÄÚ‘ê; eØ´, Þ‡~.
6. ( 15 ©) ¦¤k÷v A2 = 0 š"n Ý A.
7. ( 15 ©) f (x) ´ R þÄ˜õ‘ª…Ã¢Š, ¦y: •3 g(x), h(x), ¦
f (x) = g 2 (x) + h2 (x),
… g(x) gêŒu h(x) gê.
21
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˜!W˜K(z K 6 ©, 48 ©)
1. ®• 2n 1 ªD 1˜
ƒ9Ù{fªÑ u a, K1 ª D = .
   
b b b b 2b11 −b13
 11 12 13   12 
2. B= b b
 21 22 13 b  ´ 3 Œ_Ý , ÷vBA =  22 2b21 −b23  , K A =
 b  .
b31 b32 b33 b32 2b31 −b33
 
a 2 −1 3
 
3. A = 
 2 4 −2 6  , B ´ 4 × 2 š"Ý , … AB = 0, K a 6= 1 ž, B • r(B) =
−1 −2 a −3
.
4. f (x) 3ê• F þØŒ , K f (x + 2) 3 F þ (ÀW“7” ½“ ™7”) ØŒ .
5. A ´ n ‘‚5˜m V ‚5C†, ker A Ú ImA ©OL« A ”˜mÚØ˜m, … ker A = ker A 2 , K

(ÀW“7k” ½“ ™7k”) ImA = ImA 2 .
6. Eê•þ 5 ‡é¡Ý N, Š•¢ê•þ ‚5˜m, § ‘ê u . (\{Úê¦½Â•Ï

~ Ý \{Úê¦)
7. a ń • A ˜‡A Š, d1 (λ), d2 (λ), · · · , dn (λ) ´ A ØCÏf. qe dr (a) 6= 0, dr+1 = 0, K

aE − A • r(aE − A) = .
8. A ´¢ g. f (x1 , x2 , · · · , xn ) Ý , … A † −A ÜÓ, K A ÎÒ ´ .
!)‰K
1. ( 12 ©) A ´3 • , X1 , X2 ©O´ A áuA Š −1, 1 A •þ, …•þ X3 ÷v
AX3 = X2 + X3 .
(1) y²: X1 , X2 , X3 ‚5Ã';

(2) - P = (X1 , X2 , X3 ), ¦ P −1 AP .
2. ( 15 ©) 3 ¢Ý A = (aij )3×3 ÷v a33 = −1 … aij = Aij (i, j = 1, 2, 3), Ù¥ Aij ´ ƒ aij “ê

{fª. ¦‚5•§|    
x1 0
   
A
 x2  =  0 
  
x3 1
), ¿y² (‡¦ Ñ•[¦)L§)
3. ( 15 ©) A ń • . y²: •3Ý B, ¦
ABA = A, BAB = B.
4. ( 15 ©) V ´ê• F þ k•‘‚5˜m, A ´ V ‚5C†, f (λ) = (λ − 1)(λ − 2)2 ´ A 4 õ‘

ª: 2 Vk = ker(kε − A ) , k = 1, 2, Ù¥ ker(A ) L« A
k
Ø˜m, ε L« V ð C†. y²
V = V1 ⊕ V2 .
22
5. ( 15 ©) Fn×n ´ê• F þ n • N, V ´ Fn×n ˜‡š˜f8…÷v±e^‡:
(1) V ¥– k˜‡š"Ý ;
(2) é V ¥?¿• A, B, ok A − B áu V ;
(3) é V ¥?¿• A, Fn×n ¥?¿• X, ok AX, XA Ñáu V .
y²:
V = Fn×n .
6. ( 15 ©) U ´ n ‘‚5˜m V r ‘f˜m, ¿… 1 ≤ r ≤ n − 1. y²: U ´ V eZ‡ n − 1 ‘f˜m

.
7. ( 15 ©) A1 Ú A2 ©O• Cn1 ×n1 Ú Cn2 ×n2 ¥ þn Ý , C ∈ Cn1 ×n2 . y²: •§
A1 B − BA2 = C
k•˜) B ∈ Cn1 ×n2 …= A1 Ú A2 Ãú A Š.
23
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˜!W˜K(z K 6 ©, 48 ©)

0 A
1. A •n • ,B •m • , K1 ª = .

B 0
2. e A • n • , A∗ • A Š‘Ý . K (A∗ )∗ = .
3. α1 , α2 ´šàg‚5•§| AX = β ü‡), K k1 α1 + k2 α2 ´ AX = β ) ¿©7‡^‡´ k1 , k2

÷v ; l1 α1 + l2 α2 ´ AX = 0 ) ¿©7‡^‡´ l1 , l2 ÷v .
4. A ´ R1×2 ‚5C†, ¦ A ((1, 1)) = (1, −1), A ((3, 2)) = (2, 1), K A ((2, 4)) = .
5. A ´‚5˜m V W ‚5N , ξ1 , ξ2 , · · · , ξn 9 η1 , η2 , · · · , ηn ©O´ V Ú W ˜‡Ä, A ´

A 3ùü‡Äe Ý , = A (ξ1 , ξ2 , · · · , ξn ) = (η1 , η2 , · · · , ηn )A, K A ´÷ ¿©7‡^‡´ A •
r(A) = ; A ´ü ¿©7‡^‡´ A • r(A) = .
6. ®• f (x), g(x) ´õ‘ª, eé?¿¢ê a, ok f (a) •¢ê, K f (x) (ÀW“7” ½“™7”) •¢

Xêõ‘ª; eé?¿ ê k, ok g(k) • ê, K g(x) (ÀW“7” ½“™7”) • Xêõ‘ª.
7. A A õ‘ª• x3 + x2 − 2, K (A + 2E)−1 = .
8. g. f (x1 , x2 , x3 ) = x21 + 2x22 + 3x23 + 2tx2 x3 ´ ½ g., K t ÷v .
!)‰K
1. ( 12 ©) 3 ¢é¡Ý A A Š• 2, 1, 1, … X = (1, 1, 0)0 ´ A áuA Š 2 A •þ, ¦Ý

A.
2. ( 15 ©) y²: é?˜ n • A, o•3Œ_Ý P Úþn Ý U, ¦ A = P U , … P ŒL«•eZ/

X
   
1 1
 ..   .. 

 .  
  . 

   

 1  
  1 ··· a 

 .. ..  
 ½ .. .. 
.

 . .   . . 
   

 a ··· 1  
  1 

 ..   .. 

 .  
  . 

1 1
Ý ¦È.
3. ( 15 ©) f (x), g(x) ´ê• F þ š"õ‘ª, n •Œu 1 ê. Á‰Ñ
(f (xn ), g(xn )) = (f (x), g(x))
¿©7‡^‡, ¿y²ƒ.
24
4. ( 15 ©) V ´ê• F þ ‚5˜m, α1 , α2 , · · · , αs , β1 , β2 , · · · , βs ∈ V , …



 β1 = a11 α1 + a21 α2 + · · · + as1 αs ;


β2 = a12 α1 + a22 α2 + · · · + as2 αs ;

..
.






βt = a1t α1 + a2t α2 + · · · + ast αs .

P
 
a11 a12 ··· a1t
 
 a21 a22 ··· a2t 
A= . ,
 
 .. .. ..
 . . 

as1 as2 ··· ast
α1 , α2 , · · · , αs ‚5Ã', y²: β1 , β2 , · · · , βs ‚5Ã' ¿©7‡^‡´ A •þ‚5Ã'.
5. ( 15 ©) A , B ´ n ‘î¼˜m V ‚5C†, …é?¿ α, β ∈ V , ok
(A (α), β) = (α, B(β)).
y²:
(1) ker A = (ImB)⊥ ;
(2) V = ker A ⊕ ImB.
6. ( 15 ©) A ´ê• F þk•‘‚5˜m V ‚5C†, ½Â F þ‚5˜m
F(A ) = ak A k + ak−1 A k−1 + · · · + a1 A + a0 idV ai ∈ F, i = 0, 1, · · · , k, k ∈ Z>0 ,

Ù¥ idV • V ð C†, Z>0 • ê8. Á¦ F(A ) ‘ê, Óž‰Ñ F(A ) ˜‡Ä.
7. ( 15 ©) ¦ n Ý
 
a1
a2
 
 
 
.
..
 
 
 
an−1
 
 
an
Jordan IO.. (‡¦ Ñ¦)L§)
25
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˜!W˜K(z K 6 ©, 48 ©)
1. OŽ n 1 ª

0 0 ··· 0 1
0 0 ··· 1 0

.. .. .. ..

. . =

. .
0 1 ··· 0 0

1 0 ··· 0 0
 
2 1 3
 
2. ò
 0 5  L«•é¡Ý
2  Ú‡é¡Ý Ú .
−2 4 1
 
1 0 0 3
 
 0 0 2 4 
3. eÝ A = (α1 , α2 , α3 , α4 ) ²LÐ 1C†z•   , @o•þ| α1 , α2 , α3 , α4 ˜‡4
 0 −1 0 5 

0 0 0 0
Œ‚5Ã'|´ , Ù{•þdd4Œ‚5Ã'|L« L«ª• .
4. n • A •• n − 1, … a11 “ê{fª A11 6= 0, K‚5•§| AX = 0 Ï)´ .
5. p(x) ´ê• F þ Ä˜ØŒ õ‘ª, f (x), g(x) ∈ F[x], e p(x)|f (x)g(x), p(x) - f (x), K gcd(p(x), g(x)) =
.
6. {ξ1 , ξ2 , ξ3 }, {η1 , η2 } ©O´ V Ú U ˜|Ä, A ´ V U ‚5N , ÷v A (ξ1 ) = η1 +2η2 , A (ξ2 ) =

η2 , A (ξ3 ) = η1 + 2η2 , K dim ker A = , ker A = .
7. A ń ¢é¡Ý , K3Eê•þ A † −A (ÀW“7” ½“™7”)ÜÓ, 3¢ê•þ A †

−A (ÀW“7” ½“™7”)ÜÓ.
8. 2 ¢é¡ NU ƒq©a, Œ©¤ a, za ƒqIO.´ .
!)‰K
1. ( 12 ©) ®• 3 š"Ý B z‡ •þÑ´àg‚5•§|

 x + 2x2 − 2x3 = 0;
 1


2x1 − x2 + λx3 = 0;



3x + x − x = 0.
1 2 3
)•þ.
(1) ¦ λ Š;
(2) ¦1 ª det B.
2. ( 15 ©)
26
 
1 0 0
 
A=
 0 −2 ,
0 
1 0 1
A∗ BA = 2BA − 8E, OŽ B.
3. ( 15 ©) f (x), g(x) ∈ F[x] ´š"õ‘ª. y²: (f (x), g(x)) = 1 ¿‡^‡´é ∀h(x) ∈ F[x], Ñk
(h(x)f (x), g(x)) = (h(x), g(x)).
4. ( 15 ©) A ń ½Ý , α ´ n ‘š"¢•þ, - B = Aαα0 , ¦ B ¤kA ŠÚƒA A f˜

m, ¿‰ÑAA f˜m ˜|ÄÚ‘ê.
5. ( 15 ©) V1 Ú V2 ´ n ‘‚5˜m V ýf˜m. y²: V = V1 ⊕ V2 ¿‡^‡´•3 V þ ˜ C†

A, ¦ ImA = V1 , ker A = V2 .
6. ( 15 ©) W ´ Fn×n ¥/X AB − BA Ý )¤ f˜m, ¦ dim W ¿y².
7. ( 15 ©) ¦y: C þü‡ n • A, B ƒq ¿‡^‡´ ∀a ∈ C, ∀k ∈ N+ , Ñk
r(aE − A)k = r(aE − B)k .
27

扬哥厦门大学2009 2017真题汇总

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扬哥厦门大学2009 2017真题汇总

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1. {an } •üNê , e•3˜Âñf {anj }, ùžk ( ).

3. f (x) 3, % • U ◦ (x0 ) SŒ , ùžk ( ).

4. f (x) 3 [a, b] þ Riemann ŒÈ, Kk ( ).

y² f (x) 3«m [a, +∞) þ˜—ëY.

3. ( 20 ©) f (x) 3 (−∞, +∞) þkëY ê, … f (0) = f 0 (0) = 0, ½Â

y² g(x) 3 (−∞, +∞) þkëY ê.

3 (−∞, +∞) ˜—Âñ;

1. ¼ê f (x) Œ , ¿…÷v•§ f 00 (x) + 3[f 0 (x)]2 + 2ex f (x) = 0, x0 • f (x) ˜‡7:¿…÷v

1. ( 10 ©) f (x) = a1 sin(x) + a2 sin(2x) + · · · + an sin(nx), … |f (x)| ≤ | sin x|, ai (i = 1, 2, · · · , n) •¢~ê,

2. ( 15 ©) ¼ê f (x) 3«m (−∞, +∞) þ˜—ëY, η > 0. 3 (−∞, +∞) þÏLeª½Â¼ê

g(x) = sup {|f (y) − f (z)| y, z ∈ (x − η, x + η)} .

y² g 3«m (−∞, +∞) þ˜—ëY.

3. ( 15 ©) ¼ê ϕ 3«m [0, a] þëY, ¼ê f 3 (−∞, +∞) þ Œ , … f 00 (x) ≥ 0, ∀x ∈ (−∞, +∞).

4. ( 10 ©) f0 (x) 3«m [0, a] þëY, -

y² {fn (x)} 3«m [0, a] þ˜—Âñu 0.

1. ¼ê y = f (x) 3: x0 ,‡ •SäkëY ê, ÷v f 0 (x0 ) = 0, ¿… f 00 (x0 ) < 0, K ( ).

2. ¼ê f (x) = ln x − x 3«m (0, +∞) S": ‡ê• ( ).

f (0) = f (1) = 0, min f (x) = −1.

¦y: •3 ξ ∈ (0, 1), ¦ f 00 (ξ) ≥ 8.

7. ( 15 ©) f (x) 3 a :Œ‡, … f (a) 6= 0, ¦4•

2. ( 20 ©) g(x) ÷v lim g(x) = u0 , f (u) 3 u = u0 ?ëY. y²: lim f (g(x)) = f (u0 ).

3. ( 15 ©) ¼ ê f (x) 3 (−∞, +∞) þ š ð • ", • 3 ? ¿ ê, ¿ … é ? Û x ∈ (−∞, +∞) Ñ k

7. ( 15 ©) D ´ R2 ¥ 4 , f ´½Â3 D þ ¢¼ê, y²e

¦y•3 x0 ∈ [0, 1], ÷v |f (x0 )| ≥ 12.

6. ( 20 ©) {fn } •4«m [a, b] þ ˜‡¼ê , ¿…÷v

7. ( 20 ©) f 3«m [a, b] þšK, ëY… lim f (x) = 0.

8. ( 20 ©) f 3 [0, +∞) Œ‡…k., y²•3 {xn }∞ ⊂ [0, +∞), ¦ xn → ∞, ¿… f 0 (xn ) → 0.

lim xn = +∞, lim (f (xn + T ) − f (xn )) = 0.

5. ( 20 ©) ¼ê f 3«m [a, b] þ Œ , … ∀x ∈ (a, b) k f 00 (x) > 0. y²: ∀x1 , x2 ∈ (a, b) k

7. ( 20 ©) B •ü ¥ x2 + y 2 + z 2 ≤ 1 «•, ∂B •Ù¥¡. ®• f • k gàg¼ê. = f (ax, ay, az) =

8. ( 20 ©) k˜Ü••/’¡, ‡3þ¡æôÚ, ••/’¡SÜæôÚ ¡È• A cm2 , > k˜Y, þe

1. A •n Œ_• , K (A∗ )∗ = , ùp A∗ ´ A Š‘Ý .

3. f (x), g(x) ´knXêõ‘ª, e f (x), g(x) 3knê•þpƒ, K3Eê•þ f (x), g(x) (À

5. X ´n • A áuA Š λ A •þ, P ´ n Œ_Ý , K ´ P −1 AP áuA

1. ( 20 ©) n ‘‚5˜mþ‚5C† A k n + 1 ‡A •þ, …Ù¥ ?¿ n ‡•þÑ´‚5Ã' . ¦y:

Ù¥ trB = 0, C ´êþÝ λI, ùp I ´ n ü Ý , λ ´˜‡ê;

¯Ÿo^‡e, (1) ¥ C Œ± ¤Ó N ? ¿‰Ñy².