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Implementation of Town Watching and Development of Observatory for

Community Education in Volcano Hazard Mitigation: study case at Kelud and
Arjuno-Welirang volcanoes, East Java, I...

Conference Paper · June 2018

DOI: 10.1145/3233347.3233349

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 Implementation of Town Watching and Development of
Observatory for Community Education in Volcano Hazard
Mitigation (study case at Kelud and Arjuno-Welirang
volcanoes, East Java, Indonesia)
Sukir Maryanto*, Ahmad Nadhir, Didik R. Santoso
Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Brawijaya University
Veteran Street, Malang, Indonesia, 65145
+62 813 211 57868
*sukir@ub.ac.id

ABSTRACT preceded by the eruption of Kelud volcano in 1919, where the

A Town Watching has been implemented at Kelud volcano region
and an Observatory is being developed at Arjuno-Welirang
Volcano Hosted Geothermal area in order to improve community
education for volcano hazard mitigation in East Java, Indonesia.
From the results shown that the level of participant’s interest was
good because more than 75% expressed interest in the Town
Watching implementation and 70% participants stated that they
understand about the material presented at the event. All of the
participants stated that the Town Watching was necessary and
they hope that it could be done periodically. Almost 95%
participants satisfied and 90% participants expected that similar
town watching should be done in the future. In addition, an
observatory of volcano was being developed at Arjuno-Welirang
volcano complex in strengthening education in the field of
volcano hosted geothermal. The observatory can be developed as
part of pilot project in community education in that field. In the
future, it can be integrated with town watching as a unity in
education and research in the field of volcano hazard mitigation.
CCS Concepts
General and Reference → Surveys and Overviews
Keywords
Town Watching; Observatory; Kelud; Arjuno-Welirang; Volcano
Hazard Mitigation; Community Education.
1. INTRODUCTION
Indonesia is a country which have the largest amount of volcano
in the world (± 127 volcanoes or ±13% from all volcanoes in the
world). [1-6] However, the study, research and education to the
public in this field was considered very minimum, so Indonesia
was also one of the countries that experienced the greatest losses
due to volcanic eruptions; fatalities or property and infrastructure
loss. The history of volcanic monitoring in Indonesia was
victims at that time reached approximately 5000 people. However,
in its development, the monitoring of volcano and related research
and education were not as expected.
Kelud volcano located at three regions in East Java, which are
Kediri, Malang and Blitar regency. Geographically, it located at
7°56’ South Latitude and 112°18’ East Longitude with the altitude
1731 meters above sea level. Kelud volcano is stratovolcano that
consists of andesitic lava, pyroclastic rocks and hot eruption cloud
deposits. The development of this young volcano was limited,
shown by it low cone. The peaks morphology was irregular sharp,
steep, and had a lake crater. The morphology was created due to
explosive eruptions disorder with spewing the crater lake water
which caused scintillating in Kelud volcano body. Some peaks
came from the formation of lava plugs, which were Kelud volcano,
Mount Gajahmungkur, and Mount Sumbing, while Lirang and
Kombang formed by lava flows. Another peaks like Umbuk lava
dome (1014 meters above sea level) and Kramasan lava dome
(944 meters above sea level) located in West and East Kelud
volcano slope [7].
During these times, disaster management was focused on relief,
disaster countermeasures, rehabilitations, and reconstruction.
Today, there was a perspective shift of disaster management that
emphasizes prevention, mitigation and preparedness, when
necessary strengthening emergency system for natural hazards.
The paradigm of disaster management cycle consisted of 6 (six)
phases included pre and post disaster activities. The forms of this
cycle included prevention, mitigation and preparedness, and then
combined with emergency responses (rescue and relief),
rehabilitation and reconstruction (recovery) (see Figure 1) [8].

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/3233347.3233349 Figure 1. Disaster management cycle [8].

52
With the shift of disaster paradigm, it was expected that the
involvement and knowledge of the affected inhabitants would
increase, so that the fatalities of natural hazards could be reduced.
Ngaringan village, Gandusari district, Blitar regency was one of
Kelud volcano eruption affected area. So, it was necessary to
increase the effort of inhabitants knowledge and concern about
hazard and disaster. For that reason, this community service will
be focused in Gandusari district, especially in Ngaringan village.
2. VOLCANO HAZARD MITIGATION
According to Law No. 24/2007, about hazard mitigation, disaster
is events or series of events that threaten and disrupt people’s
lives and livelihoods caused by both natural and /or non-natural
factors as well as human factors, which resulted incidence of
fatalities, environmental damage, loss of property, and
psychological impact. Whereas disaster meaning according to
International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR) is a serious
disruption of the functioning of a community or a society causing
widespread human, material, economic, or environmental losses
which exceed the ability of the affected community or society to
cope using its own resources [9]. Disaster could be occurred
because of hazards and vulnerability that threaten people. Hazard
is a potentially damaging physical event, phenomenon or human
activity that may cause the loss of life or injury, property damage,
social and economic disruption or environmental degradation [9].
Hazard can be divided into 3 types. They are: (1) natural hazard
which caused by events or series of events by nature, include
earthquake, tsunami, volcano eruption, flood, drought,
hurricane/tornado, and landslide; (2) non-natural hazard which
caused by events or series of non-natural events included failed
technology, failed modernization, epidemics, and disease
epidemic; and (3) social hazard which caused by events or series
of events due to human factor included social conflicted of society
or community and terror.
2.1 Natural Hazard in Indonesia
Indonesia located at the meeting of three major Eurasian, Pasific,
and Australian plates. The result of these 3 plates movement made
Indonesia quite vulnerable of volcanic eruption and tectonic
earthquakes disaster. Along with these meeting plate there are
more than 127 volcanoes lined up and more than 70 are
categorized as very active volcanoes. History recorded the
eruption of Mount Krakatoa in August 1883 that caused a
considerable impact that was known to whole world. Ash and
volcanic clouds were carried all the way in all parts of the world
and caused aftershocks in the form of tsunamis until large vessels
were transported hundreds meter to the mainland. The other
biggest eruption is Mount Tambora in 1816. Volcanic ash spread
throughout the earth and caused the world temperature decreased
one degree. Until 1816, it has been known as the year without
summer in northern hemisphere [10].
However, not only earthquakes and volcanic eruptions threaten
the state and society. The danger might also cause further hazards
such as landslide, lava flow, floods, and tsunamis. The National
Disaster Management Coordination Council estimated
conservatively that in Indonesia, more than 300 massive landslide
events contributed to soil erosion, river and reservoir dredging,
lowland inundation, and floodplains.
In hazard mitigation, useful information was not only maps or
geographic condition that vulnerable to natural hazards, but also
non-physical potential like communication gap in society or
community. The keyword of hazard mitigation was a series of
comprehensive efforts in pre-disaster, during disaster, and post
53
disaster. Hazard mitigation not only reactively (done after the
hazard), but also anticipatory (conducted assessment and
precautions to reduced the possibility of disaster).
2.2 Hazardous Basic Data
Information about natural hazard collected in a database form that
recorded all about disaster, which collaborate all various data
from publication article such as newspapers, magazines, and data
recording from National Disaster Management Coordination
Council, Council of Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics,
Ministry of Health, and some data that obtained from Geology
and Volcanology Directorate. With particular databases, disaster
management projects could be well defined and planned and
could be accessed worldwide, nationally or regionally, also
included non-technical (non-geological) data sources that report
disaster occurrences from the point of non-geological assessment
with a view to reporting that was oriented to impacts.
Nevertheless, the database provided information at least the
location of disaster, the type of disaster, the time of disaster, the
spatial and temporal relationship analysis of disaster event. In the
preparation of this database, the things to be achieved included
[11, 12]:
2.2.1 Information to public
Database groups that recorded the information source must as
productively as possible so that it will be easy to review again
where the source of information obtained, included the
information itself presented in image format or map in the
database.
2.2.2 Information about event location
Database groups provided information about natural hazard
placement. They included administrative field codes and
geographic coordinates.
2.2.3 Information about types of events
Database groups provided information about hazard characteristic,
based on the type, size, and event time.
2.2.4 Information of event impact
Provided information about mechanisms recorded from the impact
of disaster occurrence on both human lives and on its economic
value. The data and results of the actual cycle implementation
contained local potentials that could be utilized to address
disasters, such as knowledge of information and communication
systems, which could be used to inform the disaster occurrence
quickly, or the establishment of BKM/LKM as one of the local
institutions that could play a role in coordinating disaster response
action.
2.3 Town Watching Method
Town Watching method was adapted from Prof. Yujiro Ogawa
(Asian Disaster Research Center). This method aimed to identify
the vulnerability, identified key issues in village and school
environments, and found solutions to these problems.
Vulnerability defined as condition or characteristic in one area for
certain period of time that reduces the ability to prevent, mitigate,
achieve readiness and reduce the ability to respond the adverse
effects of certain hazards. Vulnerability divided into some
categories [10,13].
2.3.1 Physical/Material vulnerability
 Disaster-dangerous area
 Design, construction, building materials
 Unsafe and risky livelihood income
  Age, gender, physical disorders
 Food lacking
2.3.2 Social vulnerability
 Conflict : social, class, religion, caste, ideology
 Relationship absence or neglection with government
and it structures
 Isolated from beyond the world
2.3.3 Motivation/ behavior vulnerability
 Negative attitude toward changes
 Passivism, fatalism, despair, dependency
 There’s no initiative or morale
 Dependence on the world outside
2.4 Development of Arjuno-Welirang Volcano
Observatory
In the end of 2016, we started to found Arjuno Welirang Volcano
& Geothermal Research Center (AWVGRC) located at Brawijaya
University Agro Techno Park, Cangar, Sumber Brantas village in
the flank of Arjuno Welirang volcano complex. We also done
education and research related to volcano geothermal topics and
initiated some activities related to this topic. [1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6] We
would like to sustain our activities through implementing some
programs, such as, upgrading and continuing our conference
regarding volcano, geothermal and environment, conducting an
expand workshop, training, or education activities that involved
many stakeholders who collaborated and/or cooperated with us
such as, local government, universities, school, institutions, and
company. Figure. 2 shown the results of visual observations of
Arjuno-Welirang summit activities and the initiated observatory.
Figure 2. Establishment of observatory of Arjuno-Welirang
volcano hosted geothermal complex. Two top figures shown
small eruption of Welirang summit and Arjuno summit with
no eruption. While two figures in the bottom shown
observatory that can be used to educated regarding the
volcano hazard both for student and/or community.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
We implemented Town Watching in Ngaringan village, Blitar
region near Kelud volcano danger zone. Town watching
implementation had done in 2 steps, which were socialization and
mapping. Both steps were united for this activity. So, both of them
must be done to completed the requirement of Town Watching.
Socialization was the activity to told information to community.
54
In this activity, the community was introduced to the various
disasters and their handling.
In general, Ngaringan villagers were pleased and enthusiastic to
participating at implementation of Town Watching in order to get
information about threatening natural disaster around the village
and what could be done to reduce the negative impact caused by
Kelud volcano eruption (see Figure 3).
This activity was new in the village, shown by 50% of participant
stated that they never attended the similar event before. The
material that presented in implementation activity were also
relevant with the condition and situation which threaten the
villagers where it location was an affected area of natural hazard
if Kelud volcano erupted. In this activity, Ngaringan villagers was
given the meaning and importance of knowledge and mapped the
environment condition through the threatening of natural hazards
also decided the location and evacuation routes which must be
taken if Kelud volcano erupted.
The community was given awareness of the losses that would be
covered if there were no early anticipation to face the natural
hazards and they were given how to reduce the adverse impacts of
disasters. Based on the results of the questionnaire after the event,
nearly 75% of participants stated that the materials presented in
this event were very relevant to the real condition occurred in the
field also all participants stated that the implementation is very
useful for the future.
In this activity, Ngaringan villagers were given guidance on how
to make the mapping of environmental conditions in order to
reduce the disaster impact of Kelud eruption. The map shown in
Figure 4. It was expected that after the event they would formed
small groups of people where would be had a list of what
sequence of steps to took if there were natural hazards. Also they
would had an overview of evacuation routes Kelud hazard.
The community’s contribution to supported this event was good.
Nearly 60% participants stated that the implementation really
helped the community to planed and made points above. The level
of participants interest was good, because more than 75%
expressed interested to Town Watching implementation as well as
about 70% participants said they could understand the material
presented at the activity. All participants stated that the selection
of material in the implementation of Town Watching was
necessary and it was expected that the regularity of socialization
could be done. Almost 90% of participants expected a similar
activity in the future.
In general, the activity could be said run well based on the results
of the questionnaire which stated 95% of participants were
satisfied. At the end of the event, participants were also willing to
provided suggestion to improve the next activity The following
were some of the suggestion given by Ngaringan villager
participants:
 to strengthen the organization in the village, because if there
was no frequent implementation or regular meetings, the team
could have dispersed by itself
 to practice about the hazard mitigation to be more clear
 If it possible, the implementation was not just a moments. It
need to conveyed the material more clearly
 Always keep an attention to the village

Figure 3. The questionnaire of public opinion on
implementation activity.
Figure 4. Evacuation routes of Purwosari, Ngaringan Village.
55
4. CONCLUSION
From the activity that had been done, it could be conclude that :
1. The implementation of Town Watching presented in the
learning process and promotion of the department could
improved the community understanding about natural
hazards as well as the preparedness in facing the disasters
2. The community were really interested with Town Watching
implementation and hoped that there were the routine
implementation of it.
3. Development of Arjuno Welirang observatory can be used
to support community education and also to strengthen the
higher education in the field of volcano hazard mitigation.
4. In the future, it can be integrated between Town watching
and observatory in improving wider aspect of education and
research in that field.
5. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Our thanks to Sri Herwiningsih., Ph.D, Dr. Sunaryo, and other
team member of community services at desa Ngaringan. Physics
Department, Universitas Brawijaya Malang and all of students
that involved in this activities. We also thanks to Bravo
Energeobhas Research Group that supported in development of
observatory in Arjuno Welirang volcano complex.
6. REFERENCES
[1] Maryanto, S, 2017. Geo Techno Park potential at Arjuno-
Welirang Volcano hosted geothermal area, Batu, East Java,
Indonesia (Multi geophysical approach) , AIP Conference
Proceeding
[2] Maryanto, S., Arisalwadi, M., Syahra, V., & Triastuty, H.
2017. Polarization of Volcanic Tremor Recorded at Bromo
Volcano, East Java, Indonesia. International Journal of
Applied Environmental Sciences 12 (11): 1993-2005.
[3] Maryanto S., Wicaksono A., Azhari A. P., Dewi C. N.,
Foster J., Nadhir A., and Abdurrouf (2015). Multi
Geophysical Observations at Blawan-Ijen Volcano
Geothermal Complex for Regional Development. J. of Env.
Eng. & Sus. Tech. 2(2): 105-113.
[4] Maryanto S., Suciningtyas I., Dewi C. N., and Rachmansyah
A (2016). Integrated Resistivity and Ground Penetrating
Rada Observations of Underground Seepage of Hot Water at
Blawan-Ijen Geothermal Field. Intl. J. of Geophys. 2016: 23-
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[5] Maryanto, S.; Dewi, C.N.; Syahra, V.; Rachmansyah, A.;
Foster, J.; Nadhir, A.; Santoso, D.R. Magnetotelluric-
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