Graphical Approach to College Algebra

6th Edition Hornsby

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MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the
question.

Determine whether or not the function is one-to-one.

1) f(x) = x2 + 6
A) No B) Yes
Answer: A

2) f(x) = 3x3 + 3
A) Yes B) No
Answer: A

3) f(x) = 2x2 + x
A) No B) Yes
Answer: A

4) f(x) = 1.10
A) No B) Yes
Answer: A

9
5) f(x) =
x-6
A) Yes B) No
Answer: A

1
6) f(x) = 25 - x2
A) Yes B) No
Answer: B

7) f(x) = 3x - 1
A) No B) Yes
Answer: B

8) f(x) = x + 6
A) No B) Yes
Answer: B

9) f(x) = (- 2x - 2)2
A) No B) Yes
Answer: A
3
10) f(x) = 9x + 9

A) Yes B) No
Answer: A

2
Determine whether or not the function is one-to-one.
11)
y
10

-10 -5 5 10 x

-5

-10

A) No B) Yes
Answer: A

12)
y
10

-10 -5 5 10 x

-5

-10

A) No B) Yes
Answer: B

13)
y
10

-10 10 x

-10

A) No B) Yes
Answer: B

3
14)
y
10

-10 10 x

-10

A) Yes B) No
Answer: B

15)
y
10

-10 10 x

-10

A) No B) Yes
Answer: B

16)

y
8

-8 -4 4 8 x

-4

-8
A) No B) Yes
Answer: A

4
17)
y
8

-8 -4 4 8 x

-4

-8

A) No B) Yes
Answer: A

18)
y
8

-8 -4 4 8 x

-4

-8

A) Yes B) No
Answer: A
19)

A) Yes B) No
Answer: B

5
 20)

A) Yes B) No
Answer: A

Decide whether or not the functions are inverses of each

other.
x+ 4
21) f(x) = 4x - 2, g(x) =
2
A) No B) Yes
Answer: A

1
22) f(x) = 8x - 8, g(x) = x+1
8
A) No B) Yes
Answer: B

1 4x+ 1
23) f(x) = , g(x) =
x+4 x
A) No B) Yes
Answer: A

1
24) f(x) = 5x + 25, g(x) = x-5
5
A) No B) Yes
Answer: B

x- 5
25) f(x) = 4x2 + 5, domain [0, ∞ ); g(x) = , domain [5, ∞)
4
A) No B) Yes
Answer: B

26) f(x) = x + 2, domain [-2, ∞ ); g(x) = x2 + 2, domain (-∞ , ∞)

A) No B) Yes
Answer: A

1+ x 1
27) f(x) = , g(x) =
x x-1
A) No B) Yes
Answer: B

6
 3
28) f(x) = x3 - 1 , g(x) = x+1
A) No B) Yes
Answer: B

If the following defines a one-to-one function, find its inverse. If not, write "Not one-to-one."
29) {(7, 20), (14, 6), (19, 2)}
A) {(20, 7), (19, 14), (2, 6)} B) Not one-to-one
C) {(20, 7), (6, 14), (2, 19)} D) {(7, 6), (7, 14), (2, 19)}
Answer: C

30) {(17, 11), (10, 11), (3, -6)}

A) {(11, 17), (3, 10), (-6, 11)} B) Not one-to-one
C) {(11, 17), (11, 10), (-6, 3)} D) {(17, 11), (11, 10), (-6, 3)}
Answer: B

31) {(9, 5), (10, 5), (11, 8), (12, 4)}

A) {(5, 9), (4, 8), (11, 10)} B) {(5, 9), (10, 8), (11, 4)}
C) {(9, 4), (9, 8), (11, 10)} D) Not one-to-one
Answer: D

32) {(-2, 4), (2, -4), (8, -2), (-8, 2)}

A) {(4, -2), (-4, 2), (8, -2), (2, -8)} B) {(4, -2), (-4, 2), (-2, 8), (2, -
8)} C) {(4, -2), (-4, 2), (-2, -8), (2, 8)} D) Not one-to-one
Answer: B

33) {(6, -7), (11, -6), (9, -5), (7, -4)}

A) Not one-to-one B) {(6, -7), (11, -6), (9, -5), (7, -4)}
C) {(7, 6), (6, 11), (-5, 9), (-4, 7)} D) {(-7, 6), (-6, 11), (-5, 9), (-4, 7)}
Answer: D

34) {(3, -5), (5, -3), (9, 2), (-9, -2)}

A) {(-5, 3), (-3, 5), (2, 9), (-2, -9)} B) Not one-to-one
C) {(-2, 9), (-3, 5), (-5, 5), (2, -9)} D) {(-2, 9), (9, 5), (-5, 3), (2, -9)}
Answer: A

35) {(0, 0 4 ), (1, 1 4 ), (3, 2 4 ), (5, 3 4 )}

A) {(0, 0 4 ), (2, 1 4 ), (3, 2 4 ), (4, 3 4 )} B) Not one-to-one
C) {(0 4 , 0), (1 4 , 2), (2 4 , 3), (3 4 , 4)} D) {(0 4 , 0), (1 4 , 1), (2 4 , 3), (3 4 ,
5)} Answer: D

If f is one-to-one, find an equation for its inverse.

36) f(x) = 6x - 1
x- 1
A) Not a one-to-one function B) f-1 (x) =
6
x+ 1 x
C) f-1 (x) = D) f-1 (x) = + 1
6 6

Answer: C

7
37) f(x) = -3x + 1
1 1 1 1
A) f-1 (x) = - x + 1 B) f-1 (x) = - x - C) f-1 (x) = - x - 1 D) f-1 (x) = - x +
1 1

3 3 3 3 3 3
Answer: D

38) f(x) = x3 - 2
3
A) f-1 (x) = x+2 B) Not a one-to-one function
3 3
C) f-1 (x) = x-2 D) f-1 (x) = x + 2
Answer: A
39) f(x) = 2x3 - 6

3 x +6
A) f-1 (x) = B) Not a one-to-one function
2

3 x+ 6 3 x- 6
C) f-1 (x) = D) f-1 (x) =
2 2

Answer: C
2
40) f(x) =
x-2
2x+ 2
A) f-1 (x) = B) Not a one-to-one function
x
x -2 + 2x
C) f-1 (x) = D) f-1 (x) =
-2 + 2x x

Answer: A

41) f(x) = x + 6 , x ≥ -6
A) f-1 (x) = x - 6 B) f-1 (x) = (x + 6)2
C) f-1 (x) = x2 - 6, x ≥ 0 D) Not a one-to-one function
Answer: C
3
42) f(x) = x - 4

3
A) f-1 (x) = (x + 4)3 B) f-1 (x) = x - 4 C) f-1 (x) = (x - 4)3 D) f-1 (x) = x3 + 4
Answer: D

43) f(x) = (x + 5)2

A) f-1 (x) = x-5 B) Not a one-to-one function

1
C) f-1 (x) = x-5 D) f-1 (x) =
x-5
Answer: B

8
 44) f(x) = - x2 - 25 , x ≥ 5
A) f-1 (x) = 25 - x2 , x ≤ 5 B) f-1 (x) = x2 + 25 , x ≥ 0
C) f-1 (x) = x2 + 25 , x ≤ 0 D) f-1 (x) = - 25 - x2 , x ≤
Answer: C 0

Find the domain and range of the inverse of the given function.
45) f(x) = 8x + 4
A) Domain and range: (- ∞, ∞) B) Domain: (- ∞ , ∞), range: (- ∞ ,
4]
C) Domain: [8, ∞), range: (- ∞ , 4] D) Domain: (- ∞ , 4]; range: (- ∞,
∞)

Answer: A

5
46) f(x) =
x+3
A) Domain: (- ∞, 0) ∪ (0, ∞ ); range (- ∞, -3) ∪ (-3,
∞ ) B) Domain: (- ∞ , -3) ∪ (-3, ∞ ) ; range (- ∞ , 0) ∪

(0, ∞) C) Domain and range: (- ∞, ∞)

D) Domain: (- ∞ , ∞ ); range ( - ∞ , -3) ∪ ( - 3, ∞ )
Answer: A

47) f(x) = x3 + 2
A) Domain and range: (- ∞, ∞) B) Domain: [2, ∞); range: (- ∞ ,
∞)
C) Domain: (- ∞, ∞); range: [2, ∞) D) Domain: [0, ∞); range: [0,
∞)

Answer: A

48) f(x) = x - 5
A) Domain: (- ∞, ∞); range: [5, ∞) B) Domain and range: (- ∞ ,
∞ ) C) Domain: [0, ∞ ); range: [5, ∞ ) D) Domain: [5, ∞); range:
[0, ∞)
Answer: C

49) f(x) = -
7
x
A) Domain: (- ∞, ∞); range: (- ∞ , 0) ∪ (0, ∞) B) Domain: (- ∞ , 0) ∪ (0, ∞); range: (-
∞ , ∞ ) C) Domain and range: (- ∞ , 0) ∪ (0, ∞ ) D) Domain and range: (- ∞, ∞ )
Answer: C
3
50) f(x) = 4x - 5

A) Domain and range: (- ∞ , ∞) B) Domain: (- ∞ , ∞); range: [0,

∞ ) C) Domain: [5, ∞ ); range: [0, ∞ ) D) Domain: [0, ∞); range:
(-∞ , ∞)
Answer: A

The given function is one-to-one. Find f-1 (x).

3x+ 1
51) f(x) =
9
 8
8x+ 1 8 8 8x- 1
A) f- 1 (x) = B) f- 1 (x) = C) f- 1 (x) = D) f- 1 (x) =
3 3x + 1 3x - 1 3

Answer: D

10
 4x
52) f(x) =
x + 10
10x x+ 10 4x 10x
A) f-1 (x) = B) f-1 (x) = C) f-1 (x) = D) f-1 (x) =
4-x 4x x - 10 4+x

Answer: A

5+ 6x
53) f(x) =
4x
4x 5 5 4x
A) f-1 (x) = B) f-1 (x) = C) f-1 (x) = D) f-1 (x) =
5 + 6x 4x + 6 4x - 6 5 - 6x

Answer: C

x
54) f(x) =
8 - 5x
8x 5x+ 1 8x 8-
A) f-1 (x) = B) f-1 (x) = C) f-1 (x) = D) f-1 (x) =
1 - 5x 8x 5x + 1 5x
x
Answer: C

3x- 2
55) f(x) =
x+5
5x+ 2 x+ 5 5x+ 2
3x+ 2 B) f-1 (x) = C) f-1 (x) = D) f-1 (x) =
A) f-1 (x) = 3+x 3x - 2 3-x
x-5

Answer: D

3x+ 5
56) f(x) =
7x - 6
6x+ 5 7x- 3 7x+ 5 3x+ 5
A) f-1 (x) = B) f-1 (x) = C) f-1 (x) = D) f-1 (x) =
7x - 3 6x + 5 6x - 3 7x - 6

Answer: A
57) f(x) = 6x3 - 1

3 x+ 1 3 x +1 3 x- 1 x+ 1 2
A) f-1 (x) = B) f-1 (x) = C) f-1 (x) = D) f-1 (x) =
6 6 6 6

Answer: A
58) f(x) = 7 - 6x3
3 7- x 3 x- 7 3 3 7+ x
A) f-1 (x) = B) f-1 (x) = C) f-1 (x) = 7 - 6x3 D) f-1 (x) =
6 6 6

Answer: A

59) f(x) = x - 2, x ≥ 2
A) f-1 (x) = x2 + 2, x ≥ 0 B) f-1 (x) = (x - 2)2
C) f- 1 (x) = - x + 2 D) f- 1 (x) = x + 2
11
Answer: A

12
 60) f(x) = x2 - 49, x ≥ 7
A) f-1 (x) = x + 49, x ≥ 0 B) f-1 (x) = x2 + 49, x ≥ 0
2
C) f-1 (x) = (x2 + 49) D) f-1 (x) = (x - 7)2 (x + 7)2
Answer: B

Decide whether or not the functions are inverses of each

other.
61)

y
6
5
4
3
2
1

-2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
-1
-2

A) Yes B) No
Answer: B
62)
y
10
8
6
4
2

-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 10 x
-2
-4
-6
-8
-10

A) No B) Yes
Answer: B

13
63)
y
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 x

A) Yes B) No
Answer: B

64)
y
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 x

A) Yes B) No
Answer: A

65)
y
10

-10 10 x

-10

A) No B) Yes
Answer: B

14
 66)

A) No B) Yes
Answer: A

Use the graph of f to sketch a graph of the inverse of f using a dashed curve.
67)
y
10

-10 -5 5 10 x

-5

-10

A) B)
y y
10 10

5 5

-10 -5 5 10 x -10 -5 5 10 x

-5 -5

-10 -10

C) D)
y y
10 10

5 5

-10 -5 5 10 x -10 -5 5 10 x

-5 -5

-10 -10

Answer: B

15
68)
y
10

-10 -5 5 10 x

-5

-10

A) B)
y y
10 10

5 5

-10 -5 5 10 x -10 -5 5 10 x

-5 -5

-10 -10

C) D)
y y
10
10

5 5

-10 -5 5 10 x -10 -5 5 10 x

-5 -5
-10
-10

Answer: B

16
69)
y
10

-10 -5 5 10 x

-5

-10

A) B)
y y
10 10

5 5

-10 -5 5 10 x -10 -5 5 10 x

-5 -5

-10 -10

C) D)
y y
10 10

5 5

-10 -5 5 10 x -10 -5 5 10 x

-5 -5

-10 -10

Answer: A

17
70)
y
10

-10 -5 5 10 x

-5

-10

A) B)
y y
10 10

5 5

-10 -5 5 10 x -10 -5 5 10 x

-5 -5

-10 -10

C) D)
y y
10 10

5 5

-10 -5 5 10 x -10 -5 5 10 x

-5 -5

-10 -10

Answer: B

18
71)
y
10

-10 -5 5 10 x

-5

-10

A) B)
y y
10 10

5 5

-10 -5 5 10 x -10 -5 5 10 x

-5 -5

-10 -10

C) D)
y y
10 10

5 5

-10 -5 5 10 x -10 -5 5 10 x

-5 -5

-10 -10

Answer: C

19
 72)
y
10

-10 -5 5 10 x

-5

-10

A) B)
y y
10 10

5 5

-10 -5 5 10 x -10 -5 5 10 x

-5 -5

-10 -10

C) D)
y y
10 10

5 5

-10 -5 5 10 x -10 -5 5 10 x

-5 -5

-10 -10

Answer: C

Use a graphing calculator to graph the function using the given viewing window. Use the graph to decide if the
function is one-to-one. If the function is one-to-one, give the equation of the inverse function.
73) f(x) = x3 - 3x2 - x + 3; [-2, 4] by [-20, 20]
3
A) Not one-to-one B) One-to-one; f-1 (x) = x2 -3x + 3
3 3
C) One-to-one; f-1 (x) = x-3 D) One-to-one; f-1 (x) = x-3-x
Answer: A

74) f(x) = x4 - 6x2 + 5; [-3, 3] by [-40, 40]

4 4
A) One-to-one; f-1 (x) = 6x2 - 5 B) One-to-one; f-1 (x) = x - 5 + 6x2
4
C) One-to-one; f-1 (x) = x - 5 D) Not one-to-one
Answer: D
20
 x+ 1
75) f(x) = ; [-10, 10] by [-10,
10]
x-4 4x-
B) One-to-one; f-1 (x) =
4x+ 1
A) One-to-one; f-1 (x) = x+
1 1
x-
1

x-
C) Not one-to-one D) One-to-one; f-1 (x) =
4
x+
1
Answer: A

-x
76) f(x) = ; [-8, 8] by [-8, 8]
x+2
-x -2x
A) One-to-one; f-1 (x) = B) One-to-one; f-1 (x) =
x+2 x+1

2x
C) Not one-to-one D) One-to-one; f-1 (x) =
x+1
Answer: B

Decide on a suitable restriction on the domain so that the function is one-to -one and the range is not changed.
77) f(x) = x2 - 6
A) (- ∞, 5) B) [6, ∞) C) [-6, 6) D) [0, ∞ )
Answer: D

78) f(x) = -x2 + 18

A) (- ∞, 17) B) [0, ∞) C) [18, ∞) D) [-18,
18) Answer: B

79) f(x) = (x - 15)2

A) (-15, 14) B) [-15, 15) C) [-15, ∞) D) [15, ∞)
Answer: D

80) f(x) = (x + 3)2

A) [3, ∞) B) [-3, 3) C) (-3, 2) D) [-3, ∞)
Answer: D

81) f(x) = ∣x - 9 ∣
A) [9, ∞) B) (-∞ , 8) C) [-9, ∞ ) D) [-9, 9)
Answer: A

82) f(x) = x4 + x2 + 18
A) (- ∞, 17) B) [-18, 18) C) [0, ∞) D) [-18, ∞)
Answer: C

83) f(x) = x2 - 9
A) [-3, ∞) B) [3, ∞) C) (- ∞, 8) D) [-3, 3)
21
Answer: B

22
 84) f(x) = 49 - x2
A) [-7, 7) B) [-7, ∞) C) (- ∞ , 12) D) [0,
7] Answer: D

Using the restrictions stated for the function, find a rule for f -1 .
85) f(x) = x2 - 4, x ≤ 0
A) f-1 (x) = x2 + 4 B) f-1 (x) = x+4 C) f-1 (x) = - x+4 D) f-1 (x) = - x2 +
4
Answer: C

86) f(x) = -x2 + 12, x ≥ 0

A) f-1 (x) = - x2 + 12 B) f-1 (x) = 12 - x C) f-1 (x) = x + 12 D) f-1 (x) = x2 + 12
Answer: B

87) f(x) = (x - 9)2 , x ≥ 9

A) f-1 (x) = x + 9 B) f-1 (x) = x+9 C) f-1 (x) = x2 + 9 D) f-1 (x) = - x2 +
9
Answer: B

88) f(x) = ∣x - 10∣ - 1, x ≥ 10

A) f-1 (x) = x - 11, x ≥ 1 B) f-1 (x) = x + 9, x ≥ -10
C) f-1 (x) = x + 11, x ≥ -1 D) f-1 (x) = x + 12, x ≤ -1
Answer: C

89) f(x) = x4 , x ≥ 0
4 4 3
A) f-1 (x) = - x B) f-1 (x) = x C) f-1 (x) = x D) f-1 (x) = x
Answer: B

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the

question. Use the alphabet coding method (A =1, B = 2, C = 3, ... Z = 26) to solve the problem.
90) The function defined by f(x) = x + 2 was used to encode a message as:
15 3 22 10 9 7 16 11 23 21
Find the inverse function and determine the
message. Answer: f-1 (x) = x - 2; MATH GENIUS

91) The function defined by f(x) = 3x - 4 was used to encode a message as:
38 11 62 11 50 -1 17 -1 23 38
Find the inverse function and determine the message.
x+ 4
Answer: f-1 (x) = ; NEVER AGAIN
3

92) Encode the message BEWARE OF DOG using the one-to-one function defined by f(x) = x3 - 1. Give the
inverse function that the decoder would need when the message is received.
3
Answer: 7 124 12,166 0 5831 124 3374 215 63 3374 342; f- 1 (x) = x + 1

23
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

Answer the question or provide an explanation.

93) Indicate whether the provided information suggests that Y1 and Y2 are inverse functions.

A) No B) Yes
Answer: B

94) True or false? If f is a one-to-one function and the graph of f lies completely within the first quadrant,
then the graph of f-1 lies completely within the first quadrant.
A) True B) False
Answer: A

95) True or false? If f is a one - to- one function and the graph of f lies completely within the first and
fourth quadrants, then the graph of f-1 lies completely within the first and third quadrants.
A) True B) False
Answer: B

96) True or false? If a function f has an inverse function, then f is one-to-

one.
A) True B) False
Answer: A

97) True or false? If a function f has an inverse and f(1) = -3, then f-1 (-3) =
1.
A) True B) False
Answer: A

98) True or false? Any polynomial function of odd degree is a one-to-one function.
A) True B) False
Answer: B

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

99) Explain why the function f(x) = (x + 9)3 - 10 is a one- to- one function.
Answer: Answers will vary. Considering the set of ordered pairs associated with f, for each second
component there is exactly one first component. If you graph f, note that f passes the horizontal
line test.

100) Explain why the function f(x) = mx + b is not a one-to-one function for all values of m
and b.
Answer: Consider m = 0. f(x) = 0x + b has a graph which is a horizontal line. Such a graph does not
pass the horizontal line test.

101) Years ago, people used fountain pens. The ink was very "wet" and so a blotter was used to absorb "wet"
ink left on the surface of the paper. Suppose you have a single sheet of graph paper and that you have just

24
used your fountain pen to graph the one-to-one function f. Explain how, if the ink is "wet", you could
now obtain the graph of f-1 using only your sheet of graph paper. (Hint: Fold the sheet of graph paper.)
Answer: With the graph facing up, fold the sheet of graph paper along the line x = y and press the paper
down.

25
 102) Explain why the function f(x) = (x - 7)2 + 3 is not a one-to-one function.
Answer: Answers will vary. If you graph f, note that the graph is a parabola opening up which does not
pass the horizontal line test. Considering the set of ordered pairs associated with f, for each second
component there is not exactly one first component.

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

Graph the function.

103) f(x) = 3 x
y
6

-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2

-4

-6

A) B)
y y
6 6

4 4

2 2

-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2 -2

-4 -4

-6 -6

C) D)
y y
6 6

4 4

2 2

-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2 -2

-4 -4

-6 -6

Answer: B

26
 1 x
104) f(x) =
4
y
6

-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2

-4

-6

A) B)
y y
6 6

4 4

2 2

-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2 -2

-4 -4

-6 -6

C) D)
y y
6 6

4 4

2 2

-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2 -2

-4 -4

-6 -6

Answer: B

27
 9 x
105) f(x) =
2
y
6

-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2

-4

-6

A) B)
y y
6 6

4 4

2 2

-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2 -2

-4 -4

-6 -6

C) D)
y y
6 6

4 4

2 2

-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2 -2

-4 -4

-6 -6

Answer: D

28
 4 x
106) f(x) =
5
y
6

-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2

-4

-6

A) B)
y y
6 6

4 4

2 2

-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2 -2

-4 -4

-6 -6

C) D)
y y
6 6

4 4

2 2

-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2 -2

-4 -4

-6 -6

Answer: C

29
107) f(x) = 3 -x

y
5
4
3
2
1

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5

A) B)
y y
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x
-1 -1
-2 -2
-3 -3
-4 -4
-5 -5

C) D)
y y
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x
-1 -1
-2 -2
-3 -3
-4 -4
-5 -5

Answer: A

30
108) f(x) = - 2 x

y
5
4
3
2
1

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5

A) B)
y y
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x
-1 -1
-2 -2
-3 -3
-4 -4
-5 -5

C) D)
y y
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x
-1 -1
-2 -2
-3 -3
-4 -4
-5 -5

Answer: B

31
 109) f(x) = 2e- x

y
5
4
3
2
1

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5

A) B)
y y
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x
-1 -1
-2 -2
-3 -3
-4 -4
-5 -5

C) D)
y y
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x
-1 -1
-2 -2
-3 -3
-4 -4
-5 -5

Answer: A
Solve the equation.
110) 16x = 4
1 1
A) B) {-2} C) {2} D) -

2 2
Answer: A

27
 1 x
111) = 25
5
1
A) - B) {2} C) {-2} D)
2
1
Answer: C 2

5 x 81
112) =
9 25
1 1
A) {2} B) {-2} C) D) -
2 2

Answer: B

113) 4 (9 - 3x) = 64
A) {-2} B) {3} C) {2} D) {16}
Answer: C
1
114) 2 (7 - 3x) =
4
1
A) {1} B) C) {-3} D) {3}
2

Answer: D

-x
115) e5x - 1 = (e 3)
1 2 1
A) 0 B) C) D)
2 3 8
Answer: D

116) 4 x - 2 = 8 2x
4 1
A) - 2 B) - C) - D) - 1
3 2
Answer: D

1 4x + 6
117) = 9 x- 2
3
1 4 5 2
A) - B) - C) D) -
3 5 2 3
Answer: A

3 3
Answer: A

28
118) ( 7 ) x + 5 = 49x
5 10
A) B) C) 5 D) 1

3 4
Answer: A

28
 x+6
1
119) ex - 3 =
e3
9 21 15
9 B) C) - D) -
A) - 4 2 4
2
Answer: D

Use a calculator to find an approximation for the power. Round the answer to seven decimal places if
necessary.
120) 2 8
A) 256 B) 16 C) 5.6568542 D) 7.1029933
Answer: D

121) -3 9
A) -9 B) -19,683 C) -27 D) 0.0000508
Answer: C

122) 8 - 8
A) -22.627417 B) 0.0000001 C) -358.363868 D) 0.0027905
Answer: D
1 8
123)
7
A) 2401 B) 0.004071 C) 0.0004165 D) 245.639508
Answer: B

124) 3.4 13
A) 2848.4786 B) 82.465916 C) 0.0003511 D) 1.0987098
Answer: B

125) 4.6- 8
A) -74.913662 B) 0.8263333 C) 0.0022334 D) 0.0133487
Answer: D

126) 12 12
A) 496.129445 B) 73.9940415 C) 1728 D) 46,656
Answer: B

127) 3- 3
A) -2.5893997 B) 0.5443311 C) 0.3861899 D) 0.4386913
Answer: C

Graph the function.

29
 1 x
128) f(x) = +2
3
y
6

-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2

-4

-6

A) B)
y y
6 6

4 4

2 2

-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2 -2

-4 -4

-6 -6

C) D)
y y
6 6

4 4

2 2

-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2 -2

-4 -4

-6 -6

Answer: B

30
129) f(x) = 3 x - 4

y
5
4
3
2
1

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5

A) B)
y y
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x
-1 -1

-2 -2
-3 -3
-4 -4
-5 -5

C) D)
y y
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x
-1 -1
-2 -2
-3 -3
-4 -4
-5 -5

Answer: A

31
130) f(x) = 2 x + 2

y
5
4
3
2
1

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5

A) B)
y y
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x
-1 -1

-2 -2
-3 -3
-4 -4
-5 -5

C) D)
y y
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x
-1 -1
-2 -2
-3 -3
-4 -4
-5 -5

Answer: C

32
131) y = 4 x + 4 + 3
y
6

-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2

-4

-6

A) B)
y y
6 6

4 4

2 2

-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2 -2

-4 -4

-6 -6

C) D)
y y
6 6

4 4

2 2

-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2 -2

-4 -4

-6 -6

Answer: C

33
132) f(x) = e3x - 3

y
5
4
3
2
1

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5

A) B)
y y
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x
-1 -1
-2 -2
-3 -3
-4 -4
-5 -5

C) D)
y y
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x
-1 -1
-2 -2
-3 -3
-4 -4
-5 -5

Answer: B

34
133) f(x) = e3 - x

y
5
4
3
2
1

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5

A) B)
y y
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x
-1 -1
-2 -2
-3 -3
-4 -4
-5 -5

C) D)
y y
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x
-1 -1
-2 -2
-3 -3
-4 -4
-5 -5

Answer: A

35
 134) f(x) = 2 - x - 3

y
5
4
3
2
1

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5

A) B)
y y
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x
-1 -1
-2 -2
-3 -3
-4 -4
-5 -5

C) D)
y y
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x
-1 -1
-2 -2
-3 -3
-4 -4
-5 -5

Answer: B

Solve the inequality. Express the answer in interval notation.

135) 2 x + 2 > 8
A) [1, ∞) B) {5} C) (1, ∞) D) (5, ∞ )
Answer: C
136) 642x ≥ 16x + 1
1 1 1
A) , ∞) B) , ∞) C) (- ∞, - D) (- ∞ , -
1
2 4 4 2
Answer: A

36
 3 x + 1 256 x - 1
137) ≤
4 81
1 1 3 3
A) (- ∞, B) , ∞) C) (- ∞, D) , ∞)
5 5 5 5
Answer: D

Use the compound interest formula to determine the final value of the given amount.
138) $1,000 at 6% compounded annually for 11 years
A) $1898.30 B) $2012.20 C) $1790.85 D) $898.3
Answer: A

139) $1,000 at 5% compounded semiannually for 5 years

A) $1248.86 B) $1276.28 C) $1280.08 D) $280.08
Answer: C

140) $14,000 at 10% compounded semiannually for 14 years

A) $53,164.98 B) $52,268.39 C) $54,881.81 D) $40,881.81
Answer: C

141) $480 at 17% compounded quarterly for 6 years

A) $823.37 B) $1303.37 C) $1231.28 D) $1250.23
Answer: B

142) $12,000 at 10% compounded quarterly for 6 years

A) $21,704.71 B) $21,175.33 C) $9704.71 D) $21,258.73
Answer: A

143) $580 at 2% compounded continuously for 13 years

A) $752.22 B) $5062.90 C) $676.46 D) $385,782.15
Answer: A

Solve the problem.

144) In September 1998 the population of the country of West Goma in millions was modeled by f(x) =
17.9e0.0006x .
At the same time the population of East Goma in millions was modeled by g(x) = 13.3e0.0174x. In both
formulas x is the year, where x = 0 corresponds to September 1998. Assuming these trends continue,
estimate the year when the population of West Goma will equal the population of East Goma.
A) 2016 B) 2015 C) 1980 D) 2018
Answer: A

145) In September 1998 the population of the country of West Goma in millions was modeled by f(x) =
17.8e0.0019x .
At the same time the population of East Goma in millions was modeled by g(x) = 13.2e0.0165x. In both
formulas x is the year, where x = 0 corresponds to September 1998. Assuming these trends continue,
estimate what the population will be when the populations are equal. Round to the nearest million.
A) 1 million B) 18 million C) 17 million D) 19 million
Answer: D

37
146) Suppose the amount of a radioactive element remaining in a sample of 100 milligrams after x years can
be described by A(x) = 100e-0.01911x. How much is remaining after 26 years? Round the answer to the
nearest hundredth of a milligram.
A) 164.36 mg B) 49.69 mg C) 60.84 mg D) 0.61 mg
Answer: C

147) The number of bacteria growing in an incubation culture increases with time according to B = 2100(2)x ,
where x is time in days. Find the number of bacteria when x = 0 and x = 5.
A) 2100 bacteria; 21,000 bacteria B) 2100 bacteria; 67,200 bacteria
C) 2100 bacteria; 8400 bacteria D) 4200 bacteria; 67,200 bacteria
Answer: B

148) The growth in the population of a certain rodent at a dump site fits the exponential function A(t)=
869e0.029t, where t is the number of years since 1985. Estimate the population in the year 2000.
A) 1382 rodents B) 672 rodents C) 895 rodents D) 1343 rodents
Answer: D

149) The decay of 650 milligrams of an isotope is given by A(t)= 650e-0.023t, where t is time in years. Find
the amount left after 89 years. Round to the nearest milligram.
A) 84 mg B) 82 mg C) 42 mg D) 635 mg
Answer: A

t/3.3
150) The half-life of Coper 61 is 3.3 hours. If the formula P = (1/2) gives the percent (as a decimal)
remaining after time t (in hours), sketch P versus t.
y
1.6

1.2

0.8

0.4

2 4 6 8 10 x

-0.4

-0.8

A) B)
y y
1.6 1.6

1.2 1.2

0.8 0.8

0.4 0.4

2 4 6 8 10 x 2 4 6 8 10 x
-0.4 -0.4

-0.8 -0.8

38
 C) D)
y y
1.6 1.6

1.2 1.2

0.8 0.8

0.4 0.4

2 4 6 8 10 x 2 4 6 8 10 x

-0.4 -0.4

-0.8 -0.8

Answer: B

151) The sales of a mature product (one which has passed its peak) will decline according to the function
S(t) = S0 e-at, where t is time in years since the peak sales. Find the sales of a product 18 years after its peak
sales if a = 0.12 and S0 = 76,900. Round to the nearest whole number.
A) 4435 sales B) 86,705 sales C) 751,827 sales D) 8869 sales
Answer: D

152) The number of reports of a certain virus has increased exponentially since 1960. The number of cases
can be approximated using the function r(t) = 320 e0.007t, where t is the number of years since 1960.
Estimate the number of cases in the year 2000. Round to the nearest whole number.
A) 847 cases B) 395 cases C) 318 cases D) 423 cases
Answer: D

153) An element decays at the rate of S(t) = se-0.014t, where s is the initial amount in grams and t is the time in
years since this initial amount was present. If you have a 88-gram piece of this element, how many grams
will you have 3 years from now? Round to the nearest tenth of a gram.
A) 84.4 g B) 91.8 g C) 43.4 g D) 1.0 g
Answer: A

Provide an appropriate
response.
154) In the given figure, the graphs of y = a x for a = 1.5, 2.3, 3.4, 0.6, 0.87, 0.42 are given. Identify the
graph of y = 0.42x .

A) V B) IV C) II D)
III Answer: B

39
SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

155) f(x) = ax
y
5
4
3
2
1

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5

The graph of an exponential function with base a is given. Is a > 1 or is 0 < a < 1? Explain how you
arrived at your answer. Give the domain and range of f.
Answer: 0 < a < 1, because if 0 < a < 1, then a 2 < a, domain = (- ∞, ∞), range = (0, ∞)

40
156) f(x) = ax
y
5
4
3
2
1

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x
-1
-2

-3
-4
-5

The graph of an exponential function with base a is given. Sketch the graph of g(x) = -a x. Give the domain
and range of g.
Answer:
y
5
4
3
2
1

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5

domain: (- ∞, ∞), range: (- ∞ , 0)

41
157) f(x) = ax
y
5
4

3
2
1

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5

The graph of an exponential function with base a is given. Sketch the graph of h(x) = a-x. Give the domain
and range of h.
Answer:
y
5
4
3
2
1

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x
-1
-2
-3

-4
-5

domain: (- ∞, ∞), range: (0, ∞)

42
 158) f(x) = ax
y
5
4

3
2
1

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5

The graph of an exponential function with base a is given. Sketch the graph of g(x) = ax + 2. Give the
domain and range of g.
Answer:
y
5
4
3
2
1

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5

domain: (- ∞, ∞), range: (2, ∞)

159) Explain how the graph of y = 2 x + 3 - 3 can be obtained from the graph of y = 2 x.
Answer: The graph is shifted 3 units to the left and 3 units down.

1 x
160) Explain how the graph of y = + 1 can be obtained from the graph of y = 2 x.
2
Answer: The graph is reflected over the y-axis and then shifted 1 units up.

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

161) Find an equation of the form f(x) = a x to define the exponential function whose graph contains the point (3,
64).
Assume that a > 0.

A) f(x) = 12x B) f(x) = 256 x C) f(x) = 81x D) f(x) = 4 x

Answer: D

43
 162) Find C and a so that f(x) = Ca x satisfies the given
1
conditions. f(-1) = and f(1) = 8
8
1 1
A) C = 1, a = 8 B) C = 1, a = C) C = ,a=1 D) C = 8, a = 1
8 8

Answer: A

Write an equivalent expression in logarithmic form.

163) 6 2 = 36
A) log 2 36 = 6 B) log 6 36 = 2 C) log 6 2 = 36 D) log 36 6 = 2

Answer: B

164) 4 2 = 16
A) log 4 2 = 16 B) log 2 16 = 4 C) log 16 4 = 2 D) log 4 16 = 2

Answer: D
1
165) 3 -3 =
27
1 1 1
A) log -3 =3 B) log 3 -3 = C) log 3 = -3 D) log 1/27 3 = -
27 27 27
3

Answer: C
8 2 64
166) =
3 9

64 log2 64 8 64 8 64
A) log 8/3 2 = B) 9 = 3 C) log 8/3 =2 D) log 2 =
9 log 2 9 3 9

Answer: C
4 -4 625
167) =
5 256
log4 4 -4
625 4 4-4 5 -4 5 5
A) log 4/5 = -4 B) log4 = C) log- 4 = D) =
256 5 5 -4 4 -4 4 log 4 5 -4 4

Answer: A

168) 103 = 1000

A) log 3 10 = 1000 B) log 3 1000 = 10 C) log 10 1000 = 3 D) log 10 3 =
1000

Answer: C

169) 10-4 = 0.0001

A) log 10 0.0001 = -4 B) log 10 -4 = 0.0001 C) log 4 -4 = 0.10 D) log 4 0.10 =
-4
44
Answer: A

45
 3
170) e1/3 = e
3 1 1 3 1 3
A) ln e = ln B) ln e1/3 = C) ln e = D) ln e1/3 = e
3 3 3

Answer: C

Write an equivalent expression in exponential form.

171) log 9 = 2
3

A) 3 9 = 2 B) 3 2 = 9 C) 2 3 = 9 D) 9 2 = 3
Answer: B
1
172) log = -3
4 64

1 1 3 1
A) 3 4 = B) =4 C) 4 1/64 = 3 D) 4 -3 =
64 64 64
Answer: D

1
173) log 4=
256 4

1 4
A) 4 1/4 = 256 B) 256 1/4 = 4 C) 4 256 = 4 D) = 256
4

Answer: B

174) log10 0.0001 = -4

A) 0.0001-4 = 10 B) 100.0001 = -4 C) -4 10 = 0.0001 D) 10-4 =

0.0001
Answer: D

175) log 81 = 4
9
A) 812 = 9 B) 29 = 81 C) 9 2 = 81 D) 9 81 = 2
Answer: C

176) ln e6 = 6
A) ln e6 = e6 B) e6 = 6 C) ln 6 = 6 D) e6 = e6
Answer: D

1
177) ln e1/6 =
6
1 1
A) e6 = e1/6 B) e1/6 = C) e1/6 = e1/6 D) ln = e1/6
6 6

Answer: C
46
Solve the equation.
178) log2 8 = x
A) {16} B) {10} C) {3} D)
{4} Answer: C

47
179) log 27 = 3
x
A) {30} B) {81} C) {3} D) {9}
Answer: C
180) logx 36 = - 2
1 1
A) - 6 B) 6 C) - D)
6 6

Answer: D

181) log5 x = 3
A) 8 B) 15 C) 125 D) 243
Answer: C
182) log5 x = -2
1 1
A) B) C) 3 D) -10
32 25
Answer: B

183) log1/5 x = -2
1 1
A) B) 32 C) 25 D)
32 25
Answer: C

1
184) log5 =x
125
1 1
A) B) 3 C) D) -3
625 25
Answer: D

185) log 8 =
1
z 3
1
1 B) 512 C) D) 6561
A) 6561
512
Answer: B

186) x = log10 0.0001

1
1 B) 4 C) - D) -4
A) 4
4
Answer: D

4
187) x = log4 64
3
3 B) 12 C) - 4
A) 4 D)
4 3

Answer: A

48
 188) log3 (x - 1) = 2
A) {10} B) {5} C) {7} D) {8}
Answer: A
83
189) log1/4 =x
2 -2

A) -4 B) -2.75 C) -5.5 D) -3.5

Answer: C

Use a calculator to find the logarithm. Give an approximation to four decimal places.
190) log 300
A) 5.7038 B) 2.4771 C) 2.4757 D) 2.4786
Answer: B

191) log 2.02

A) 0.2833 B) 0.3263 C) 0.7031 D) 0.3054
Answer: D

192) log 4721

A) 3.6750 B) 8.4598 C) 3.6731 D) 3.6740
Answer: D

193) log 0.0684

A) -1.1713 B) -1.1649 C) -2.6824 D) -1.1586
Answer: B

194) ln 100
A) 4.6052 B) 36.9004 C) 0.2165 D) 2.0000
Answer: A

195) ln 0.984
A) 0.0161 B) -0.0161 C) -0.0070 D) 0.0070
Answer: B

196) log( 2.58 × 10 6 )

A) 6.0000 B) -5.5884 C) 6.4116 D) 0.4116
Answer: C

197) ln ( 7.83 × e 6 )
A) 6.0192 B) 2.0580 C) 8.0580 D) -3.9420
Answer: C

Solve the problem. Round your answer to the nearest tenth, when appropriate. Use the formula pH = -log
H3 O+ , as needed.
198) Find the pH if [H3 O+ ] = 2.4 × 10 -12 .
A) 12.4 B) - 12.4 C) 11.6 D) 11.8
Answer: C

49
 199) Find the pH if [H3 O+ ] = 1.0 × 10 -5 .
A) 5 B) - 9 C) 9 D) - 5
Answer: A

200) Find the pH if [H3 O+ ] = 8.7 × 10 -11 .

A) 11.9 B) 10.1 C) 11.1 D) 10.9
Answer: B

201) Find [H3 O+ ] if the pH = 11 .

A) 3.0 x 10 -11 B) 1.0 x 10 -11 C) 2.0 x 10 11 D) 1.0 x 10
11
Answer: B

202) Find [H3 O+ ] if the pH = 9 .4.

A) 4.0 × 10 -10 B) 4.0 × 10 -9 C) 2.5 × 10 -10 D) 2.5 ×
10 -9
Answer: A

203) Find the [H3 O+] if the pH = 2.3.

A) 2.0 × 102 B) 2.7 × 101 C) 5.0 × 10-3 D) 3.6 × 10-
1
Answer: C

Solve the problem. Round your answer to the nearest tenth.

204) If $2500 is invested in an account that pays interest compounded continuously, how long will it take to
grow to
$5000 at 8%?
A) 11.5 years B) 8.7 years C) 9.0 years D) 5.5
years
Answer: B

205) If $2000 is invested in an account that pays interest compounded continuously, how long will it take to
grow to
$4000 at 9.25%?
A) 6.4 years B) 7.5 years C) 10.6 years D) 7.8
years
Answer: B

206) If $5000 is invested in an account that pays interest compounded continuously, how long will it take to
grow to
$9000 at 6%?
A) 13.8 years B) 9.8 years C) 6.4 years D) 11.6
years
Answer: B

207) If $2000 is invested in an account that pays interest compounded continuously, how long will it take to
grow to
$9000 at 5.25%?
50
 A) 16.9 years B) 6.3 years C) 13.2 years D) 28.6
years
Answer: D

208) If $3500 is invested in an account that pays interest compounded continuously, how long will it take to
grow to
$10,500 at 5%?
A) 19.5 years B) 22.0 years C) 5.5 years D) 12.0
years
Answer: B

51
Use the properties of logarithms to rewrite the logarithm if possible. Assume that all variables represent
positive real numbers.
209) log6 11x
A) log3 11 - log3 x B) log6 11 - log6 x C) log3 11 + log3 x D) log6 11 + log6
x
Answer: D

210) log2 xy
A) log2 x - log2 y B) log1 x - log1 y C) log1 x + log1 y D) log2 x + log2 y
Answer: D

3
211) log8
5
A) log8 3 + log8 5 B) log8 3 - log8 5 C) log4 3 - log4 5 D) log8 5 - log8 3
Answer: B
10
212) log6
7

1
A) log6 10 - log6 7 B) log6 7 - log6 10 C) log3 10 - log3 7 D) log6 10 +
2
log6 7

Answer: A
2 r
213) log3
s
1
A) log3 2 ∙ log3 r ÷ log3 s B) log3 (2 r) - log3 s
2
1 1
C) log3 2 + log3 r - log3 s D) log3 s - log3 2 - log3 r
2 2
Answer: C
7
13
214) log12
2
q p

A) 7 log12 13 - 2 log12 q - log12 7 B) log12 13 - log12 q - log12 p

1 1
C) log12 13 - 2 log12 q - 2 log12 p D) log12 13 - 2 log12 q - log12 p
7 7
Answer: D
x3 y2
215) log5
2

A) 3 log5 x + 2 log5 y + log5 2 B) (3 log5 x)(2 log5 y) - log5 2

C) 3 log5 x + 2 log5 y - log5 2 D) 3 log5 x - 2 log5 y - log5 2
Answer: C

52
 6 8x8
216) logn
z5
1 4 5 1 4 5
A) log 8 - log x - log z B) log 8 + log x - log z
6 n 3 n 6 n 6 n 3 n 6 n
1 4 5
C) logn 8 + 8 logn x - 5 logn z D) logn 8 + logn x + logn z
6 3 6
Answer: B

217) log4 (6x + 2y)

A) log4 6 - log4 2 B) Cannot be rewritten
C) 6log4 x - 2log4 y D) log2 6x + log2 2y

Answer: B

Use the product, quotient, and power rules of logarithms to rewrite the expression as a single logarithm. Assume
that all variables represent positive real numbers.
218) log3 13 - log3 m
13 13 m
A) log6 B) log3 C) log3 (13 - m) D) log3
m m 13
Answer: B
219) 4 logm q - 5 logm
y2 q4 4q q4
B) logm C) logm D) logm
q4 y7 5y2 y10
A) logm
2y5

Answer: D

2 3
220) logn 9x2 + logn 81x 2
9 5
A) logn 729x39/40 B) logn 9 39/20 x63/40
C) logn 729x9/10 D) logn 9 64/45 x74/45
Answer: D

221) 4 log6 (3x - 2) + 3 log6 (5x + 3)

A) log6 ((3x - 2)4 + (5x + 3)3 ) B) log6 (3x - 2)4 (5x + 3)3
(3x - 2)4
C) log6 D) 12 log6 (3x - 2)(5x + 3)
(5x + 3)3

Answer: B

53
 1 1 1
222) log3 x6 + log3 x6 - log3 x
3 6 9
7
A) log3 x12 B) log3 x9/2 C) log3 x7 D) log3
9
x26/9

Answer: D

Use the change-of-base rule to find the logarithm to four decimal places.
223) log 9 69.39
A) 1.8413 B) 7.7100 C) 1.9296 D) 0.5182
Answer: C

224) log 5 0.466

A) 10.7296 B) -2.1078 C) -0.3316 D) -0.4744
Answer: D

225) log 3.7 272

A) 2.4346 B) 4.2847 C) 0.2334 D) 73.5135
Answer: B

226) log 5.8 5.3

A) 1.0541 B) 0.9487 C) 0.7243 D) 0.9138
Answer: B

227) log3 7
A) 1.7712 B) 3.5424 C) 0.5646 D) -1.7712
Answer: A

228) log7 0.84

A) -11.1607 B) 0.0896 C) -0.0896 D) -0.1792
Answer: C

229) log17 89.90

A) 5.2882 B) 1.9538 C) 1.5878 D) 0.6298
Answer: C

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

Provide an appropriate response.

230) In the expression y = loga x, what restrictions, if any, are there on the value of a?
Answer: a > 0

231) Change y = loga x to an exponential equation.

Answer: x = ay

232) Give a definition for the following term: product rule of logarithms .

54
Answer: For base a > 0, a ≠ 1, and positive u and v, log a uv = loga u + loga v.

55
 233) A student claims that since log b x = a is not defined for negative values of x, then a must also not be
negative.
What is wrong with this statement?
Answer: a is an exponent, and if a positive b is raised to a negative power the result will be positive. So,
it is possible that a be negative when x is positive.

234) A classmate missed the lecture concerning the power rule of logarithms. When your classmate calls you
on the phone for an explanation of why it works, what should you say to explain it?
Answer: Answers may vary. One possibility: Tell the student to do the following to prove it him/herself:

1) Take a logarithmic expression. 1) log b x =

a
2) Convert it to exponential form. 2) ba =
x
r
3) Raise that expression to a power. 3) (ba ) =
xr
4) Use the power rule for exponents. 4) bar =
xr
5) Convert back to logarithmic form. 5) log b xr =

ar

6) Use the commutative property for multiplication 6) log b xr =

ra
7) Substitute the original logarithmic expression. 7) log b xr = r log b
x

235) Why is finding the value of log a a 6 like answering the question "What is the name of the girl whose
name is
Jane?"
Answer: Answers may vary. One possibility: Like in "What is the name of the girl whose name is Jane?", the
answer is found right in the question. A logarithm is an exponent. It represents that number which,
when the given base is raised to that power, yields the given exponent. Put differently, its value is the
answer to the question "What is the power of the given base that yields the given exponent?".

The base of the given log is "a". The exponent of the given logarithm is "a 6 " (aka "a to the power
6"). Therefore, its value answers the question "What is the power of a that yields a to the power
6"? The answer is obviously "6".

Question:
What is the name = What is the power
of the girl = of a
whose name is = that yields a to the
Jane? = power
6?
Answer:
Jane = 6

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
56
 log 48
7
236) Use a property of logarithms to evaluate 7 .
1 1
A) B) C) 48 D) 7
7 48
Answer: C

57
 237) Use a property of logarithms to evaluate log 3 3 44.
1 1
A) B) C) 3 D) 44
44 3
Answer: D

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

238) Explain how this statement needs to be changed so that it is true.

log 3 17 + 17 = log 3 17 + log 3 17

Answer: Answers may vary, but the easiest alteration that would make this statement true is to change the
plus sign ("+") within the parentheses to a multiplication sign ("∙ "). The result is a true statement:
" log 3 17 ∙ 17 = log 3 17 + log 3 17

239) Explain why this sequence of steps is

incorrect. log 3 49 = log 3 - 7 - 7

= log 3 - 7 + log 3 - 7

Answer: The product rule for logarithms cannot be applied to the expression on the right side of the initial
equation. That is, log b xy = log b x + log b y applies only if x, y, and b are positive real numbers,
where
b ≠ 1. Since b = 3, it is clearly a positive real number ≠ 1. However, x = y = -7, which is a negative
number, and thus the rule cannot be applied.

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

The graph of an exponential function f is given, along with coordinates for three points. Sketch the graph of f-1 by
hand, giving coordinates of three points on its graph. State the equation of its vertical asymptote.
240)
y
6

2
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x 1
points: (0, 1), (1, 2), and -1,
-2 2

-4

-6

58
 A) B)
y y
6 6

4 4

2 2
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2 -2

-4 -4

-6 -6

1
points: (-1, 2), (0, 1), 1, points: (0, -1), (1, -2), -1, -
2 1
The asymptote is y = 0. 2
The asymptote is y = 0.

C) D)
y y
6 6

4 4

2 2
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2 -2

-4 -4

-6 -6

1 1
points: , 1 , (1, 0), (2, - points: , -1 , (1, 0), (2, 1)
2
1)
2 The asymptote is x = 0.
The asymptote is x = 0.

Answer: D

241)
y
6

2
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x 1
points: (-1, 4), (0, 1), and 1,
-2 4

-4

-6

59
 A) B)
y y
6 6

4 4

2 2
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2 -2

-4 -4

-6 -6

1
points: , 1 , (1, 0), (4, - points: (-1, -4), (0, -1), 1, -
1
1)
4 4
The asymptote is x = The asymptote is y =
0. C) 0. D)

y y
6 6

4 4

2 2
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2 -2

-4 -4

-6 -6

1 1
points: , -1 , (1, 0), (4, points: -1, , (0, 1), (1, 4)
4
1)
4 The asymptote is y = 0.
The asymptote is x =
0. Answer: A

242)
y

x 4
points: -1, , (0, 2), and (1, 4)
-2 3

-4

60
 A) B)
y y
6 6

4 4

2 2
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2 -2

-4 -4

-6 -6

2 2
points: (0, 0), (2, -1), - , points: -1, , (0, 0), (1, -2)
3
1 The asymptote is y =
3
The asymptote is x = - 1. D)
1. C)

y y
6 6

4 4

2 2
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2 -2

-4 -4

-6 -6

4 4
points: (-1, 4), (0, 2), 1, points: (2, 0), (4, 1), , -1
3 3
The asymptote is y = The asymptote is x = 1.
1. Answer: D

243)
y
6

2
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x 5
points: (0, 2), (-1, 5), and 1,
-2 4

-4

-6

61
 A) B)
y y
6 6

4 4

2 2
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2 -2

-4 -4

-6 -6

3
points: (-1, -3), (0, 0), 1, points: (0, 0), - , -1 , (3,
3
1)
4 4
The asymptote is y = The asymptote is x = -
1. C) 1. D)

y y
6 6

4 4

2 2
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2 -2

-4 -4

-6 -6

5 5
points: -1, , (0, 2), (1, 5) points: (2, 0), , 1 , (5, -1)
4 4
The asymptote is y = The asymptote is x = 1.
1. Answer: D

244)
y
6

2
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x 1
points: -2, , (-1, 1), and (0, 3)
-2 3

-4

-6

62
 A) B)
y y
6 6

4 4

2 2
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2 -2

-4 -4

-6 -6

1
points: , -2 , (1, -1), (3, points: (-1, 2), (0, 0), 1, -
2
0)
3 3
The asymptote is x = The asymptote is y = -
0. C) 1. D)

y y
6 6

4 4

2 2
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2 -2

-4 -4

-6 -6

1 2
points: , 2 , (1, 1), (3, 0) points: -1, , (0, 0), (1, -2)
3 3
The asymptote is x = The asymptote is y = 1.
0. Answer: A

245)
y
10
8
6
4
2

-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 10 x 1
-2 points: (-3, 4), (-2, 1), and -1,
-4
4
-6
-8
-10

63
 A) B)
y 10 y
10
8 8
6 6
4 4
2 2

-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 10 x -10 -8 -6 -4 -2
-2 2 4 6 8 10 x
-2
-4 -4
-6 -6
-8 -8
-10 -10

7 1
points: -1, - , (0, -1), (1, points: , 1 , (1, 2), (4, 3)
4
2)
4 The asymptote is x =
The asymptote is y = - 0. D)
2. C)

10 y 10 y

8 8
6 6
4 4
2 2

-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 10 x -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 10 x
-2 -2
-4 -4
-6 -6
-8 -8
-10 -10

7 1
points: (-1, -2), (0, 1), 1, points: , -1 , (1, -2), (4, -3)
4 4
The asymptote is y = The asymptote is x = 0.
2. Answer: D

Find the domain of the

function.
246) f(x) = log5 2x
A) (5, ∞) B) (-∞ , ∞) C) - ∞, 0 D) (0,
∞) Answer: D

1
247) f(x) = log2 x
3
A) - ∞, 0 B) (3, ∞) C) (- ∞, ∞) D) (0,
∞) Answer: D

248) f(x) = ln|x - 1|

A) (- ∞, 1) ∪ (1, ∞) B) (-∞ , -1) ∪ (-1, ∞) C) (- ∞, 2) ∪ (2, ∞ ) D) (1,
∞) Answer: A

64
249) f(x) = log (x - 10)
A) (-10, ∞ ) B) (1, ∞) C) (0, ∞) D) (10,
∞) Answer: D

65
 250) f(x) = ln (-6 - x)
A) (- ∞, 6) B) (-6, ∞) C) (- ∞ , -6) D) (6, ∞ )
Answer: C

251) f(x) = log2 (9 - x2 )

A) [-3, 3] B) (-3, 3) C) (-9, 9) D) (- ∞, -3) ∪ (3,
∞) Answer: B

252) f(x) = ln (4x - x2 )

A) (0, 4) B) (-∞ , 4] C) (-4, 4) D) [-4, 0)
Answer: A

253) f(x) = log10 (x2 - 13x + 36)

A) (- ∞, 4) ∪ (9, ∞) B) (9, ∞) C) (- ∞, -4) D) (-4,
9) Answer: A

x+ 5
254) f(x) = log 10
x-2
A) (-5, 2) B) (-∞ , -5) ∪ (2, ∞ ) C) (2, ∞) D) (- ∞, -
5) Answer: B

Graph the function.

255) f(x) = log3 x

y
6

-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2

-4

-6

A) B)
y y
6 6

4 4

2 2

-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2 -2

-4 -4

-6 -6

66
 C) D)
y y
6 6

4 4

2 2

-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2 -2

-4 -4

-6 -6

Answer: C

256) f(x) = log (x - 1)

5
y
6

-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2

-4

-6

A) B)
y y
6 6

4 4

2 2

-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2 -2

-4 -4

-6 -6

67
 C) D)
y y
6 6

4 4

2 2

-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2 -2

-4 -4

-6 -6

Answer: A

257) f(x) = ( log 5 x) + 1

y
6

-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2

-4

-6

A) B)
y y
6 6

4 4

2 2

-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2 -2

-4 -4

-6 -6

68
 C) D)
y y
6 6

4 4

2 2

-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2 -2

-4 -4

-6 -6

Answer: A

258) f(x) = log (x + 3)

5
y
6

-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2

-4

-6

A) B)
y y
6 6

4 4

2 2

-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2 -2

-4 -4

-6 -6

69
 C) D)
y y
6 6

4 4

2 2

-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2 -2

-4 -4

-6 -6

Answer: C

259) f(x) = log (x) + 4

3
y
6

-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2

-4

-6

A) B)
y y
6 6

4 4

2 2

-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2 -2

-4 -4

-6 -6

70
 C) D)
y y
6 6

4 4

2 2

-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2 -2

-4 -4

-6 -6

Answer: C

260) f(x) = log (-x)

5
y
6

-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2

-4

-6

A) B)
y y
6 6

4 4

2 2

-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2 -2

-4 -4

-6 -6

71
 C) D)
y y
6 6

4 4

2 2

-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2 -2

-4 -4

-6 -6

Answer: C

261) f(x) = log (x - 4)

y
6

-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2

-4

-6

A) B)
y y
6 6

4 4

2 2

-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2 -2

-4 -4

-6 -6

72
 C) D)
y y
6 6

4 4

2 2

-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2 -2

-4 -4

-6 -6

Answer: A

262) f(x) = log4 (x4 )

y
6

-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2

-4

-6

A) B)
y y
6 6

4 4

2 2

-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2 -2

-4 -4

-6 -6

73
 C) D)
y y
6 6

4 4

2 2

-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2 -2

-4 -4

-6 -6

Answer: A

263) f(x) = log (x + 1)

y
6

-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x

-2

-4

-6

A) B)
y y
6 6

4 4

2 2

-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x -4 -2 2 4 x

-2 -2

-4 -4

-6 -6

74
 C) D)
y y
6 6

4 4

2 2

-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x

-2 -2

-4 -4

-6 -6

Answer: D

264) f(x) = log x

1/6
y
6

-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2

-4

-6

A) B)
y y
6 6

4 4

2 2

-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2 -2

-4 -4

-6 -6

75
 C) D)
y y
6 6

4 4

2 2

-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2 -2

-4 -4

-6 -6

Answer: C

265) f(x) = log (x + 4)

1/3
y
6

-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2

-4

-6

A) B)
y y
6 6

4 4

2 2

-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2 -2

-4 -4

-6 -6

76
 C) D)
y y
6 6

4 4

2 2

-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2 -2

-4 -4

-6 -6

Answer: D

266) f(x) = log1/4 (4 - x)

y
6

-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2

-4

-6

A) B)
y y
6 6

4 4

2 2

-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2 -2

-4 -4

-6 -6

77
 C) D)
y y
6 6

4 4

2 2

-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2 -2

-4 -4

-6 -6

Answer: C

267) f(x) = log1/5 (1 - x)

y
6

-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2

-4

-6

A) B)
y y
6 6

4 4

2 2

-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2 -2

-4 -4

-6 -6

78
 C) D)
y y
6 6

4 4

2 2

-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2 -2

-4 -4

-6 -6

Answer: C

Determine the function which corresponds to the given graph.

268)
y
10

-10 -5 5 10 x

-5

-10

The indicated point is (0, e2 ).

A) y = ex - 2 B) y = ex + 2 C) y = ex + 2 D) y = ex -
2
Answer: C

269)
y
10

-10 -5 5 10 x

-5

-10

The indicated point is (0, e-1 ).

A) y = ex + 1 B) y = ex - 1 C) y = ex + 1 D) y = ex -
1
Answer: D

79
270)
y
10

-10 -5 5 10 x

-5

-10

The asymptote is y = 2.
A) y = ex - 2 B) y = ex - 2 C) y = ex + 2 D) y = ex + 2
Answer: D

271)
y
10

-10 -5 5 10 x

-5

-10

The asymptote is y = -1.

A) y = ex + 1 B) y = ex - 1 C) y = ex - 1 D) y = ex + 1
Answer: C

272)
y
10

-10 -5 5 10 x

-5

-10

The asymptote is x = 2.
A) y = ln(x - 2) B) y = ln x + 2 C) y = ln x - 2 D) y = ln(x +
2)
Answer: A

80
273)
y
10

-10 -5 5 10 x

-5

-10

The asymptote is x = -5.

A) y = ln(x - 5) B) y = ln x + 5 C) y = ln(x + 5) D) y = ln x - 5
Answer: C

274)
y
10

-10 -5 5 10 x

-5

-10

The indicated point is (1, 1).

A) y = ln(x - 1) B) y = ln(x + 1) C) y = ln x + 1 D) y = ln x - 1
Answer: C

275)
y
10

-10 -5 5 10 x

-5

-10

The indicated point is (1, -1).

A) y = ln x + 1 B) y = ln x - 1 C) y = ln(x - 1) D) y = ln(x +
1) Answer: B

81
 Find the inverse of the
function.
276) f(x) = e-x + 2
A) f-1 (x) = ex - 1/2 B) f-1 (x) = ln (2) - ln
(x) C) f-1 (x) = -ex - 2 D) f-1 (x) = -ln (x -
2)
Answer: D

277) f(x) = 8 x + 5
A) f-1 (x) = log8 (x + 8) B) f-1 (x) = log8 (x + 5)

C) f-1 (x) = log8 (x - 8) D) f-1 (x) = log8 (x -

5) Answer: D

1 x
278) f(x) = +5
8
A) f-1 (x) = log8 (x - 5) B) f-1 (x) = log (x - 5)
1/8

C) f- 1 (x) = log1/8 (5 - x) D) f- 1 (x) = log1/8 (x +

5) Answer: B

Solve the problem.

279) Wind speed varies in the first twenty meters above the ground. For a particular day, let f(x) = 1.4 ln x +
5.9 compute the wind speed x meters above the ground. What is the wind speed 7 meters above the
ground? Round your result to the nearest hundredth.
A) 7.85 m/sec B) 8.62 m/sec C) -3.18 m/sec D) 8.38 m/sec
Answer: B

280) The logarithmic function f(x) = -100 + 88 ln x models the number of visitors (in millions) to U.S. museums
from
1940 to 1990, where x is the number of years since 1900. Use this function to estimate the number of visitors
in
the year 1988. Round to the nearest tenth.
A) 147.0 million B) 441.0 million C) 294.0 million D) 220.5 million
Answer: C

281) The number of visitors to a tourist attraction (for the first few years after its opening) can be
approximated by V(x) = 50 + 10 log2 x, where x represents the number of months after the opening of the
attraction. Find the number of visitors 32 months after the opening of the attraction.
A) 82 visitors B) 100 visitors C) 55 visitors D) 370
visitors
Answer: B

282) An endangered bird species is introduced into a certain area. Its population is approximated by
F(t) = 400 log (2t + 3), where t represents the number of months since its introduction. Find the
population of this species 6 months after its introduction into the area. Round your answer to the
nearest whole number.
A) 704 birds B) 240 birds C) 74 birds D) 470 birds
Answer: D
82
 283) The loudness of a sound can be quantified in units called decibels, where the number of decibels d is given
by
I
the formula d = 10 log . Given I = 10,000 and I0 = 1, what is d?
I0
A) 14 decibels B) 4 decibels C) 10,000 decibels D) 40 decibels
Answer: D

284) Quail are game birds that fare poorly when their habitat is encroached upon. Wildlife biologists have
discovered that the population P of quail in a region is related to the percent of the region that has been
paved with roads and parking lots, according to the formula
35
P = k ln , 0 ≤ x ≤ 31,
x+4
where x is the percent of the region that has been paved. For a particular rural region, P = 1200 when x =
0. Predict what the quail population will be in this region when it becomes 9% paved. Round your
answer to the nearest whole number.
A) 0 quail B) 548 quail C) 601 quail D) 559 quail
Answer: B

285) Suppose that the salinity S of ocean water at a given depth d is modeled by the equation
S(d) = 28.6 + 1.5 log (d + 1), where S is measured in grams salt per kilogram water and d is measured in
meters. What is the salinity when the depth is 731 m? Round your answer to the nearest hundredth.
A) 80.43 g salt/kg water B) 83.43 g salt/kg water
C) 32.90 g salt/kg water D) -24.30 g salt/kg water
Answer: C

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the

question. Provide an appropriate response.

286) If f is an exponential function, then what kind is function f-1 ?
Answer: f-1 is a logarithmic function.

287) If f(x) = ln x (x > 0), what is the value of f-1 (0)?

Answer: 1

288) Explain how the graph of y = log5 (x + 6) can be obtained from the graph of y = log5 x.
Answer: The graph is shifted 6 units to the left.

289) Explain how the graph of y = log5 x + 7 can be obtained from the graph of y = log5 x.
Answer: The graph is shifted 7 units up.

290) Explain how the graph of y = -4log3 x - 8 can be obtained from the graph of y = log3 x.
Answer: The graph is stretched vertically by a factor of 4, reflected over the x-axis, then shifted 8 units
down.

291) Explain how the graph of y = log5 (-x) can be obtained from the graph of y = log5 x.
Answer: The graph is reflected over the y-axis.

292) Explain how the graph of y = log5 (-x) + 5 can be obtained from the graph of y = log5 x.
83
Answer: The graph is reflected over the y-axis and shifted 5 units up.

84
 x
293) Explain how the graph of y = log2 can be obtained from the graph of y = log2 x.
5

x
Answer: The graph is shifted down by log 2 5 units. log2 = log2 x - log2 5, since the log of q quotient
5
is the difference of the logs.

294) The graph of y = ex is shown with the coordinates of a point displayed at the bottom of the screen.
Write the logarithmic equation associated with the display.

Answer: ln 5.986301 = 1.7894737

295) The graph of y = 10x is shown with the coordinates of a point displayed at the bottom of the screen.
Write the logarithmic equation associated with the display.

Answer: log 8.8586679 = .94736842

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Solve the equation and express the solution in exact form using either ln or log as
indicated.
296) 3 x = 9 Express the answer using ln. 1
D) ln
ln9 3
A) {ln 3} B) {ln 6} C)
ln 3

Answer: C
1
297) 2 -x = Express the answer using
8
ln.
1 ln
A) ln C) - D) {-ln 4}
4 ln 8 8 ln
B) 2
Answer: B ln 2

298) 3 (12 - 3x) = 729 Express the answer using

log. log log3
C) 4 - D) + 12
log 729 log 729
A) - - 12 B) -4 +
729

85
 log 3 log 3 3 log 3 log 729
Answer: C

86
299) 4 (1 + 2x) = 64 Express the answer using log.
log4 log4 - 2 log64 1 log64
A) 2 + B) C) - D) -2
log 64 log 64 2 log 4 2 log 4
Answer: C

1
300) 2 (5 - 3x) = Express the answer using ln.
16
ln 16 5 ln2 3 ln ln 2
A) + B) -5 C) - D) - + 15
16

3 ln 2 3 ln 16 5 ln 2 ln 16
Answer: A

1 x
301) = 18 Express the answer using ln.
3
ln 18 ln18
A) ln 6 B) - C) D) ln 1
ln 3 ln 3
6
Answer: B

302) 2 (x - 1) = 14 Express the answer using log.

log14 log2 log2 log 14
A) +1 B) 1 + C) -1 D) - -
1
log 2 log 14 log 14 log 2
Answer: A

303) 4 (3x - 1) = 17 Express the answer using ln.

1 ln ln4 ln 4 ln 17 1
A) - B) +1 C) - -3 D) +
17

3 ln 4 ln 17 ln 17 3 ln 4 3
Answer: D

1 x
304) = -8 Express the answer using ln.
8
ln -
A) ∅ B) {ln -8} C) {ln 8} D)
8
ln
1
8

Answer: A
305) 4(3)x - 9 + 1 = 37 Express the answer using
log. log9 log9
C) -9 D) +9
log3 log3
A) +9 B) 9 +
log 9 log 9 log 3 log 3
Answer: D

87
Solve the equation. Round to the nearest thousandth.
306) 2 x = 14
A) {1.946} B) {0.263} C) {3.807} D) {7.000}
Answer: C

88
 307) 2 (x - 3) = 12
A) {4.792} B) {6.585} C) {0.585} D) {9.000}
Answer: B

308) 3 (5x - 3) = 14
A) {1.533} B) {0.908} C) {-0.120} D) {1.080}
Answer: D

309) 3e3x + 6 = 9
A) {-1.756} B) {-1.634} C) {2.366} D) {1.000}
Answer: B

310) 8 x+4 = 3 x
A) {8.480} B) {-10.010} C) {-8.480} D) {-6.950}
Answer: C

311) 223 - x = 28
A) {-1.727} B) {3.928} C) {1.922} D) {1.727}
Answer: C

312) 6 3x = 8 x+1
A) {2.161} B) {0.631} C) {1.161} D) {-7.228}
Answer: B

313) 2e2x+4 = 6
A) {-0.441} B) {-3.559} C) {-1.451} D) {-2.461}
Answer: C

314) e8x e4x = e8

A) {2.507} B) {0.667} C) {0.820} D) {-1.173}
Answer: B

315) 147(1.02)x/2 = 294

A) {70.006} B) {68.556} C) {71.456} D) {0.057}
Answer: A

Solve the equation and express the solution in exact form.

316) log 5 x = 4
A) 100,000 B) 625 C) 20 D) 1024
Answer: B

317) log2 x = log 2 x

A) 0, 1 B) 1, 2 C) 0, 2 D) 2
Answer: B

89
318) log2 x2 = log2 x 2
A) 4 B) 1, 4 C) 0, 2 D) 1, 2
Answer: B

319) log4 (log4 x) = 1

A) 256 B) 16 C) 4 D) 8
Answer: A

320) log(x + 18) = 0

A) 0 B) 1 C) -17 D) 18
Answer: C
321) ln(6x - 5) = ln 7
1 11
A) 2 B) - 2 C) D)
3 6

Answer: A

322) log (x + 3) = 1 - log x

A) -2 B) -5, 2 C) 2 D) -2, 5
Answer: C
323) ln(5x - 4) = ln 8 - ln (x - 2)
2 14 14
A) ∅ B) 2, C) 0, D)
5 5 5

Answer: D

324) log9 (x - 2) + log9 (x - 2) = 1

A) 5 B) -5, 5 C) 5 D) - 5, 5
Answer: A
325) log 5x = log 2 + log (x +
4 4 4
2) A) - B) C) D) 1
3 3 7
Answer: B

326) log ( 3 + x) - log (x - 4 ) = log 2

3
A) - 11 B) 11 C) D) ∅
2

Answer: B

327) ln ex - ln e9 = ln e3
A) 6 B) 12 C) 27 D) -6
Answer: B

90
 328) ln eln x - ln(x - 7) = ln 6
42 42 42
A) {7, 6} B) C) ∅ D) - ,
5 5 5
Answer: B
Solve for the indicated
variable.
329) S = S0 ekt/800 , for t 800 k S
B) t = ln (S - S0 ) C) t = D) t = ln
800 S 800S
A) t = ln
k S0 k kS0 800 S0

Answer: A

330) f = i - k ln t, for
t i-
B) t = e(f - i)/k C) t = D) t = e(i - f)/k
i- f f
A) t = ln k
k

Answer: D
331) S - S0 = (S1 -S0 )10- kt, for t
1 S- S 0 S- S0
A) t = - log B) t = -
k S 1 - S0 k(S1 - S0 )

1 S 1
C) t = - log D) t = - log(S - S1 )
k S1 k

Answer: A
tB
332) A = , for W Express the answer using ln.
1 - (1 + z)-W
lnA- ln(A- tB) ln t
A) W = B) W =
ln(1 + z) ln[(A - AB)(1 - z)]
A t
C) W = ln D) W = ln
(A - tB)(1 + z) (A - AB)(1 + z)

Answer: A
333) P = 40,000ev/4 , for
v P
B) v = 40 ln P C) v = ln(40 P) D) v = 4 ln
P 40,000
A) v = 4 ln
4000

Answer: D
334) logx (z + y) = logx(2z - 4), for
y logxz
B) y = C) y = logx(z - 4) D) y = z - 4
z 4
A) y =
4
Answer: D

91
 P
335) I = ( 1 - e-wt/3 ), for t Express the answer using
ln. s
Is
3 ln 1 -
3ln(1- IsP) IPsln(1 - w) P
3ln(1- w) B) t = C) t = D) t =
A) t = -w 3 -w
IPs

Answer: D

Solve the equation. Give exact solutions.

336) e2x - 14ex + 40 = 0
A) {ln 4, ln 10} B) {ln 10} C) {e4 , e10} D) {ln
4} Answer: A
337) 7e2x + 22ex = 24
4 6
A) {ln 4} B) ln , ln 6 C) ln D) ln , ln 4
6
7 7 7
Answer: C

1 2x x
338) e +e =
1
2 2
A) {ln( 2 - 2)} B) {ln( 2 - 1)} C) {ln(1 - 2)} D) {ln 2}
Answer: B

1 2x
339) e + 2ex =
1
2 2
A) {ln( 5 - 1)} B) {ln( 5 - 2)} C) {ln 5} D) {ln(2 - 5)}
Answer: B

1 2x
340) e + 2ex = 25
2
A) {ln 3 6} B) {ln(6 6 - 3)} C) {ln(2 - 3 6)} D) {ln(3 6 -
2)} Answer: D

341) 6 2x + 40 = 13(6 x )
A) {6 8 , 6 5 } B) {log5 8, log5 6} C) {log6 8, log6 5} D) {log8 6, log8
5}
Answer: C
342) (log4 x)2 + 2 log4 x = 3
1 1 1 1
A) {64, 4} B) ,4 C) , D) , 64
64 1 1
A) , 101 B)
Answer: B 1
,

343) (log x)2 - 6 log x = 7

92
64 4 4
1
C) , 107 D) {101 , 107 }

10,000,000 10 10,000,000 10
Answer: C

93
 344) (ln x)2 - 70 = -3 ln x
A) {e7 , e10} B) {e7 , e-10} C) {e-7 , e10} D) {e-7 , e-
10} Answer: B

345) 2(ln x)2 - 3 ln x = 2

A) {e1/2 , e2 } B) {e1/2 , e-2 } C) {e-1/2 , e-2 } D) {e-1/2 ,
e2 } Answer: D

Solve the equation f(x) = 0 analytically and then use the graph of y = f(x) to solve the inequalities f(x) < 0 and f(x)
≥ 0.

346) f(x) = 4ex - 9

9 9 9 4 4
A) ln ; -∞ , ; ln , ∞ B) ln ; -∞, ln ; ln ,∞
4 ln 4 4 9 4 9 9
9 9 9 9 9
C) ln ; -∞ , ln ; ln , ∞ D) ln ; ln ,∞ ; -∞ , ln
9
4 4 4 4 4 4
Answer: A

347) f(x) = 4(2 x) - 32

A) {-3}; (-∞, -3); [-3, ∞) B) {3}; [3, ∞); (-∞,
3) C) {3}; (-∞ , 3); [3, ∞) D) {3}; (-∞, 3];
(3, ∞ )
Answer: C

348) f(x) = 4 x - 1 - 2
3 3 3 1 1
A) ; -∞, ; , ∞ B) - ; -∞ , - ; - ,∞
1

2 2 2 2 2 2
3 3 3 1 1 1
C) ; ,∞ ; -∞ , D) - ; - , ∞ -∞
; ,-
2 2 2 2 2 2

Answer: A

349) f(x) = (4)2x - 16x + 1

A) {2}; (-∞ , 2); [2, ∞) B) {2}; [2, ∞ ); (-∞ , 2) C) ∅ ; ∅; (-∞, ∞) D) ∅ ; ( -∞ , ∞ ); ∅

Answer: D

350) f(x) = (3)2x - 9 x - 3

A) ∅; ∅; (-∞, ∞ ) B) ∅ ; (-∞ , ∞ ); ∅ C) {2}; [2, ∞); (-∞, 2) D) {2}; (-∞, 2); [2,
∞)

Answer: A

351) f(x) = 15 - 3 log4 x

A) {1024}; (1024, ∞); (-∞, 1024] B) {1024}; (1024, ∞); (0,
1024] C) {1024}; (-∞, 1024); [1024, ∞) D) {1024}; (0, 1024);
[1024, ∞)

94
 Answer: B

352) f(x) = 9 log2 (2x) - 27

A) {4}; (-∞ , 4); [4, ∞) B) {4}; (4, ∞ ); [0, 4) C) {8}; (0, 8); [8, ∞) D) {4}; (0, 4); [4,
∞) Answer: D

95
 353) f(x) = ln(x - 9)
A) {10}; (9, 10); [10, ∞) B) {-8}; (-9, -8); [-8, ∞)
C) {10}; (10, ∞); [9, 10) D) {-8}; (-8, ∞); [-9, -8)
Answer: A

354) f(x) = ln(x + 2) - ln(x - 2)

A) ∅; ∅; (-∞, 2) B) ∅ ; ( -∞ , 2); ∅ C) ∅; (2, ∞); ∅ D) ∅; ∅; (2, ∞)
Answer: D

355) f(x) = 4 - 2 log4 (x - 6)

A) {22}; (22, ∞); (6, 22] B) {262}; (262, ∞); (6,
262] C) {22}; (6, 22); [22, ∞) D) {22}; (22, ∞); (-
∞ , 22]

Answer: A

Use a graphing utility to find the solution of the equation. Round to the nearest thousandth.
356) x2 + 6x - 1 = ex - 1 - 2
A) {-5.782, -0.077} B) {-5.828, -
0.114} C) {-5.828, -0.114, 5.035} D) {-5.846,
-0.152}
Answer: C

357) log (x - 2) + 1 = x2 - 12x + 35

A) ∅ B) {4.490, 7.652} C) {4.454, 7.659} D) {4.469, 7.616}
Answer: C
3
358) ln (x - 2) = - x + 1

A) {2.252} B) {2.228} C) ∅ D)
{2.241} Answer: B

1
359) ex + 1 =
x+3
A) {-3.000, -1.443} B) {-1.443} C) ∅ D) {-4.587, -
1.448} Answer: B

360) 4.6log x = e0.3

A) {2.836} B) {1.572} C) {1.217} D)
{2.044}
Answer: B

361) 3.7ln x = 100.1

A) {1.079} B) {1.192} C) {1.550} D)
{1.500}
Answer: B

Use any method (analytic or graphical) to solve the equation. If necessary, round the answer to the nearest
thousandth.
362) ex + ln 2 = 9ex

96
 A) {0.077} B) {0.693} C) ∅ D)
{8.307} Answer: C

97
 7
363) log2 2x2 =
2
A) {- 8, 8} B) {- 4, 4} C) {8} D) {- 64,
Answer: A 64}

364) log x3 = (log x)3

A) {1, 3} B) {1, 0.138} C) {1, 0.019} D) {0, 1}
Answer: C

Solve the problem.

2 - log(100 - x)
365) Suppose that y = can be used to calculate the number of years y for x percent of a population
of
0.29
852 web-footed sparrows to die. Approximate the percentage (to the nearest whole per cent) of web-
footed sparrows that died after 3 yr.
A) 97% B) 85% C) 87% D)
89% Answer: C

366) Suppose f(x) = 33.3 + 1.4log (x + 1) models salinity of ocean water to depths of 1000 meters at a certain
latitude. x is the depth in meters and f(x) is in grams of salt per kilogram of seawater. Approximate the
salinity (to the nearest hundredth) when the depth is 795 meters.
A) 98.00 B) -29.24 C) 37.36 D)
95.20
Answer: C

367) Suppose f(x) = 28.5 + 1.2log (x + 1) models salinity of ocean water to depths of 1000 meters at a certain
latitude. x is the depth in meters and f(x) is in grams of salt per kilogram of seawater. Approximate the
depth (to the nearest tenth of a meter) where the salinity equals 37.
A) 12,115,277.6 B) 12,115,275.6 C) -1.0 D) -
0.8
Answer: B

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the

question. Provide an appropriate response.

368) Without solving the inequality, what are the restrictions on x if log3 (x - 1) - log3 (x - 3) ≤ 3? Explain.
Answer: x > 3 because the argument of a logarithmic expression must be positive.

369) Write the algebraic equation which can be used to find the exact solution of log2 (x + 5) + log2 (x - 6) = 4.
Answer: (x + 5)(x - 6) = 16

370) Write the algebraic equation which can be used to find the exact solution of log3 (x - 5) - log3 (x - 6) = 2.

(x- 5)
Answer: =9
(x - 6)

98
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

log3
371) The exact solution to an exponential equation such as 2 x = 3 can be expressed in three forms:2log 3,
, or log 2
ln3
. Give the exact solution to the following exponential equation in three
forms. ln 2

4 x = 19
log19 ln 19 log4 ln 4
A) log19 4; ; B) log19 4; ;
log 4 ln 4 log 19 ln 19

log19 ln 19 log4 ln 4
C) log4 19; ; D) log4 19; ;
log 4 ln 4 log 19 ln 19
Answer: C

Solve the problem.

372) A sample of 600 grams of radioactive substance decays according to the function A(t) = 600e-0.029t,
where t is the time in years. How much of the substance will be left in the sample after 40 years? Round to
the nearest whole gram.
A) 0 g B) 188 g C) 1 g D) 5326 g
Answer: B

373) How long will it take a sample of radioactive substance to decay to half of its original amount, if it decays
according to the function A(t) = 700e-0.181t, where t is the time in years? Round to the nearest hundredth
of a year.
A) 40.02 yr B) 36.19 yr C) 126.70 yr D) 3.83 yr
Answer: D

374) In the formula A(t) = A0 ekt, A is the amount of radioactive material remaining from an initial amount A0
at a given time t, and k is a negative constant determined by the nature of the material. A certain
radioactive isotope decays at a rate of 0.1% annually. Determine the half-life of this isotope, to the nearest
year.
A) 500 yr B) 301 yr C) 7 yr D) 693 yr
Answer: D

2
375) The half-life of an element is 5.7 × 1011 yr. How long does it take a sample of the element to decay to
of its
3
original mass? Use A = A0 (0.5)(t/T) where A0 is the initial amount, T is the half- life, and t is the time. (Express
results in scientific notation, rounded to the nearest hundredth.)
A) 1.60 × 1011 yr B) 9.35 × 1011 yr C) 3.33 × 1011 yr D) 1.64 × 1011 yr
Answer: C

376) The decay of 527 mg of an isotope is given by A(t) = 527e-0.024t, where t is time in years. Find the
amount left after 85 years. Round to the nearest milligram.
A) 67 mg B) 515 mg C) 35 mg D) 69 mg
Answer: D
99
377) A certain radioactive isotope has a half-life of approximately 1700 years. How many years to the nearest
year would be required for a given amount of this isotope to decay to 80% of that amount? Round to the
nearest year.
A) 3947 yr B) 340 yr C) 467 yr D) 547 yr
Answer: D

378) An artifact is discovered at a certain site. If it has 52% of the carbon-14 it originally contained, what
is the approximate age of the artifact to the nearest year? (carbon-14 decays at the rate of 0.0125%
annually.)
A) 3840 yr B) 4160 yr C) 5231 yr D) 2272 yr
Answer: C

379) A certain radioactive isotope decays at a rate of 0.125% annually. Determine the half-life of this isotope,
to the nearest year.
A) 241 yr B) 6 yr C) 555 yr D) 400 yr
Answer: C

380) One method to determine the time since an animal died is to estimate the percentage of carbon-14
remaining in its bones. The percent P in decimal form of carbon-14 remaining x years is given by P(x) = e-
0.000121x. Approximate (to the nearest whole year) the age of a fossil if there is 54% of carbon- 14
remaining.
A) -13,937 yr B) 2212 yr C) 5092 yr D) -32,967 yr
Answer: C

381) Use the formula M = log (I/I0 ), where the magnitude of an earthquake on the Richter scale is based on I,
the measurement of a seismic wave, and I0 , the measurement of a seismic wave of a level zero earthquake
with the same epicenter. An earthquake was recorded which was 5,011,872 times more powerful than a
reference level zero earthquake. What is the magnitude of this earthquake? Round to the nearest tenth.
A) 5.7 B) 0.7 C) 6.7 D) 15.4
Answer: C

382) Use the formula M = log (I/I0 ), where the magnitude of an earthquake on the Richter scale is based on I,
the measurement of a seismic wave, and I0 , the measurement of a seismic wave of a level zero earthquake
with the same epicenter. If an earthquake measured 6.3 on the Richter scale, what was the intensity of the
earthquake? Round to the nearest whole number.
A) 1,584,893 B) 1,995,262 C) 199,526 D) 544
Answer: B

383) Use the formula M = log (I/I0 ), where the magnitude of an earthquake on the Richter scale is based on I,
the measurement of a seismic wave, and I0 , the measurement of a seismic wave of a level zero earthquake
with the same epicenter. An earthquake was recorded as 106.1 times more powerful than a reference level
zero
earthquake. What was the magnitude of this earthquake on the Richter scale? Round to the nearest tenth.
A) 3.9 B) 16.1 C) 14 D) 6.1
Answer: D

100
384) Use the formula d = 10 log (I/I0 ), where the loudness of a sound in decibels is determined by I, the number
of watt/m 2 produced by the soundwave, and I0 = 1.00 × 10-12 watt/m 2 . A certain noise produces 6.71 × 10-
4 watt/ m 2 of power. What is the decibel level of this noise? Round to the nearest decibel.
A) 78 decibels B) 88 decibels C) 9 decibels D) 203 decibels
Answer: B

101
385) Use the formula d = 10 log (I/I0 ), where the loudness of a sound in decibels is determined by I, the number
of watt/m 2 produced by the soundwave, and I0 = 1.00 × 10-12 watt/m 2 . What is the intensity in watt/m 2 of
a noise measured at 54 decibels? Round to the nearest tenth.
A) 2.2 × 1014 watt/m 2 B) 5.4 × 10-10 watt/m 2
C) 2.5 × 10-6 watt/m 2 D) 2.5 × 10-7 watt/m 2
Answer: D

386) Use the formula d = 10 log (I/I0 ), where the loudness of a sound in decibels is determined by I, the
number of watt/m 2 produced by the soundwave, and I0 = 1.00 × 10-12 watt/m 2 . A certain noise
measures 48 decibels. If
the intensity is multiplied by 100, how many decibels will the new noise measure? Round to the nearest
decibel.
A) 50 decibels B) 4800 decibels C) 68 decibels D) 96 decibels
Answer: C

387) Suppose the government wants to impose a tax on fossil fuels to reduce carbon emissions. The cost benefit
is modeled by ln(1 - P) = -0.0026 - 0.0051x, where x represents the dollars of tax per ton of carbon emitted
and P represents the percent reduction in emissions of carbon. (P is in decimal form.) Determine P when x =
50. Round to three decimal places.
A) 1.773 B) -0.13 C) 0.227 D) -0.223
Answer: C

388) Coffee is best enjoyed at a temperature of 124°F. A restaurant owner wants to discover the temperature T
at which he should serve his coffee so that it will have cooled to this ideal temperature in 4 minutes. He
discovers that a cup of coffee served at 197°F cools to 180°F in one minute when his restaurant is at 72°F. If
he maintains the restaurant temperature at 72°F, at what temperature should he serve the coffee to meet
his goal? Use Newton's law of cooling, f(t) = T0 + Ce-kt, where f(t) is the temperature at time t after being
introduced into an environment with a constant temperature T0 and C and k are constants.
A) 185°F B) 160°F C) 165°F D)
197°F Answer: C

389) The amount of particulate matter left in solution during a filtering process is given by the equation
P = 300(2)-0.4n , where n is the number of filtering steps. Find the amounts left for n = 0 and n = 5. (Round
to the nearest whole number.)
A) 300, 1200 B) 600, 75 C) 300, 75 D) 300, 9
Answer: C
390) The height in meters of women of a certain tribe is approximated by h = 0.52 + 2 where t is the woman's
t
log
3

age in years and 1 ≤ t ≤ 20. Estimate the height (to the nearest hundredth) of a woman of the tribe 4 years of
age. (Round to the nearest hundredth.)
A) 0.96 m B) 1.12 m C) 0.77 m D) 0.52 m
Answer: C

102
391) One hundred rats are being trained to run through a maze and are rewarded when they run through it
correctly. Once a rat successfully runs the maze, it continues to run the maze correctly in all subsequent
trials. The number of rats that run the maze incorrectly after t attempts is given approximately by N(t) =
100e-0.12t. Find the number of trials required such that only 35% of the rats are running the maze
incorrectly. Round to the nearest trial.
A) 8 trials B) 9 trials C) 30 trials D) 28 trials
Answer: B

392) The number of dislocated electric impulses per cubic inch in a transformer increases when lightning
strikes by
x
D = 1000(4) , where x is the time in milliseconds of the lightning strike. Find the number of dislocated
impulses at x = 0 and x = 5.
A) 1000, 20,000 B) 1000, 256,000 C) 1000, 1,024,000 D) 4000, 1,024,000
Answer: C

393) How long must $5100 be in a bank at 5% compounded annually to become $9616.81? (Round to the
nearest year.)
A) 12 yr B) 13 yr C) 15 yr D) 14 yr
Answer: B

394) At what interest rate must $4300 be compounded annually to equal $7959.00 after 8 yr? (Round to the
nearest percent.)
A) 10% B) 7% C) 8% D)
9% Answer: C

395) How long will it take for prices in the economy to double at a 7% annual inflation rate? (Round to the
nearest year.)
A) 23 yr B) 16 yr C) 9 yr D) 10 yr
Answer: D

396) How long will it take for $9300 to grow to $39,900 at an interest rate of 3.1% if the interest is
compounded continuously? Round the number of years to the nearest hundredth.
A) 46.98 B) 4697.94 C) 1.11 D) 4.70
Answer: A

397) How long will it take for $7900 to grow to $19,700 at an interest rate of 9.7% if the interest is
compounded quarterly? Round the number of years to the nearest hundredth.
A) 38.14 B) 26.02 C) 9.53 D) 9.87
Answer: C

398) Use your graphing calculator to find how long it will take for $3200 invested at 6.65% per year
compounded daily to triple in value. Find the answer to the nearest year.
A) 0 years B) 2,201,142 years C) 22,209 years D) 17 years
Answer: D

399) Assume the cost of a gallon of milk is $2.50. With continuous compounding, find the time it would take the
cost to be 4 times as much (to the nearest tenth of a year), at an annual inflation rate of 6%.
A) 0.1 years B) 0.0 years C) 8.5 years D) 23.1 years
Answer: D

103
400) Find the effective rate if the nominal rate is 7.0% and interest is compounded quarterly. (If r is the nominal
rate
and n is the number of times interest is compounded annually, then R = 1 n - 1 is the effective rate.)
+
r
n

Round to the nearest hundredth of a percent.

A) R = 7.69% B) R = 6.94% C) R = 7.19% D) R =
7.44% Answer: C

401) Find the effective rate if the nominal rate is 9.5% and interest is compounded daily (n = 365). (If r is the
nominal
rate and n is the number of times interest is compounded annually, then R = 1 n - 1 is the effective rate.)
+
r
n

Round to the nearest hundredth of a percent.

A) R = 9.71% B) R = 10.46% C) R = 10.21% D) R =
9.96% Answer: D

402) Find the effective rate if the nominal rate is 3.0% and interest is compounded monthly. (If r is the nominal
rate
and n is the number of times interest is compounded annually, then R = 1 n - 1 is the effective rate.)
+
r
n

Round to the nearest hundredth of a percent.

A) R = 2.79% B) R = 3.29% C) R = 3.04% D) R =
3.54% Answer: C

403) Find the interest rate necessary for a present value of $25,081 to grow to a future value of $29,386.39 if
interest is
compounded quarterly for two years. (In the formula P = A 1 + -nt, P is the present value, A is the future
r
n

value, t is the number of years from now earning annual interest r compounded n times per year.) Round
to the nearest percent.
A) 12% B) 10% C) 6% D)
8%
Answer: D

1
404) If a principle of P dollars is amortized over a period of t years, and payments are made each th of a year,
with n
an annual interest rate of r (as a decimal), the payment p that must be made is given by the formula
Pr
p= . Suppose $9000 is amortized over 6 years with an interest rate of 9.2%. What is the
r -nt
n1- 1+
n

104
monthly payment on this loan?
A) -$93.19 B) $16,312.46 C) $163.12 D) $43.75
Answer: C

105
 1
405) If a principle of P dollars is amortized over a period of t years, and payments are made each th of a year,
with n
an annual interest rate of r (as a decimal), the payment p that must be made is given by the formula
Pr
p= . The total interest I that will be paid during the term of a loan is given by I = npt - P.
r -nt
n1- 1+
n

Suppose $7900 is amortized over 6 years with an interest rate of 9.9% and requires monthly payments.
What is
the total interest that will be paid during the term of the loan?
A) -$4879.26 B) $2608.84 C) -$13,652.94 D) $1,042,983.56
Answer: B

406) The number of bacteria growing in an incubation culture increases with time according to B = 9700(3)x ,
where x is time in days. Find the number of bacteria when x = 0 and x = 5.
A) 9700 bacteria, 2,357,100 bacteria B) 9700 bacteria, 261,900 bacteria
C) 9700 bacteria, 145,500 bacteria D) 29,100 bacteria, 2,357,100 bacteria
Answer: A

407) In the formula N = Iekt, N is the number of items in terms of an initial population I at a given time t and
k is a growth constant equal to the percent of growth per unit time. There are currently 78 million cars in
a certain country, increasing by 0.9% annually. How many years will it take for this country to have 105
million cars? Round to the nearest year.
A) 30 yr B) 33 yr C) 366 yr D) 5 yr
Answer: B

408) The population growth of an animal species is described by F(t) = 400 log (2t + 3) where t is
measured in months. Find the population of this species in an area 6 months after the species is
introduced.
A) 74 B) 470 C) 240 D) 704
Answer: B

409) The population growth of an animal species is described by F(t) = 500 + 70 log3 (2t + 1) where t is
measured in months. Find the population of this species in an area 1 month(s) after the species is
introduced.
A) 375 B) 570 C) 710 D) 295
Answer: B

410) A bacteria colony doubles in 7 hr. How long does it take the colony to triple? Use N = N0 2t/T, where N0
is the initial number of bacteria and T is the time in hours it takes the colony to double. (Round to the
nearest hundredth, as necessary.)
A) 11.09 hr B) 2.84 hr C) 21 hr D) 10.5 hr
Answer: A

411) The number of books in a small library increases according to the function B = 4000e0.05t, where t is
measured in years. How many books will the library have after 8 years?
A) 10,048 B) 5967 C) 1592 D) 3665
Answer: B

106
 412) Coyotes are one of the few species of North American animals with an expanding range. The future
population of coyotes in a region of Mississippi can be modeled by the equation P = 53 + 17ln(14t + 1),
where t is time in years. Use the equation to determine when the population will reach 170. (Round to the
nearest tenth of a year.)
A) 69.7 years B) 69.6 years C) 544,784.6 years D) 69.9 years
Answer: B

413) Quail are game birds that fair poorly when their habitat is encroached. Wildlife biologists have discovered
that the population of quail in a region can be related to the percent of the region that has been paved with
roads and parking lots. The population is
35
P = k ln , 0 ≤ x ≤ 32,
x+3
where x is the percent of the region that is paved. For a particular rural region, P = 1400 when x = 0%.
Predict what the quail population will be in this region when it becomes 6% paved.
A) 785 quail B) 774 quail C) 827 quail D) 0 quail
Answer: B

414) In 1985, the number of female athletes participating in Summer Olympic-Type Games was 500. In 1996,
about
3600 participated in the Summer Olympics in Atlanta. Assuming that P(0) = 500 and that the exponential
model applies, find the value of k rounded to the hundredths place, and write the function.
A) k = 0.16; P(t) = 500e0.16t B) k = 0.18; P(t) = 500e0.28t
C) k = 0.18; P(t) = 500e0.18t D) k = 0.2; P(t) = 500e0.2t
Answer: C

Solve.
415) In a town whose population is 2000, a disease creates an epidemic. The number N of people infected t days
after
the disease has begun is given by the function

2000
N(t) =
1 + 15.3 ∙ e-0.8t
Find the number infected after 2 days.
A) 491 B) 489 C) 487 D) 492
Answer: B

416) In recent years, many states have passed laws against smoking in public buildings. The total number of
states N
that have passed a no smoking in public buildings law, t years after 1989 is given by the function

50
N(t) =
1 + 19 e-0.6t

How many states had passed the law in 1989? Round to the nearest whole number.
A) 1 B) 4 C) 0 D) 3
Answer: D

107
417) A lake is stocked with 379 fish of a new variety. The size of the lake, the availability of food, and the number
of other fish restrict growth in the lake to a limiting value of 2368. The population of fish in the lake after
time t, in months, is given by the function

2368
P(t) = .
1 + 5.61e-0.4t

Find the population after 20 months.

A) 2374 B) 2379 C) 2364 D) 2354
Answer: C

418) A lake is stocked with 600 fish of a new variety. The size of the lake, the availability of food, and the number
of other fish restrict growth in the lake to a limiting value of 3750. The population of fish in the lake after
time t, in months, is given by the function

3750
P(t) = .
1 + 5.37e-0.32t

After how many months will the population be 3591?

A) 17 B) 7 C) 12 D) 15
Answer: D

108