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3rd International Conference on Disaster Management IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1173 (2023) 012015 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1173/1/012015

Post-disaster rapid assessment of Sunda Strait tsunami on

24th–25th December 2018 in the Regencies of Serang and
Pandeglang, Province of Banten, Indonesia

D A Tiwi1, N Sudiana2, Prihartanto2, I Turyana1, F Prawiradisastra1, Q Zahro1

and Astisiasari1
1
The National Research and Innovation Agency, Geological Disaster Research Center,
South Tangerang, Indonesia
2
The National Research and Innovation Agency – Environmental and Clean
Technology Research Center, South Tangerang, Indonesia

E-mail: dwia001@brin.go.id

Abstract. Post-disaster rapid assessment of the Sunda Strait Tsunami was conducted on 24th–
25th December 2018 in five selected sample sites. These study sites were located on the western
coast of the Regencies of Serang and Pandeglang, and represented a range of damages, losses,
and needs. The aims of this assessment are: (1) measuring the tsunami wave dimensions, (2)
observing the landscape conditions, and (3) investigating the affected land cover. The physical
damages were investigated based on the tsunami wave dimension analysis, by using a direct-
field measurement, drone-based survey, and local interviews. The results show that (1) the
greatest trace of tsunami dimensions in Tanjung Jaya Village, Panimbang District, Pandeglang
Regency was subjected to the highest fatality, (2) the open landscape aggravated the tsunami
impact, compared to the landscape with perennial trees or hilly topography, and (3) the severely
destructed buildings were usually on the nearest coastline, where Sambolo residential area in
Sukarame Village had the worst impact. These conditions were exacerbated by: (1) the absence
of coastal retaining structures as physical defense, and (2) built-on facilities on reclaimed land
that violated government regulation. Additionally, this paper proposes several recommendations
to support the next phase of mitigation strategies and sustainable planning.

1. Introduction
The Sunda Strait tsunami occurred on December 22nd, 2018 at 20:56 local time (13.56 UTC). It caused
devastating impacts of 437 fatalities, 16 missing, 14,059 injuries, and 33,719 displaced. Moreover, there
were also 2,752 houses, 510 boats, 147 vehicles, and 92 lodgings damaged [1]. Figure 1 shows the
tsunami impacts on five coastal regencies in two Provinces of: Banten (Serang and Pandeglang
Regencies) and Lampung (Pesawaran, Tanggamus, and South Lampung Regencies) [2].
Accordingly, in order to empower a disaster risk management (prevent the new, reduce the existing,
and manage the residual), one of the measures is to conduct a risk assessment that provides
understanding from the diverse dimensions (hazards, vulnerabilities, and capacities). Subsequently, risk
assessment can be implemented for various measures, including the disaster recovery, risk reduction,
development plans, and underlying risk-drivers (e.g., poverty and weak governance) [3].
There are three stages to enable a comprehensive risk assessment: (1) preparing and scoping, (2) risk
analysis, and (3) sustainable development. These steps are bound to the flexibility and timing [3]. While

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3rd International Conference on Disaster Management IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1173 (2023) 012015 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1173/1/012015

on a rapid assessment, a set of immediate, intensive, and effective efforts are conducted to deliver a
preliminary understanding upon the disaster impacts. Generally, the post-disaster rapid assessment
promptly identifies several baseline information such as: damages (infrastructure, assets), losses (lives,
economic), and needs (services, reconstruction, cost). Subsequently, the result of a rapid assessment can
support the quick and appropriate recovery strategies [4,5].
Corresponding to several constraints of the brief time, institutional responsibilities, and reliable
results, this work concerns limitation upon the deliverable scoping on tsunami’s physical impact.
Correspondingly, this paper aims to deliver the fieldwork investigation on: (1) tsunami wave dimensions
(inundation distance and run-up elevation), (2) landscape conditions (pre- and post-tsunami), and (3)
affected land cover. The differing gap elements to previous studies related to Sunda Strait Tsunami on
December 22nd, 2018 was that this paper prioritizes a focus on the post-tsunami rapid assessment on
physical damages (landscapes and land covers), through a field survey (drone flights and ground
observations).
The post-disaster rapid assessment of Sunda Strait tsunami was conducted on 24th–25th December
2018 in five sample sites: (1) one (1) site at Bulakan Village, Cinangka District, Serang Regency; (2)
three (3) sites at Sukarame Village, Carita District, Pandeglang Regency; and (3) one (1) site at Tanjung
Jaya Village (Tanjung Lesung), Panimbang District, Pandeglang Regency. These sample sites were
selected to represent a range of damage, and losses, based on the field investigation. Figure 2 shows the
locations of post-disaster rapid assessment, i.e., Figure 2a for the five (5) sample sites of drone flying-
track for tsunami dimension and landscape damage analysis, and Figure 2b for the seven (7) points of
impacted landuse and local interviews.

Figure 1. Impact of Sunda Strait tsunami per-January 1, 2019 [2].

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3rd International Conference on Disaster Management IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1173 (2023) 012015 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1173/1/012015

b
Figure 2. Location of the post-disaster rapid assessment: (a) five (5) sample sites of drone flying-
track for tsunami dimension and landscape damage analysis, (b) seven (7) points of impacted landuse
and local interviews.

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3rd International Conference on Disaster Management IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1173 (2023) 012015 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1173/1/012015

1.1. Studies of Sunda Strait tsunami on December 22nd, 2018

This tsunami was considered as a “silent tsunami” for the absence of signs, and thus, no early warning
was sent to the communities [6]. It was not preceded by a tectonic activity, such as a recorded
earthquake. However, the flank collapse occurred during a normal-but-heightened eruption episode [7].
The tsunami itself was a cascading event, volcanically-triggered by a lateral collapse of the Mount Anak
Krakatau (GAK) during the eruption. The intense phreatomagmatic explosions occurred after the failure
was still not clear whether it was a response to the collapse or not [8].
Prior to the flank collapse, the height of the GAK cone initially reached up to 338 meters above sea
level. Figure 3 shows the before- and after-failure of discharged volcaniclastic materials on the
southwest of volcano. After losing its volume for 150–180 million cubic meters, the GAK now reaches
110 meters above sea level, remaining as a horseshoe morphology [9].
Table 1 showcases the previous studies of Sunda Strait tsunami on December 22nd, 2018. The studies
are varied from the methods and point of views. Studies from [8,10 and 11] suggest the need of tsunami
detection and warning system that is coupled with the alert of neglected non-seismic events (e.g.,
landslides and eruptions)

December 23rd, 2018 (5.33 WIB) December 25th, 2018 (18.22 WIB)
Figure 3. Sentinel-1A image of the GAK area on the pre- (left) and post-failure (right) [12].

Table 1. Previous studies of December 22nd, 2018 Sunda Strait tsunami

Tsunami Dimensions Other Remarks
[7]
● GAK’s internal structure controls the flank failure, and the regrowth
restabilizes and controls the failure interval
Lost volume of lank failure was ¬0.1 km3.
● Failure was likely caused by the combined over-steepening flank and
internal-weakening alteration
[8]
● Suggested landslide mechanism was as a single, rapid, en-masse
Numerical simulation models the geometry and
failure, rather than a piecemeal process
magnitude of the landslide source for 0.22–0.3
● It still remains unclear on what role the eruption had to the lateral
km3
collapse, as there was no anomalous activity preceding the collapse
Initial wave elevation in 50 m height traveled to
● It is plausible that the collapse was associated with flank instability
southwest direction
from the GAK’s long-term growth and geological characteristic
[10]
● Wave of 15–30 m height can expose GAK’s adjacent coastlines
(Sertung, Panjang, Rakata) in <1 minute.
Partial flank collapse of 0.28 Km3 may trigger an
● On Java western coasts, the wave may reach in several tens of minutes
initial wave for a height of 43 meters, towards
for 1.2 (Sumur)–3.4 (Labuhan) m amplitude.
south-westward direction
● And on the Sumatera southern coast, the wave amplitude may reach
0.3 (Bandar Lampung)–2.7 (Kalianda) m after >1 hour

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IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1173 (2023) 012015 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1173/1/012015

● Rapid detection observatory on collapsed volcano and coastal alert

Generally, the flow depths were found higher in
Banten than Lampung.
Maximum (surveyed) flow depth was 6.6 m,
located in Cipenyu Beach, Tanjung Lesung,
Banten
Maximum (surveyed) runup for 13.5 m and
maximum inundation distance for 330 m
Source (initial) model of wave dimensions: the
length of 1.5–2.5 km and amplitude of 100–150 m
system is needed
[11]
● Inferred maximum velocity was around 4.37 ms-1, based on
transported boulder
● Tsunami arrival times, analysed from four tidal-gauge stations were
considered short notice, and are slightly faster in Banten
● Building damages were found more severe in Banten Province with
vast majority in confined masonry brick construction
[13]
● Seafloor bathymetry change for 50 m thick, from the collapsed
volcaniclastic materials
● Tsunami dominant period is considered short nature, ranging for 6.6–
7.4 minutes
[14]
Potential energy ≡ 6.0–6.1 EQ magnitude (Richter scale).

2. Data and methods

This post-disaster rapid assessment prioritizes the investigation on specific elements, such as: (1)
tsunami wave dimensions (inundation distance and run-up elevation), (2) landscape conditions (pre- and
post-tsunami), and (3) affected land use. Field survey was conducted to observe those elements on 24th–
25th December 2018, and was equipped with laser distometers, drones, and interview forms.
Firstly, the tsunami wave dimensions were directly measured on the field using laser distometers.
Secondly, the aerial survey with drones processed the ortho-mosaic photos for analyzing the tsunami
dimensions, landscape damages and landcover changes. These procedures aim to examine the physical
damages (coastal vegetation, buildings, and public facilities). Lastly, the local interview was conducted
to strengthen the collected data. Taking everything into consideration, all the information gathered was
used to support the next phase of recommendations for mitigation strategies and sustainable planning
(e.g., shelter location, evacuation route, structural mitigation, social empowerment, and spatial planning)

2.1. Ground investigation for tsunami wave dimensions

Field investigation was firstly conducted to rapidly observe the post-tsunami conditions. This ground
observation aimed to measure tsunami dimensions and examine tsunami impact on landscape and land
use. Field investigation on tsunami wave dimensions was conducted by observing the traces of tsunami,
based on several parameters: flow depth, tsunami elevation, run-up elevation, and inundation distance.
Figure 4 shows that: (1) flow depth is measured from the ground elevation (in meter), and observed
through the watermarks traces (debris on walls, branches, damages), (2) tsunami elevation (wave height
or water level) is measured vertically from the mean sea level to tsunami’s maximum height, (3)
inundation distance is measured horizontally from the shoreline (in meter) towards the inundated area
limit, and (4) run-up elevation is measured at the ground level of the inundated area limit [15].

Figure 4. Terminology of tsunami [15].

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IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1173 (2023) 012015 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1173/1/012015

2.2. Aerial investigation for post-tsunami landscape conditions

The aerial photogrammetry survey used a DJI Phantom4 pro UAV, equipped with a SONY FC-6310
8.8 camera. The flight path was as high as 80 m. Figure 3 shows the drone’s flying tracks for
investigating the post-tsunami landscape conditions. The drone-captured mosaic photos were processed
to capture the overviews of tsunami dimensions and impacts on landscape and land use (e.g., the
destruction of vegetation, buildings, and infrastructures of road and communication networks). The post-
disaster rapid assessment on landscape damage was also investigated through its land system type.

2.3. Field investigation for the impacted land uses

The post-tsunami condition on impacted land use was investigated in terms of their damage condition,
building construction, and neighbouring land cover. While the pre-tsunami condition was retrieved from
the Google Maps Satellite Imageries. Referring to the regulated coastal land use, based on the
Presidential Regulation 51/2016, the coastal buffer zone has a width of 100 m at the minimum, from the
highest tide point towards the land. From this benchmark, seven (7) sample points within the five (5)
sample sites were investigated further, that represent the tsunami-impacted land use (see Figure 2a and
2b).
In order to investigate the tsunami impact on land uses, the seven (7) investigation points were
divided into two buffer zones; (1) first coastal buffer (0–50 m wide, from the coastline), and (2) second
coastal buffer (50–100 m wide towards the land). It aims to discern the relation between land use location
and its damage condition, where on the first zone, land use was directly affected by the tsunami, while
on the second zone, damaged land use may also be affected by the debris overflow. In this coastal
buffering, four (4) samples were located on the first buffer and three (3) samples were located on the
second buffer.

3. Results and discussions

3.1. Tsunami dimensions (flow depth and inundation distance)

Table 2 shows the result of field measurement on five (5) sample sites for tsunami wave dimensions.
And Figure 5 illustrates the investigation analysis on five sample sites. The site-5 in Tanjung Jaya
Village, Panimbang District, Pandeglang Regency had the highest fatality, as subjected to the greatest
trace of tsunami dimensions. It had the highest tsunami wave (12 m height), the furthest inundated areas
(>300 m), and the deepest flow depth (6 m) (see Figure 5). Here, the watermarks and debris were found
on building’s top pillars and walls.

Table 2. Field measurement on tsunami wave dimensions (fow depth, inundation distance, & tsunami
elevation)
Site Locations Coordinates Date Local Time Weather Watermarks Dimensions
Broken plants, wall FDa: 1 m
Karangsuraga – 6.1761127°S Dec
1 16:10 Raining watermarks, hanging IDb: 127.8 m
Cinangka, Banten 105.84667°E 24
debris TEc: 3.7 m
FD: 4 m
Sukarame – 6.262292°S Dec Cloudy & Debris branches,
2 16:10 ID: 79.97 m
Carita, Pandelang 105.829239°E 24 raining hanging on plants
TE: 4.9 m
Debris of broken FD: 1.3 m
Sukarame – 6.2774615°S Dec Cloudy &
3 10.00 branches on electric ID: +250 m
Carita, Pandelang 105.82609°E 25 raining
poles TE: 6.7 m
Debris of broken FD: 1.9 m
Sukarame – 6.2774615°S Dec Cloudy &
4 10.00 branches on electric ID: +250 m
Carita, Pandelang 105.82609°E 25 raining
poles TE: 6.8 m
Tanjung Jaya – Debris on walls, FD: 6 m
6.479841°S Dec
5 Panimbang, 15.00 Heavy rain dangling plants on ID: +300 m
105.653786°E 25
Pandeglang building’s top pillars TE: 12 m
a
Flow depth; b Inundation distance; c Tsunami elevation

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IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1173 (2023) 012015 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1173/1/012015

a. SITE-1 b. SITE-2

c. SITE-3 d. SITE-4

Tanjung Lesung Tourism Area

e. SITE-5

Figure 5. Field measurement for tsunami wave dimensions on 5 sample sites.

3.2. The post-tsunami landscape conditions

3.2.1. Results of photogrammetry survey. Table 3 features the selected trajectories from the ortho-
mosaic photos on five (5) sample sites. The trajectories feature a more detailed landcover attribute from
the common land use classes, to appropriately adapt on the ground’s real situation. The land cover
classes are used with as much compatibility as possible with the common land use classification system.
On the five (5) sample sites, there are nine (9) land cover types that can generally be grouped as
barren land and built-up land. The open landscapes found on sample sites are the beach, shrub, and
barren land. And the built-up landscapes are the scattered permanent settlement, dense settlement,
lodging or villa, recreational site, public installation, and commercial service.

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IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1173 (2023) 012015 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1173/1/012015

Table 3. Photogrammetry track lines for tsunami trace and its attributed landcover on 5 sample sites
SITE
SITE-1 SITE-2 SITE-3 SITE-4 SITE-5
TRACK

TRACK
LINES

B, S, C (tractor B, B, RS (swimming
TRACK-1 B, S
warehouses) RS (containers café)
B, S, DS, RS
pool, restaurant)
B, PI (communication B, L (Tanjung Lesung
TRACK-2 B, SPS
tower)
B, S B, S
Beach Hotel)
B, SPS,
TRACK-3 L (White Villa)
- B, SPS L, B, RS, DS -
B, S, BL, L (Villa
TRACK-4 - - -
Avinsa & Arista)
-

B = Beach, S = Shrubs and bushes; BL = Barren land; SPS = Scattered Permanent Settlement, DS = Dense
Settlement, L = Lodging (Villa), RS = Recreational Site, PI = Public Installation, C = Commercials & Services

Table 4 shows the transect analysis of drone flying-track. It aims to analyze the relationship between
the landscape condition and its tsunami dimension.

Table 4. Transect of tsunami trace on five (5) sample sites on 5 sample sites.
SITE-1
TRACK-1 TRACK-3

Tsunami trace of wood debris reached up to 60 m from the Tsunami washed up to 120 m towards the foothill. Villa Putih
shoreline. No damage reported Lodgings and settlements were damaged
SITE-2
TRACK-1 TRACK-2

Tsunami trace of building debris and tractor showroom

Tsunami trace reached more than 100 m from the shoreline.
reached 100 m away from its warehouse

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SITE-3
TRACK-1 TRACK-2

Tsunami washed out the containers café eastward to the

Coconut and tiliaceus trees held the containers café debris
ricefield for 80 m away
SITE-4
TRACK-1 TRACK-3

Dense settlements suffered heavy physical damage. Heavily damaged lodgings (Villa Avinsa & Arista)
SITE-5
TRACK-1 TRACK-2

Tanjung Lesung Beach Hotel had the highest fatality,

that along with its topographical condition, a musical event was held when the tsunami hit.

3.2.2. Landscape susceptibility. Landscape constitutes several features such as vegetation, topography,
and land system. To look further on landscape susceptibility, Figure 6 briefly conveys the landscape
vulnerability within the 100 m coastline-buffer, along with the its land system type [16]. Here, the
susceptibility of the land system within five (5) sample sites were categorized into three classes (middle,
middle-high, or high vulnerability), based on its destructed condition and land system type. Figure 6
shows that landscapes with BTG land system (an undulated beach with hilly plains on acid volcanic
tuffs) have the lowest susceptibility compared to the three other landsystems (Kuranji and Pulau Rotan).

3.3. Tsunami impacts on land use

The post-disaster rapid assessment investigated seven (7) sample points that represent the tsunami-
impacted land use. These sample points are located within the 100 m coastline buffer, based on the
Presidential Regulation 51/2016. Table 5 and Table 6 below are focused on the pre- and post-disaster
rapid assessment on the impacted land use. These tables cover several aspects on the types of building
construction, surrounding land covers, and damage conditions, based on its buffered location from the
coastline.
On the first coastline buffer zone (0–50 m from the coastline), the land uses are related to the
economic activities, e.g., lodgings, showroom, food stalls, and cafes. Also, the buildings were mainly

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IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1173 (2023) 012015 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1173/1/012015

constructed permanently. There were also the small-scale businesses, where the locals build non-
permanent building for their food enterprises (fish grill and café). This coastal zone experienced the
worst destruction. The non-permanent structures were destroyed and washed away towards the land.
While the permanent buildings with concrete construction suffered damage to their windows and doors
that were directly facing directly to the sea.
On the second coastline buffer zone (>50 m from the coastline), the land uses are related to the local’s
settlement, bare land, and rice field. The settlement buildings were mainly constructed from bricks and
woods. Here, houses that were located closest to the coastline and main road suffered worse destruction.
The permanent settlement in Sambolo, Carita District, Pandeglang Regency suffered the worst damage.
The highest fatality for 207 lives loss occurred at Tanjung Lesung Resort, Tanjung Jaya Village,
Panimbang District, Pandeglang Regency. When tsunami hit, there was a music performance at the
resort that highly attracted tourists. The second highest fatality for 50 lives loss occurred at Villa
Stephanie, Sukarame Village, Carita District, Pandeglang Regency. This villa had an attractive tourist
facility, built as projected structure on reclaimed land (used for swimming pool, meeting room, and jetty
or pier). This structure was allegedly eluded the Presidential Regulation No. 51 of 2016, regarding the
coastal buffer boundary.

Figure 6. Land system susceptibility to tsunami hazard within 100 m coastal buffer.

3.4. Local interviews for rapid assessment on capacity

Local interview was conducted with 15 people, to identify the existing coping capacity. The result finds
that there were inadequate evacuation route signs and tsunami warning systems witin the five (5)
sampling sites at the time of the site visit.
In Karang Suraga Village, Cinangka District, Serang Regency, there were no evacuation route signs
and shelters. So that people had to use the commonly used path by the local people to go back to their
homes, up in the hill.
There was also the absence of a tsunami warning system. In Tanjung Jaya Village, Panimbang
District, Pandeglang Regency, this absent warning entails to the highest fatality of 207 lives loss at
Tanjung Lesung Resort. There, a live music performance was held when the tsunami hit the area.

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In the tsunami event, the community did not know that the incoming water was a tsunami wave until
they were informed by volunteers and outside informants. The concept of a typical tsunami that most
people know was preceded by a strong shake (an earthquake) and the receding water. Meanwhile, with
the Sunda Strait tsunami on 24th–25th December 2018, neither earthquake nor receding water had been
experienced by the locals.
Related to coastal defenses, hard structural defence (embankment and tetrapod) was not available for
the coastal and inland protection. However, the pre-existing soft structural defence was found in several
areas. The natural barriers (vegetations and tsunami-ready landsystem) could retain the building debris.
For examples, in site-1, where Batuapung Landsystem (BTG) could retain for its undulating landscape
with a hilly plain structure, and also in site-3, where vegetations were able to retain the debris of
container cafés.

Table 5. Pre- and post-damage conditions on the first coastal buffer (0 – 50 m wide from coastline)
PRE-TSUNAMI POST-TSUNAMI
White Villa & non-permanent stalls (Karangsuraga Village, Cinangka District, Serang Regency)
● White Villa was located on the beach, facing ● White Villa suffered damages of broken doors and windows (as well
the open sea as its supported concrete) that were facing the open sea
● It has a permanent, 2-storey building ● Two fatalities at the villa
● Surrounded by the beach and grasses (shade ● A group of stalls, especially ones that faced the sea, was destroyed and
trees remained rarely) pushed for >50 m towards the land

The White Villa Non-Permanent Stall Buildings

Non-permanent stalls (Karangsuraga Village, Cinangka District, Serang Regency)
● 35 non-permanent stalls of grilled-fish and
the open space of car park area ● The stalls were destroyed, and its debris hit the hill on the eastern-side
● Across the road was a hill of local of the road
settlements that was also the location of local ● People on the stalls got injured
knowledge on tsunami evacuation zone

The open beach, non-permanent stalls ruins Rubble piles of the stalls across the road
Tractor Showroom & Container Café (Sukarame Village, Carita District, Pandeglang Regency)
● Both were located on the beach, facing
directly to the open sea
● Tractor showroom was consisted of two ● Steel-constructed tractor showroom was destroyed and the aluminium
buildings in 20 m apart, built from steel showroom was damaged (but still standing). The displayed tractors and
construction and aluminium walls, cars on the steel building were also destroyed and crashed the
respectively aluminium building
● Container Cafés were made of 2-stacked ● Container cafés were scattered towards the rice field, across the road
containers. There were about 5 container ● No casualty was reported
cafes
● Surrounded by the beach and grasses

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Wreckage of the Container Cafés

Former locations of
Tractor Showroom and Container Cafes

Wreckage of destroyed showroom, tractors and cars

Villa Stephanie (Sukarame Village, Carita District, Pandeglang Regency)
● The villa area was located between the
coastline and national road ● The closest lodgings to the coastline suffered the worse damaged for its
● It was consisted of two-rows permanent walls, windows, and doors.
lodgings complex ● The additional structures that projected to the sea (swimming pool,
● It also has extended structures on the meeting room, and jetty) were destroyed
reclaimed land for swimming pool, meeting ● There was the second highest fatality of 55 lives loss from the visitors
room, and pier or jetty.

The lodgings complex of Villa Stephanie

Post-tsunami condition of Villa Stephanie’s main lodgings complex

Projected structures on reclaimed land

(pool, meeting room, and jetty)

Table 6. Pre- and post-damage conditions on the second coastal buffer (> 50 m wide)
PRE-TSUNAMI POST-TSUNAMI
Tourism Police Office (Sukarame Village, Carita District, Pandeglang Regency)
● Concrete fence was damaged and hit the front part of the
● Police station faced the open beach that was covered
building.
with grasses
● Main damage to the office building occurred on the doors
● It was also surrounded by a bareland
and glass windows that were facing the sea.

Tourism Police Office

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Open beach in front of Police Office

Damage condition of the police station
Villa Arista & Villa Avinsa (Sukarame Village, Carita District, Pandeglang Regency)
● Both vilas were permanent buildings facing the open
sea.
● Villa Arista was damaged at the front and the back of the
● Material constructions of bricks and woods (Villa
building, directly hit by the tsunami force and its runoff.
Arista), and steel frame (Villa Avinsa).
● Villa Avinsa suffered destruction, and its steel debris was
● Villa Arista was surrounded by bareland
pushed for 50 meters away towards the land.
● It also had the additional buildings built on the
reclaimed land

Post-tsunami Villa Arista

Former locations of Villa Arista and Villa Avinsa

Former location of Villa Avinsa
Sambolo Residential Area (Sukarame Village, Carita District, Pandeglang Regency)
● Sambolo residentials were located ± 75 m from the
● This was the worst damaged area in Carita District
coastline, on the west side of the national road
● Buildings that were located closer to the coastline and
● Densely occupied by permanent buildings, mainly
main road suffered the worst damage.
constructed of bricks and woods.

Post-tsunami condition of Sambolo Residential Area

4. Conclusion and recommendation

4.1. Conclusion
The main findings are concluded as follows:
 The largest tsunami wave dimension (12 m height, inundated areas >300 m, and 6 m flow depth)
was occurred on the sample site-5 (in Tanjung Jaya Village, Panimbang District, Pandeglang
Regency).
 Photogrammetry survey helped to investigate the tsunami exposures on landscape. The open
landscape (e.g., open beach, shrub, and barren land) aggravated the tsunami impact. While the

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IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1173 (2023) 012015 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1173/1/012015

coastal landscape that has either perennial vegetation or hilly topography, appeared having a
reduced landscape damage.
 Damaged constructions were mostly located on the first coastal buffer (10–50 m from the
coastline). Non-permanent constructions were destroyed and its debris was pushed towards
inland, while the permanent buildings had damages of broken windows and doors. On the
second buffer (50–100 m), permanent settlements in Sambolo (Carita – Pandeglang) suffered
the worst damage, especially on the buildings that were located closer to the coastline, main
road, and situated on open landscape.
 Several oversights on coastal buffer regulation and tsunami warning systems conclude that:
o Some lodging’s facilities (e.g., meeting room, pools, jetty) were allegedly violated the
coastal buffer regulation, as they were built on a reclaimed land without any coastal
defense.
o Coastal areas without any vegetations also had no coastal-retaining structures (e.g.,
embankments and tripod) as the physical defense
o Inadequate evacuation route signs and tsunami warning systems.

4.2. Recommendation
These following recommendations showcase several measures pertaining to the reduction of tsunami
risk within the sample locations:
 Reinforcement of coastal buffer into the spatial planning, based on the Presidential Regulation
No. 51 of 2016. Accordingly, several measures shall be conducted, i.e.: coastal risk mapping,
spatial planning review, coastal-zoning and land use planning,
 Evaluation on the existing landuse locations (settlements, tourist facilities, and vital
infrastructures),
 Enforcement on tsunami-prone buildings, e.g., feasibility on construction technology and its
retrofication plans,
 Development of coastal defense structures (e.g., embankments, tripot, revetment), as well as
local tree-planting buffer along the shoreline,
 Review on the existing tsunami evacuation routes and tsunami Temporary Evacuation Shelter
(TES),
 Strengthened the community preparedness on hazards knowledge and its emergency measures,
 Intervention measures on tsunami-ready landscape, such as: landscape engineering, landscape
management and utilization, landscape audit and certification, as well as social engineering.
 Monitoring and law enforcement succeedingly

Acknowledgments
The authors are all affiliated to The National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN). This research
was funded by the then Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology (BPPT), and
administratively supported by BRIN.

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IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1173 (2023) 012015 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1173/1/012015

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