Design of Fluid Thermal Systems SI Edition 4th Edition Janna Solutions Manual Download

Design of Fluid Thermal Systems SI Edition 4th Edition Janna
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Chapter 5
Pipe Networks
1. For the piping system shown in Figure P5.1, determine the flow rate in each line. Water is the fluid
moving through the system, and the pipe is made of commercial steel, all schedule 40. Neglect minor
losses. Data are as follows:
nominal
pipe # diameter L in m flow rates m3 /s
1 3 15 Q in1 = 3.300
2 2 12 Q in2 = 3.300
3 2 15 Q out2 = 0.891
4 3 12 Q out2 = 5.100
5 2 15 Q out3 = 0.669
6 2 12
7 1 15
Qin1 1 5 Qin2
4 2 6
3 7
Qout1
Qout3 Qout2 FIGURE P5.1.
Fluid Properties rho = 1000 kg/m∧ 3 Water

μ= 8.90E-04 N·s/m∧ 2
Pipe material e= 0.000046 m
Data C
Pipe D,m L,m F·T∧ 2/L∧ 8 e/D
1 0.07792 15 4.23E+09 0.000 590
2 0.05252 12 2.43E+10 0.000 876
3 0.05252 15 3.04E+10 0.000 876
4 0.07792 12 3.39E+09 0.000 590
5 0.05252 15 3.04E+10 0.000 876
6 0.05252 12 2.43E+10 0.000 876
7 0.02664 15 9.06E+11 0.001 727
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5-1 5-1
=
Loop Pipe Qm∧ 3/s Re f p N/m∧ 2 p/Q Qm∧ 3/s

I 1 0.533 9.79E+06 0.017 2.09E+07 3.92E+07 0.533
2 2.536 6.91E+07 0.019 2.98E+09 1.17E+09 2.535
3 -2.098 5.71E+07 0.019 -2.55E+09 1.21E+09 -2.098
4 -2.767 5.08E+07 0.017 -4.50E+08 1.62E+08 -2.767
1.23E+06 2.59E+09
Q= -0.0002
II 5 -2.003 5.46E+07 0.019 -2.32E+09 1.16E+09 -2.003

6 1.357 3.70E+07 0.019 8.53E+08 6.28E+08 1.357
7 0.466 2.50E+07 0.023 4.43E+09 9.51E+09 0.466
2 -2.536 6.91E+07 0.019 -2.98E+09 1.17E+09 -2.535
-1.19E+07 1.25E+10
Q= 0.0005
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5-2 5-2
2. For the piping system shown in Figure P5.2, determine the flow rate in each line. Kerosene is the fluid
nominal
1 4 30 Q in1 = 0.2
2 2 160 Q in2 = 0.15
3 3 100 Q out1 = 0.15
4 4 110 Q out2 = 0.1
5 4 100 Q out3 = 0.1
6 4 110
7 3 30
Qin1 1 5 Qout1
4 6
2
Qin2 3 7
Qout2
Qout3
FIGURE P5.2.
Fluid Properties rho = 823 kg/m∧ 3 kerosene

μ= 1.64E-03 N·s/m∧ 2
Data C
1 0.10230 30 1.79E+09 0.000 450
2 0.05252 160 2.67E+11 0.000 876
3 0.07792 100 2.32E+10 0.000 590
4 0.10230 110 6.55E+09 0.000 450
5 0.10230 100 5.95E+09 0.000 450
6 0.10230 110 6.55E+09 0.000 450
7 0.07792 30 6.97E+09 0.000 590
I 1 0.232 1.45E+06 0.017 1.61E+06 6.92E+06 0.232
2 0.028 3.41E+05 0.020 4.19E+06 1.50E+08 0.028
3 -0.118 9.68E+05 0.018 -5.76E+06 4.88E+07 -0.118
4 -0.032 2.00E+05 0.019 -1.25E+05 3.90E+06 -0.032
-9.54E+04 2.09E+08
=
Q= 0.0002
II 5 0.204 1.27E+06 0.017 4.15E+06 2.04E+07 0.204

6 0.054 3.37E+05 0.018 3.40E+05 6.30E+06 0.054
7 -0.046 3.77E+05 0.018 -2.73E+05 5.93E+06 -0.046
2 -0.028 3.41E+05 0.020 -4.19E+06 1.50E+08 -0.028
3.42E+04 1.82E+08
=
Q= -0.0001
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5-3 5-3
3. For the piping system shown in Figure P5.3, determine the flow rate in each line. Carbon tetrachloride
is the fluid moving through the system, and the pipe is made of commercial steel, all schedule 40.
Neglect minor losses. Data are as follows:
nominal flow rates
pipe # diameter L in m m3 /s
1 1 10 Q in1 = 0.4
2 1/2 20 Q out1 = 0.1
3 1 10 Q out2 = 0.1
4 1 20 Q out3 = 0.1
5 3/4 30 Q out4 = 0.1
6 3/4 15
7 3/4 15
Qin1 1 5 Qout1
6
4 2
7
3 Qout2
Qout4
Qout3
FIGURE P5.3.
Fluid Properties rho = 1590 kg/m∧ 3 CC14

μ= 9.10E-04 N·s/m∧ 2
Data C
1 0.02664 10 9.61E+11 0.001 727
2 0.01580 20 2.62E+13 0.002 911
3 0.02664 10 9.61E+11 0.001 727
4 0.02664 20 1.92E+12 0.001 727
5 0.02093 30 9.63E+12 0.002 198
6 0.02093 15 4.81E+12 0.002 198
7 0.02093 15 4.81E+12 0.002 198
Loop Pipe Qm∧ 3/s Re f p N/m∧ 2 p/Q

I 1 0.003 2.51E+05 0.023 2.02E+05 6.73E+07
2 0.104 1.46E+07 0.026 7.35E+09 7.06E+10
3 0.397 3.32E+07 0.023 3.41E+09 8.59E+09
4 -0.497 4.15E+07 0.023 -1.07E+10 2.15E+10
= 6.68E+07 1.01E+11
Q= -0.0003
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5-4 5-4
=
II 5 -0.101 1.07E+07 0.024 -2.36E+09 2.34E+10

6 -0.276 2.93E+07 0.024 -8.80E+09 3.19E+10
7 0.401 4.26E+07 0.024 1.86E+10 4.63E+10
2 -0.104 1.46E+07 0.026 -7.35E+09 7.06E+10
-7.49E+07 1.72E+11
Q= -0.0002
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5-5 5-5
4. For the piping system shown in Figure P5.3, determine the flow rate in each line. Castor oil is the
fluid moving through the system, and the pipe is made of commercial steel, all schedule 40. Neglect
minor losses. Data are as follows:
nominal
1 4 10 Q in1 = 0.004
2 4 20 Q out1 = 0.001
3 4 10 Q out2 = 0.001
4 4 20 Q out3 = 0.001
5 4 30 Q out4 = 0.001
6 4 15
7 4 15
Fluid Properties rho = 960 kg/m∧ 3 castor oil

μ= 6.50E-01 N·s/m∧ 2
Data C
1 0.10230 10 6.95E+08 0.000 450
2 0.10230 20 1.39E+09 0.000 450
3 0.10230 10 6.95E+08 0.000 450
4 0.10230 20 1.39E+09 0.000 450
5 0.10230 30 2.08E+09 0.000 450
6 0.10230 15 1.04E+09 0.000 450
7 0.10230 15 1.04E+09 0.000 450

I 1 0.0015 2.76E+01 2.321 3.63E+03 2.42E+06 0.001
2 0.0012 2.21E+01 2.901 5.80E+03 4.84E+06 0.001
3 0.0015 2.76E+01 2.321 3.63E+03 2.42E+06 0.001
4 -0.0025 4.60E+01 1.393 -1.21E+04 4.84E+06 -0.003
= 9.67E+02 1.45E+07
Q= 0.0000
II 5 0.0003 5.51E+00 11.606 2.18E+03 7.25E+06 0.000

6 -0.0007 1.29E+01 4.974 -2.54E+03 3.63E+06 -0.001
7 0.0017 3.12E+01 2.048 6.17E+03 3.63E+06 0.002
2 0.0012 2.21E+01 2.901 -5.80E+03 4.84E+06 -0.001
= 0.00E+00 1.93E+07
Q= 0.0000
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5-6 5-6
5. For the piping system shown in Figure P5.5, determine the flow rate in each line. Ethylene glycol is
the fluid moving through the system, and the pipe is made of commercial steel. Neglect minor losses.
Data are as follows:
1 0.02664 30 Q in1 = 0.050
2 0.02093 30 Q out1 = 0.010
3 0.02664 30 Q out2 = 0.020
4 0.02664 30 Q out3 = 0.020
5 0.02093 20
6 0.02093 30
7 0.02093 20
Qin1 1 5 Qout1
4 2 6
3 7
Qout2
Qout3
FIGURE P5.5.
Fluid Properties rho = 1100 kg/m∧ 3 E.G.
μ= 1.62E-02 N·s/m∧ 2
Data C
1 0.02664 30 1.99E+12 0.001 727
2 0.02093 30 6.66E+12 0.002 198
3 0.02664 30 1.99E+12 0.001 727
4 0.02664 30 1.99E+12 0.001 727
5 0.02093 20 4.44E+12 0.002 198
6 0.02093 30 6.66E+12 0.002 198
7 0.02093 20 4.44E+11 0.002 198

I 1 0.0228 7.40E+04 0.025 2.59E+07 1.14E+09
2 0.0073 3.02E+04 0.029 1.01E+07 1.39E+09
3 0.0018 5.84E+03 0.038 2.44E+05 1.36E+08
4 -0.0272 8.83E+07 0.025 -3.64E+07 1.34E+09
= -7.61E+04 4.00E+09
Q= 0.0000
II 5 0.0155 6.40E+04 0.026 2.82E+07 1.82E+09

6 0.0055 2.27E+04 0.030 5.97E+06 1.09E+09
7 -0.0145 5.99E+04 0.027 -2.48E+07 1.71E+09
2 -0.0073 3.02E+04 0.029 -1.01E+07 1.39E+09
= -7.69E+07 6.01E+09
Q= 0.0001
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5-7 5-7
6. For the piping system shown in Figure P5.7, determine the flow rate in each line. Acetone is the fluid
moving through the system, and the pipe is made of commercial steel. Neglect minor losses. Data are
as follows:
1 0.05252 50 Q in1 = 0.100
2 0.04090 30 Q out1 = 0.040
3 0.05252 50 Q out2 = 0.010
4 0.04090 30 Q out3 = 0.010
5 0.02093 42 Q out4 = 0.040
6 0.05252 30
Qout3
Qout4 E 3 D
5
2
4
A
1 B 6 C Qout2
Qin1 Qout1
FIGURE P5.6.
Fluid Properties rho = 787 kg/m∧ 3 acetone

μ= 3.16E-04 N·s/m∧ 2
Data C
1 0.05252 50 7.98E+10 0.000 876
2 0.04090 30 1.67E+11 0.001 125
3 0.05252 50 7.98E+10 0.000 876
4 0.04090 30 1.67E+11 0.001 125
5 0.02093 42 6.67E+12 0.002 198
6 0.05252 30 4.79E+10 0.000 876

I 1 0.533 3.58E+06 0.019 5.36E+06 9.05E+07
2 0.0084 6.91E+05 0.021 2.44E+05 2.90E+07
3 -0.0025 1.51E+05 0.021 -1.05E+04 4.19E+06
4 -0.0407 3.16E+06 0.020 -5.62E+06 1.38E+08
= -2.45E+04 2.62E+08
Q= -0.0000
II 5 0.0009 1.36E+05 0.025 1.36E+05 1.52E+08
6 0.0109 6.58E+05 0.020 1.11E+05 1.02E+07
2 -0.0084 6.51E+05 0.021 -2.44E+05 2.90E+07
3.98E+03 1.91E+08
= Q= 0.0000
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5-8 5-8
5.7 For the piping system shown in Figure P5.6, determine the flow rate in each line. Benzene is the fluid
moving through the system, and the pipe is made of commercial steel. Neglect minor losses. Data are
as follows:
1 0.02664 10 Q in1 = 0.100
2 0.02093 30 Q out1 = 0.040
3 0.02664 10 Q out2 = 0.025
4 0.02664 30 Q out3 = 0.020
5 0.02093 40 Q out4 = 0.015
6 0.02093 30
7 0.02093 40
Fluid Properties rho = 876 kg/m∧ 3 benzene

μ= 6.01E-04 N·s/m∧ 2
Qout1 Pipe material e= 0.000046 m
Data C
Qin1 4 Pipe D,m L,m F·T∧ 2/L∧ 8 e/D
1 0.02664 10 5.29E+11 0.001 727
2 0.02093 30 5.30E+12 0.002 198
3 0.02664 10 5.29E+11 0.001 727
4 0.02664 30 1.59E+12 0.001 727
5 0.02093 40 7.07E+12 0.002 198
1 3 6 0.02093 30 5.30E+12 0.002 198
7 0.02093 40 7.07E+12 0.002 198
2 Loop Pipe Qm∧ 3/s Re f p N/m∧ 2 p/Q

Qout3 I 1 0.0438 3.05E+06 0.023 2.29E+07 5.24E+08
2 -0.0126 1.12E+06 0.024 -2.04E+07 1.62E+09
3 0.0962 6.70E+06 0.023 1.10E+08 1.15E+09
5 4 -0.0562 3.92E+05 0.023 -1.13E+08 2.01E+09
7
= -1.69E+05 5.30E+09
Q= 0.0000
II 5 0.0564 5.00E+06 0.024 5.41E+08 9.59E+09
6 6 0.0314 2.78E+06 0.024 1.26E+08 4.01E+09
Qout4 7 -0.0636 5.64E+06 0.024 -6.88E+08 1.08E+10
Qout2
2 0.0126 1.12E+06 0.024 2.04E+07 1.62E+09
= -5.46E+05 2.60E+10
Q= 0.0000
5.8 For the piping system shown in Figure P5.5, determine the flow rate in each line. Octane is the fluid
nominal flow rates
pipe # diameter L in m m3 /s
1 6 100 Q in1 = 0.5
2 4 80 Q out1 = 0.2
3 6 100 Q out2 = 0.1
4 6 80 Q out3 = 0.1
5 6 30 Q out4 = 0.05
6 2 80 Q out5 = 0.05
7 4 30
8 4 70
9 4 80
10 4 70
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5-9 5-9
Qout3
Qout5
Qin1 1 5 8
4 2 6 9
3 7 10
Qout1 Qout4
Qout2
FIGURE P5.8.
Parallel Pipes
9. Figure P5.9 shows a parallel piping system that delivers turpentine to a mixing tank, where it will be
used to prepare paint thinner. The turpentine must be supplied at a rate of 6.31×10−3 m3/s (= Q out ).
Line 1 is made of 2 nominal pipe that is 45.7 m long from A to B. Line 2 is 11 /2 nominal pipe that is
38.1 m long. Both pipes are schedule 40 stainless steel. The valve in line 1 is a fully open globe valve,
and all fittings are threaded. The pressure at B must be 69 kPa(g) as required by the mixing process.
Determine the flow rate in each line, and the pressure at A.
Q1
Qin Qout
A B
Q2
FIGURE P5.9.
Solution:
Turpentine ρ = 871 kg/m3 μ = 1.37 × 10−3 Pa·s

2 nom 40 D1 = 52.52 mm A1 = 0.00217 m2 ΣK = 1.4 + 10 + 2(0.35) = 12.1
11/2 nom 40 D2 = 40.90 mm A2 = 0.001314 m2 ΣK = 2(1.4) = 2.8 (No T-joint losses)
pB = 69 kPa(g)
We apply the modified Bernoulli Equation from point A to point B along line 1:
pA VA 2 pB VB2 f1 L 1 V1 2
V1 2
+ + zA = + + zB + + ΣK
ρg 2g ρg 2g D1 2g 2g
Assuming no changes in potential energy, and that the velocities at A and B are equal, the equation
becomes
pA pA f1 L 1 V1 2
ΣK
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5-10 5-10
− = +
ρg ρg D1 2g
f1 L 1 ρV1 2
or pA − pB = + ΣK = P1 (i)
D1 2
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5-11 5-11
where P1 is the loss due to friction. To start the iterative process, we must assume a value for the
flow rate in line #1. It is reasonable to begin with a flow rate that divides the input flow (given as
6.31 × 10−3 m3/s) into two flows according to the ratio of areas. The total flow are is A1 + A2 =
0.00217 + 0.001314 = 0.003484 m2 . The area of the 2 nominal pipe is 0.00217/0.003484 = 0.623 of
the total. So for our first iteration, we start by assuming
Q 1 = 0.623(6.31 × 10−3 ) = 3.93 × 10−3 m3/s

so that Q 2 = 6.31 × 10−3 − 3.93 × 10−3 = 2.38 × 10−3 m3/s
The velocities then are equal, which is a consequence of the area percentage method. So as a starting
point for the iteration process, we write
Q 1 3.93 × 10−3
V1 = = = 1.81 m/s V2 = 1.81 m/s
A1 0.00217
The Reynolds numbers are calculated as

ρ V1 D1 871(1.81)(0.05252) 4
Re1 = = = 6.03 × 10
μ 1.37 × 10−3
ρ V2 D2 871(1.81)(0.0409) 4
Re2 = = = 4.69 × 10
μ 1.37 × 10−3
and with ε1 /D1 = 0.0457/52.52 = 0.0009, the friction factor is f1 = 0.023. Also,
ε2 /D2 = 0.0011, f 2 = 0.025. The energy loss in line #1 due to friction is calculated with
Equation i as
f1 L 1 ρV1 2 0.023(45.7) 871(1.81)2

P1 = + ΣK = + 12.1 = 6633 kPa
D1 2 0.05252 2
The pressure drop along line 2 is the same as that along line 1:
f2 L 2 ρV2 2 f (38.1) 871V2 2
P1 = P2 = 6633 × 103 = + ΣK = + 2.8
D2 2 0.0409 2
or
1/2
16.35
V2 =
f + 0.00301
Using the already determined f 2 = 0.025, the velocity in line #2 is
1st trial: V2 = 2.015 m/s; then Re = 5.22 × 104 ; and f 2 = 0.024

2nd trial: V2 = 2.04 m/s; (close enough)
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5-12 5-12
The flow rate in line #2 is calculated as
Q 2 = A2 V2 = 0.001314(2.04) = 0.00268 m3/s
We now add Q 1 and Q 2 to obtain:
Q = 3.93 × 10−3 + 2.68 × 10−3 = 6.61 × 10−3 m3/s
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5-13 5-13
However, the problem statement says that the total flow rate is 6.31 × 10−3 m3/s. We use these flow
rates to obtain new estimates. For line 1, we write
Q 1 3.93 × 10−3 −3 −3 3
×
Q1 = Q given total = (6.31 × 10 ) = 3.75 × 10 m /s
Q new total 6.61 10−3
Repeating the calculations, we find

Q1
Q 1 = 3.75 × 10−3 m3/s; V1 = = 1.73 m/s; Re1 = 5.75 × 10 4 f 1 = 0.023
A1
Q 2 = 6.31 × 10−3 − 3.75 × 10−3 = 2.56 × 10−3 m3/s V2 = 1.95 m/s Re2 = 5.05 × 104 f 2 = 0.024
The loss due to friction in line #1 then is

f1 L 1 ρV1 2 0.023(45.7) 871(1.73)2
P1 = + ΣK = + 12.1 = 5516 kPa
D1 2 0.05252 2
Continuing as before,
f2 L 2 ρV2 2 f (38.1) 871V2 2

P1 = P2 = 5516 × 103 = + ΣK = + 2.8
D2 2 0.0409 2
or
1/2
13.6
V2 =
f + 0.00301
1st trial: V2 = 1.95 m/s; then Re = 5.05 × 104 ; and f 2 = 0.024 close enough
Q 2 = A2 V2 = 0.001314(1.95) = 0.00256 m3/s
Q = 0.00375 + 0.00256 = 0.00631 m3/s
which is the given total flow rate. Therefore, the flow rates are:
Q 1 = 0.00375 m3/s and Q 2 = 0.00256 m3/s
The pressure at A is pA = pB + P = 69 + 5516
pA = 5585 kPa
If the minor losses are neglected, the solution is
Q 1 = 0.00403 m3/s and Q 2 = 0.002294 m3/s
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5-14 5-14
P = 4344 kPa, and the pressure at A is pA = pB + P = 69 + 4344
pA = 4413 kPa
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5-15 5-15
10. Figure P5.10 shows a parallel piping system that delivers oil which is used for cooling in a machining
operation. The oil (same properties as kerosene) must be supplied at a rate of 0.002 m3/s(= Q out ).
Line 1 is made of 1 standard copper tubing, and line 2 is 3/4 standard copper tubing, both type L.
Line 1 is 50 m long and line 2 is 30 m. The valve in line 1 is a fully open globe valve, and the valve
in line 2 is a ball check valve. All fittings are soldered. If the pressure at B is 200 kPa, determine the
flow rate in each line, and the pressure at A.
Q1
Qin Qout
A B
Q2
FIGURE P5.10.
Solution
Kerosene ρ = 823 kg/m3 μ = 1.64 × 10−3 N·s/m2

1 std L D1 = 0.025 3 m A1 = 5.03 × 10−4 m2 ΣK = 6(0.31) + 10 = 11.86
3/4 std L D2 = 0.018 9 m A2 = 0.000 281 m2 ΣK = 2(0.31) + 70 = 70.62
(No T-joint losses) pB = 200 kPa
We apply the modified Bernoulli Equation from point A to point B along line 1:
pA VA 2 pB VB 2 f 1 L 1 V1 2 V1 2
+ + zA = + + zB + + ΣK
ρg 2g ρg 2g D 2g 2g
1
Assuming no changes in potential energy, and that the velocities at A and B are equal, the equation
becomes
pA pA f1 L 1 V1 2
ΣK
− = +
ρg ρg D1 2g
f1 L 1 ρV1 2
or pA − pB = + ΣK = P1 (i)
D1 2
where P1 is the loss due to friction. To start the iterative process, we must assume a value for the
flow rate in line #1. It is reasonable to begin with a flow rate that divides the input flow (given
as 0.002 m3 /s) into two flows according to the ratio of areas. The total flow area is A1 + A2 =
0.0.000 502 + 0.000 281 ≈ 0.000 8 m2 . The area of the 1 std L tube is 0.000 502/0.000 8 = 0.001 3
of the total. So for our first iteration, we start by assuming
Q 1 = 0.0013 m3/s so that Q 2 = 0.002 − 0.001 3 = 0.000 7 m3/s
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5-16 5-16
Note that roundoff error could be significant in this problem. The velocities then are equal, which is a
consequence of the area percentage method. So as a starting point for the iteration process, we write
Q1
V1 = = 2.55 m/s V2 = 2.55 m/s
A1
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5-17 5-17
The Reynolds numbers are calculated as
ρ V1 D1 823(2.55)(0.025 3) 4
Re1 = = = 3.24 × 10
μ 1.64 × 10−3
ρ V2 D2 823(2.55)(0.018 9) 4
Re2 = = = 2.42 × 10
μ 1.64 × 10−3
and with ε1 /D1 = 0.000 06, the friction factor is f 1 = 0.023. Also, ε2 /D2 = 0.000 08, f 2 = 0.025.
The energy loss in line #1 due to friction is calculated with Equation i as
f1 L 1 ρ V1 2 0.023(50) 823(2.55)2
P1 = + ΣK = + 11.86 = 1.55 × 105 Pa
D1 2 0.025 3 2
The pressure drop along line 2 is the same as that along line 1:
f2 L 2 ρV2 2 f (30) 823V2 2
P1 = P2 = 1.55 × 105 Pa = + ΣK = + 70.62
D2 2 0.018 9 2
or
1/2
0.238
V2 =
f + 0.0044 54
Using the already determined f 2 = 0.025, the velocity in line #2 is
1st trial: V2 = 1.85 m/s; then Re = 1.76 × 104 ; and f 2 = 0.027

2nd trial: V2 = 1.83 m/s; (close enough)
Q 2 = A2 V2 = 0.000 281(1.83) = 0.000 57 m3/s; Q 1 = 0.002 − 0.000 57 = 0.001 43 m3/s
Q = 0.001 43 + 0.000 57 = 0.001 8 m3/s
However, the problem statement says that the total flow rate is 0.002 m3 /s. We use these flow rates to
obtain new estimates. For line 1, we write
Q 1 0.0.001 43 3
Q1 = Q given total = (0.002) = 0.001 43 m /s
Q new total 0.001 8
which is unchanged with only 5 decimal places. However, using a spreadsheet, the calculations can
be repeated to obtain the following:
Q 1 = 0.001 43 m3 /s; V1 =
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5-18 5-18
= 2.85 m/s; Re1 = 3.61 × 104 f 1 = 0.023
Q A11
Q 2 = 0.000 57 m3 /s V2 = 6.39 m/s Re2 = 5.05 × 104 f 2 = 0.024
The loss due to friction in line #1 then is

f1 L 1 ρ V1 2 5
P1 = + ΣK = 1.89 × 10
D1 2
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5-19 5-19
Continuing as before,
f2 L 2 ρV2 2
P1 = P2 = 1.89 × 105 = + ΣK which becomes:
D2 2
0.289 8
1/2
V2 =
f + 0.044 54
1st trial: V2 = 2.02 ft/s; then Re = 1.92 × 104 ; and f 2 = 0.026 close enough
Q 2 = A2 V2 = 0.001 43 m3/s; Q 1 = 0.000 57 m3/s

Q = 0.002 m3/s
which is the given total flow rate. Therefore, the flow rates are:
Q 1 = 0.001 43 m3/s and Q 2 = 0.000 57 m3/s
The pressure at A is pA = pB + P = 200 000 + 1.89 × 105
pA = 389.1 kPa
If the minor losses are neglected, the solution is
Q 1 = 0.001 24 m3/s and Q 2 = 0.0.000 76 m3/s
P = 1.16 × 105 , and the pressure at A is pA = pB + P = 10 + 630
pA = 316.8 kPa
11. An elevated tank containing oil (sp. gr. = 0.888, v = 9 × 10−4 m2 /s) drains through a flow line that
splits into two other lines. (See Figure P5.11.) Each line provides oil to bearings of a rotating shaft
within a machine; the bearings must be lubricated continuously. Downstream of the bearings, the flow
lines join together and lead to a second tank, The flow lines are made of 1/2 standard type M drawn
copper tubing, with regular fittings, all soldered together. Both bearings have a loss coefficient of 10.
The flow line on the left (from A to B) is 9.14 m long and, due to the presence of various machine
components, takes the path shown. The line on the right (A to B) is only 4.57 m long, and the distance
z is 3.66 m. The valves are both ball valves. Determine the flow rate of oil delivered to each bearing.
Also, redraw the piping system showing soldered fittings. Take the distance from the upper tank to A
to be 305 mm, and from B to the lower tank to be 254 mm.
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5-20 5-20
Solution:
Oil ρ = 888 kg/m3 v = 9 × 10−4 m2 /s
1/2 std M D = 1.446 cm A = 1.642 × 10−4 m2
Tank to A, L = 0.305 m
p1 = p2 = pat m V1 = V2 = 0
z 1 = 12 ft = 3.66 m z2 = 0
B to Tank, L = 0.254 m
Line I is the line on the left;
Line II is the line on the right.
Neglect T-joint losses.
For I:
L = 9.144 m; soldered fittings
ΣK = ball valve + 4−90◦ elbows + bearing + 2 K R B
ΣK = 0.05 + 4(0.31) + 10 + 2(0.3) = 11.89
VD 0.014 46V
Re = = = 16.07V
v 9 10−4
×
64 64 3.98
Try laminar first f I = = =
Re 16.07V VI
For Line II: L = 4.572 m; ΣK = ball valve + 2−90◦
FIGURE P5.11. elbows + bearing = 0.05 + 2(0.31) + 10
ΣK = 10.67. Re = 16.07VII and f II = 3.98/ VII (same equations, but different velocities). We apply
the modified Bernoulli Equation from the free surface in the upper tank to the first T-joint at A, then
along either line to the second T-joint at B, and then to the surface of the liquid in the lower tank.
p1 V1 2 p2 V2 2
+ + z1 = + + z2 +
ρg 2g ρg 2g
fA L A VA2 f I VI 2 fB L VB2
+ ΣK + ΣK + ΣK
DA 2g L I 2g B 2g
+ +
DI DB
where the “1” subscript refers to the upper tank liquid surface; the “2” subscript refers to the lower
tank liquid surface. The “I” subscript refers to the line on the left. Note that the diameters from upper
tank to A and from B to the lower tank are the same. We can combine the 1st and 3rd friction terms.
Substituting for pressures and kinetic energy terms gives:
f AB L AB VAB 2 fI LI VI 2
z1 = + ΣK + + ΣK
DAB 2g DI 2g
The tube diameters for DAB and DI are the same. However, the velocities are not the same. We can
substitute into the preceding equation and solve for velocity in the line from and to the tanks, if we
know the velocity in each of the parallel lines. As a starting point for the iterative process, assume
V AB
that half the flow leaving the upper tank goes to each of the parallel lines. That is, VI = . The
2
Reynolds number in the lines before and after the parallel lines is
VD 0.014 46V 3.98
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5-21 5-21
Re = = = 16.07VAB ; and f AB =
v 9 × 10−4 VAB
The minor losses in those lines include an inlet, an elbow, and an exit; ΣK = 0.5 + 0.31 + 1 = 1.81
Substituting into the Bernoulli equation gives
3.98(0.304 8 + VAB 2 3.98(30) (VAB /2)2
0.254)
(i) 3.66 = + 1.81 + + 11.89
0.014 46VAB 2(9.81) 0.014 46(VAB /2) 2(9.81)
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5-22 5-22
153.81 16 514.5
71.81 = + 1.81 VAB 2 + + 11.89 (VAB /2)2
VAB VAB
153.81 2 4 128.6 2
71.81 = + 1.81 VAB + + 2.97 VAB

VAB VAB
71.81 = 153.81VAB + 1.81VAB 2 + 4 128.6VAB + 2.97VAB 2
4.78VAB 2 + 4 282.4VAB = 71.81 or
VAB 2 + 895.9VAB = 15.02 complete the sq
VAB2 + 895.9VAB + (895.9/2)2 = 15.02 + (895.9/2)2 = 200 674
[VAB + (895.9/2)]2 = 200 674
Taking square root, VAB + 895.9/2 = ±448
Discarding the negative on the RHS, we get VAB = 0.016 5 m/s and
VI = 0.016 5/2 = 0.008 3 m/s
Then f I = 3.98/0.008 3 = 481.9. The pressure drop in the line on the left then is
fI L I VI 2 481.9(30) 0.008 32
+ ΣK = PI + 11.89 = 3.51Pa
DI 2g 0.014 46 2(9.81)
The pressure drop on the right should equal 3.51 Pa. We are seeking the velocity that will give
this value.
3.98 15 VII 2
(ii) + 10.67 = 3.51 4 131VII + 10.67VII 2 = 68.87
VII 0.014 46 2(9.81)
VII 2 + 387VII = 6.45 completing the square,
VII 2 + 387VII + (387/2)2 = 6.45 + (387/2)2 = 37 448.7
(VII + 387/2) = ±193.5 VII = 0.016 7 m/s
Same flow rate as that in the inlet to A.

This means that the velocity (and flow rate—same diameters) in line II is double that in line I.
Regardless of what velocity is assumed for line I, this is always the case (spreadsheet calculations
show this as well). So the continuity equation applied at A or at B is:
A AB VAB = A I VI + A I VII With areas equal, we have
VAB = VI + VII Furthermore, 2 AI VI = A II VII so that VII = 2VI
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5-23 5-23
Combining with the above equation, VAB = VI + 2VI = 3VI
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5-24 5-24
Now we go back to the equation above labeled (i), and repeat the calculations using
VAB
VI = 2nd try:
3
3.98(0.304 8 + V A B2 3.98(30) (VAB /3)2
0.254)
3.66 = + 1.81 + + 11.89
0.014 46VAB 2(9.81) 0.014 46(VAB /3) 2(9.81)
153.81 24 771
71.81 = + 1.81 VAB 2 + + 11.89 (VAB /3)2
VAB VAB
153.81 2
2 752 2
71.81 = + 1.81 VAB + + 1.32 VAB
VAB VAB
71.81 = 153.81VAB + 1.81VAB 2 + 2 752VAB + 1.32VAB 2
3.13VAB 2 + 2 905.8VAB = 71.81 or
VAB 2 + 929VAB = 22.94 complete the sq
VAB 2 + 929VAB + (929/2)2 = 22.94 + (929/2)2 = 215 783
VAB + (929/2) = ±464.5
VAB = 0.024 7 m/s and VI = 0.0247/3 = 0.008 3 m/s as before
Then f I = 3.98/0.008 3 = 481.9. The pressure drop in the line on the left then is
fI L I VI 2 481.9(30) 0.008 32
+ ΣK = PI + 11.89 = 3.351 Pa
DI 2g 0.014 46 2(9.81)
The pressure drop on the right should equal 3.51 Pa. We are seeking the velocity that will give
this value (same calculations as in line ii with the same result):
3.98 15 VII2
10.67 = 3.51 4 131 VII + 10.67VII 2 = 68.87
+
VII 0014 46 2(9.81)
VII 2 + 387VII = 6.45 completing the square,
VII 2 + 387VII + (387/2)2 = 6.45 + (387/2)2 = 37 448.7
(VII + 387/2) = ±193.5 VII = 0.016 7 m/s Thus continuity is satisfied, and the pressure
drop along line I and along line II are equal. The solution for velocity in each line is:
VAB = 0.024 7 m/s VI = 0.0247/3 = 0.008 3 m/s and VII = 0.016 7 m/s
The flow rates are AV , delivered to the bearings:
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5-25 5-25
Q AB = 4.08 × 10−6 m3/s Q I = 1.36 × 10−6 m3/s and Q II = 2.72 × 10−6 m3/s
The next problem shows another approach to this type of problem.
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5-26 5-26
12. Figure P5.12 shows a spraying system for rinsing portions of a car in a car wash. At section 1, the
pressure is measured by a gage to be 344.7 kPa (gage). The water is routed through a gate valve, then
through a meter (K = 6) that records total flow delivered. Downstream of the meter, the flow line
splits at section A. One line leads to a nozzle at B (K = 30), while the other line is routed up to the
ceiling and back down to a nozzle (K = 30) at C, which is at the same elevation as B. The nozzles
both expand the water to atmospheric pressure in the form of sprays. The flow line is 3 /4 standard
type M drawn copper tubing, with all fittings soldered. The tube lengths are: 1 to A, 2.5 m; A to B,
1 m; A to C; 7 m. Determine the flow rate of water delivered to each nozzle. Re-draw the system
showing soldered fittings.
1 meter
B C
from valve A
pump FIGURE P5.12.
Solution:
Water ρ = 1000 kg/m3 v = 9.1 × 10−4 Pa · s

3/4 std M D = 20.6 mm A = 3.33 × 10−4 m2 ε = 0.001524 mm drawn tubing
We apply the modified Bernoulli Equation from the “1” to the first T-joint at A, then along the
line to B:
p1 V1 2 p1 V2 2 f1 L 1
D V1 2 f AB L AB VAB 2
+ + z1 = + + z2 + + ΣK + + ΣK
ρg 2g ρg 2g 1 2g DAB 2g
Evaluating terms, p1 = 344.7 × 103 Pa; p2 = patm = 0; V1 = unknown; V2 = 0

z1 = zB = zC = z2 ; ΣK = gate + mater = 0.15 + 6 = 6.15
L 1−A = 2.5 m L A−B = 1 m ΣK AB = 30 (neglect T-joints);
substituting,
344.7 × 103 V1 2
+ + 0 = 0 + 0 + 0+
1000(9.81) 2(9.81)
f (2.5) V1 2 f (1) VAB 2
+ 6.15 + + 30
0.0206 2(9.81) 0.0206 2(9.81)
which becomes
689.4 = (121.3 f + 5.15)V1 2 + (48.54 f + 30)VAB 2

(i) Another equation can be obtained by writing the modified Bernoulli Equation from 1 to along
path
C; L AC = 7 m; Σ K = 3−90◦ elbows + nozzle = 3(0.31) + 30 = 30.93; substituting,
344.7 × 103 V2 2 f V1 2
(2.5)
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5-27 5-27
+ +0 =0+0+0+ + 6.15 +
1000(9.81) 2(9.81) 0.0206 2(9.81)
f (7) VAC 2
+ 30.93
0.0206 2(9.81)
689.4 = (121.3 f + 5.15)V1 2 + (340 f + 30.93)VA 2

(ii)
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5-28 5-28
ε 0.001524
= = 0.000074 for all tubes
D 1000
ρV D 20.6V (0.0206)
Re = = = 22637V for all
μ 9.1 × 10−4
Continuity equation applied at point A:

A1 V1 = AAB VAB + A AC VAC with all areas equal, we have
V1 = VAB + V AC (iii)
1st iteration: Assume V1 = 4.57 m/s; Re1 = 1.03 × 105 ; f = 0.018; equation (i) becomes
1/2
536.24
536.24 = (48.54 f + 30)VAB 2 or VAB = to be solved.
48.54 f + 30
f = 0.019; VAB = 4.16 m/s; Re = 9.4 × 104 ; f ≈ 0.018 close enough; so VAB = 4.16m/s
1/2
536.24
Equation (ii) becomes VAC = to be solved.
340 f + 30.93
f = 0.018; VAC = 3.82 m/s; Re = 8.6 × 104 ; f ≈ 0.019

f = 0.019; VAC = 3.79 m/s; Re = 8.57 × 104 ; f ≈ 0.019 close enough; so VAC = 3.79 m/s
From Equation (iii), V1 = 4.16 + 3.79 = 7.95 but instead of this value we use the average of
4.57 + 7.95
the assumed value 4.57 and the calculated 7.95. So V1 = = 6.26 m/s.
2
It should be noted that the ratio of the velocities in each line will remain constant; that is,
3.79
VAC = = 0.907, although we won’t use
V 4.16 m/s and V 3.79 m/s. The ratio is 4.16
AB = AC =
VAB
this fact in the next iteration. We will verify it, however.
2nd iteration: Assume V1 = 6.28 m/s; Re1 = 1.4 × 105 ; f = 0.018; equation (i) becomes
1/2
400.2
48.54 f + 30
f = 0.018; VAB = 3.63 m/s; Re = 8.2 × 104 ; f ≈ 0.019

f = 0.019; VAB = 3.62 m/s close enough; so VAB = 3.62 m/s
1/2
400.2
Equation (ii) becomes V AC = to be solved.
340 f + 30.93
f = 0.018; VAC = 3.29 m/s; Re = 7.5 × 104 ; f ≈ 0.02
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5-29 5-29
From Equation (iii), V1 = 3.62 + 3.27 = 6.89; but instead of this value we use the average of
6.28 + 6.89
the assumed value (6.28 m/s) and the calculated 6.89 m/s. So V1 = = 6.585 m/s.
2
(The ratio of 3.27/3.62 = 0.905.)
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5-30 5-30
3rd iteration: Assume V1 = 6.585 m/s; Re1 = 1.5 × 105 ; f = 0.018; equation (i) becomes
1/2
371.4
48.54 f + 30
f = 0.019; VAB = 3.47 m/s; Re = 7.8 × 104 ; f ≈ 0.019 close enough; so VAB = 3.47 m/s
1/2
371.4
Equation (ii) becomes VAC = to be solved.
340 f + 30.93
From Equation (iii), V1 = 3.47 + 3.14 = 6.61 close enough to the assumed value. (The ratio of
3.14/3.47 = 0.905.)
Q 1 = A1 V1 = 3.33 × 10−4 (6.61) Q 1 = 0.0022 m3/s
Q AB = 0.00117 m3/s and Q AC = 0.00103 m3/s
13. Figure P5.14 shows two views (a and b) of a pipeline connecting two tanks. The original configuration
is as shown in (a). It is desired to increase the flow rate from one tank to the other, and so it has been
proposed to add a loop as indicated in (b). The original line is 4-nominal schedule 40 commercial
steel. The loop is 3-nominal schedule 40 commercial steel. (a) Determine the flow rate from tank to
tank in the original system. (b) Determine the flow rate from tank to tank in the modified system. Has
adding a second line increased the flow rate? (c) The pipeline is drawn as if threaded fittings were
used. If so, it would have to be assembled with union fittings. (d) Where would they be placed? (e)
Redraw the systems showing welded fittings. Are union fittings required with welded fittings? Other
information: turpentine is the liquid; original line has a length of 250 m, a basket strainer, 2 elbows,
fully open gate valve. Loop: from T-joint to T-joint, the 4-nominal line is 150 m long; the 3-nominal
line is only 100 m long. Length from tank upstream to the first T-joint is 90 m. Loop line contains two
45◦ elbows, fully open gate valve, and one 90◦ elbow. The distance h is 1 m.
A
1m
3 nom
4 nom
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5-31 5-31
B FIGURE P5.13.
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5-32 5-32
Solution:
Turpentine ρ = 870 kg/m3 μ = 1.375 × 10−3 N·s/m2
4 nom 40 D = 102.3 mm A = 82.19 × 10−4 m2
3 nom 40 D = 77.92 mm A = 47.69 × 10−4 m2
ε = 0.046 mm Comm steel L = 250 m
For the original system; 1 = left tank liquid surface; 2 = right tank liquid surface
p1 V1 2 p2 V2 2 fL V2
+ + z1 = + + z2 + + ΣK
ρg 2g ρg 2g D 2g
p1 = p2 = patm V1 = V2 = 0 z2 = 0 z1 = 1 m
ΣK = basket + 2 90◦ elbows + gate valve + exit = 1.3 + 2(0.31) + 10 + 1 = 12.92
f (250) V 2 V2
Substituting, 1 = + 12.92
0.102 3 2(9.81) 2(9.81)
1/2
1
1 = V 2 (124.6 f + 0.659) or V =
124.6 f + 0.659
ρV D 870V (0.102 4 ε 0.004 6

3)
×
Re = = = 6.47 × 10 V = = 0.000 45
μ 1.375 10−3 D 10.23
1st trial: f = 0.016; V = 0.614; Re = 3.9 × 104 ; f = 0.023

2nd trial: f = 0.023; V = 0.533; Re = 3.45 × 104 ; f = 0.025
3rd trial: f = 0.025; V = 0.515; Re = 3.3 × 104 ; f = 0.025 close enough
So V = 0.515 m/s; Q = AV = 82.19 × 104 (0.515) Q = 4.23 × 10−3 m3/s
For the modified system, we write the Bernoulli equation from 1 to 2 along the 4-nominal line and
again along the 3 nominal line:
p1 V1 2 p2 V2 2 fL V 2
+ + z1 = + + z2 + + ΣK (1 to A; B to 2) +
ρg 2g ρg 2g D 2g
fL V2
+ ΣK (4 nominal)
D 2g
p1 = p2 = patm V1 V2 = 0 z2 = 0 z1 = 1 m
L 1−A = 90 m L 4 nominal = 100 m L B−2 = 250 − 100 − 90 = 60 m

ΣK 1−A = basket + valve = 1.3 + 10 + 11.3
ΣK 4 nominal = 1−90◦ elbow = 0.31

Neglect the reducing T joints. Substituting,
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5-33 5-33
f (V1 −A )2 f (VB −2 )2 f (V4 nom )2
(90) (60) (100)
1= + 11.3 + + 1.0 + + 0.31
0.102 3 2(9.81) 0.102 3 2(9.81) 0.102 3 2(9.81)
The velocity in the first two terms is the same; call it V A . In the 3rd term, VB . The 2g terms are moved
to the LHS. The V A terms have the same Re and f .
2(9.81) = (879.8 f A + 11.3 + 586.5 f a + 1.0)VA 2 + (977.5 fB + 0.31)VB 2
19.62 = (1 466 f A + 12.3)VA 2 + (977.5 f B + 0.31)VB 2 (i)
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5-34 5-34
Next, write the Bernoulli equation from 1 to 2 along the 3 nominal line. The result is the same as
in Equation i, except for the last term on the RHS:
fL V2
19.62 = (1 466 f A + 12.3)V A 2 + + ΣK (3 nominal)
D 2g
L 3 nominal = 100 m
ΣK = 2−45◦ elbows +gate valve + 90◦ elbow = 2(0.17) + 10 + 0.31 = 10.65

fL f (100)
+ ΣK = + 10.65 = 1 283 f c + 10.65
D 0.077 92
19.62 = (1 466 f A + 12.3)VA2 + (1 283 f c + 10.65)VC 2
(ii)
ρV D 870VA (0102 3) 4 4
ReA = = × −3 = 6.74 × 10 VA ReB = 6.74 × 10 VB
μ 1.375 10
870V (0.077 92) ε 0.004 6

4
Rec = = 4.93 × 10 VC = = 0.000 45
1.375 × 10−3 D 10.23
1st trial: VA = 0.5 m/s; Re = 3.2 × 104 ; f = 0.025; Equation i becomes

19.62 = (1 466(0.025) + 12.3)0.52 + (977.5 f B + 0.31)VB 2 = 12.24 + (977.5 f B + 0.31)VB 2
1/2
7.383
or VB = Assume f B = 0.025; VB = 0.546; Re = 3.5 × 104 ;
977.5 f B + 0.31
f B = 0.024
Then f B = 0.024; VB = 0.557; Re = 3.6 × 104 ; f B = 0.024 OK
Equation ii becomes
1/2
7.383
or VC =
1 283 f C + 10.65
Assume f C = 0.025; VC = 0.416; Re = 2.1 × 104 ; f C = 0.026

Then f C = 0.026; VC = 0.41; Re = 2.65 × 104 ; f C = 0.026 OK
Now apply continuity at either T-joint:
AA VA = AB VB + AC VC
AC AC
AA = AB ; = 0.580 So that VA = VB + V VA = VB + 0.580VC
AA AA C
To obtain a new estimate for VA , use the preceding equation:

VA = 0.557 + 0.580(0.41) = 0.795
Take the average of the old VA and the one just calculated:
0.5 + 0.795
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5-35 5-35
VA = = 0.647
2
2nd trial: VA = 0.647 m/s; Re = 4.2 × 104 ; f = 0.024; Equation i becomes

19.62 = (1 466(0.024) + 12.3)0.6472 + (977.5 fB + 0.31)VB 2 = 19.88 + (977.5 f B + 0.31)V B 2
The LHS of this equation is 19.62, and the first term on the RHS is 19.88, which is too high.
Therefore the velocity selected (0.647 m/s) is too high. Reduce slightly to 0.6, and try again.
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5-36 5-36
3rd trial: VA = 0.6 m/s; Re = 3.9 × 104 ; f = 0.023; Equation i becomes
19.62 = (1 466(0.023) + 12.3)0.62 + (977.5 f B + 0.31)VB 2
1/2
3.054
or VB =
977.5 f B + 0.31
Assume f B = 0.024; VB = 0.36; Re = 2.3 × 104 ; f B = 0.027

Then f B = 0.027; VB = 0.34; Re = 2.2 × 104 ; f B = 0.027 OK
Equation ii becomes
1/2
3.054
or VC =
1 283 f C + 10.65
Assume f C = 0.026; VC = 0.263; Re = 1.3 × 104 ; f C = 0.029

Then f C = 0.029; VC = 0.25; Re = 1.25 × 104 ; f C = 0.029 OK
Now apply continuity at either T-joint: VA = VB + 0.580VC
VA = 0.34 + 0.580(0.25) = 0.49;
0.6 + 0.49
VA = VA = 0.55 m/s close enough
2
Q = AA VA = 82.19 × 10−4 (0.55) Q = 4.48 × 10−3 m3/s
The flow rate increased from 4.23 × 10−3 to 4.48 × 10−3 m3/s. The increase is small. Unions are
needed but not required in welded pipes for assembly.
14. A horizontally laid 2 standard type K copper tube is 457 m long and conveys kerosene at a flow rate of
4.1 × 10−3 m3/s. (a) Determine the corresponding pressure drop. The pipeline is modified by adding
a loop made of 11 /2 standard type K copper tubing that is only 274 m long. (b) What is the expected
increase in flow rate through the system for the same pressure drop as in the original pipeline? Neglect
minor losses. (See Figure P5.15.)
1 original pipel ine
2
Qin Qout
457 m
274 m
1 2
Qin A B Qout
FIGURE P5.14.
Solution;
Kerosene ρ = 823kg/m3 μ = 1.64 × 10−3 Pa·s

2 std K D = 49.8 mm A = 2.067 × 10−3 m2
Drawn tubing ε = 0.001524 mm ΣK = 0
p1 V1 2 p2 V2 2 f L V2
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5-37 5-37
+ + z1 = + + z2 +
ρg 2g ρg 2g D 2g
f L ρV 2 Q
V1 = V2 z1 = z2 L = 457 m p1 − p2 = V =
D 2 A
−3
4.1 × 10
Q = 4.1 × 10−3 m3/s V = = 1.98 m/s
2.067 × 10−3
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5-38 5-38
⎫
ρV D 823(1.98)(0.0498) 4
Re = = = 5.1 × 10 ⎪
⎬
μ 1.64 × 10−3
f 0.021
=
ε 0.001524 ⎪
⎭
= = 0.00003
D 51.3
f L ρV 2 0.021(457) 823(1.98)2
So p1 − p2 = =
D 2 0.0498 2
p1 − p2 = 351 kPa single pipe

For part b, Δp = 50 psi; write Bernoulli equation from 1 to 2 along both paths.
p1 V1 2 p2 V2 2 f L V2 f L V2
+ + z1 = + + z2 + 1 to A + I(2 std K)
ρg 2g ρg 2g D 2g D 2g
V1 − V2 z1 = z2
f L V2 f L V2
p1 − p2 = +
D 2 1 to A D 2 I(2 std K)
2
f 1−A (182.9) 823(V1−A2 f I (274) 823(VI )
351 × 103 = +
)
0.0498 2 0.0498 2
351 × 103 = 1.51 × 106 f1 A V1 A2 + 2.264 × 106 f V 2

− − I I
0.155 = 0.666 f 1−A V1−A + f I VI 2 2
Along the other path, the Bernoulli equation is

f II (274) 823(VII 2 )
351 × 103 = 1.51 × 106 f1− A V1−A2 +
0.0376 2
351 × 103 = 1.51 × 106 f1 AV

2 + 3 × 10 6 f V 2
− 1−A II II
2 2
0.117 = 0.5038 f 1−A V1−A + f II VII
ρV D 823(0.0498)
× ε
Re1−A = = = 24 991V1−A = 0.00003 for I & 1-A
μ 1.64 10−3 D
823VII (0.0 376)
Re2 std = 23832VI Re1/2 std = 0.00004 for II

D
=
ε
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5-39 5-39
1.64 1 ×
0
−
3
=
1
8
9
0
1
V
II
1st trial: VA = 2.44 m/s; Re1−A = 6.1 ×

4 10 ; f
1−A = 0.02
Equation I becomes 0.155 = 0.666(0.02)(2.44)2 + f I VI 2

1/2
0.075 7
VI =
fI
f I = 0.018; VI = 2.05 m/s; ReI = 4.8 × 104 ; f I = 0.021
f I = 0.021; VI = 1.895 m/s; ReI = 4.5 × 104 ; f I = 0.021 close enough
Equation II becomes 0.117 = 0.5038(0.02)(2.44)2 + f II VII 2
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5-40 5-40
1/2
0.0570
VI =
f
II
f II = 0.018; VII = 1.78 m/s; ReII = 3.36 × 104 ; f I = 0.021
f II = 0.021; VII = 1.65 m/s; ReI = 3.1 × 104 ; f I = 0.021 close enough
Continuity at T-joint: A1−A V1−A = A I VI + A II VII A1−A = AI = 2.067 × 10− 3m 2

AII = 1.11 × 10−3 m2
A II 1.11 × 10−3
So, V1−A = VI + VII = VI + × VII = 1.895 + 0.537(1.65) = 2.781
A 1−A 2.067 10−3
2.44 + 2.781
For the next trial, use V1−A = = 2.61 m/s

2
4
2nd trial: VA = 2.61 m/s; Re1−A = 6.6 × 10 ; f 1−A = 0.019
Equation I becomes 0.155 = 0.666(0.019)(2.61)2 + f I VI 2
1/2
0.0688
VI =
fI
f I = 0.02; VI = 1.82; ReI = 4.3 × 104 ; f I = 0.022
f I = 0.022; VI = 1.73; ReI = 4.1 × 104 ; f I = 0.022 close enough
Equation II becomes 0.117 = 0.5038(0.019)(2.61)2 + f II VII 2

1/2
0.0518
VI =
f II
f II = 0.021; VII = 1.54 m/s; ReII = 2.9 × 104 ; f I = 0.023
f II = 0.023; VII = 1.47 m/s; ReI = 2.7 × 104 ; f I = 0.023 close enough
AII 0.01196
So, V1−A = VI + VII = VI + VII = 1.73 + 0.5714(1.47) = 2.566 m/s
A1−A 0.0293
The assumed value was 2.566, and this answer of 2.566 is close enough. Take
2.61 + 2.61
V1−A = or
2
V1−A = 2.62 m/s The flow rate is Q = A1−A V1−A = 2.067 × 10− 3(2.62)
Q = 5.42 × 10−3 m3/s
The single line flow rate was 4.1 × 10−3 m3/s for a 32% increase.
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5-41 5-41
Fluid Meters
15. A 12 × 10 (both schedule 20) venturi meter is placed in a horizontal flow line that conveys linseed oil.
A mercury manometer is attached to the meter. Determine the expected reading on the manometer
for a volume flow rate of 1.5 m3/s. Will a 1-m-tall manometer work or should pressure gages be used
instead?
Solution:
Linseed Oil ρ = 930 kg/m3 μ = 33.1 × 10−3 N·s/m2
Hg ρ = 13 600 kg/m 3
12 nom 20 D1 = 3 11.2 mm A1 = 760.60 × 10−4 m2

10 nom 20 D2 = 260.4 mm A2 = 532.60 × 10−4 m2
( p1 − p2 ) ρm 13.6
For the Hg manometer, + (z 1 − z 2 ) = Δh − 1 = Δh − 1 = 13.6Δh
ρg ρ 0.93
2gΔh (ρm /ρ − 1) 3
Q th = A2 Q ac = 1.5 m /s = Cv Q th
1 − D2 4 /D1 4
2(9.81)(13.6Δh)
1.5 = Cv (532.6 × 10−4 ) = 1.219Cv (Δh)1/2 or
1 − (26.04/31.12)4
1.515
Cv (Δh)1/2 = 1.231 Δh =
Cv 2
ρV D 4ρ Q ac 4(930)(1.5) 5
Re = = = = 2.06 × 10 so that Cv = 0.984

μg π D μg π(0.260 4)(33.1 10−3 )
c 2 c ×
1.515
Δh = Δh = 1.565 m Use pressure gages.
(0.984)2
16. Carbon tetrachloride is flowing in a line that contains a 10 × 8 (both schedule 40) venturi meter. The
meter is inclined at an angle of 30◦ with the horizontal, with flow in the downhill direction. A mercury
manometer attached to the meter reads 127 mm. For a discharge coefficient of 0.984, determine the
flow rate through the meter.
Solution:
Carbon Tet ρ = 1590 kg/m3 μ = 0.91 × 10−3 N·s/m2
Hg ρ = 13 600 kg/m3
10 nom 40 D1 = 254.6 mm A1 = 509.1 × 10−4 m2
8 nom 40 D2 = 102.7 mm A2 = 322.7 × 10−4 m2
( p1 − p2 )gc ρm 13.6
For the Hg manometer, + (z 1 − z 2 ) = Δh − 1 = 0.127 − 1 = 0.959 m
ρg ρ 1.59
2gΔh (ρm /ρ − 2(9.81)(0.959) 3

1)
Q th = A2 = 322.7 × 10− 4 = 0.181 m /s
1 − D2 4 /D1 4 1 − (20.27/25.46)4
Q ac
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5-42 5-42
Cv = Q ac = Cv Q th
Q th
ρV D 4ρ Q ac 4(1590)(0.181Cv ) 6
Re = = = × −3 = 1.99 × 10 Cv
μ π D2 μ π(0.202 7)(0.91 10 )
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5-43 5-43
check with Cv = 0.984
Re = 1.96 × 106 > 2 × 105 Cv = 0.984 is OK
Q ac = 0.984(0.181) Q ac = 0.178 m3/s
17. A venturi meter (1 × 1 /2 ) is calibrated in the laboratory using water as the working fluid and an
air-over-water, inverted U-tube manometer. Data obtained are as follows:
Q ac in m3/s Δh in mm of H2 O Q ac in m3/s Δh in mm of H2 O
5.66 × 10−5 10.2 2.4 × 10−4 68.6
1.14 × 10−4 22.9 2.83 × 10−4 96.5
1.58 × 10−4 33 3.14 × 10−4 116.8
1.83 × 10−4 40.6 3.79 × 10−4 147.3
2.21 × 10−4 58.4
a. Plot actual flow rate versus Δh.

b. Plot theoretical flow rate versus Δh on the same axes of part a.
c. Plot C v (= Q ac /Q th ) versus Re (= 4ρ Q ac /π D2 μgc ) on semilog paper.
Solution:
Water ρ = 1000 kg/m3 μ = 9.1 × 10−4 Pa·s
1 nom 40 D1 = 26.65 mm A1 = 5.58 × 10−4 m2
1/2 nom 40 D2 = 15.8 mm A1 = 1.96 × 10−4 m2
ρV D 4ρ Q ac 4(1000) Q ac 7
Re = = = × −4 = 8.86 × 10 Q ac = Re
μ π D2 μ π(0.0158)(9.1 10 )
2gΔh 2(9.81)(Δh ) 4
√
Q th = A2 = 1.96×10− 4 = 9.27 × 10− Δh = Q
1 − D2 4 /D1 4 1 − (15.80 × 10−3 /26.65 × 10−3 )4
ac
Δh mm water Q ac m3/s Re Q th m/s Cv

0.0102 5.66 × 10−5 5.02 × 103 9.366 × 10−5 0.609
0.0229 1.14 × 10−4 1.01 × 104 1.403 × 10−4 0.813
0.033 1.58 × 10−4 1.40 × 104 1.684 × 10−4 0.940
0.0406 1.83 × 10−4 1.62 × 104 1.868 × 10−4 0.983
0.0584 2.21 × 10−4 1.96 × 104 2.24 × 10−4 0.990
0.0686 2.4 × 10−4 2.13 × 104 2.43 × 10−4 0.992
0.0965 2.83 × 10−4 2.51 × 104 2.88 × 10−4 0.987
0.1168 3.14 × 10−4 2.79 × 104 3.17 × 10−4 0.996
0.1473 3.79 × 10−4 3.36 × 104 3.56 × 10−4 1.071
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5-44 5-44
0.00040
1.200
0.00035
Venturi Coefficient Cv
0.00030 1.000
0.00025
Q in ft3/s
0.800
0.00020
0.600
0.00015
Qac ft3/s 0.400
0.00010
Qth ft3/s
0.00005 0.200
0.00000 0.000
1.00E+03 1.00E+04 1.00E+05
Reynolds number
Δh in ft of water
18. An orifice meter (D1 = 26 mm and D◦ = 15.9 mm) is calibrated in the laboratory with water as the
working fluid and with an air-over-water, inverted U-tube manometer. Data are as follows:
Q ac in m3/s Δh in mm of H2 O Q ac in m3/s Δh in mm of H2 O
5.68 × 10−5 7.62 2.4 × 10−4 150
1.135 × 10−4 38.1 2.84 × 10−4 203
1.588 × 10−4 58.4 3.15 × 10−4 249
1.83 × 10−4 83.8 3.79 × 10−4 295
2.21 × 10−4 114.3
a. Plot actual flow rate versus Δh.

b. On the same axes of part a, plot theoretical flow rate versus Δh.
c. Plot C◦ (= Q ac /Q th ) versus Re (= 4ρ Q ac /π D◦ μ) on semilog paper.
Solution:
Water ρ = 1000 kg/m3 μ = 9.1 × 10−4 Pa·s

upstream D1 = 26 mm A1 = 5.32 × 10−4 m2
throat D2 = 15.9 mm A2 = 1.98 × 10−4 m2
ρ V D 4ρ Q ac 4(1000) Q ac 7
Re = = = = 8.8 × 10 Q ac = Re
μ π D2 μ π(0.0159)(9.1 × 10−4 )
2gΔh 4 2(9.81)(Δh ) 4
√
Q th = A2 = 1.98 × 10− = 9.456 × 10− Δh = Q ac

1 − D2 4 /D1 4 1 − (15.9/26)4
Δh m water Q ac m3/s Re Q th m3/s Cv

0.00762 5.68 × 10−5 5.01 × 103 8.25 × 10−5 0.689
0.0381 1.135 × 10−4 1.00 × 104 1.846 × 10−4 0.616
0.0584 1.588 × 10−4 1.39 × 104 2.285 × 10−4 0.691
0.0838 1.83 × 10−4 1.61 × 104 2.74 × 10−4 0.669
0.1143 2.21 × 10−4 1.95 × 104 3.20 × 10−4 0.691
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5-45 5-45
0.150 2.4 × 10−4 2.11 × 104 3.66 × 10−4 0.656
0.203 2.84 × 10−4 2.50 × 104 4.26 × 10−4 0.667
0.249 3.15 × 10−4 2.78 × 104 4.72 × 10−4 0.669
0.295 3.79 × 10−4 3.34 × 104 5.136 × 10−4 0.738
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5-46 5-46
0.0006
1.000
0.0005
Venturi Coefficient Cv
0.900
0.0004
Q in ft3/s
0.800
0.0003
0.700
0.0002
Qac ft3/s
0.0001 Qth ft3/s 0.600
0.0000 0.500
1.00E+03 1.00E+04 1.00E+05
Reynolds number
Δh in ft of water
19. A 10-nominal schedule 40 pipe contains an orifice meter with a hole diameter of 152.4 mm. Heptane
flows through the meter, and the pressure drop measured with an air-over-heptane manometer is
1.83 m.
a. Determine the actual flow rate through the meter if flange taps are used.
b. Determine the actual flow rate through the meter if corner taps are used.
Solution:
Heptane ρ = 681 kg/m3 μ = 3.76 × 10−4 Pa·s

10 nom 40 D1 = 254.5 mm A1 = 0.05087 m2
Orifice hole diameter D2 = 152.4 mm
π D◦ 2 π(0.1524 m)2 2
A◦ = = = 0.01824 m
4 4
2gΔh 2(9.81)(1.83) 3
Δh = 1.83 m Q th = A0 = 0.01824 = 0.117 m /s
1 − D0 4 /D1 4 1 − (152.4/254.5)4
ρV D 4ρ Q ac 4ρCo Q ×
4(681)Co (0.117) 6
th
Re = = = = 1.77 × 10 Co = Re
μ π D2 μ π D2 μ π(0.1524)(3.76 10−4 )
To find the orifice coefficient, we use the Stolz equation with

0.1524
β = = 0.599 ≈ 0.6
0.2545
1 1 1
L1 = = = 3.93 m− ; flange taps, greater than 0.4333
D1 0.2545
1 1 1
L2 = D 1
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5-47 5-47
= =
0.2545
3.93 m− ; 0.75
106
flange taps
C o = 0.5959 + 0.0312(0.6)2.1 − 0.184(0.6)8 + 0.0029(0.6)2.5

0.6Re
(0.6)4
+ 0.039 − 1.198[0.00337(0.6) 3]
1 − (0.6)4
37.51
Co = 0.5959 + 0.0107 − 0.0031 + 0.75 + 0.0058 − 0.000872
Re
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5-48 5-48
37.51
Co = 0.6084 + Use an iterative procedure:
Re0.75
1st trial: Co = 0.61; Re = 1.08 × 106 ; Co = 0.6095
2nd trial: Co = 0.6095; Re = 1.08 × 106 ; Co = 0.6095
Q ac = Co Q th = 0.6095(0.117) Q ac = 0.0713 m3/s
20. Octane flows through a horizontal line containing an orifice meter with comer taps. The flow line
is 6-nominal schedule 40 and the bore diameter of the orifice plate is 100 mm. For a flow rate of
0.03 m3/s, determine the expected pressure drop in psi.
Solution:
Octane ρ = 701 kg/m3 μ = 0.51 × 10−3 Pa·s
6 nom 40 D1 = 154.1 mm A1 = 186.5 × 10−4 m2
Orifice hole diameter D0 = 0.10 m
π Do 2 π(0.10)2
2
Ao = = = 0.007 85 m
4 4
Δpgc 2gΔh 2g(Δpgc /ρg)
ρg
Δh = Q th = A0 = A0
1 − D0 4 /D1 4 1 − D0 4 /D1 4
2(9.81)Δp √
Q th = 0.007 85 = 0.000 46 Δp
0.701(1 000)(9.81)(1 − (0.1/0.1541) )
4
ρV D 4ρ Q ac 4(0.701)(1 000)(0.03) 5
Re = = = = 5.25 × 10
μ π Do μ π(0.1)(0.51 × 10−3 )
0.1
To find the orifice coefficient, we use the Stolz equation with β = = 0.648 9
0.1541
L 1 = L2 = 0 for corner taps
Co = 0.5959 + 0.0312(0.648 9)2.1 − 0.184(0.648 9)8 + 0.0029(0.648 9)2.5
0.75
106
0.648 9(5.25 × 105 )
Co = 0.5959 + 0.012 58 − 0.005 786 + 0.002 206 = 0.604 9
Q ac 0.03 3 √
Q th = C = = 0.049 6 m /s = 0.00 46 Δp
o 0.604 9
0.049 6 0.000 46
Δp = 2 Δp = 1.162 × 104 N/m2
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5-49 5-49
= 11.62 kPa
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5-50 5-50
21. A horizontal water main is made of 12-nominal schedule 160 pipe and conveys water at 0.0473 m3/s.
An orifice meter is placed in the line to measure the flow rate. The desired pressure drop for the
installation is to be no more 10.35 kPa. What should the hole diameter be in the orifice plate to meet
this condition? Use 1D and 1 /2 D taps.
Solution:
Water ρ = 1000 kg/m3 μ = 9.1 × 10−4 Pa·s
Δp = 10.35 kPa
Do Do
12 nom 160 D1 = 25 7.2 mm A1 = 0.05 195 m2 β = =
D1 0.2572
Δp 2g(Δp/ρg)
2gΔh
Δh = Q th = A0 = A0 OK
ρg 1 − D0 4 /D1 4 1 − D0 4 /D1 4
2Δp 2(10.35 × 103 )

Q th = A0 = A0
ρ(1 D 4 /D 4 ) 1000(1 D 4 /D 4 )
− 0 1 − 0 1
Q ac = 0.0473 m3 /s
222.7
Q ac = C0 A0 = 0.0473
1 − D0 4 /1 − D1 4
To find the orifice coefficient, we use the Stolz equation with β to be determined.
For 1 × 1/2 taps, L 1 = 1, L 2 = 0.5 − 0.2572 = 0.4753
β4
Because L 1 = 1 > 0.4333, then the coefficient of the term becomes 0.039
1 − β4
106 β4
C0 = 0.5959 + 0.0312(β)2.1 − 0.184(β)8 + 0.0029(β)2.5 0.75 + 0.039 − L 2 (0.00337(β)3
1 − β4
Re β
ρV D 4ρ Q ac 4(1000)(0.0473) 66180
Re = = = =
μ πD μ π D (9.1 10−4 ) D
0 0 × 0
Summarizing the equations, and the procedure for solution,
66180
Assume a value for β, then find D0 = β(0.2572), and Re = . Calculate
D0
π D0 2
A0 = and C0 (Stolz equation). Finally, find Q ac = C0 Q th . Method concludes when
4
Q ac = 1.67.
Spreadsheet solution is:
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5-51 5-51
β D0 in mm Re A0 m2 C0 Q ac m3 /s
0.5 128.63 5.15 × 105 0.01299 0.6326 0.0386
0.6 154.23 4.29 × 105 0.01868 0.6699 0.0611
0.55 141.43 4.68 × 105 0.01571 0.6484 0.0486
0.54 139 4.76 × 105 0.01517 0.6449 0.0465
0.545 140.21 4.72 × 105 0.01544 0.6466 0.0475
0.544 140 4.73 × 105 0.0154 0.6463 0.0473
0.5439 140 4.73 × 105 0.0154 0.6462 0.0473
Bore diameter of orifice plate D0 = 140 mm
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5-52 5-52
22. Repeat Problem 21 using flange taps.
Solution:
Equations are the same as in the previous problem, except L 1 = L 2 = 1/D1 for flange taps.
1 β4
L1 = = 1.185 > 0.4333, so the coefficient of the term becomes 0.039.
0.8438 1 − β4
L 2 = 1.185. Spreadsheet solution:
β D◦ in mm Re A0 m C0 Q ac m3 /s
0.5 128.63 5.15 × 105 0.01299 0.6323 0.0386
0.6 154.23 4.29 × 105 0.01868 0.6694 0.0610
0.55 141.43 4.68 × 105 0.01571 0.6480 0.0486
0.54 139 4.76 × 105 0.01517 0.6445 0.0464
0.544 140 4.73 × 105 0.0154 0.6459 0.0473
Same result: bore diameter of orifice plate D0 = 140 mm (C0 changes slightly.)
23. Repeat Problem 21 using corner taps.

Solution:
Equations are the same as in the previous problem, except L 1 = L 2 = 0 corner taps. C0 will change
slightly.
β D0 in mm Re A0 m C0 Q ac m3 /s
0.5 128.63 5.15 × 105 0.0130 0.6039 0.0368
0.6 154.23 4.29 × 105 0.0187 0.6057 0.0552
0.55 141.43 4.68 × 105 0.0157 0.6051 0.0454
0.56 144.2 4.59 × 105 0.0163 0.6052 0.0472
0.561 144.2 4.59 × 105 0.0164 0.6053 0.0474
0.5605 144.2 4.59 × 105 0.0164 0.6052 0.0473
0.5603 144.2 4.59 × 105 0.0164 0.6052 0.0473
Same result: bore diameter of orifice plate D0 = 144.2 mm (C0 changes slightly.)
24. The figure shows a nozzle meter placed in a flow line, with pipe wall taps. One (of many) equation(s)
for the discharge coefficient is
Cn = 0.194 36 + 0.152 884(ln Re) − 0.009 778 5(ln Re)2 + 0.000 209 03(ln Re)3
where Re = 4ρ Q ac /π D2 μ and D2 = nozzle throat diameter. For the following flow parameters,
determine the diameter D2 required to meet the conditions:
12-nominal schedule 160 pipe
Water at 0.0473 m3 /s
Pressure drop is to be no more than 10.35 kPa
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5-53 5-53
Δh
h nozzle
nozzle
1 2
D1 D1/2
nozzle
D1/2 3D2/4
D2/2
FIGURE P5.24.
Solution:
Same as Problem 4.60, except here we use the nozzle coefficient equation.
Water ρ = 1000kg/m3 μ = 9.1 × 10−4 Pa·s Δp = 10.35 kPa
D0 D0
12 nom 160 D1 = 257.2 mm A1 = 0.05195 m2 β = =
D1 0.2572
Δpgc 2gΔh 2g(Δp/ρg)

Δh = ρg Q th = A0 = A0 g cancels
1 − D0 4 /D1 4 1 − D0 4 /D1 4
2Δp 2(10.35 × 103 )

Q th = A0 = A0
ρ(1 D 4 /D 4 ) 1000(1 D 4 /D 4 )
− 0 1 − 0 1
Q ac = 0.0473 m3 /s
20.7
Q ac = C0 A0 4 4
= 0.0473
(1 D
− 0 /D1 )
To find the orifice coefficient, we use the Cn equation with β to be determined. Cn = 0.194 36 +
0.152 884(ln Re) − 0.009 778 5(ln Re)2 + 0.000 209 03(ln Re)3
ρV D 4ρ Q ac 4(1000)(0.0473) 66180
Re = = = =
μ πD μ π D (9.1 10−4 ) D
0 0 × 0
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5-54 5-54
Summarizing the equations, and the procedure for solution,
66180 π D0 2
assume a value for β, then find D0 = β(0.2572), and Re = . Calculate A0 = and Cn .
D◦ 4
Finally, find Q ac = C0 Q th . Method concludes when Q ac = 0.0473 m3 /s.
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5-55 5-55
Spreadsheet solution is:
β D0 in mm Re A0 m Cn Q ac m3 /s
0.5 128.6 5.15 × 105 0.013 0.9892 0.0603
0.6 154.2 4.29 × 105 0.0187 0.9900 0.0901
0.4 103.0 6.43 × 105 0.00827 0.9900 0.0379
0.45 115.8 5.72 × 105 0.0105 0.9896 0.0484
0.44 113.1 5.85 × 105 0.0100 0.9897 0.0462
0.445 114.3 5.78 × 105 0.0103 0.9896 0.0472
0.4452 114.6 5.78 × 105 0.0103 0.9896 0.0473
D0 = 114.6 mm
25. On semilog paper, construct a graph of the orifice coefficient C0 versus Re for β = 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5,
and 0.6 using the Stolz equation. Let the Reynolds number vary from 103 to 107 , and assume that
comer taps are used.
Solution:
Re C0 = 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
1.00 × 103 0.6278 0.6611 0.7041 0.7558 0.8144
2.00 × 103 0.6153 0.6357 0.6620 0.6936 0.7289
3.00 × 103 0.6105 0.6259 0.6459 0.6697 0.6960
4.00 × 103 0.6079 0.6205 0.6370 0.6567 0.6781
5.00 × 103 0.6062 0.6171 0.6314 0.6483 0.6666
1.00 × 104 0.6024 0.6095 0.6188 0.6297 0.6410
1.00 × 105 0.5979 0.6004 0.6036 0.6073 0.6102
1.00 × 106 0.5971 0.5987 0.6009 0.6033 0.6047
1.00 × 107 0.5970 0.5984 0.6004 0.6026 0.6037
0.85
0.8 0.2
0.3
0.4
0.75 0.5
Orifice Coefficient
0.6
0.7
0.65
0.6
0.55
0.5
1.00E+03 1.00E+04 1.00E+05 1.00E+06 1.00E+07
Reynolds number
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5-56 5-56
26. On semilog paper, construct a graph of the nozzle coefficient Cn versus Re using the following equa-
tion (same as in Problem 24):
Cn = 0.194 36 + 0.152 884(ln Re) − 0.009 778 5(ln Re)2 + 0.000 209 03(ln Re)3
Let the Reynolds number vary from 103 to 107 .
Re Cn
1.00 ×103 0.8527
2.00 ×103 0.8833
3.00 ×103 0.8989
4.00 ×103 0.9090
5.00 ×103 0.9163
1.00 ×104 0.9363
1.00 ×105 0.9774
1.00 ×106 0.9913
1.00 ×107 0.9935
1.00
0.95
Nozzle Coefficient
0.90
0.85
0.80
0.75
1.00E+03 1.00E+04 1.00E+05 1.00E+06 1.00E+07
Reynolds number
27. Air flows through a flow line that contains a 2 ×11/2 venturi meter. The pressure upstream of the meter
is 103.4 kPa(g), the air temperature is 32◦ C, and the velocity is 30.5 m/s. Calculate the expected pres-
sure at the throat.
Solution:
Air μ = 1.8 × 10−5 Pa·s
C p = 1005J/kgK γ = 1.4
2 nom 40 D = 52.52 mm A = 2.166 × 10−3 m2
1-1/2 nom 40 D = 40.90 mm A = 1.314 × 10−3 m2
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5-57 5-57
2( p1 − p2 ) p1m (103.4 + 101.32) × 103 × 29 3
ṁ ac = Cv Yρ1 A2 ρ1 = = = 2.34 kg/m

ρ (1 D 4 /D 4 ) RT 8314 (273 32)
1 − 2 1 1 × +
V1 = 30.5 m/s ṁ ac = ρ1 A1 V1 = 2.34(2.166 × 10−3 )(30.5) = 0.155 kg/s
ρ1 V1 D1 2.34 × 30.5 × 0.05252 5

Re = = = 2.06 × 10 so Cv = 0.984
μ 1.8 × 10−5
D2 40.9
=β = = 0.7789 Substituting,
D1 52.52
1/2
2(204.7 × 103 − p2 )
0.155 = 0.984Y (2.34)(1.314 × 10−3 )
2.34(1 − 0.77894 )
0.155 = 3.03 × 10−3 [(204.7 × 103 − p2 )]1/2 Y
51.23 = [(204.7 × 103 − p2 )]1/2 Y 0.2829 = (29.7 − p2 )Y 2

2625 2625
204.7 × 103 − p2 = p2 = 204.7 × 103 −
Y2 Y 2
1/2
1.4 [( p2 / p1 )2/1.4 − ( p2 / p1 )(1.4+1).1.4 ](1 − 0.77894 )

Y =
1.4 1
− [1 − 0.77894 ( p / p )2/1.4 ](1 − p / p )
2 1 2 1
Spreadsheet solution. Assume a value for p2 , find p2 / p1 , calculate Y (preceding equation), and then
calculate p2 from the underlined equation above. Use the newfound p2 for the second iteration.
Continue until convergence is reached.
p2 kPa(abs) p2 / p1 Y p2 kPa(abs)
68.95 0.3367 0.4518 195.1
195.1 0.9529 0.9560 202.7
202.7 0.9899 0.9904 202.7
202.7 0.9899 0.9904 202.7
As indicated, p2 = 202.7 kPa (abs) Y = 0.9904
28. Oxygen flows through a 6-nominal schedule 40 flow line, and the flow rate is measured with an orifice
meter. The meter diameter ratio is 0.8. Gages attached about the meter give readings of 150 kPa and
140 kPa. The line temperature is 25◦ C. What is the flow rate through the meter?
O2 μ = 20 × 10−6 N·s/m2 γ = 1.4

6 nom 40 D = 154.1 mm β = Do /D1 = 0.8 Do = 123.3 mm
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5-58 5-58
p1 = 150 000 Pa gage p2 = 140 000 T1 = 25 + 273 = 298K
2( p1 − p2 )
ṁ ac = Co Yρ1 Ao =
ρ (1 D 4 /D 4 )
1 − 2 1
1/2
π(0.123 3)2 2(150 000 − 140 000)
Co Y (1.936)
4 1.936(1 − 0.84 )
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5-59 5-59
(1 − 140 000/150
ṁ ac = C0 Y (3.058) Y = 1 − [0.41 + = 0.973 6
000)
0.35(0.8)4 ]
1.4
To find the orifice coefficient, we use the Stolz equation with β = 0.8.
β4
L 1 = 1, because L 1 = 1 > 0.4333, then the coefficient of the term becomes 0.039
1 − β4
0.635
E = 0.25 in = 0.635 cm L 2 = 0.5 − = 0.459
15.41
ρV D 4ρ Q ac 4ṁ ac 4ṁ ac 5
Re = = = = = 5.136 × 10 ṁ ac
μ πD μ πD μ π(0.123 3)(20 10−6 )
o o ×
ṁ ac = Co (0.973 6)(3.058) = 2.977Co
Re = 5.163 × 105 (2.977Co ) = 1.537 × 106

Co
0.75
106
Co = 0.5959 + 0.0312(β)2.1 − 0.184(β)8 + 0.0029(β)2.5 +
Re β
β4
0.039 − L 2 (0.00337(β)3
1 − β4
Method: Assume Co , find Re and substitute into the preceding equation. Find a new Co , and continue
until convergence is obtained. After only one iteration, the solution is
Co = 0.611 6 ṁ ac = 2.977Co = 2.977(0.611 6) ṁ ac = 1.82 kg/s
29. A 4 nominal schedule 40 elbow meter is placed in a horizontal flow line that conveys linseed oil. A
mercury manometer is attached to the meter. Determine the expected reading on the manometer for a
volume flow rate of 1.5 × 10−2 m3/s.
Solution:
For linseed oil, ρ = 930 kg/m3 ,
μ = 33.1 × 10−3 N·s/m2
flow pressure For a 4 nominal, short radius elbow we have:

tap
R R = 102 mm D = 102.3mm
π D2 π(0.102 3)2 2
A= = = 0.008 22 m
4 4
45°
Q = 1.5 × 10−2 m3/s
ρV D
D
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5-60 5-60
930(1.82)(0.102 3)
V = = = 1.82
A 0.008 22 m/s
6.5
6
.
5
Re = = = 5 245 K =1− √ = 1− √ = 0.919
μ 33.1 × 10−3 Re 5 245
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5-61 5-61
2
R Δp Q D
For an elbow meter, Q = AK or Δp = ρ
D ρ AK R
2
0.015 10.23
Δp = (930) or Δp = 3 750 N/m2
0.008 22(0.919) 10.2
Δp 3 750
Hydrostatic equation: Δh = = Δh = 0.411 m
ρg 930(9.81)
30. Acetone is flowing in a 1 nominal schedule 40 line that contains an elbow meter. A mercury manome-
ter attached to the meter reads 12.7 cm. Determine the flow rate through the meter.
Solution:
For acetone, ρ = 787 kg/m3
μ = 0.316 × 10− 3 N·s/m 2
flow pressure
tap
R For a 1 nominal, short radius elbow we have:

R = 25.4 mm D = 26.6 mm
π D2 π(0.0.026 6)2 2
A= = = 0.000 556 m
45° 4 4
D
Δp = ρgΔh = 787(9.81)(0.127) = 980.5 N/m2
Trial & error required: Assume V , find Re, calculate K , and Q. Calculate a new V , and continue.
ρ V D 787(0.5)(0.026 6) 4
1st trial: V = 0.5 m/s Re = = = 3.31 × 10 ,
μ 0.316 × 10−3
6.5 6.5
K =1− √ = 1− √ = 0.964 3
Re 3.31 × 104
1/2
R Δp 0.025 4(980.5) 3
Q = AK = 0.000 556(0.9643) = 0.000 584 m /s

D ρ 0.026 6(787)
Q 0.000 584
V = = = 1.05 m/s;
A 0.000 556
2nd trial: V = 1.05; Re = 6.97 × 104 ; K = 0.975 4; Q = 0.000 591; V = 1.064 m/s
3rd trial: V = 1.06; Re = 7.05 × 104 ; K = 0.975 5; Q = 0.000 591; V = 1.064 m/s close enough.
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5-62 5-62
V = 1.06 m/s Q = 0.000 591 m3/s = 0.59 l/s
2
R Δp Q D
For an elbow meter, Q = A K or Δp = ρ
D ρ AK R
2
0.015 10.23
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5-63 5-63
31. Octane flows through a line containing an elbow meter. The flow line is 8-nominal schedule 40 pipe.
For a flow rate of 0.03 m3 /s, determine the expected pressure drop in Pa.
Solution:
For octane ρ = 21.8 kg/m3
μ = 1.52 × 10−5 Pa·s
flow pressure For an 8 nominal, short radius elbow we have:
tap R = 203.3 mm D = 206.4 mm
R
π D2 π(0.2064)2 2
A= = = 0.0334 m
4 4
45°
Q 0.0315
D A 0.0325
ρV D 21.8(0.898)(0.2064) 5
Re = = = 2.66 × 10
μ 1.52 × 10−5
6.5 6.5
K =1− √ = 1− √ = 0.9874
Re 2.66 × 105
2
R Δp Q D
D ρ AK R
0.0315 2
0.2064
Δp = (21.8) or Δp = 18.3 Pa
0.0334(0.9874) 0.2033
Δp 18.3
Hydrostatic equation: Δh = = Δh = 2 mm
ρg 930(9.81)
32. A horizontal water main is made of 12-nominal schedule 160 pipe and conveys water 0.0473 m3 /s. An
elbow meter is placed in the line to measure the flow rate. Find the pressure drop for this installation.
Solution:
For water ρ = 1000 kg/m3
μ = 9.1 × 10−4 Pa·s
flow pressure
tap
R For a 12 nominal sch 160, short radius elbow we
have:
R = 304.8 mm D = 257.2 mm
45° π D2 π(0.2572)2 2
Q = 0.0473 m3 /s V =
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5-64 5-64
D
Q 0.0473
= = 0.91 m/s
A 0.05195
ρV D 1000(0.91)(.2572) 5
Re = = = 2.57 × 10
μ 9.1 × 10−4
6.5 6.5
K =1− √ = 1− √ = 0.9872
Re 2.57 × 105
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5-65 5-65
2
R Δp Q D
D ρ AK R
Δp = (1000) 2 or Δp = 717.8 Pa
0.0473
0.05195(0.9872) 257.2
304.8
33. On semilog paper, construct a graph of the K versus Reynolds number for an elbow meter.
Solution:
6.5
K =1− √
Re
Re K
1.00 × 103 0.79
2.00 × 103 0.85
3.00 × 103 0.88
4.00 × 103 0.90
5.00 × 103 0.91
1.00 × 104 0.94
1.00 × 105 0.98
1.00 × 106 0.99
1.00 × 107 1.00
1.00
0.95
0.90
0.85
K
0.80
0.75
0.70
1.00E+03 1.00E+04 1.00E+05 1.00E+06 1.00E+07
Reynolds number
Draining Tank Problems

34. Ethyl alcohol is in a 300 mm-diameter tank as indicated in Figure P5.34. The ethyl alcohol exits the
tank through an attached tube (square-edged inlet) made of 1/2 standard type K drawn copper tubing
that is 12 m long. Determine the variation of efflux velocity with time for a liquid height h that varies
from 1 m initially to 0.3 m.
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5-39 5-39
h discharged to
atmospheric
pressure
FIGURE P5.34.
Solution:
ethyl alcohol ρ = 787 kg/m3 μ = 1.095 × 10−3 N·s/m2
1/2 std K D = 13.4 mm A = 0.000 14 m2
drawn tubing ε = 0.000 15 cm L = 12 m ΣK = 0.5
πd 2 π(0.3)2 2
Tank diameter of 0.3 m, we calculate A1 = = = 0.070 69 m
4 4
A2
Area ratio then is = 0.002 So that Δh = −0.002VΔt

A1
Substituting known quantities into Equation 5.24, we get
1/2 1/2
2gh 2(9.81)h
V = =
1 (A / A )2 fL/D ΣK 1 0.002 f (12)/0.013 4 0.5
− 2 1 + + − + +
The Reynolds number in terms of velocity is

ρV D ε
Re = = 9 630V = 0.000 11
μgc D
Let h = 1 m, as given in the problem statement. Thus:

1/2
19.62(1)
1st step: h = 1 m, then V =
895.5 f + 1.498
Assume f 1 = 0.012 V = 1.25 m/s Re = 1.2 × 104

f 2 = 0.030 V = 0.84 m/s Re = 8.06 × 104
f = 0.033 V = 0.797 m/s close enough
Let Δt = 45 s, then substitute. For the 1st time interval,
Δh = −0.002VΔt = −0.002(1.25) Δt = −0.002(1.25)(45) = −0.072
For the next time interval, h = 1 − 0.072 = 0.93 m.
Spreadsheet solution follows; notes
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5-40 5-40
f 1 is the first assumed value of friction factor; 1st four columns are 1st trial.
f 2 is the second assumed value; columns 5, 6, 7 are 2nd trial.
f is the final value; last three columns are the final results.
So, for example, when h = 1 m, the velocity in the pipeline is 0.797 m/s.
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5-42 5-42
h, m f1 V, m/s Re f2 V, m/s Re f V, m/s Δh, m
1.00 0.012 1.25 1.21E+04 0.030 0.84 8.06E+03 0.033 0.797 -0.072
0.93 0.012 1.21 1.16E+04 0.030 0.80 7.74E+03 0.033 0.792 -0.071
0.86 0.012 1.16 1.12E+04 0.030 0.77 7.40E+03 0.034 0.788 -0.071
0.79 0.012 1.11 1.07E+04 0.030 0.73 7.05E+03 0.034 0.783 -0.070
0.72 0.012 1.06 1.02E+04 0.031 0.69 6.69E+03 0.035 0.778 -0.070
0.65 0.012 1.01 9.72E+03 0.031 0.66 6.31E+03 0.035 0.772 -0.069
0.58 0.012 0.95 9.18E+03 0.032 0.62 5.92E+03 0.036 0.766 -0.069
0.51 0.012 0.89 8.62E+03 0.032 0.57 5.52E+03 0.036 0.758 -0.068
0.44 0.012 0.83 8.02E+03 0.033 0.53 5.09E+03 0.037 0.750 -0.067
0.37 0.012 0.77 7.38E+03 0.034 0.48 4.63E+03 0.038 0.741 -0.067
0.31 0.012 0.69 6.69E+03 0.035 0.43 4.15E+03 0.039 0.730 -0.065
0.24 0.012 0.62 5.93E+03 0.036 0.38 3.62E+03 0.041 0.716 -0.064
35. Figure P5.35 shows a 1-gallon tank that contains gasoline (assume same properties as octane). The
tank has a cross section of 140 × 216 mm and it is 140 mm tall. Soldered to the side of this tank is
1/ in.-ID drawn copper tubing that is 610 mm long (squared-edged inlet). Gasoline drains through
4
this tube and is discharged to the atmosphere. Determine the variation of efflux velocity with time
for a liquid height h that varies from 102 mm to 12.7 mm.
vented cap
discharged to
h atmospheric
pressure
FIGURE P5.35.
Solution:
Octane ρ = 700 kg/m3 μ = 5.12 × 10−4 pa·s

rectangular tank A1 = 0.0302 m 2
1/4 in tubing D = 6.35 mm A2 = 3.166 × 10−5 m2

drawn tubing ε = 0.001524 mm L = 610 mm ΣK = 0.5
A2
Area ratio then is = 0.00105 So that Δh = −0.00105VΔt
A1
1/2 1/2
2gh 2(9.8)h
V = =
1 (A / A )2 fL/D ΣK 1 0.00105 f (2)/0.00635 0.5
− 2 1 + = − + +

ρV D ε
Re = = 8681.6V = 0.00024
μ D
1/2
2 × 9.81(0.1024)
1st step: h = 0.1024 m, then V =
96.0 f + 1.499
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5-41 5-41
Assume f 1 = 0.04 V = 0.61 m/s Re = 5.31 × 103
f 2 = 0.037 V = 0.628 m/s Re = 5.46 × 103
f = 0.037 V = 0.63 m/s close enough
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5-42 5-42
Let Δt = 15 s, then substitute. For the 1st time interval,
Δh = −0.00105V Δt = −0.00105(2.068)Δt = −0.00105(0.63)(15) = −0.01006
For the next time interval, h = 0.1024 − 0.01006 = 0.0923 m.
So, for example, when h = 0.1024 m, the velocity in the pipeline is 0.63 m/s.
h, mm f1 V , mm/s Re f2 V , mm/s Re f V , mm/s Δh, mm
100.58 0.040 610 5.31E+03 0.037 628 5.46E+03 0.037 630 10.06
91.44 0.040 579 5.04E+03 0.0375 594 5.16E+03 0.037 627 9.75
82.3 0.040 549 4.76E+03 0.0381 558 4.85E+03 0.038 623 9.75
73.15 0.040 515 4.47E+03 0.0388 521 4.52E+03 0.039 618 9.75
60.96 0.040 479 4.16E+03 0.0396 479 4.17E+03 0.040 614 9.75
51.82 0.041 436 3.79E+03 0.0407 436 3.80E+03 0.041 607 9.45
42.67 0.042 390 3.39E+03 0.042 390 3.39E+03 0.042 600 9.45
33.53 0.044 338 2.95E+03 0.0438 341 2.95E+03 0.044 591 9.45
24.38 0.046 283 2.46E+03 0.0462 283 2.46E+03 0.046 579 9.14
15.24 0.039 238 2.06E+03 0.0311 256 2.24E+03 0.048 573 9.14
6.10 0.040 149 1.03E+03 0.0492 137 1.20E+03 0.053 550 8.53
36. Water flows from a large tank (cross section is 3.66 m × 3.66 m) through a piping system set up as
shown in Figure P5.36. The heights h 1 and h 2 are 3.05 m and 3.66 m, respectively, and the pipe is
made of 1-nominal schedule 40 commercial steel. The gate valve is fully open, and the nozzle at the
exit has an internal diameter of 12.7 mm. The pipe attaches to the tank with a square-edged inlet, and
all fittings are threaded and regular. Determine the variation of velocity with time for a liquid height
h 1 that varies from 3.05 m to 152 mm The pipe length is 4.57 m.
h1
discharged to
h2 atmospheric
pressure
FIGURE P5.36.
Solution:
Water ρ = 1000 kg/m3 μ = 9.1 × 10−4 Pa·s

rectangular tank A 1 = 3.66(3.66) = 13.396 m2
1 nom 40 D = 26.65 mm A2 = 5.576 × 10−4 m2

comm steel ε = 0.0457 mm L = 4.57 m
◦
ΣK = square edge inlet + g.v. + 2−90 elbows + nozzle
2 2
Dout 12.7
For the nozzle, = = 0.2272; K = 0.4, and
Din 26.65
ΣK = 0.5 + 0.15 + 2(1.4) + 0.4 = 3.85

A2
Area ratio then is = 4.17 × 10−5 So that Δh =−4.17 × 10−5 V Δt
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5-43 5-43
1 A
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5-44 5-44
Substituting known quantities, we get
1/2
2gh
V =
1 − (A / A )2 + fL/D + ΣK
2 1
1/2
2(9.81)h
V =
1 − 4.17 × 10−5 + f (4.57)/0.02665 + 3.85
1/2
19.62h
V =
4.85 + 171.6 f

ρV D ε
Re = = 29286V = 0.00172
μ D
V = 4.57 m/s; Re = 1.34 × 105 ; f = 0.024. Substitute into the equation for velocity:
1/2
19.62h 19.62h
4.57 = 20.88 = h = 9.55 m
4.85 + 171.6(0.024) 8.97
If V = 3.81 m/s, f = 0.024, then h = 6.83 m

Δt = 1600 s
h, m f1 V , m/s Re f2 V , m/s Re f V , m/s Δh, mm

6.706 0.022 3.97 1.16E+05 0.0242 3.90 1.14E+05 0.024 3.90 260.0
6.446 0.022 3.89 1.14E+05 0.0242 3.82 1.12E+05 0.024 3.90 260.0
6.184 0.022 3.81 1.12E+05 0.0242 3.75 1.10E+05 0.024 3.90 260.0
5.925 0.022 3.73 1.09E+05 0.0243 3.66 1.07E+05 0.024 3.90 260.0
5.666 0.022 3.65 1.07E+05 0.0243 3.58 1.05E+05 0.024 3.90 259.7
5.407 0.022 3.56 1.04E+05 0.0243 3.50 1.02E+05 0.024 3.89 259.7
5.145 0.022 3.47 1.02E+05 0.0244 3.41 9.99E+04 0.024 3.89 259.7
4.886 0.022 3.39 9.92E+04 0.0244 3.32 9.73E+04 0.024 3.89 259.4
4.627 0.022 3.29 9.65E+04 0.0245 3.23 9.46E+04 0.024 3.89 259.4
4.368 0.022 3.20 9.38E+04 0.0245 3.14 9.19E+04 0.025 3.89 259.1
4.109 0.022 3.11 9.10E+04 0.0246 3.04 8.91E+04 0.025 3.88 259.1
3.85 0.022 3.01 8.80E+04 0.0246 2.94 8.62E+04 0.025 3.88 258.8
37. Figure P5.37 shows a 3-gallon tank positioned 1.83 m (= h 2 ) above a reference plane. Such tanks
were used extensively in the 19th century with toilets. When the tank plug was pulled up, water
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5-43 5-43
drained out through a 1.83 m (approximately) long tube to the toilet. The tank is 457 mm wide
(= w) by 152 mm into the page. Determine the variation of velocity with liquid tank depth for a
height h 1 that varies from 229 mm to 50.8 mm. Neglect minor losses, and take the tube size to be
1 1/4 standard type K , and made of drawn copper.
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5-44 5-44
w
h1
plug
h2
FIGURE P5.37.
Solution:
Water ρ = 1000 kg/m3 μ = 9.1 × 10−4 Pa·s
rectangular tank A 1 = 0.457(0.152) = 0.0695 m2
1-1/4 std K D = 31.64 mm A2 = 7.862 × 10−4 m2

drawn tubing ε = 0.00152 mm L = 1.83 m ΣK =0
A2
Area ratio then is = 0.01129 So that Δh =−0.01129 V Δt
A1
Substituting known quantities, we get

1/2 1/2
2gh 2(9.81)h
V = =
1 (A / A )2 f L/D ΣK 1 0.01129 f (1.83)/0.03164
− 2 1 + + − +
1/2
19.62h
V =
0.989 + 57.8 f

ρV D ε
Re = = 34769 = 0.000048
μ D
Δt = 0.3 s
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5-45 5-45
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5-46 5-46
h, m f1 V , m/s Re f2 V , m/s Re f V , m/s Δh, m
6.706 0.022 3.968 1.16E+05 0.0242 3.90 1.14E+05 0.024 3.90 260.0
6.446 0.022 3.889 1.14E+05 0.0242 3.82 1.12E+05 0.024 3.90 260.0
6.184 0.022 3.81 1.12E+05 0.0242 3.746 1.10E+05 0.024 3.90 260.0
5.925 0.022 3.731 1.09E+05 0.0243 3.664 1.07E+05 0.024 3.90 260.0
5.666 0.022 3.648 1.07E+05 0.0243 3.581 1.05E+05 0.024 3.895 260.0
5.407 0.022 3.563 1.04E+05 0.0243 3.496 1.02E+05 0.024 3.894 260.0
5.145 0.022 3.475 1.02E+05 0.0244 3.411 9.99E+04 0.024 3.892 260.0
4.886 0.022 3.386 9.92E+04 0.0244 3.322 9.73E+04 0.024 3.890 259.4
4.627 0.022 3.295 9.65E+04 0.0245 3.231 9.46E+04 0.024 3.888 259.4
4.368 0.022 3.203 9.38E+04 0.0245 3.136 9.19E+04 0.025 3.887 259.1
4.109 0.022 3.106 9.10E+04 0.0246 3.042 8.91E+04 0.025 3.884 259.1
3.85 0.022 3.005 8.80E+04 0.0246 2.941 8.62E+04 0.025 3.882 258.8
38. A 45◦ (= θ ) funnel (see Figure P5.38) contains linseed oil that is draining out of the attached tube.
The tube itself has an inside diameter of 10 mm (= D) and is 600 mm (= h 2 ) long. The funnel and
the tube are one-piece cast plastic (ε same as drawn tubing). Determine the variation of the efflux
velocity with time for a height h 1 that varies from 160 mm to 40 mm.
h1 θ
h2
FIGURE P5.38.
Solution:
linseed oil ρ = 930 kg/m3 μ = 0.0331 N·s/m2
D = 1 cm = 0.01 m A = 7.85 × 10−5 m2
drawn tubing ε = 0.000 15 cm L = 0.6 m ΣK = 0
Tank is tapered funnel; Area ratio varies.
A2 A2
then is to be found or each time step. Δh = − V Δt
A1 A1
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5-45 5-45
⎡ ⎤1/2
2gh ⎢ 2(9.81)h ⎥
1/2
⎢ ⎥
V = =
1 (A / A )2 fL/D ΣK ⎢ ⎥
− 2 1 + + ⎣ A2 2 ⎦
1− + f (0.6)/0.01
A1

ρV D ε
Re = = 281V (laminar throughout) = 0.000 11
μ D
Let Δt = 6 s, then substitute. Spreadsheet solution follows; notes:

h, m f1 V, m/s Re f2 V, m/s Re f V, m/s
1 0.76 0.224 1.02 2.85E+02 0.2243 1.02 2.85E+02 0.224 1.016
2 0.75 0.226 1.01 2.83E+02 0.2259 1.01 2.83E+02 0.226 1.012
3 0.75 0.228 1.00 2.81E+02 0.2278 1.00 2.81E+02 0.228 1.008
4 0.74 0.230 0.99 2.79E+02 0.2298 0.99 2.79E+02 0.230 1.004
5 0.73 0.232 0.98 2.76E+02 0.232 0.98 2.76E+02 0.232 1.000
6 0.72 0.235 0.97 2.73E+02 0.2345 0.97 2.73E+02 0.235 0.995
7 0.72 0.237 0.96 2.69E+02 0.2375 0.96 2.69E+02 0.237 0.989
8 0.70 0.241 0.95 2.66E+02 0.241 0.95 2.66E+02 0.241 0.982
9 0.69 0.246 0.93 2.61E+02 0.2455 0.93 2.61E+02 0.246 0.974
10 0.67 0.252 0.91 2.54E+02 0.2517 0.91 2.54E+02 0.252 0.962
11 0.64 0.262 0.87 2.44E+02 0.2619 0.87 2.44E+02 0.262 0.945
h, m Δh, m A2 / A1 t, s
1 0.76 -0.0060 9.77E-04 0
2 0.75 -0.0064 1.05E-03 6
3 0.75 -0.0069 1.15E-03 12
4 0.74 -0.0076 1.26E-03 18
5 0.73 -0.0085 1.41E-03 24
6 0.72 -0.0096 1.61E-03 30
7 0.72 -0.0112 1.89E-03 36
8 0.70 -0.0137 2.32E-03 42
9 0.69 -0.0180 3.07E-03 48
10 0.67 -0.0277 4.80E-03 54
11 0.64 -0.0715 1.26E-02 60
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5-46 5-46

Design of Fluid Thermal Systems SI Edition 4th Edition Janna Solutions Manual Download

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Fluid Properties rho = 1000 kg/m∧ 3 Water

Loop Pipe Qm∧ 3/s Re f p N/m∧ 2 p/Q Qm∧ 3/s

II 5 -2.003 5.46E+07 0.019 -2.32E+09 1.16E+09 -2.003

Fluid Properties rho = 823 kg/m∧ 3 kerosene

II 5 0.204 1.27E+06 0.017 4.15E+06 2.04E+07 0.204

Fluid Properties rho = 1590 kg/m∧ 3 CC14

Loop Pipe Qm∧ 3/s Re f p N/m∧ 2 p/Q

II 5 -0.101 1.07E+07 0.024 -2.36E+09 2.34E+10

Fluid Properties rho = 960 kg/m∧ 3 castor oil

Loop Pipe Qm∧ 3/s Re f p N/m∧ 2 p/Q Qm∧ 3/s

II 5 0.0003 5.51E+00 11.606 2.18E+03 7.25E+06 0.000

Loop Pipe Qm∧ 3/s Re f p N/m∧ 2 p/Q

II 5 0.0155 6.40E+04 0.026 2.82E+07 1.82E+09

Fluid Properties rho = 787 kg/m∧ 3 acetone

Loop Pipe Qm∧ 3/s Re f p N/m∧ 2 p/Q

Fluid Properties rho = 876 kg/m∧ 3 benzene

2 Loop Pipe Qm∧ 3/s Re f p N/m∧ 2 p/Q

Turpentine ρ = 871 kg/m3 μ = 1.37 × 10−3 Pa·s

Q 1 = 0.623(6.31 × 10−3 ) = 3.93 × 10−3 m3/s

The Reynolds numbers are calculated as

f1 L 1 ρV1 2 0.023(45.7) 871(1.81)2

Using the already determined f 2 = 0.025, the velocity in line #2 is

1st trial: V2 = 2.015 m/s; then Re = 5.22 × 104 ; and f 2 = 0.024

Q 2 = A2 V2 = 0.001314(2.04) = 0.00268 m3/s

We now add Q 1 and Q 2 to obtain:

Q = 3.93 × 10−3 + 2.68 × 10−3 = 6.61 × 10−3 m3/s

Repeating the calculations, we find

The loss due to friction in line #1 then is

f2 L 2 ρV2 2 f (38.1) 871V2 2

The flow rate in line #2 is calculated as

Q 2 = A2 V2 = 0.001314(1.95) = 0.00256 m3/s

We now add Q 1 and Q 2 to obtain:

Q = 0.00375 + 0.00256 = 0.00631 m3/s

Q 1 = 0.00375 m3/s and Q 2 = 0.00256 m3/s

The pressure at A is pA = pB + P = 69 + 5516

If the minor losses are neglected, the solution is

Q 1 = 0.00403 m3/s and Q 2 = 0.002294 m3/s

Kerosene ρ = 823 kg/m3 μ = 1.64 × 10−3 N·s/m2

Q 1 = 0.0013 m3/s so that Q 2 = 0.002 − 0.001 3 = 0.000 7 m3/s

Using the already determined f 2 = 0.025, the velocity in line #2 is

1st trial: V2 = 1.85 m/s; then Re = 1.76 × 104 ; and f 2 = 0.027

The flow rate in line #2 is calculated as

Q 2 = A2 V2 = 0.000 281(1.83) = 0.000 57 m3/s; Q 1 = 0.002 − 0.000 57 = 0.001 43 m3/s

We now add Q 1 and Q 2 to obtain:

Q = 0.001 43 + 0.000 57 = 0.001 8 m3/s

The loss due to friction in line #1 then is

The flow rate in line #2 is calculated as

Q 2 = A2 V2 = 0.001 43 m3/s; Q 1 = 0.000 57 m3/s

Q 1 = 0.001 43 m3/s and Q 2 = 0.000 57 m3/s

The pressure at A is pA = pB + P = 200 000 + 1.89 × 105

If the minor losses are neglected, the solution is

Q 1 = 0.001 24 m3/s and Q 2 = 0.0.000 76 m3/s

P = 1.16 × 105 , and the pressure at A is pA = pB + P = 10 + 630

VD 0.014 46V 3.98

71.81 = + 1.81 VAB + + 2.97 VAB

71.81 = 153.81VAB + 1.81VAB 2 + 4 128.6VAB + 2.97VAB 2

4.78VAB 2 + 4 282.4VAB = 71.81 or

VAB 2 + 895.9VAB = 15.02 complete the sq

VAB2 + 895.9VAB + (895.9/2)2 = 15.02 + (895.9/2)2 = 200 674

[VAB + (895.9/2)]2 = 200 674

Taking square root, VAB + 895.9/2 = ±448

VI = 0.016 5/2 = 0.008 3 m/s