Aptitude TM Group 1 Govt Notes For TNPSC Group 1 To 8 Pre

>tV| 
kkVFA \uD luEm
 : TNPSC Group I >

VD : 
z] : 
VA\
>tV|  BV >kVBD z1 x>_W \uD x>[\
>V VVo VE ]^, o] VzA^, \V] >
sV>V^^ \uD \[VzA^ gBk V >suz >BVVzD
\Vk, \Vsz c>s|D kl_ kkVFA \uD luE mBV_
\[V^ ks_ >BV|^m. D\[V zAV VA\
kkVFA \uD luE mB V>m  >s|m.
>  >MV _m >MBV V > luE \B\V D\
[V zA > klKD \] |kV, \ gD F]kV,
su FD xBuElV ~||>_ Vm. *V_ ]B VA\ ][
 > mkVzD  >s|m. m xuKD V
>z >BV FD \Vkz kw|D t_V kBVzD.

gB,
kkVFA \uD luE m





  









 

 
  (f) 
10 ||| 3
14 |||| 5
17 |||| ||| 8
20 |||| 4
 20
3


 































25, 24, 20, 25, 16, 15, 18, 20, 25, 16, 20, 16, 15, 18, 25, 16, 24, 18, 25, 15, 27, 20, 20, 27, 25.
4











   

15 ||| 3
16 |||| 4
18 ||| 3
20 |||| 5
24 || 2
25 |||| | 6
27 || 2
 25

 15 16 18 20 24 25 27
 3 4 3 5 2 6 2
 

 
 
 


5










215 200 120 350 800 600 350 400 180 210 170 305 204
200 425 540 315 640 700 790 340 586 660 785 290 300






 

680
= = 6.8  7
100
   

100-200 ||| 3
200-300 |||| | 6
300-400 |||| | 6
400-500 || 2
500-600 || 2
600-700 ||| 3
700-800 |||| 4
 26

6




















7




°

  ×°




 ×°


 

 

 



 
 


:


     
 8 6 2 3 5
 
 

8

 



°
  
8
 8 × 360° = 120°
24
6
 6 × 360° = 90°
24
2
 2 × 360° = 30°
24
3
 3 × 360° = 45°
24
5
 5 × 360 = 75°
24
 24 360°

  8/24 × 100 = 33.33%

°°° 
°°°
9


 



                                          


 
 
 

 

 
 













 .
 



10





 
   

  



 




 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90
 25 40 33 28 30 20 16 8

11












X-.
  Y-

                                              


 

 


12

 X-
 X-
 Y-
5. 






 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90
 11 9 8 20 25 10 8 6 3

X-
Y-


13
>tV| 

VD : A]\ \uD A^lB_
z] : >k_ skV \Vu>_, skD >_
VA\
>tV|  BV >kVBD z1 x>_W \uD x>[\
>V VVo VE ]^, o] VzA^, \V] >
\[V^ ks_ >BV|^m. D\[V zAV VA\
>  >MV _m >MBV V > luE \B\V D\[V
zA > klKD \] |kV, \ gD F]kV, su
FD xBuElV ~||>_ Vm. *V_ ]B VA\ ][ 
> mkVzD  >s|m. m xuKD V >z
>BV FD \Vkz kw|D t_V kBVzD.

gB,
A]\
>k_ skV \Vu>_,

skD >_
mwpKfk;
tptuq;fisf; ifahSjy; vd;gJ Gs;spapaypd; xU gFjpahFk;. Gs;spapay; vd;w
nrhy; ‘];Nll;l];” vd;w yj;jd P ; nrhy;ypUe;J te;jjhFk;. Gs;spapay; vd;gJ mwptpay;
rhh;ej; vz;fs; (Science of Numbers). me;j vz;fs; ,q;F tptuq;fis vz;fNshL
Nrh;jJ ; xg;gplg;gLfpwJ. mjhtJ
I. tFg;gpy; cs;s khzth;fspd; kjpg;ngz;fs;
II. xU fpuhkj;jpy; Fwpg;gpl;l taJs;s Foe;ijfspd; vil
III. xU tUlj;jpy; xU Fwpg;gpl;l ,lj;jpy; nga;j kioapd; msT Gs;spapay;>
tptuq;fis Nrfhpj;jy;> tifg;gLj;Jjy;> gFg;gha;T nra;jy; kw;Wk; ,tw;wpd; %yk;
jfty;fisg; ngWtjw;F Gs;spapay; gad;gLfpwJ. Njitahd jfty;fisj;
jUfpd;w> vz;rhh; tbtpy; mike;j ve;j xU jftypd; njhFg;Gk; tptuk; MFk;.
1. xU tFg;giwapy; cs;s 20 khzth;fspd; cauq;fs; (nr.kP) fPNo

nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
120, 122, 127, 112, 129, 118, 130, 132, 120, 115
124, 128, 120, 134, 126, 110, 132, 121, 127, 118.
,q;F kpfr;rpwpa kjpg;G 110 nr.kP. kw;Wk; kpfg;nghpa kjpg;G 134 nr.kP.
tPrR; = kpfg;nghpa kjpg;G – kpfr;rpwpa kjpg;G
= 134 − 110 = 24
gphpT kw;Wk; gphpT ,ilntspfs;
Nkw;$wpa vLj;Jf;fhl;L 1.1 ,y; ehk; 5 gphpTfis vLj;Jf;nfhs;Nthk;. 110 − 115,
115, − 120, 120 − 125, − 130 − 135 xt;nthU gphpitAk; gphpT ,ilntspfs; vd;W
$wyhk;. gphpT ,ilntspfs; rkkhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
gphpTfspd; vz;zpf;if kpfg;nghpajhfNth my;yJ kpfr; rpwpajhfNth ,Uf;ff;
$lhJ. gphpTfspd; vz;zpf;if nghJthf Ie;jpypUe;J gj;Jf;Fs; ,Uf;fyhk;. gphpT
vy;iyfs;. tFg;G 110 − 115 ,y; 110 vd;gJ gphptpd; fPo; vy;iy kw;Wk; 115 vd;gJ
Nky; vy;iy vd miof;fg;gLk;.

A]\
i. Nky; vy;iy Nrh;jJ ; f; nfhs;sg;gl;l tbtk;

,e;j gphpT ,ilntspapy; fPo; vy;iyAk; Nky; vy;iyAk; gphpT ,ilntspapy;
Nrh;jJ; f;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf Kjy; gphpT ,ilntsp 110 - 114 ,y;
cauq;fs; 110 nr.kP -k; 114 nr.kP-k; Nrh;ff ; g;gLfpwJ. ,uz;lhtJ gphpT ,ilntsp
115 - 119 ,y; cauq;fs; 115 nr.kP kw;Wk; 119 nr.kP Nrh;ff ; g;gLfpwJ. ,t;thW kw;w
gphpT ,ilntspfis vOjyhk;.
ii. Nky; vy;iy Nrh;jJ ; f; nfhs;sg;glhj tbtk;
NkNy cs;s vLj;Jf;fhl;L 1.1 ,y; Kjy; gphpT ,ilntsp 110 - 115 y; 110 nr.kPll ; h;
Nrh;jJ; k; 115 nr.kPll; h; Nrh;ff
; g;glhkYk; ,Uf;Fk;. ,uz;lhtJ gphpT ,ilntspapy;
115 nr.kP Nrh;jJ ; k; kw;Wk; 120 nr.kP I Nrh;ff ; g;glhkYk; ,Uf;Fk;. Vnddpy; 115
nr.kP ,uz;L gphpT ,ilntspfspYk; cs;sJ. ,JNghd;w #o;epiyapy; 115 nr.kP
ve;jg;gphpT ,ilntspapy; fPo; vy;iyahf 115 nr.kP mikfpd;wNjh me;jg;gphpT
,ilntspapy; Nrh;jJ ; f;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.
Neh;fN; fhl;L Fwpfs;

NkNy cs;s vLj;Jf;fhl;L 1.1 ,y; 110 - 115 vd;w gphpT ,ilntspapy; cauq;fs;
110 nr.kP. 112 nr.kP mikfpwJ. ehk; ,g;nghOJ || vd;w Neh;fN
; fhl;L Fwpia Fwpf;f
Ntz;Lk;.

Ie;J Neh;fN; fhl;L Fwpfis Fwpf;f Ntz;b ,Ue;jhy; ehk; Kjypy; ehd;F Neh;fN
; fhl;L
Fwpia tiue;J Ie;jhtJ Neh;fN ; fhl;L Fwpia FWf;fhf Fwpf;fTk;. MfNt ||||
vd;gJ Ie;J Neh;fN
; fhl;L Fwpfspd; njhFg;G MFk;.

vopd; kjpg;ig Ie;J Neh;fN ; fhl;L Fwpfspd; njhFg;G xd;iw tiue;J> ,uz;L
Neh;fN
; fhl;L Fwpfspd; njhFg;G xd;iw tiue;J> ,uz;L Neh;fN ; fhl;L Fwpfis
,q;F nfhLj;Js;s gb |||| || Fwpf;fTk;.
epfo;Tg;gl;bay;
%d;W epuy;fisf; nfhz;l ml;ltiz %yk; tptuq;fs; jug;gl;Ls;sd.
ml;ltizapy; Kjy; epuypy; vz;> ,uz;lhk; epuypy; Neh;fN
; fhl;Lf; Fwpfs; kw;Wk;
%d;whk; epuypy; epfo;ntz; vd;w %d;W jiyg;Gfisf; nfhz;l ml;ltizia
epfo;Tg;gl;bay; vd;fpNwhk;. (ml;ltiz 1.3 I ghh;ff
; )

A]\
khwpypfspd; kjpg;G gphpT ,ilntspapy; ,Ue;jhy; mjd; epfo;ntz;fisme;je;j

gphpT ,ilntspf;F vjpNu Fwpj;jhy; ekf;F epfo;Tg;guty; fpilf;Fk;. midj;J
epfo;ntz;fisAk; $l;b> $Ljiy nkhj;jj;jpw;F Neuhf epfo;ntz;epuYf;F
fPohf Fwpf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,f;$LjyhdJ nfhLf;fg;gl;l tptuq;fspd; nkhj;j
vz;zpf;iff;Fr; rkkhf ,Uf;Fk;. NkNy $wpa Kiwapy; mikf;Fk; ml;ltizia
tptuq;fis ml;ltizg;gLj;Jjy; vd;fpNwhk;.
,g;nghOJ vLj;Jf;fhl;L 1.1 ,y; cs;s tptuq;fis ml;ltizg;gLj;jyhk;.
Nky; vy;iy Nrh;jJ ; f;nfhs;sg;gl;l tbtk;

gphpT ,ilntspfs; Neh;fN ; fhl;Lf; FwpaPLfs; epfo;ntz;
110 - 114 || 2
115 - 119 ||| 3
120 - 124 ||||| 6
125 - 129 |||| 5
130 - 134 |||| 4
nkhj;jk; 20
ml;ltiz 1.1
Nky; vy;iy Nrh;jJ ; f;nfhs;sg;glhj tbtk;
gphpT ,ilntspfs; Neh;fN ; fhl;Lf; FwpaPLfs; epfo;ntz;
110 - 115 || 2
115 - 120 ||| 3
120 - 125 ||||| 6
125 - 130 |||| 5
130 - 135 |||| 4
nkhj;jk; 20
ml;ltiz 1.2

A]\
fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;l tptuq;fSf;F epfo;T gl;baiyj; jahhpf;f

5> 1> 3> 4> 2> 1> 3> 5> 4> 2
1> 5> 1> 3> 2> 1> 5> 3> 3> 2.
jPhT
; :
NkNy cs;s tptuq;fspypUe;J ehk; 1> 2> 3> 4 kw;Wk; 5 vd;w vz;fs; kPzL
; k; kPzL
; k;
tUtijf; fhzyhk;. Mjyhy; 1> 2> 3> 4 kw;Wk; 5 vd;w vz;fis vz; vd;w epuypd;
fPo; xd;wd; fPo; xd;whf vOjTk;.
,g;nghOJ vz;fis xd;wd; gpd; xd;whfg;gbj;J> me;j vz;Zf;F Neuhf>

Neh;fN
; fhl;L Fwpfs; vd;w epuypy; xU Neh;fN; fhl;Lf; Fwpia ,Lf. ,Nj Kiwapy;
filrp vz; tUk; tiu Fwpf;fTk;. 1> 2> 3> 4 kw;Wk; 5 vd;w vz;fSf;F vjpuhf cs;s
Neh;fN
; fhl;Lf; Fwpfisf; $l;b> $Ljiy epfo;ntz; epuypy; Fwpf;fTk;. midj;J
epfo;ntz;fisAk; $l;b> $Ljiy nkhj;jj;jpw;F vjpuhf vOjTk;.
vz; Neh;fN; fhl;Lf; FwpaPLfs; epfo;ntz;
1 |||| 5
2 |||| 4
3 |||| 5
4 || 2
5 |||| 4
nkhj;jk; 20
ml;ltiz 1.3
nfhLj;Js;s tptuq;fSf;F epfo;Tg;guty; mikf;Fk; nghOJ> ehk; ftdj;jpy;
nfhs;s Ntz;bait.
(i) Njitahd gphpTfisj; Njh;en ; jLf;fTk;> mit kpfr; rpwpajhfNth my;yJ

kpfg; nghpajhfNth ,Uf;ff;$lhJ.
(ii) Njitahd gphpT ,ilntspfis (my;yJ gphpT ,ilntspapd; mfyk;)
Njh;en; jLf;fTk;
(iii) gphpTfspd; ,ilntspapd; kjpg;G mjpfhpj;Jf; nfhz;NlAk; mtw;wpw;fpilNa
,ilntsp ,y;yhkYk; mikf;f Ntz;Lk;.

A]\
njhFf;fg;gl;l tptuq;fSf;F epfo;Tg;gl;bay;

vLj;Jf;fhl;L 1.3
xU fzpjj; Njh;tpy; Vohk; tFg;gpy; 30 khzth;fs; vLj;j kjpg;ngz;fs; fPNo
nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. me;j tptuq;fSf;F epfo;Tg;gl;biyj; jahhpf;f.
25, 67, 78, 43, 21, 17, 49, 54, 76, 92, 20, 45, 86, 37, 35
60, 71, 49, 75, 49, 32, 67, 15, 82, 95, 76, 41, 36, 71, 62
jPhT; :
Fiwe;j kjpg;ngz; 15.
mjpf kjpg;ngz; 95.
tPrR; = kpfg;nghpa kjpg;G – kpfr; rpwpa kjpg;G
= 95 – 15
= 80
9 gphpTfis mjd; gphpT ,ilntsp 10 ,Uf;FkhW Njh;en ; jLf;fTk; 10 - 20> 20 - 30>
. . . . 90 - 100 - f;F epfo;Tg;gl;bay; fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
gphpT ,ilntspfs; Neh;fN

; fhl;Lf; FwpaPLfs; epfo;ntz;
10 - 20 || 2
20 - 30 ||| 3
30 - 40 |||| 4
40 - 50 |||| 5
50 - 60 || 2
60 - 70 |||| 4
70 - 80 |||| | 6
80 - 90 || 2
90 - 100 || 2
nkhj;jk; 20
ml;ltiz 1.4
1.2 njhlh;rr ; pahd njhFf;fg;gl;l epfo;ntz; gl;bay;

njhlh;rr ; pahd njhFf;fg;gl;l epfo;ntz; gl;baYf;f gphpT vy;iyfis
fz;Lg;gpbj;jy;
topfs;
(i) Kjy; gphptpd; Nky; vy;iyf;Fk; ,uz;lhtJ gphptpd; fPo; vy;iyf;Fk; cs;s
tpj;jpahrj;ijf; fz;Lgpbf;fTk;.

A]\
(ii) me;j tpj;jpahrj;ij 2 My; tFf;fTk; mjd; tpilia x vdf; nfhs;f.

(iii) vy;yhg; gphpT ,ilntspapy; cs;s fPo; vy;iyapypUe;J ‘x’ If; fopf;fTk;.
(iv) vy;yhg; gphpT ,ilntspapYk; cs;sNky; vy;iyapy; ‘x’ If; $l;lTk;. ,g;nghOJ
fpilf;Fk; xU Gjpa vy;iy cz;ikahd gphpT vy;iyahFk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L 7.4
xU Fwpg;gpl;l njhiyf;fhl;rp epfo;rr ; pfis ghh;fF; k; kf;fspd; taJ fPNo
nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mjw;F epfo;Tg;gl;baiyj; jahhpf;f.
gphpT 10 - 19 20 - 29 30 - 39 40 - 49 50 - 59 60 - 69
,ilntsp
taJ
egh;fspd; 45 60 87 52 25 12
vz;zpf;if
jPhT
; :
,e;j ml;ltizapy; gphpT ,ilntspfs; ,ilNa ,ilntspfs; cs;sd. MfNt
ehk; gphpTfis khw;wp (exclusive method - ,y;) vOjpf;nfhs;Nthk;.
Kjy; gphptpd; Nky; vy;iyf;Fk; ,uz;lhk; gphptpd; fPo; vy;iyf;Fk; cs;s tpj;jpahrk;
= 20 – 19 = 1
tpj;jpahrj;ij 2 My; tFf;fTk;.
x = ½ = 0.5
,g;nghOJ 0.5I fPov ; y;iyapypUe;J fopj;J kw;Wk; 0.5I Nky; vy;iyapy; Nrh;ff; Tk;.
,g;nghOJ ekf;F njhlh;rr ; pahd njhFf;fg;gl;l epfo;ntz; gl;baiy cz;ikahd
gphpT vy;iyapypUe;J ngwyhk;.
gphpT ,ilntspfs; epfo;ntz;
(taJ) (egh;fspd; vz;zpf;if)
9.5 - 19.5 45
19.5 - 29.5 60
19.5 - 39.5 87
39.5 - 49.5 52
49.5 - 59.5 25
50.5 - 69.5 12
ml;ltiz 1.5

A]\
1.3 njhFf;fg;glhj tptuq;fSf;F ruhrhp> ,ilepiyasT> KfL $l;Lr;rhurhp

ehk; ruhrhp vd;w thh;ji ; jia md;whl tho;fi ; fapy; cgNahfg;gLj;JfpNwhk;.
G+tpdp jpdKk; ruhrhpahf 5 kzpNeuk; jd; gbg;gpw;fhf> nrytpLfpwhh;. Nk khjj;jpy;
nrd;idapy; ruhrhpahf 40 bfphp nry;rpa]; ntg;gk; ,Uf;fpwJ. Nkw;$wpa
thf;fpaq;fs; ekf;F vd;d nrhy;fpd;wd.
G+tpdp jpdKk; ruhrhpahf 5 kzpNeuk; gbf;fpwhs;. rpy ehl;bspy; Fiwe;j NeuKk;
kw;w ehl;fspy; mjpf NeuKk; gbf;fpwhs;.

nrd;idapy; ruhrhpahf 40 bfphp nry;rpa]; ntg;gk; vd;gJ Nk khjj;jpy; nrd;idapy;
ntg;gepiy rpy rkaq;fspy; 40 bfphp nry;rpa]{f;F FiwthfNth kw;w rkaq;fspy;
40 bfphp nry;rpa]{f;F mjpfkhfNth ,Ue;jJ vd;gijf; Fwpf;fpwJ.

ruhrhp vd;gJ nfhLj;Js;s tptuq;fspy; mjpf kjpg;gpw;Fk; Fiwe;j kjpg;gpw;Fk;
,ilg;gl;l kjpg;ghFk;. Nuhfpl; vd;gtd; gy;NtW ghlq;fspy; fPo;f;fz;l
kjpg;ngz;fis vLj;Js;shd;. 62, 84, 92, 98, 74.
mtDila ruhrhp kjpg;ngz;iz fz;Lgpbf;f ehk; Kjypy; gy;NtW ghlq;fspd;
kjpg;ngz;fisAk; $l;lTk;.
62 + 84 + 92 + 98 + 74 = 410.
gpwF mij nkhj;j ghlq;fspd; vz;zpf;ifahy; tFf;fTk;. (mjhtJ 5 My;)
410
Nuhfpl; ngw;w ruhrhp kjpg;ngz; = = 82
5
,e;j kjpg;G mtDila gbg;gpy; mtd; vLj;J ntw;wpapd; nghJ epiyia njhpe;J
nfhs;s cjTfpwJ.
mjhtJ ruhrhp my;yJ $l;Lr;ruhrhp vd;gJ fPNo tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
kjpg; Gfspd; $l; Lj; njhif
ruhrup =
kjpg; Gfspd; vz; zpf; if

vLj;Jf;fhl;L : 1.5
fhaj;hp 3 ehl;fspy; KiwNa 4 kzpNeuk; 5 kzpNeuk; kw;Wk; 3 kzpNeuk; gbf;fpwhs;.
mts; ruhrhpahf vj;jid kzpNeuk; jpdKk; gbf;fpwhs;.
jPHT
; :
gbj; j Neuj; jpd; $Ljy;
gbg; gpd; ruhrup Neuk; =
gbj; j ehl; fspd; vz; zpf; if
,jpypUe;J fhaj;hp ruhrhpahf xU ehisf;F 4 kzpNeuk; gbj;jpUf;fpwhs; vd;W
nrhy;yyhk;.

A]\
vLj;Jf;fhl;L : 1.6
MW FLk;gq;fspd; khjtUkhdk; KiwNa &. 3500> &. 2700> &. 3000> &. 2800>
&. 3900> &.2100 tUkhdj;jpd; ruhrhpiaf; fhz;f.
jPHT
; :
MW FLk; gq; fspd; nkhj; j tUkhdk;
khj tUkhdj; jpd; ruhrup =
FLk; gq; fspd; vz; zpf; if
&.3500 + 2700 + 3000 + 2800 + 3900 + 2100
=
6
= &.18000
= & .3000
6
vLj;Jf;fhl;L : 1.7
5 Ngdhf;fspd; ruhrhptpiy &. 75> 5 Ngdhf;fspd; nkhj;jtpiy vd;d?
jPHT
; :
5 Ngdhf; fspd; nkhj; j tpiy
ruhrup =
Ngdhf; fspd; vz; zpf; if
5 Ngdhf;fspd; nkhj;jtpiy = ruhrhp × Ngdhf;fspd; vz;zpf;if
= &. 75 × 5
= &. 375
,ilepiy :
11 khzth;fisf; nfhz;l FOtpd; cauq;fs; fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
106> 110> 123> 125> 115> 120> 112> 115> 110> 120> 115.
clw;gapw;rp Mrphpah; jpU.nfsjk; khzth;fis ,U FOf;fshf gphpf;f tpUk;Gfpd;whh;.
,U FOf;fspYk; khzth;fspd; vz;zpf;if rkkhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. mt;thW
gphpf;Fk; NghJ xU FOtpy; cs;s khzth;fspd; cauq;fs; xU Fwpg;gpl;l cauj;ij
tpl mjpfkhfTk; (mjpfk;) mLj;J FOtpy; cs;s khzth;fspd; cauq;fs;
mf;Fwpg;gpl;l cauj;ij tpl FiwthfTk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
,g;nghOJ jpU.nfsjk;> khzth;fis mth;fs; cauq;fs; thhpahf (Fiwe;j
cauj;jpUe;J mjpf cauk; tiu) epw;fitf;fpwhh;.
106> 110> 110> 112> 115> 115> 115> 120> 120> 123> 125
nfhLj;Js;s tptuq;fspd; ,ilepiy kjpg;G 115. Vnddpy; ,e;j kjpg;G (cauk;) 5
khzth;fisf; nfhz;l ,U (rk) FOf;fshfg; gphpf;fpwJ. ,e;j kjpg;ig ,ilepiy
msT vdf;$wyhk;. jpU.nfsjk; eLtpy; cs;s khztid tpisahl;Lf;F
eLepiyahf itf;f jPhk ; hdpf;fpwhh;.

A]\
tptuq;fis VWthpir my;yJ ,wq;Fthpirapy; thpirgLj;Jk;nghOJ fpilf;Fk;

ika kjpg;G ,ilepiy MFk;.
nfhLj;Js;s tptuq;fspd; ,ilepiyiaf; fhz;f.
40> 50> 30> 60> 80> 70
nfhLj;Js;s tptuq;fspd; VWthpir : 30> 40> 50> 60> 70> 80.
nfhLf;fg;gl;l vz;zpf;if 6 vd;gJ ,ul;ilg;gil vz; MfNt %d;whtJ
kw;Wk; ehd;fhtJ cWg;G ,ilepiy cWg;ghFk;. ,e;j ,uz;L cWg;Gfspd; ruhrhp
,ilepiy MFk;.
(mjhtJ) ,ilepiy = 0 + 0 = 0 =

(i) nfhLf;fg;gl;l tptuq;fspd; vz;zpf;if xw;iwg;gilahf ,Ue;jhy; eLtpy;
cs;s tptuk; ,ilepiy MFk;.
(ii) nfhLf;fg;gl;l tptuq;fspd; vz;zpf;if ,ul;ilg;gilahf ,Ue;jhy; ,uz;L
eLtptuq;fspd; $l;Lr;ruhrhpNa ,ilepiy MFk;.
nfhLj;j tptuq;fis VWthpirapy; vOJf.
12, 14, 17, 18, 20, 23, 24, 25.
nfhLf;fg;gl;l tptuq;fspd; vz;zpf;if 8. ,J ,ul;ilg;gil vz; MFk;. MfNt
,ilepiy vd;gJ ,U eL tptuq;fs; 18 kw;Wk; 20 ,d; $l;Lr;ruhrhp MFk;.
,ilepiy = 18 + 20 = 38 = 19
2 2
fPo;f;fz;l tptuq;fSf;F ,ilepiyiaf; fhz;f.
3> 4> 5> 3> 6> 7> 2.
jPh;T :
tptuq;fis VWthpirapy; vOJf
2> 3> 3> 4> 5> 6> 7
nfhLf;fg;gl;l tptuq;fspd; vz;zpf;if 7. ,J xw;iwg;gil MfNt 4 vd;gJ
,ilepiy msT MFk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L : 7.8
12> 14> 25> 23> 18> 17> 24> 20 vd;w tptuq;fspd; ,ilepiyiaf; fhz;f.
Kjy; 5 gfh vz;fspd; ,ilepiyiaf; fhz;f.
jPh;T :
Kjy; 5 gfh vz;fs; 2> 3> 5> 7> 11 nfhLf;fg;gl;l tptuq;fspd; nkhj;j vz;zpf;if
5. ,J xw;iwg;gil vz; MFk;. vdNt %d;whtJ vz; ,ilepiy MFk;. mjhtJ
5 vd;gJ ,ilepiy MFk;.

A]\
KfL :
fPo;f;fz;l vLj;Jf;fhl;il ftdpf;f
Maj;j Milafj;jpd; chpikahsh; jpU. ,uhftd; vd;gth;. jk; filapy; 40 nr.kP.
msTs;s rl;ilfs; mjpf mstpy; tpw;gidahtjhff; $Wfpwhh;.
,q;F fil chpikahshpd; ftdk; ntt;NtW msTfspy; cs;s tpw;gidahFk;
rl;ilfspd; vz;zpf;ifapy; mike;Js;sJ. mthpd; $w;Wg;gb 40 nr.kP. msTs;s
rl;ilfNs mjpf mstpy; tpw;gidahfpwJ. gy;NtW msTfspy; mjpf mstpy;
tpw;gidahFk;> rl;ilfspd; msthd 40 nr.kP. msT vd;gJ gy msTfspy; KfL
vdg;gLk;.
nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s tptuq;fspy; mjpf vz;zpf;ifapy; fhzg;gLk; tptuk; mtw;wpd;
KfL vdg;gLk;.
mjpf tptuq;fspd; KfL
tptuq;fspd; msT mjpfkhFk; NghJ mtw;iw vOJtJk; vz;ZtJk; vspajy;y.
,j;jifa jUzq;fspy; ehk; tptuq;fis ml;ltizg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L : 1.9
xU fhy; ge;J Nghl;bapd; Kjy; fl;lg; Nghl;bfspy; ntw;wpg; Gs;spfs; gpd;tUkhW.
1> 3> 2> 5> 1> 4> 6> 2> 5> 2> 2> 2> 4> 1> 2> 3> 2> 3> 2>
1> 1> 2> 3> 2> 6> 4> 3> 2> 1> 1> 4> 2> 1> 5> 3> 4> 2> 1> 2 ,tw;wpw;F KfL fhz;f.
ntw;wpg; Gs;spfspd; Neh;fN
; fhl;Lf; Ml;lq;fspd;
vz;zpf;if FwpaPLfs; vz;zpf;if
1 |||| |||| 5
2 |||| |||| |||| 14
3 |||| || 7
4 |||| 5
5 ||| 3
6 || 2
nkhj;jk; 40
ml;ltiz 1.5
,g;nghOJ ehk; tpiuthf 2 vd;gJ KfL vdyhk;. Vnddpy; 2 vd;gJ
mjpf vz;zpf;ifapy; te;Js;sJ. mjpf Ml;lq;fspy; ntw;wpg; Gs;spfs;
ngwg;gl;Ls;sd.
10
A]\
vLj;Jf;fhl;L : 1.10
fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;l tptuj;jpw;F Kfl;ilf; fhz;f.
3> 3> 4> 5> 3> 6> 7
jPh;T :
3 vd;gJ mjpf Kiw te;Js;sJ. vdNt tptuj;jpd; KfL 3 MFk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L : 1.11
gpd;tUk; tptuq;fSf;F KfL fhz;f.
2> 2> 2> 3> 3> 4> 5> 5> 5> 6> 6> 8
jPh;T :
2 kw;Wk; 5 jyh %d;W Kiw te;Js;sd. MfNt tptuq;fSf;F 2 kw;Wk; 5 Mfpa
,uz;LNk KfLfshFk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L : 1.12
gpd;tUk; tptuq;fSf;F KfL fhz;f.
90> 40> 68> 94> 50> 60.
jPh;T :
,q;F ve;j vz;Zk; mjpf vz;zpf;ifapy; tutpy;iy. MfNt ,e;j tptuj;jpw;F
KfL fpilahJ.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L : 1.13
20 FLk;gq;fspy; cs;s Foe;ijfspd; vz;zpf;if 1> 2> 2> 1> 2> 1> 3> 1> 1> 3
1> 3> 1> 1> 1> 2> 1> 1> 2> 1 KfL fhz;f.
Foe;ijfspd; Neh;fF
; wpaPlL ; f; FLk;gq;fspd;
vz;zpf;if NfhL vz;zpf;if
1 |||| |||| || 12
2 |||| 5
3 ||| 3
nkhj;jk; 20
ml;ltiz 1.6
jPh;T :
12 FLk;gq;fspy; 1 Foe;ijNa cs;sJ. MfNt KfL 1.
11
A]\
2.2 epfo;ntz;gl;bay; mikg;gij epidT $h;jy;

xU epfo;ntz; gl;bay; mikf;Fk; Kiwia ehk; Vohk; tFg;gpy; fw;Ws;Nshk;.
mk;Kiwia ,q;F epidT $h;Nthk;.
2.2.1. njhFf;fg;glhj tptuq;fSf;F epfo;ntz; gl;bay; mikj;jy;
vLj;Jf;fhl;L 2.1
gpd;tUk; tptuq;fSf;F xU epfo;ntz; gl;bay; jahh; nra;f:
15> 17> 17> 20> 15> 18> 16> 25> 16> 15>
16> 18> 20> 28> 30> 27> 18> 18> 20> 25>
16> 16> 20> 28> 15> 18> 20> 20> 20> 25.
jPh;T :
Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l tptuq;fSf;Ff; fPo;f;fz;lthW epfo;ntz;gl;baiy mikf;fyhk;
vz; (x) Neh;fN
; fhl;Lf; epfo;ntz;
Fwpfs; (frequency)
15 |||| 4
16 |||| 5
17 || 2
18 |||| 5
20 |||| || 7
25 ||| 3
27 | 1
28 || 2
30 | 1
nkhj;jk; 30

12
A]\
2.2.2 njhFf;fg;gl;l tptuq;fSf;F epfo;ntz;gl;bay; mikj;jy;

vLj;Jf;fhl;L : 2.2
xU fzpjj; Njh;tpy; 50 khzth;fs; ngw;w kjpg;ngz;fs; (100f;F) gpd;tUkhW:
43> 88> 25> 93> 68> 81> 29> 41> 45> 87> 34> 50> 61> 75> 51> 96> 20> 13> 18> 35.
25> 77> 62> 98> 47> 36> 15> 40> 9> 25> 39> 60> 37> 50> 19> 86> 42> 29> 32> 61.
45> 68> 41> 87> 61> 44> 67> 30> 54> 8.
Nkw;fz;l tptuq;fSf;Fg; gphpT ,ilntspfSld; xU epfo;ntz; gl;baiyj;
jahh; nra;f.
jPh;T :
,q;Ff; nfhLf;fg;gl;l kjpg;ngz;fspd;
vz;zpf;if = 50
tPr;R = kPg;ngUkjpg;G - kPr;rpWkjpg;G
= 98 – 8 = 90
,ij 10 gphpT ,ilntspfshfg; gphpg;Nghk;.
tPr; R
∴ gphpT ,ilntspapd; es P k; =
gphpT ,ilntspfspd; vz; zpf; if
fzpjj; Njh;tpy; 50 khzth;fs; ngw;w kjpg;ngz;fspd; epfo;ntz; gl;bay;> fPNo
nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sthW mikf;fg;gLfpwJ.
gphpT ,ilntsp Neh;fN
; fhl;Lf; epfo;ntz;
(Class Interval) Fwpfs; (frequency)
0 - 10 || 2
10 - 20 |||| 4
20 - 30 |||| | 6
30 - 40 |||| || 7
40 - 50 |||| |||| 9
50 - 60 |||| 4
60 - 70 |||| ||| 8
70 - 80 |||| 5
90 - 100 ||| 3
nkhj;jk; 50

,t;thwhfg; ngwg;gl;l tptuq;fs; midj;ijAk; njhFf;fg;gl;L fPo;f;fz;l
ml;ltizapy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd:
13
A]\
gphpT 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 90-100
,ilntsp
(C.I)
egh;fspd; 2 4 6 7 9 4 8 2 5 3
vz;zpf;if
(F)
2.3 njhFf;fg;gl;l gs;sp tptuq;fSf;F epfo;Tr; nrt;tfk; kw;Wk; epfo;Tg;
gyNfhzk; tiujy;
Gs;sp tptuq;fisg; glq;fs; my;yJ tbtf; fzpjg; glq;fs; %ykhff; Fwpg;gplyhk;.
nghJthf ,g;glq;fs; ‘tiuglq;fs;” vd;W miof;fg;gLk;. ,t;tiug;glq;fspd;
thapyhf tptuq;fs; Mh;tj;Jld; gbf;f vJthfTk;> FWfpa fhyj;jpy; vspjhfg;
Ghpe;J nfhs;Sk;gbahfTk; cs;sd. ,t;tiuglq;fisg; gy topfspy; Fwpg;gplyhk;.
,e;j mj;jpahaj;jpy; gpd;tUk; tiuglq;fspd; tiffisg; gw;wp ehk; fw;Nghk;.
(i) epfo;Tr; nrt;tfk; (Histogram) (ii) epfo;Tg; gyNfhzk; (Frequency Polygon)
2.3.1 epfo;Tr; nrt;tfk; (Histogram)

njhlh;r;rpahd epfo;ntz; gutiy ,U ghpkhz tiuglj;jpy; Fwpf;Fk; mikg;ig
epfo;Tr; nrt;tfk; vd;gh;.
xU epfo;Tr; nrt;tfj;jpy;> nrt;tfq;fs; xd;wpd; gf;fj;jpy; xd;whf
,ilntspapd;wpj; njhlh;r;rpahf tiuag;gLfpwJ. mjhtJ> nrt;tfq;fs;
gphpT ,ilntspfs; kPJ tiuag;gLfpd;wd. ,r;nrt;tfq;fspd; gug;Gfs;
epfo;ntz;fSf;F Neh; tpfpjj;jpy; mikAk;.
2.3.1 (m) njhlh;r;rpahd epfo;ntz; gutYf;F epfo;Tr; nrt;tfk; tiujy;

nra;Kiw :
gb 1 : njhlh;r;rpaw;w epiyapy; (tpyf;Fk; mikg;G) epfo;ntz; guty; ,Ug;gpd;
mijj; njhlh;r;rpahd epiyf;F (Nrh;f;Fk; mikg;G) khw;wp mikf;fTk;.
gb 2 : gphpT ,ilntspfis tiuglj;jpy; X - mr;rpd; kPJ xU rPuhd msTj;
jpl;lj;jpy; vLj;Jf; nfhs;f.
gb 3 : rPuhd msTj; jpl;lj;Jld; Y - mr;rpd; kPJ epfo;ntz;fisf;
Fwpf;fTk;.
gb 4 : gphpT ,ilntspfis mbg;gf;fq;fshfTk;> mjw;Fhpa epfo;ntz;fis
cauq;fshfTk; nfhz;l nrt;tfq;fis tiuaTk;.
Nkw;$wpa Kiwapy; epfo;Tr;nrt;tfk; tiuAk; Kiwiag; gpd;tUk; vLj;Jf;fhl;by;
tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
14
A]\
vLj;Jf;fhl;L : 2.3
xU Njh;tpy; 100 khzth;fs; ngw;w kjpg;ngz;fs; gpd;tUk; ml;ltizapy;
nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,jw;F epfo;Tr; nrt;tfk; tiuaTk;.
kjpg;ngz;fs; 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80
khzth;fspd; 5 10 15 20 25 12 8 5
vz;zpf;if
jPh;T :
gphpT ,ilntsp msT 10 kjpg;ngz;zhf cs;sthW vy;yh ,ilntspfSk;
cs;sd. ,e;jg; gphpT ,ilntspfis X-mr;rpd; kPJ Fwpg;Nghk;. Y-mr;rpd; kPJ
khzth;fspd; vz;zpf;iffisf; Fwpg;Nghk;. jf;f msTj; jpl;lq;fis ,t;tpuz;L
mr;RfspYk; vLj;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s tptuq;fSf;fhd
epfo;Tr; nrt;tfk; fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sijf; fhzTk;.
Y
msTj;jpl;lk;
30
X mr;R 1nr.kP = 10 kjpg;ngz;fs;

khzth;fspd; vz;zpf;if
Y mr;R 1nr.kP = 5 kjpg;ngz;fs;

25
20
15
10
5
X
0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
kjpg;ngz;fs;
glk; 2.1
15
A]\
2.3.1(M) njhlh;r;rpaw;w gphpT ,ilntspfSf;F epfo;Tr; nrt;tfk; tiujy;

vLj;Jf;fhl;L 2.4
xU tdg;gFjpapYs;s kuq;fspd; cauq;fs; gpd;tUkhW nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
,t;tptuq;fisf; nfhz;L epfo;Tr; nrt;tfk; mikf;fTk;.
cauq;fs; 16-20 21-25 26-30 31-35 36-40 41-45 46-50 51-55

(kPl;lhpy;)
kuq;fspd; 10 15 25 30 45 50 35 20
vz;zpf;if
jPh;T :
,f;fzf;fpy; gphpT ,ilntspfs; njhlh;rr ; paw;wjhf cs;sd. nfhLf;fg;gl;l
tptuq;fspypUe;J mg;gbNa nrt;tfq;fs; tiue;jhy;> gphpT ,ilntspf;F ,ilNa
,ilntspfs; mikAk;. Mdhy; epfo;Tr; nrt;tfj;jpy; nrt;tfq;fs; njhlh;rr ; pahf
mika Ntz;Lk;. vdNt> ,e;j ,ilntspfisj; njhlh;rr ; pahf ,Uf;Fk;gb khw;w
Ntz;Lk;. ,jw;F rhpnra; fhuzp Njitg;gLfpwJ. ,ijg; gpd;tUkhW fhz;Nghk;.
rhpnra;fhuzp = ½ (VNjDk; xU gphpT ,ilntspapd; fPo; vy;iy) -
(mjw;F cldbahf Kd;Ds;s gphpT ,ilntspapd; Nky; vy;iy)
Nkw;fz;l gphpT ,ilntspapy;> xt;nthU gphpT ,ilntspapd; fPo; vy;iyapypUe;J
rhpnra; fhuzp 0.5 I fopf;fTk;> Nky; vy;iyAlDk; rhpnra; fhuzp 0.5 If; $l;lTk;.
,t;thW khw;wpaikf;fg;gl;l ml;ltiz gpd;tUkhW ,Uf;Fk;.
cauq;fs; 15.5- 20.5 25.5 30.5 35.5 40.5 45.5 50.5

(kPl;lhpy;) 20.5 - 25.5 - 30.5 - 35.5 - 40.5 - 45.5 - 50.5 - 55.5
kuq;fspd; 10 15 25 30 45 50 35 20
vz;zpf;if
16
A]\
Y
55
50
45
msTj;jpl;lk;
X mr;R 1nr.kP = 5 kPl;lh;

40
Y mr;R 1nr.kP = 5 kuq;fs;

35
30
25
20
15
10
5
X
15.5 20.5 25.5 30.5 35.5 40.5 45.5 50.5 55.5 60.5
cauq;fs; kPl;lhpy;
,g;nghOJ NkNy nfhLf;fg;gl;l epfo;ntz;guty; ml;ltiz> njhlh;r;rpahd

ml;ltizahf khw;wg;gl;Ls;sJ. mjw;Nfw;w> epfo;Tr; nrt;tfk; mUfpy;
nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
2.3.2 epfo;Tg; gyNfhzk; (Frequency Polygon)

tiuglk; %yk; epfo;ntz; gutiyf; Fwpg;gpLk; kw;nwhU Kiw epfo;Tg; gyNfhzk;
MFk;.
nfhLf;fg;gl;l njhlh;r;rpahd tptuq;fSf;F xU epfo;Tr; nrt;tfk; tiuNthk;.
,r;nrt;tfq;fspy; Nkw;gf;fq;fspd; ikag;Gs;spfisf; Fwpg;Nghk;. mLj;jLj;j
ikag;Gs;spfis Neh;f;Nfhl;Lj;Jz;Lfs; %yk; ,izj;jhy;> xU gyNfhzk;
fpilf;Fk;. ,e;jg; gyNfhzk; epfo;Tg; gyNfhzk; vd;W miof;fg;gLk;. ,t;thW
tiuag;gLk; gyNfhzj;jpd; ,U KidfisAk; mtw;Wf;fLj;j epfo;Tr;
nrt;tfj;jpy; ,y;yhj gphpT ,ilntspapd; ikag;Gs;spAld; ,izg;gJ tof;fk;.
epfo;Tg; gyNfhzj;ij ,UKiwfspy; mikf;fyhk;:
17
A]\
nrt;tfj;ijg; gad;gLj;jhky; tiujy;
2.3.2 (m) epfo;Tr; nrt;tfj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp epfo;Tg; gyNfhzk; tiujy;

vLj;Jf;fhl;L 2.5
fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;l gutYf;F xU epfo;Tr; nrt;tfk; tiue;J mjd; kPJ xU
epfo;Tg; gyNfhzk; mikf;fyhk;.
gphpT 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90

,ilntsp
epfo;ntz; 4 6 8 10 12 14 7 5
jPh;T :
glk; 2.3 ,y; fhl;bAs;sthW gphpT ,ilntspfis X-mr;rpYk;> epfo;ntz;fis
Y-mr;rpYk; jf;f msTj; jpl;lk; nfhz;L tiuNthk;.
nfhLf;fg;gl;l tptuq;fSf;F xU epfo;Tr;nrt;tfj;ij tiuNthk;. nrt;tfq;fspd;
Nkw;gf;fq;fspd; Nkw;gf;fq;fspd; ikag; Gs;spfisf; Fwpg;Nghk;. fw;gidg; gphpT
,ilntspfshd 9-10 kw;Wk; 90-100 gphpT ,ilntspfspd; ikag;Gs;spfis
X-mr;rpd; kPJ Fwpg;Nghk;. msTNfhiyg; gad;gLj;jpf; Nfhl;Lj;Jz;Lfshy;
mLj;jLj;Js;s ikag;Gs;spfis ,izg;Nghk;.
,g;nghOJ glk; 2.3 ,y; cs;sJ Nghy; xU epfo;Tg; gyNfhzk; fpilf;fpd;wd.
18
A]\
msTj;jpl;lk;
Y
X mr;R 1nr.kP = 10 myFfs;
16
14
12 Y mr;R 1nr.kP = 2 myFfs;
epfo;ntz;
10
8
6
4
2
X
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
gphpT ,ilntsp
glk; 2.3
vLj;Jf;fhl;L 2.6
fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;l tptuq;fSf;F epfo;Tr; nrt;tfj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp epfo;Tg;
gyNfhzj;ij tiuf.
gphpT 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60
,ilntsp
epfo;ntz; 5 10 25 16 12 8
jPh;T
glk; 2.4 ,y; fhl;bAs;sthW gphpT ,ilntspfis X-mr;rpYk;> epfo;ntz;fis
Y-mr;rpYk; jf;f msTj; jpl;lk; nfhz;L tiuNthk;.
nfhLf;fg;gl;l tptuq;fSf;F xU epfo;Tr; nrt;tfk; tiuNthk;. mLj;jLj;J
mikAk; nrt;tfq;fspd; Nkw;gf;fq;fspd; ikag; Gs;spfisf; Fwpf;fpNwhk;.
fw;gidg; gphpT ,ilntspfshd (-10) -0 kw;Wk; 60-70 vd;w gphpT ,ilntspfspd;
ikag; Gs;spfis X-mr;rpy; Fwpf;fpNwhk;. Xh; msTNfhiyf; nfhz;L mLj;jLj;j
ikag;Gs;spfis thpirahf Nfhl;Lj;Jz;Lfshy; ,izf;fpNwhk;. ekf;F epfo;Tg;
gyNfhzk; fpilj;Js;sJ. (glk; 2.4 Ig; ghh;f;f)
19
A]\
30
msTj;jpl;lk;
25
Y mr;R 1nr.kP = 5 kjpg;ngz;fs;
epfo;ntz;
20
15
10
5
X
-10 0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70
gphpT ,ilntsp
glk; 2.4
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: 2.7
fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;l tptuq;fSf;F> epfo;Tr; nrt;tfj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp epfo;Tg;
gyNfhzj;ij tiuf.
kjpg;ngz;fs; 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 90-100
khzth;fspd; 5 4 6 8 5 7 4 9 5 7
vz;zpf;if
jPh;T
kjpg;ngz;fis X-mr;rpYk;> khzth;fspd; vz;zpf;iffis Y-mr;rpYk; vLj;Jf;
nfhs;fpNwhk;. nfhLf;fg;gl;l tptuq;fSf;F xU epfo;Tr; nrt;tfk; mikf;fpNwhk;.
mLj;jLj;J mikfpd;w nrt;tfq;fspd; Nkw;gf;fq;fspd; ikag;Gs;spfisf;
Fwpf;fpNwhk;. Kjy; nrt;tfj;jpd; ,lg;gf;fj;jpd; ikag;Gs;spiaf; Fwpf;fpNwhk;.
filrp nrt;tfj;jpd; tyg;gf;fj;jpd; ikag;Gs;spiaf; Fwpf;fpNwhk; mLj;jLj;j
nrt;tfq;fspd; Nky;gf;f ikag; Gs;spfis msTNfhiyf; nfhz;L thpirahff;
Neh;f;Nfhl;Lj; Jz;Lfshy; ,izf;fpNwhk;. ,t;thW ,izf;fg;gl;l
gyNfhzj;jpd; Kjy; Nfhl;Lj; Jz;bd; Kidia Kjy; nrt;tfj;jpd;
20
A]\
,lg;gf;fj;jpd; ikag;Gs;spAlDk;> filrp Nfhl;Lj;Jz;bd; Kidiaf; filrp

nrt;tfj;jpd; tyg;gf;fj;jpd; ikag;Gs;spAlDk; ,izf;ff; fpilg;gJ epfo;Tg;
gyNfhzk; MFk;.
msTj;jpl;lk;
10
Y mr;R 1nr.kP = 1 khzth;

9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
kjpg;ngz;fs;
glk; 2.5
2.3.2 (M) epfo;Tr; nrt;tfj;ijg; gad;gLj;jhky; epfo;Tg; gyNfhzk; tiujy;
vLj;Jf;fhl;L : 2.8
fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;l tptuq;fSf;F epfo;Tr; nrt;tfj;ijg; gad;gLj;jhky;>
epfo;Tg; gyNfhzk; tiuf.
gphpT 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90
,ilntsp
epfo;ntz; 4 6 8 10 12 14 7 5
21
A]\
jPh;T
X-mr;rpy; gphpT ,ilntspfisAk;>Y-mr;rpy; epfo;ntz;fis vLj;Jf; nfhs;fpNwhk;.
epfo;ntz; g+r;rpakhf cs;s 0-10 vd;w Kjy; fw;gid ,ilntspiaAk;> 90-100
vd;w ,Wjp fw;gid ,ilntspiaAk; fUj;jpy; nfhs;fpNwhk;. ,t;tptuq;fs;
mUfpYs;s ml;ltizapy; fhz;gpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
ml;ltizapypUe;J gpd;tUk; Gs;spfis tiuglj;jpy; Fwpf;fTk;.
A (5, 0), B (15, 4), C (25, 6), D (35, 8) E (45, 10), F (55, 12),
G (65, 14), H (75, 7), I (85, 5) kw;Wk; J (95, 0).
Nfhl;Lj; Jz;Lfs; AB, BC, CD, DE, EF, FG, GH, HI, IJ Mfpatw;iw ,izg;gjhy;
ABCDEFGHIJ vd;w epfo;Tg;gyNfhzk; fpilf;fpd;wJ. (ghh;f;f glk; 8.6).
gphpT ,ilntsp ikag;Gs;sp epfo;ntz;
0 - 10 5 0
10 - 20 15 4
20 - 30 25 6
30 - 40 35 8
40 - 50 45 10
50 - 60 55 12
60 - 70 65 14
70 - 80 75 7
80 - 90 85 5
90 - 100 95 0

22
A]\
msTj;jpl;lk;
80 X mr;R 1nr.kP = 10 myFfs;
G
70
Y mr;R 1nr.kP = 2 myFfs;
F
60
E
50
epfo;ntz;
D
40
H
C
30
I
B
20
10
A J
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
gphpT ,ilntsp
glk; 2.6
2.4 vspa tl;l tpsf;fg;glk; tiujy;

glk; 2.7 kw;Wk; glk; 2.8 Mfpatw;wpy; fhl;bAs;s tptutl;l tpsf;fg;glq;fisg;
Nghd;W vq;NfahtJ ghh;j;J ,Uf;fpwPh;fsh?
xU gs;sp khztd; xU ehspy; gy;NtWgl;l njhiyf;fhl;rp
(24 kzpNeuk;) nrytopj;j Neuq;fs; miythpirfisf; fhz;gth;fs;
jf pjy
mw
ty ; 10
cwf;fk;
f; i %
8 kzp Neuk;
s
gs;sp nra;jpfs;
6 kzp Neuk; 15% nghOJ
kww; it Nghf;F
lL; tpisahl;L 50%
h
a p 4 kz
25%
3 kzp Neuk;
s zk; p
; ghl
Neuk
Ntiy
i k
tp 3 Neu ;
tPlL
glk; 2.7 glk; 2.8
23
A]\
Nkw;fz;l glq;fis tl;l tpsf;fg;glq;fs; vd;W miog;Nghk;. tl;l tpsf;fg;glk;>

mjd; KOikf;Fk; xt;nthU gFjpf;Fk; cs;s njhlh;ig tpsf;Ffpd;wJ.
,q;F xU tl;lk; tl;lf;Nfhzg; gFjpfshfg; gphpf;fg;gLfpwJ. xt;nthU tl;lf;
Nfhzg;gFjpapd; msT mJ Fwpf;Fk; nray; kw;Wk; jfty;fSf;F Neh;tpfpjj;jpy;
,Uf;Fk;. ,e;j tl;lf;Nfhzg; gFjp ‘ig” (Pie) vd;w tl;l tbtj;jpz;gz;lj;jpd;
Jz;Lfs; Nghy; Njhw;wkspg;gjhy; ,ij Mq;fpyj;jpy; Pie Chart vd;W $Wth;.
vLj;Jf;fl;lhf> glk; 2.7 ,y; cs;s tl;l tpsf;fg; glj;jpy;

khztd; cwf;fj;jpw;F nrytpLk;
cwq; Fk; Neuk;
Neu tpfpjk; =
KOehs;
= 8 kzp 1
=
24 kzp 3
1
vdNt> cwf;fj;jpw;fhd tl;lf;Nfhzg;gFjpapd; msT tl;lj;jpy; ghfkhFk;.
3
khztd; gs;spapy; nrytpLk;
gs; spapy; cs; s Neuk;
Neu tpfpjk; =
KOehs;
6 kzp 1
= =
24 kzp 4
vdNt> gs;spapy; nrytpLk; Neuj;jpw;fhd tl;lf;Nfhzg;gFjpapd; msT tl;lj;jpy;
1 ghfkhFk;
4
khztd; gs;spapy; nrytpLk;
tpisahLk; Neuk;
Neu tpfpjk; =
KOehs;
3 kzp 1
= =
24 kzp 8
vdNt> tpisahl;bw;fhfr; nrytpLk; Neuj;jpw;fhd tl;lf;Nfhzg; gFjpapd; msT
1
tl;lj;jpy; ghfkhFk;.
8
khztd; tPl;Lg;ghl Ntiyapy;
tl
P ; Lg; ghl Ntiy Neuk;
nrytpLk; Neu tpfpjk; =
KOehs;
3 kzp 1
= =
24 kzp 8
24
A]\
vdNt> tPl;Lg;ghl Ntiyapy; nrytpLk; Neuj;jpw;fhd tl;lf;Nfhzg; gFjpapd;

1
msT tl;lj;jpy; ghfkhFk;
8
khztd; ,ju Ntiyapy;
, ju Ntiy Neuk;
nrytpLk; Neu tpfpjk; =
KOehs;
4 kzp 1
= =
24 kzp 6
vdNt> ,ju Ntiyapy; nrytpLk; Neuj;jpw;fhd tl;lf;Nfhzg; gFjpapd; msT
1
tl;lj;jpy; ghfkhFk;.
6
Nkw;fz;l vy;yhr; nray;fspd; gpd;df; fhyq;fspd; $Ljy;
1 1 1 1
= + + +
3 4 8 6
8+ 6+3+3+ 4
=
24
= 24
= 1 vdf; fpilf;fpwJ.
24
,q;F xUehspy; khztd; nrytopj;j Neuk; tl;lj;jpd; %yk; Fwpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
tl;lj;jpd; KOg;gFjpapd; msT 1 vdf; nfhs;f.
khztdpd; ntt;NtW nray;ghLfs; Muq;fspd; Neu tpfpjr;rhuj;jpw;F Vw;g

tl;lf;Nfhzg; gFjpfshfg; gphpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,e;j tpfpjr;rhug; gFjpia
Nfhz msTfisg; gad;gLj;jpf; fzf;fplyhk;. tl;l ikaj;jpy; mikAk; Nfhz
msTfspd; $Ljy; 3600 vd ekf;Fj; njhpAk;. vdNt ehk; tl;lf; Nfhzg;
gFjpfisf; Nfhz msTfisg; gad;gLj;jpf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.
gpd;tUk; vLj;Jf;fhl;bd; %yk;> Nfhz msTfisg; gad;gLj;jp tl;l tpsf;fg;glk;

vt;thW mikf;fg;gLfpwJ vdf; fhz;Nghk;.
25
A]\
vLj;Jf;fhl;L 2.9
xU khztd; xU Ntiy ehspy; ntt;NtW nray;fSf;fhf nrytpl;l Neuq;fs;
gpd;tUk; ml;ltizapy; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,t;tptuq;fSf;Ff; Nfhz
msTfisg; gad;gLj;jp tl;l tpsf;fg;glk; tiuf.
nray; cwf;fk; gs;sp tpisahl;L tPl;Lg;ghl kw;wit
Ntiy
fhsmsT 8 6 3 3 4
jPh;T
24 kzpNeuk; nfhz;l xU ehspy; ntt;NtW nray;fSf;Fr; nrytopj;j Neuq;fis
3600 ,d; ghfq;fshf khw;WNthk;.
8
× 360o = 120o vd;W tl;likaf; NfhzKila
cwf;f Neuk; 8 kzpNeuk; vd;gjhy;
24
tl;lf;Nfhzg; gFjpapy; ,jidf; Fwpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
vdNt> cwf;fj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk; tl;lf;Nfhzg; gFjpapd; ikaf;Nfhzk; 1200.
,JNghyNt> kw;wr; nray;fshd gs;sp> tpisahl;L> tPl;Lg;ghl Ntiy kw;Wk;
kw;wit Mfpatw;wpd; tl;lf;Nfhzg; gFjpapd; ikaf;Nfhzq;fs; fzf;fplg;gl;L>
gpd;tUk; ml;ltizapy; jug;gl;Ls;sd.
nray; fhy msT ikaf;Nfhz msT
cwf;fk; 8 8
× 3600 =1200
24
gs;sp 6 6
× 3600 = 900
24
tpisahl;L 3 3
× 3600 = 450
24
tPlL
; g;ghl Ntiy 3 3
× 3600 = 450
24
kw;wit 4 4
× 3600 = 600
24
nkhj;jk; 24 360o

26
A]\
tl;l tpsf;fg;glj;ij mikj;jy;

ek; trjpf;Nfw;g VNjDk; XH; MuKila tl;lj;ij tiuNthk;. ,t;tl;lj;jpy; VNjDk;
Xh; Muj;ij Kjypy; tiuNthk;. ,e;j Muj;jpd; kPJ tl;l ikaj;jpy; 1200 gphpT
Vw;gLj;JkhW ,uz;lhk; Gak; tiuNthk;. ,e;j tl;lf;Nfhzg; gFjp mk;khztd;
cwf;fj;jpw;Fr; nrytpl;l Neuj;ijf; Fwpf;fpd;wJ.
,g;Gaj;jpypUe;J ,uz;lhk; tl;l ikaj;jpy; 900 Vw;gLj;JkhW ,uz;lhk;
tl;lf;Nfhzg; gFjpia mse;J Fwpf;fpNwhk;. ,t;tl;lf; Nfhzg; gFjp gs;sp
Neuj;ijf; Fwpf;fpwJ.
,JNghyNt tpilahl;L Neuk;> tPl;Lg; ghlNtiy nra;Ak; Neuk; ,tw;iwf; Fwpf;Fk;
tl;lf;Nfhzg; gFjpfis mikf;fTk;. ,Wjpahf cs;s tl;lf;Nfhzg; gFjp
kw;witf;fhd Neuj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk;.
xt;nthU tl;lf; Nfhzg;gFjpia kw;w tl;lf; Nfhzg;gFjpapypUe;J NtWgLj;jpf;
fhl;l epoyplyhk; my;yJ gy;ntW tz;zkplyhk;.
gs;sp khztd; xU ehspy; (24 kzp Neuk;) nrytopj;j Neuq;fs;

;
PL fs
F wpa
cwf;fk;
gs;sp cwf;fk;
900 120 0
gs;sp
600
45 450
0
kw;wit
tpisahl;L
tpisahl;L
tPl;Lg; ghl tPl;Lg;ghl Ntiy
Ntiy
kw;wit
27
A]\
mg; gFjpapd; kjpg; G

xU gFjpapd; ikaf; Nfhz msT =
nkhj; j kjpg; G
rpy rkaq;fspy; gFjpfspd; msT rjtPjq;fshff; nfhLf;fg;gl;bUf;fyhk;.
,JNghd;w Ntisfspy;
mg; gFjpapd; kjpg; G
ikaf; Nfhz msT = × 3600
100
nfhLf;fg;gl;l tptuq;fSf;F Vw;w tl;l tpsf;fg;glk; mikj;jYf;fhd

gbepiyfs;
1) xt;nthU gFjpapd; ikaf;Nfhz msit Nkw;fz;l #j;jpuj;ijg;
gad;gLj;jpf; fhzTk;
2) ek; trjpf;Nfw;g VNjDk; Xh; MuKila tl;lk; tiuf.
3) tl;lj;jpDs; fpilahd Xh; Muk; tiuf.
4) fpilkl;l Muj;Jld; Kjy; gFjpapd; Nfhzj;ij tl;l ikaj;jpy; Vw;gLj;JkhW
,uz;lhtJ Muj;ij tiuf. ,g;NghJ fpilf;Fk; tl;lf;Nfhzg; gFjp Kjy;
gFjpiaf; Fwpf;Fk;. ,e;j ,uz;lhtJ Muj;Jld; tl;l ikaj;jpy; ,uz;lhtJ
gFjpapd; Nfhzj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk; mLj;j Muj;ij tiuf. jw;NghJ fpilf;Fk;
tl;l Nfhzg;gFjp ,uz;lhtJ gFjpiaf; Fwpf;Fk;. ,JNghyNt kw;w vy;yhg;
gFjpfSk; KbAk; tiu mtw;Wf;Fhpa tl;lNfhzg; gFjpfis tiuaTk;.
5) tl;lf;Nfhzg; gFjpfis NtWgLj;jpf; fhl;l ntt;NtW tz;zkplTk;.
xt;nthU gFjpAk; vijf; Fwpf;fpwJ vd;gij vOjTk;. tz;zq;fs; Fwpf;Fk;
gFjpfspd; ngah;fisf; Fwpg;gplTk;.
6) FwpaPL nfhLf;fTk;
7) tptuq;fSf;Nfw;w jiyg;G nfhLf;fTk;.
,g;nghOJ nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s tptuq;fSf;F chpa tl;l tpsf;fg;glk; ekf;Ff;
fpilf;fpd;wJ.
28
A]\
vLj;Jf;fhl;L 2.10
gpd;tUk; ml;ltizapy; xU FLk;gj;jpy; khjhe;jpu tuT> nryT tptuq;fs;
jug;gl;Ls;sd.
tptuq;fs; czT tPl;L thlif cil fy;tp Nrkpg;G ,ju nryTfs;
nryTfs; 4800 2400 1600 800 1000 1400
(&. ,y;)
Nfhz msitg; gad;gLj;jp Nkw;fz;l tptuq;fSf;F xU tl;l tpsf;fg;glk;
tiuf.
jPh;T
ml;ltizapy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s xt;nthU tptuj;jpd; ikaf;Nfhzj;ijAk;
gpd;tUkhW fzf;fplyhk;.
tptuq;fs; nryTfs; ikaf;Nfhz msT
(&.-,y;)
czT 4800 4800
× 3600 =144o
1200
tPlL
; thlif 2400 2400
× 3600 = 72o
12000
cil 1600 1600
× 3600 = 48o
12000
fy;tp 800 800
× 3600 = 24o
12000
Nrkpg;G 1000 1000
× 3600 = 30o
12000
,ju nryTfs; 1400 1400
× 3600 = 42o
12000
nkhj;jk; 12000 360o

ehk; gpd;tUkhW tl;l tpsf;fg;glj;jpidg; ngWfpNwhk;.
29
A]\
xU FLk;gj;jpd; khjhe;jpu tuT nryT tpguk;
s;
paPLf
Fw
tPl;L
czT czT
thlif
720 1440
tPl;L thlif
420
480
cil
300
24 0
,ju nryTfs;
fy;tp
fy;tp
Nr
cil
kpg
;G
Nrkpg;G
,ju nryTfs;
glk; 2.10
vLj;Jf;fhl;L 2.11
gs;sp ,Wjpg; nghJj;Njh;tpy; (S.S.L.C) xU gs;spapd; Njh;T KbTfs; gpd;tUkhW
nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Njh;T KbT Kjy; tFg;gpy; ,uz;lhk; %d;whk; Njh;r;rp
Njh;r;rp tFg;gpy; tFg;gpy; ngwhNjhh;
ngw;Nwhh; Njh;r;rp Njh;r;rp
ngw;Nwhh; ngw;Nwhh;
khzth;fspd; 25 35 30 10
rjtPjk;
Nkw;fz;l tptuq;fis tpsf;f xU tl;l tpsf;fg;glk; tiuf.
jPh;T
mg; gFjpapd; rjtPjk;
Njitahd gFjpapd; ikaf;Nfhzk; = × 3600
100
,ijg; gad;gLj;jp ehk;> ntt;NtW gFjpfspd; ikaf;Nfhz msTfisg;
gpd;tUkhW fhzyhk;:
30
A]\
Njh;T KbT khzth;fspd; ikaf;Nfhz msT

rjtPjk;
Kjy; tFg;gpy; 25 25
× 3600 = 90o
Njh;r
; r
; p ngw;Nwhh; 100
,uz;lhk; tFg;gpy; 35 35
× 3600 =126o
Njh;rr
; p ngw;Nwhh; 100
%d;whk; tFg;gpy; 30 30
× 3600 =108o
Njh;rr
; p ngw;nwhh; 100
Njh;rr
; p 10 10
× 3600 = 36o
ngwhjth;fs; 100
nkhj;jk; 100 360o
gpd;tUkhW tl;l tpsf;fg;glj;ij ehk; ngWfpd;Nwhk;.

gs;sp ,Wjpg; nghJj;Njh;T (S.S.L.C) KbTfs;
s;
paPLf
Fw
Kjy;
tFg;gpy;
Njh;r;rp Kjy; tFg;gpy; Njh;r;rp
,uz;lhk;
tFg;gpy;
900 ,uz;lhk; tFg;gpy;
Njh;r;rp 1260
Njh;r;rp
360
%d;whk; tFg;gpy;
1080 Njh;r;rp
ngwhjth;fs;
Njh;r;rp
%d;whk;
tFg;gpy; Njh;r;rp ngwhjth;fs;
Njh;r;rp
glk; 2.11

31
A]\
2.5 ika epiyg; Nghf;F msitfs; (Measures of Central Tendency)
jpul;lg;ngw;w mjpf mstpyhd tpuq;fis ml;ltizg;Lj;jpag; gpd;dUk;>

mg;gutypd; nghJ tbtk; njspthfj; njhptJ ,y;iy. NkYk; njspthd tbtk;
njhpa Ntz;Lkhdhy; me;j nkhj;j tptuq;fisAk; xU jdp vz;zhy; Fwpj;Jr;
nrhy;y Ntz;Lk;. mg;gbg;gl;l vz;izr; Rw;wp mjpf mstpyhd tptuq;fs;
,Ue;jhy;. me;j vz;Nz ,t;tputq;fspd; gz;Gfisf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;. me;j
tifahd vz;fis ikaepiyg; Nghf;F msitfs; vd;gh;. mt;tpjkhd rpy
msitfs;
1) $l;Lr; ruhrhp (Arithmetic Mean)
2) ,ilepiy (Median) kw;Wk;
3) KfL (Mode)
2.5.1 $l;Lr; ruhrhp (A.M.)
fz;lwpe;j kjpg;Gfspd; $l;Lj; njhiff;Fk;> kjpg;Gfspd; vz;zpf;iff;Fk; cs;s

tpfpjj;ijf; $l;Lr; ruhrhp vd;fpd;Nwhk;.
2.5.1(m) njhFf;fg;glhj tptuq;fSf;Ff; $l;Lr;ruhrhp
x1, x2, x3, . . . . . , xn vd;w n kjpg;Gfisf; nfhz;l khwp x vdpy; mjd; $l;Lr;
ruhrhpia x vd;W Fwpg;Nghk;.
x + x + x + .... + xn
∴x= 1 2 3
n
Σ FwpaPl;ilg; Ghpe;Jnfhs;Nthk;
∑ 3
k =1 K

= 1+2+3=6
∑ 6
n −3 n

= 3+4+5+=6
∑ 4
n=2 2n

= 2 × 2 + 2 × 3 + 2x = 18
∑ 3
k =1 5

= ∑ 3
k =1 5 x ko
= 5 × 1o + 5 × 2o + 5 × 3o

= 5 + 5 + 5 = 15
∑ 4
k =2 (k −1) =

(2 – 1) + (3 – 1) + (4 – 1) = 6
32
A]\
fpNuf;f vOj;jhfpa ‘Σ’ it fzpjj;jpy; rpf;kh vd;fpNwhk;. ,J $l;Lg; gyidf;

Fwpf;fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. ,f;FwpaPl;by; x1, x2, x3, . . . . . , xn Mfpa vz;fspd;
$l;lw;gyid ∑ n
i =1 xi my;yJ ∑ xi vd;W Fwpg;gh;.
x =
∑ xi
n
vLj;Jf;fhl;L 2.12
xU Njh;tpy; 10 khzth;fs; ngw;w kjpg;ngz;fs;
15> 75> 33> 67> 76> 54> 39> 12> 78> 11 vdpy;> ,jd; $l;Lr; ruhrhpiaf; fhz;f.
jPh;T
,q;F> n = 10
15 + 75 + 33 + 67 + 76 + 54 + 39 + 12 + 78 + 11
$l;Lr; ruhrhp = x =
10
460
x = = 46
10
vLj;Jf;fhl;L 2.13
9> 6> 7> 8> 5 kw;Wk; x Mfpatw;wpd; ruhrhp 8 vdpy; x ,d; kjpg;G fhz;f.
jPh;T
,q;F nfhLf;fg;gl;l kjpg;Gfs; 9, 6, 7, 8, 5 kw;Wk; x, n = 6.
9+6+7+8+5+ x 35 + x
#j;jpuj;jpd;gb> $l;Lr; ruhrhp = x = =
6 6
35 + x
Mjyhy;> =8
6
vdNt> 35 + x = 48
x = 48 – 35 = 13.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L 2.14
xU tFg;gpYs;s 10 khzth;fspd; ruhrhp cauk; 166 nr.kP. vdf;fzf;fplg;gl;lJ.
jfty;fisr; rhpghh;f;Fk;NghJ xU kjpg;G 150 nr.kPf;F gjpyhf 160 nr.kP vd;W
Fwpg;gplg;gl;lJ fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ vdpy; rhpahd ruhrhp cauj;ijf; fhz;f.
jPh;T
,q;F> x = 166 nr.kP. kw;Wk; n = 10.
∴ x =
∑x =
∑x
n 10
33
A]\
166 =
∑x
my;yJ ∑ x = 1600
10
jtwhd $Ljy; = 1660
rhpahd $Ljy; = jtwhd $Ljy; – jtwhd kjpg;G + rhpahd kjpg;G
= 1660 – 160 + 150 = 1650
1650
rhpahd ruhrhp cauk; = = 165 nr.kP.
10
2.5.1(M) njhFf;fg;gl;l tptuq;fSf;Ff; $l;Lr;ruhrhp fhZjy;

nfhLf;fg;gl;l tptuq;fSf;Ff; $l;Lr; ruhrhp fhZk; ,U topfshtd:
(i) Neub Kiw (ii) cj;Njr ruhrhp Kiw
(i) Neub Kiwapy; $l;Lr; ruhrhp fhzy;

epfo;ntz; guty; xd;iw vLj;Jf; nfhs;Nthk;.

khwp x1 x2 x3 ... xn
epfo;ntz; f1 f2 f3 ... fn
,e;j ml;ltizapd; tpsf;fk; gpd;tUkhW:
x1 vd;gJ f1 KiwAk;
x2 vd;gJ f2 KiwAk;
x3 vd;gJ f3 KiwAk;
. .. . . . . . . . . .
. . . . .. . . . . .. .
xn vd;gJ fn- KiwAk; cs;sd vd;gijf; Fwpf;fpd;wJ.

x vd;w khwpapd; NtWgl;l kjpg;Gfs; x1, x2, x3, . . . . . , xn MFk;. ,q;F N vd;gJ
khwpfspd; epfo;ntz;fspd; nkhj;j vz;zpf;if MFk;.
f1 + f2 + f3 + ... + fn = N (my;yJ) ∑ i −1 f1 = N
n
mjhtJ
vdNt> nkhj;jf; $Ljy; = (x1 + x1 + x1 +, . . . . x1 Kiw) + (x2 + x2 + x2 + . . .. f2 Kiw)
+ . . . . + (xn + xn + xn + . . .. fn Kiw)
= f1 × x1 + f2 × x2 + . . . . + fn × xn = Σfixi
34
A]\
,q; F x =
fz; lwpag; gl; l kjpg; Gfspd; $Ljy;
=
∑fX
i i

fz; lwpag; gl; l kjpg; Gfspd; vz; zpf; if ∑f i
∑ fx = ∑ fx . ,q; F
x = N = ∑ f.
∑f N
vLj;Jf;fhl;L 2.15
Neub Kiwapy; fPo;f;fz;l tptuq;fSf;Ff; $l;Lr; ruhrhpiaf; fzf;fpLf.
x 5 10 15 20 25 30
f 4 5 7 4 3 2
jPh;T
x f fx
5 4 20
10 5 50
15 7 105
20 4 80
25 3 75
30 2 60
nkhj;jk; N − 25 Σfx = 390
$l;Lr; ruhrhp> x −
∑ fx =
390
= 15.6
N 25
(ii) cj;Njr ruhrhp Kiwapy; $l;Lr;ruhrhp fhzy;

Nkw;fz;l vLj;Jf;fhl;by; vz;fs; rpwpadthf cs;sd. vdNt ,q;F ngUf;fw;gyd;
vspjhff; fhzg;gLfpwJ. nghpa vz;zhf ,Ug;gpd;> ngUf;fw;gyd; fhz;gJ
fbdkhFk;. NkYk; gpio tuTk; tha;g;G cs;sJ.
kw;nwhU vspa top Kiwapy; ,f;fbdj;ijj; jPh;f;fyhk;. ,k;Kiwapy; xU
nghUj;jkhd vz; A I cj;Njrkhf vLj;Jf; nfhs;fpd;Nwhk;. ,e;j vz; cj;Njr
ruhrhpahFk;.
35
A]\
cj;Njr ruhrhp A apypUe;J xt;nthU khwp x1, x2, x3, . . . . . , xn ,d; tpyfy;fs;
KiwNa d1, d2, d3, . . . . . , dn vdf; fzf;fpLfpNwhk;.
mjhtJ d1 = x1 – A, d2 = x2 – A, d3 = x3 – A, . . . dn = xn – A
,g;nghOJ d1, d2, d3, . . . . . , dn ,tw;iw KiwNa f1, f2, f3, . . . . . , fn My; ngUf;fTk;.
,g;nghOJ ∑ fd fhzyhk;. $l;Lr; ruhrhpiag; gpd;tUk; #j;jpuk; %yk;
fhzyhk;.
$l;Lr;ruhrhp x = A +
∑ fd
∑f
= A+
∑ fd (A vd;gJ cj;Njr ruhrhp N = ∑f)
N
,g;nghOJ vLj;Jf;fhl;L 2.15 ,y; cs;s tptuq;fSf;F ehk; cj;Njr ruhrhp

Kiwapy; $l;Lr; ruhrhp fhz;Nghk;.
cj;Njr ruhrhp A − 15 vd;f
x f d=x–A fd
5 4 – 10 – 40
10 5 –5 – 25
15 7 0 0
20 4 5 20
25 3 10 30
30 2 15 30
nkhj;jk; N = 25 ∑ fd – 15
$l;Lr;ruhrhp x = A+
∑ fd
n
15 3 75 + 3 78
= 15 + = 15 + = = = 15.6
25 5 5 5
2.5.2 vilapl;l $l;Lr; ruhrhp (Weighted Arithmetic Mean)

rpy rkaq;fspy; khwpfs;> gy;NtWgl;l vilAld; $bajhf mikAk;. ,e;jr;
#o;epiyapYk; $l;Lr;ruhrhpia (A.M.) fhz ,aYk;. ,ij ehk; vilapl;l $l;Lr;
ruhrhp vd;fpd;Nwhk; (W.A.M).
36
A]\
vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf x1 vd;w khwp w1 vd;w vilAlDk;> x2 vd;w khwp w2 vd;w vilAlDk;>

,Wjpahf xn vd;w khwp wn vd;w vilAlDk;> nfhLf;fg;gl;bUe;jhy;
vilapl;l $l;Lr;ruhrhp W . A.M . =

w1 x1 + w2 x2 + w3 x3 + .... wn xn
=
∑ wx vd;W
tiuaWf;fg;gLfpwJ.
w1 + w2 + w3 + ... + wn ∑w
vLj;Jf;fhl;L 2.16
gpd;tUk; tptuq;fSf;F vilapl;l $l;Lr; ruhrhp fhz;f.

czTg;nghUl;fs; msT xU fpNyh fpuhk;
(fp.fp.) w1 tpiy (&.) xi
mhprp 25 30
rh;f;fiu 12 30
vz;nza; 8 70
jPh;T
,q;F x ,d; kjpg;Gfs; nfhLf;fg;gl;l czTg; nghUl;fspd; tpiyahfTk;> ,tw;wpd;
rk;ge;jg;gl;l msTfs; (fp.fp) vilfshfTk; mike;Js;sd.
Mjyhy;> vilapl;l
w1 x1 + w2 x2 + w3 x3 + .... wn xn
$l;Lr; ruhrhp (W.A.M) =
w1 + w2 + w3 + ... + wn
25 × 30 + 12 × 30 + 8 × 70 1670
= = = & .37.11
25 + 12 + 18 45
2.5.3 ,ilepiy (Median)

ikaepiyg; Nghf;F msTfspy; ,ilepiyAk; xd;W MFk;.
2.5.3 (m) njhFf;fg;glhj tptuq;fspd; ,ilepiy fhzy;

,ilepiy msitg; gpd;tUkhW fhzf;fplyhk;. Kjypy;> ehk; vLj;Jf;nfhz;l
tptuq;fis VWthpir my;yJ ,wq;F thpirapy; mikg;Nghk;.
(i) tptuq;fspd; vz;zpf;if xw;iwg;gil vz; vdpy; ,jd; eL cWg;G ,ilepiy
msthFk;.
cjhuzk; : 33> 35> 39> 40> 43 vd;gdtw;wpd; eL cWg;G 39> vdNt ,jd;
,ilepiy 39 MFk;.
37
A]\
(ii) tptuq;fspd; vz;zpf;if ,ul;ilg;gil vz; vdpy; ,U kj;jpa kjpg;Gfspd;

ruhrhpNa mtw;wpd; ,ilepiy msthFk;.
39 + 40
cjhuzk; : 33> 35> 39> 40> 43> 48 vdpy; ,ilepiy = = 39.5
2
Fwpg;G : ,it epiy msTf;Ff; fPo; vj;jid tptuq;fs; cs;sdNth mNj
vz;zpf;ifapyhd tptuq;fs; mjw;F Nky; ,Uf;Fk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L 2.17
17> 15> 9> 13> 21> 7> 32 Mfpatw;wpd; ,ilepiy fhz;f.
jPh;T
kjpg;Gfis VW thpirapy; mikj;jhy; 7> 9> 13> 15> 17> 21> 32 vdf; fpilf;fpwJ.
,q;F> n = 7 (xw;iwg;gil vz;)
,ilepiy = eLkjpg;G
(n + 1) (7 + 1)
= =
2 2
= 4 Mk; ,lj;jpy; cs;s vz;
vdNt> ,ilepiy = 15
vLj;Jf;fhl;L 2.18
xU fphpf;nfl; tpisahl;L tPuh; vLj;j Xl;lq;fs; gpd;tUkhW
13> 28> 61> 70> 4> 11> 33> 0> 71> 92. ,tw;wpd; ,ilepiy fhz;f.
jPh;T
Xl;lq;fis VWthpirapy; mikg;nghk; 0> 4> 11> 13> 28> 33> 61> 70> 71> 92.
,q;F> n = 10 (,ul;il vz;)
,q;F ,U kj;jpa kjpg;Gfs; cs;sd. mit 28> 33 MFk;.
28 + 33 61
‡ ,ilepiy = = = 30.5
2 2
38
A]\
2.5.3(M) njhFf;fg;gl;l tptuq;fSf;F ,ilepiy fhzy;

FtpT epfo;ntz; (Cumulative frequency)
xU epfo;ntz; gl;baypy; FtpT epfo;ntz; vd;gJ me;jg; gphpT ,ilntsp tiu
cs;s epfo;ntz;fspd; $Ljy; MFk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L 2.19
50 khzth;fs; ngw;w kjpg;ngz;fSf;fhd ,ilepiy fhz;f.
kjpg;ngz;fs; 20 27 34 43 58 65 89
khzth;fspd; 2 4 6 11 12 8 7
vz;zpf;if
kjpg;ngz;fs; (x) khzth;fspd; epfo;ntz; FtpT

vz;zpf;if (f)
20 2 2
27 4 (2 + 4 =) 6
34 6 (6 + =) 12
43 11 (11 + 12 =) 23
58 12 (23 + 12 =) 35
65 8 (35 + 8 =) 43
89 7 (43 + 7 =) 50
,q;F nkhj;j epfo;ntz;> N = ∑f = 50
∴ N = 50 = 25
2 2
N
,ilepiy =   MtJ kjpg;G = 25 MtJ cWg;gpd; kjpg;G
2
Mdhy;> 25 MtJ cWg;G FtpT epfo;ntz; epuypy; cs;s 35 vd;w ,lj;jpy; cs;sJ.
,jw;Fj; njhlh;ghd kjpg;G 58.
vdNt> ,ilepiy = 58.
2.5.4 KfL (Mode)
KfLk; xU ikag;Nghf;F msT MFk;.
KfL gpd;tUkhW fzf;fplg;gLfpwJ.
39
A]\
2.5.4(m) njhFf;fg;glhj tptuq;fspd; KfL (jdpj;jdpahd tptuq;fs;)

jdpj; njhFjpahf mike;Js;s kjpg;Gfspd; fzj;jpy; ve;j xU kjpg;ghdJ mjpf
vz;zpf;ifapy; ,Uf;fpwNjh mJ jug;gl;l Gs;sp tptuq;fspd; KfL vdg;gLk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L 2.20
2> 4> 5> 2> 1> 2> 3> 4> 4> 6> 2 Mfpatw;wpd; KfL fhz;f.
jPh;T
NkNy cs;s tptuq;fspy; 2 kpf mjpf jlitahf 4 Kiw te;Js;sJ. vdNt> KfL = 2.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L 2.21
22> 25> 21> 22> 29> 25> 34> 37> 30> 22> 29> 25 Mfpatw;wpd; KfL fhz;f.
jPh;T
,q;F 22 %d;W KiwAk;> 25 %d;W KiwAk; mike;jpUf;fpd;wd. vdNt 22> 25
Mfpa ,uz;LNk KfLfs; MFk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L 2.22
15> 25> 35> 45> 55> 65 Mfpatw;wpd; KfL fhz;f.
jPh;T
,q;F xt;nthU vz;Zk; xNu Kiw jhd; te;Js;sJ. vdNt jug;gl;l tptuq;fSf;F
KfL ,y;iy.
2.5.4 (M) njhFf;fg;gl;l tptuq;fspd; KfL (epfo;ntz; guty;)

jug;gl;l Gs;sp tptuq;fis xOq;Fg;gLj;jp xU epfo;ntz; gl;baypy; mike;jhy;>
mjpf epfo;ntz;izf; nfhz;l gphpT> Kfl;Lg; gphpT vdg;gLfpwJ. ,g;gphptpy;
cs;s khwpapd; kjpg;G KfL vdg;gLk;.
40
A]\
vLj;Jf;fhl;L 2.23
gpd;tUk; epfo;ntz; gl;baYf;F KfL fhz;f.
$yp (&) 250 300 350 400 450 500
njhopyhsh;fspd; 10 15 16 12 11 13
vz;zpf;if
$yp (&) njhopyhsh;fspd;

vz;zpf;if
250 10
300 15
350 16
400 12
450 11
500 13
Nkw;fz;l ml;ltizapypUe;J kPg;ngU epfo;ntz; 16 MFk;. ,jw;F Vw;w khwpapd;
kjpg;G ($yp) &.350. vdNt> KfL 350 MFk;.
xU KfL ,U KfLfs; %d;W KfLfs; gd; KfLfs;
(Uni modal) (Bi modal) (Tri modal) (Multi modal)
nfhLf;fg;gl;l nfhLf;fg;gl;l nfhLf;fg;gl;l nfhLf;fg;gl;l
tptuq;fSf;F xNu tptuq;fSf;F ,U tptuq;fSf;F tptuq;fSf;F
xU KfL kl;Lk; KfLfs; kl;Lk; %d;W KfLfs; %d;Wf;F
,Ug;gpd; mjid ,Ug;gpd; mjid kl;Lk; ,Ug;gpd; Nkw;gl;l KfLfs;
xU KfL vd;gh;. ,UKfLfs; vd;gh; mjid %d;W ,Ug;gpd; mjidg;
KfLfs; vd;gh;. gd;KfLfs; vd;gh;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L : 10> vLj;Jf;fhl;L: 20> vLj;Jf;fhl;L: 60> vLj;Jf;fhl;L : 1>
15> 20> 25> 15> 18> 25> 30> 30> 15> 10> 40> 85> 30> 35> 45> 2> 3> 8> 5> 4> 5> 4> 2>
12> 15. KfL 15.
25 ,UKfLfs; 25> 80> 80> 55> 50> 60. 3> 1> 3> 5> 2> 7> 4> 1.
30 %d;W KfLfs; 60> gd; KfLfs; 1> 2>
80> 85. 3> 4> 5.
41
>tV| 

VD : 
z] : 

VA\
>tV|  BV >kVBD z1 x>_W \uD x>[\
>V VVo VE ]^, o] VzA^, \V] >
\[V^ ks_ >BV|^m. D\[V zAV VA\
>  >MV _m >MBV V > luE \B\V D\
[V zA > klKD \] |kV, \ gD F]kV,
 > mkVzD  >s|m. m xuKD V

gB,






 


                                         




 2011 -2012 2012 - 2013 2013 - 2014 2014 - 2015 2015 - 2016
 100 112 120 133 117







 

    X           

Y
 


3










 65 - 70 70 - 75 75 - 80 80 - 85 85 - 90
  38 45 24 10 8





 X
 Y 

 
 

.
4









:


:




X
                                              


y=N/2 Y- C 
CX-X-MM
X-


 100- 110- 120- 120- 140-
70- 80 80- 90 90-100
 110 120 130 130 150

12 18 35 42 50 45 20 8




5




 

 X
 Y 

 


 


  80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150
  12 30 65 107 157 202 222 230
.


6







 () 
40 - 50 10
50 - 60 15
60 - 70 17
70 - 80 14
80 - 90 12
90 - 100 2
 70





 X                                

 Y 

 
                                  


 
                                  


 


7

 


     

     
50 10 40 70
60 25 50 60
70 42 60 45
80 56 70 28
90 68 80 14
100 70 90 2
.



8
>tV| 

VD : A]\ \uD A^lB_
z] : \BVz>_
VA\
>tV|  BV >kVBD z1 x>_W \uD x>[\
>V VVo VE ]^, o] VzA^, \V] >
\[V^ ks_ >BV|^m. D\[V zAV VA\
>  >MV _m >MBV V > luE \B\V D\[V
FD xBuElV ~||>_ Vm. *V_ ]B VA\ ][ 
> mkVzD  >s|m. m xuKD V >z

gB,
A]\
\BVz>_ (SIMPLIFICATION)
R+j;jpuk;
 (a + b)2 = a2 + b2 + 2ab
 (a – b)2 = a2 +b2 – 2ab
 (a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2(ab + bc + ca)
 (a + b)3 = a3 + b3 + 3ab (a + b)
 (a – b)3 = a3 – b3 – 3ab (a – b)
 a3 + b3 = (a + b) (a2 + b2 – ab)
 a3 – b3 = (a – b) (a2 + b2 + ab)
 a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b)
 a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc =
(a + b + c) ( a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc – ca)
n(n + 1)
 ‘n’ ,ay; vz;fspd; $Ljy; =
2
n(n + 1)(2 n + 1)
 ‘n’ ,ay; vz;fspd; ,Ukbfspd; $Ljy; =
6
2
 n(n + 1) 
 ‘n’ ,ay; vz;fspd; Kk;kbfspd; $Ljy; =  
 2 
(9 + 9) + (9 - 9)

1.
(9× 9) + (9 ×9)
( a + b) 2 + ( a − b) 2

(a 2 + b 2 )
a 2 + b 2 + 2ab + a 2 + b 2 − 2ab
= =2
a 2 + b2

A]\
.75 × .75 × .75 - .5 × .5 × .5

2.
a + b
a 3 − b3 (a − b) (a 2 + b 2 + ab)
= = = 2.75 − 2.25 = 0.5
(a 2 + b 2 + ab) a 2 + b 2 + ab
753 × 753 + 7 × 7 - 753 × 7

3.
753 × 753 × 753 + 7 × 7 × 7
a 2 + b 2 − ab a 2 + b 2 − ab
= =
a 3 + b3 (a + b)(a 2 + b 2 − ab)
1
= = 0.001
(753 + 247)
4. a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc d; kjpg;G a = 87, b =126, c = 39

a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc = (a + b + c) (a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc – ca)
a + b + c = (87 – 126 –39) = 0
5. (51 + 52 + 53 ... + 100)

n(n + 1)

2
(1 + 2 + .........100) – (1 + 2 + 3+ ........ 50)
100 × 101 50 × 50
−
2 2
5050 – 1275 = 3775
6. (12 +22 + .... + 102)
10(11)(21)
= 385
6

A]\
7. (112 +122 + .... + 202)
n(n + 1)(2n + 1)

6
(12 + 22 + ...202) – (12 + 22 + ... 102)
20(21)(41) 10(11)(21)
= −
6 6
= 2870 – 385 = 2485
8. xU nehb xU kzp Neuj;jpy; vj;jid gpd;dq;fs;?

1 1
=
60 × 60 3600
tpil: 0.00027
9. fPo; cs;stw;wpy; mtw;wpd; kjpg;gpd; mbg;gilapy; ,wq;F thpirapy; cs;sij

Njh;T nra;f:
vz;zpd; kjpg;gpid ,wq;F thpirapy; vOjpdhy;
11 7 5 8
, , ,
7 11 9 15
11 7
= 1.57 = 0.636
7 11
5 8
= 1.57 = 0.636
9 15
p
10. 0.36 vd;w vz;iz Kiwapy; khw;Wf :
q
36 4
=
99 11
v.fh.
0.5 = 5 / 9, 0.76 = 76 / 99
136
0.136 =
999

A]\
v.fh.
a) 0.136 = 0.13636*
136 − 1 135
=
990 990
b) 0.237 = 0.23737

237 − 2 235
=
990 990
054 − 0 054
c) 0.0054 = =
990 990
72 2
d) 5.0072 = 5+ 5
9900 275
11. fPo; cs;stw;wpy; kpff;Fiwe;jJ vJ?

2
(a) 0.2 (b) 1.2 (c) (d) 0.2 × 0.2
9
= 0.04
12. The correct expression of 6.6 in the fractional form is

6.46 vd;w vz;iz gpd;d tbtpy; khw;Wf:
6.46
6 + 0.46
46
6+
99
6 46
99 × × 99 +
1 99
594 46 594 + 46 640
+ = =
99 99 99 99
13. The value of . is
4 + 0.12
12 − 1 11 11
4+ = 4+ =4
90 90 90

A]\
(67.542) 2 − (32.458) 2
14. ,tw;wpd; kjpg;G vd;d?
75.458 − 40.374
(67.542) 2 − (32.458) 2
75.458 − 40.374
(a 2 − b 2 ) (a + b)(a − b)
= =
75.458 − 40.374 35.084
100(35.084)
= 100
35.084
.9 ×.9 - 0.5× 5.

15. ,tw;wpw;F rkkhd kjpg;G
.9 - 0.5
1.49 × 14.9 − 0.51 × 5.1
14.9 − 0.51
a × 10 a − b × 10b

10a − 10b
10a 2 −10b 2
=
10a −10b
10(a 2 − b 2) (a 2 − b 2)
= =
10(a − b) ( a − b)
(a + b)(a − b)
= =a + b
( a − b)
ie = 1.49 + 0.51 = 2.00
(. × . - .9 ×.9)

16. =?
(.3 × 6.)
4.2 × 4.2 − 1.9 × 1.9
2.3 − 6.1
(a 2 − b 2 )
=
(a − b)(a + b)
(a + b)(a − b)
= =1
(a − b)(a + b)

A]\
 0.125 + 0.027 
17.  0.5 × 0.5 + 0.09 − 0.15  ,tw;wpd; kjpg;G fhz;f:
(0.125 + 0.027)

(0.5 × 0.5 + 0.09 − 0.15)
a = 0.5 b = 0.3
a 3 + b3

a 2 + b 2 − ab
a3 + b3 = (a + b) (a2 + b2 – ab)
(a 2 + b 2 − ab) (a + b)

(a 2 + b 2 − ab)
a + b = 0.5 + 0.3 = 0.8
a b c a+b+c
18. = = mg;gbnad;why; ,tw;wpd; kjpg;G vd;d?
3 4 7 c
a = 3; b = 4; c = 7
a b c
=1; = 1; = 1
3 4 7
a + b + c 3 + 4 + 7 14
= =
c 7 7
tpil = 2

A]\
19. The value of

+
+

-

1
2 +1
2 +1
1
2−
2
1 4 −1 3
2− = =
2 2 2
1
2+
3
2
2 6+2 8
= 2+ = =
3 3 3
1 3
= 2+ 8 = 2+
8
3
16 + 8 19 1 8
= = = =
8 8 19 19
8
20. xU tFg;G 10.00 am-f;F njhlq;fp 1.27 pm-f;F KbfpwJ. nkhj;jk; ehd;F period
elf;fpwJ. xt;nthU period-f;Fk; 5 epkplk; ,ilNtis vd;why; me;j Fwpg;gpl;l
Neuj;jpw;Fs; elf;Fk; xU period-d; Neuk; vd;d?
1st 2nd 3rd 4th
10 am 5M 5M 5M 1.27PM

A]\
nkhj;j Neuk; = 3 hrs 27 min

nkhj;j ,ilntsp = 3 hrs 12 min
1 hr = 60 M; 3 hr = 180M
180+12 = 192
= 192/4 = 48 Min
21. xU tpsf;F 13 nehbfs; ,ilNtisapy; xsph;fpwJ. mJ xspuj; njhlq;fpa

Neuk; 1 hour 54 min. 50 sec. AM. mJ mize;j Neuk; 3 hour 17 min. 49 sec. AM.
mg;gbnad;why; me;j xsp vj;jid Kiw xsph;eJ ; ,Uf;Fk;?
,ilntsp = 13 seconds
1st time = 1hr 54 Min 50 Sec am
Last time = 3hrs 17 min 49 sec am
3 17 49
1 54 50
1 22 59 sec
1 hr 22 m 59 sec
60 min 22 min 59 sec
82 min 59 sec
42 × 60 sec 59 Sec
4920 + 59 = 4979
4979
= 383
13
Already 1 time seen at first
383 + 1 = 384.
22. xU kdpjd; Kjy; ehs; 20 &gha; tUkhdk; ngWfpwhh;. kWehs; 15 &gha; nryT
nra;fpwhh;. %d;whtJ ehs; 20 &gha; tUkhdk; ngWfpwhh;. ehd;fhtJ ehs;
15 &gha; nryT nra;fpwhh; vd;why; mth; ifapy; 60 &gha; ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;
vd;why; vj;jidahtJ ehspy; ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;?
Kjy; ehs; → 20 (tUkhdk;)
2tJ ehs; → 15 (nryT)
3tJ ehs; → 20 (tUkhdk;)

A]\

5tJ ehs; → 20 (tUkhdk;)
..... 8tJ ehs; → 5 (tUkhdk;)
8 ehl;fspy; 20 & vd;why; 16 ehl;fspy; &.40
On 17th day – he save 40 + 20 = 60 Rupees
23. 225 kPll

; h; ePsKs;s xU ,lj;jpy; 26 kuq;fs; elg;gLfpwJ. xt;nthU kuKk;
rhpahd ,ilntspAld; elg;gLfpwJ. me;j epyj;jpy; njhlf;fk; kw;Wk; Kbtpy;
jyh xt;nthU kuk; elg;gLfpwJ. mg;gbnad;why; me;j KO epyj;jpYk;
vj;jid kuq;fs; el KbAk;?
1 26

kuq;fs; = 26
,ilntsp = 25
225
= 9 kP
25
24. xU jz;zh ; ; njhl;bapd; ¼ ghfk; 135 ypl;lh; vdpy;> 180 ypl;lh; jz;zh
P j P ; epuk;gp
,Ue;jhy;> me;j njhl;bapd; vj;jid ghfj;ij epug;gp ,Uf;Fk;?
¼ gq;F njhl;b - 135 yp
For Full tank – 135 × 4 = 540 yp
epuk;gpAs;s ePh; = 180 yp
540 ypl;lhpy;> 180ypl;lh; ghfk; vd;gJ
180 1
=
540 3
¼ – 135 yp
x – 180 yp
1
× 180 = x ×135
4
1
× 180
4 =x
135
45 1
=x x = ghfk;
135 3

A]\
25. xU igad; xU Gj;jfj;jpy; cs;s gf;fq;fspy; 3/8 xU ehspy; gbf;fpwhh;. kw;Wk;

kPjp cs;sjpy; 4/5 kw;nwhU ehspy; gbf;fpwhh;. mth; me;j Gj;jfj;jpy; gbf;fhj
gf;fq;fs; 30 vdpy; me;j Gj;jfj;jpy; cs;s gf;fq;fs; nkhj;jk; vj;jid?
3 5
of book on 1 day. Read Remaining – th
8 8
4
th of remainder on another day.
5
4 5 1
× = gbf;f
5 8 2
3 1 3+ 4 7
+ = = gbf;f
8 2 8 8
1
th unread = 30 pages unread
8
7
th = 7 × 30 = 210
8
210 + 30 = 240 pages
26. vl;L egh;fs; Nrh;eJ

; xU thlif fhh; xd;iw mkh;jJ ; fpwhh;fs;. mjpy; xUth;
ntspNaw;wg;gLfpwhh;. kPjp VONgh; cs;sdh; vd;why; mth;fs; xt;nthUtUk;
gq;Ffis gphpj;J nfhs;fpwhh;fs; vd;why; mth;fs; xt;nthUtUf;Fk;
mjpfkhFk; gq;fpd; kjpg;G vd;d?
8p – 1 Lakh – 8 Lakh
One person withdraws,
7p → 1L → 7L
kPjp 1 yl;rj;ij 7 NgUf;F gq;fpl Ntz;Lk;.
1
=
7
10
A]\
27. 10 ,Uf;iffs; kw;Wk; 4 Nkirfspd; tpiy rkkhf cs;sJ. 15 ,Uf;iffs;

kw;Wk; 2 Nkirfspd; tpiy &gha; 4>000. 12 ,Uf;iffs; kw;Wk; 3 Nkirfspd;
tpiy vd;d?
10 ,Uf;iffs; = 4 Nkirfs;
15 ,Uf;iffs; + 2 Nkirfs; = &. 4000
fz;Lgpbf;f : 12 ,Uf;iffs; 3 Nkirfspd; tpiy
15 , + 2 Nk = 4000
15 , + 5 , = 4000
20 , = 4000
400
= = 200
20
1 ,Uf;ifapd; tpiy = &. 200

10 ,Uf;ifapd; tpiy = 200 × 10 = 2000
2 Nkirfs; = 5 ,Uf;iffs;
2 Nkir = 5 × 200
1 Nkir tpiy = 500
3 Nkir tpiy = 1500
tpiy = 2400 × 12
= 2400
12 ,Uf;iffs; + 3 Nkirfs;
tpiy = 2400 + 1500
tpil = &. 3900
11
A]\
28. If a + b + c = 13, a2 + b2 +c2 = 69 then find ab + bc + ca

a+b+c = 13
a +b +c
2 2 2
= 69
ab + bc + ca
(a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2(ab + bc + ca)
132 = 69 + 2 (ab + bc + ca)
169 = 69 + 2 (ab + bc + ca)
169 – 69 = 2 (ab + bc + ca)
100 = 2(ab + bc + ca)
100
= ab + bc + ca
2
50 = ab + bc + ca

29. If 2 = x +

+

3+

1
3+
4
12 + 1 13
= 4 = 4
1
1+
= 13
4
4
= 1 + 1×
13
4 13 + 4
= 1+ =
13 13
17
=
13
1
2 = x+
17
13
12
A]\
13
2 = x + 1×
17

13
= x + 1×
17

17 x + 13
2 =
17
34 = 17x + 13

34 − 13 = 17x
21 = 17x
x = 21
17
13
>tV| 

VD : 
z] : >T>D
VA\
>tV|  BV >kVBD z1 x>_W \uD x>[\
>V VVo VE ]^, o] VzA^, \V] >
\[V^ ks_ >BV|^m. D\[V zAV VA\
>  >MV _m >MBV V > luE \B\V D\
[V zA > klKD \] |kV, \ gD F]kV,
 > mkVzD  >s|m. m xuKD V

gB,
>T>D






(PER CENT) 'PER CENTUM’ 

(PER HUNDRED)

1/100 
▪▪ 50/( 100)
▪▪ 80/100
▪▪ 20/100





3

1. 250 \Vk^ c^  ^l_, 55 \Vk^ >D, 75 \Vk^

V_>D, 63 \Vk^ >D *>D c^k^ \>D
sDA[ M_, () > (g) > sDAD \Vk[ >T>D
[?
y:
\V> \Vk[  = 250
() > sDAD \Vk[  = 55
55
> sDAD \Vk[ >T>D = × 100%
250
= 22%
(g) > sDAD \Vk[  = 63

63
> sDAD \Vk[ >T>D = × 100%
250
= 25.2%.
2.  z V_, 35 \Vk^ c^  kz_ 7 \Vk^ k

>s_ M_, k >V> \Vk[ >T>> V.
y:
k >V> \Vk[  = 35
7
k >V> \Vk[ >T>D = × 100%
= 20%.
35
3. VD kVB 36 \VDw_, 5 \VDw^ s M_, B \VDw

[ >T>> V.
y:
kVB \VDw[  = 36
5
B \VDw[ >T>D = × 100%
= 13.89%.
36
4

4. 50  V  kz_, 23  \Vs^, \uk^ \Vk^ M_, \Vk,

\Vs[ >T> V.
y:
kz_ c^ \Vk[  = 50
kz_ c^ [ = 23
kz_ c^ g[  = 27
23
kzK^ [ >T>D = × 100 = 46%
50
kzK^ g[ >T>D = 100 – 46 = 54%.
5. s, >]_ 75z 66 \]D sBo_ 80z 72D u^V M_,

> V]_ ] \] u^V?
y:
s >]_ 66 \]^ uV[
66
s >]_ u \][ >T>D = × 100 = 88%
75
72
s sBo_ u \][ >T>D = × 100 = 90%
80
s sB_ V]_ ] \] u^V[.
6. BVt[ \V> k\VD . 12,000. k tzD >V .1,200. k[ tA,
 gBku[ >T>> V.
y:
BVt[ \V> k\VD = ` 12000
BVt[ tA >V = Rs. 1200
1200
tA >Vl[ >T>D = × 100 = 10%
12000
 F> >Vl[ >T>D = 100 − 10 = 90%.
1

7. 70 V kz_, 60% \Vk^ M_, \Vk, \Vs[

B V
y:
\V> ^ = 70
60
\Vk[  = 60% = × 70 = 42.
100
40
\Vs[  = 40% = × 70 = 28.
100
8. 2010_  ][ \^>V 1,50,000 |> g_, m 10% z
\VV_, 2011_ \^ >VB V.
y:
2010_ \^>V = 1,50,000
10
]zD \^ >V = × 150000
100
= 15000.
2011_ \^>V = 150000 + 15000

= 1,65,000.
9. VD >[B k\V]_ 25%n kVBV V|V. kB kkVF

`25,000 g zD Vm, k kVBV V|zD >V [?
y:
VD kVz sm = k\V]_ 25%
25
= × 25000
100
= ` 6,250.
10.  k]_,  z 25 V_ sBV|m. ]_ 36% ku m.

> z ku > V[ B V.
y:
Vl_ ku u z = ku 36%
36
= × 25
100
= 9 V^.
2

11.  V\][ \^>V 32,000 c^. k[ 40% g^, 25%

^, *>D c^V zw>^, g^ \uD zw>[ B
V.
y: zw>[
V\]_ \^ >V = 32000 = 100 − (40+25)
40 = 35%
g[  = × 32000
100
= 12,800 g^
35
zw>[  = × 32000
100
= 11,200 zw>^.
12.  wB \][ s `45,000. >[ s 15% z|\BVV_, >[
A]B s [?
y:
wB \][ s = 45000
15
>[ sl_ 15% zV_ = × 45000
100
= 6,750
A]B s = 45000 − 6750

= `38,250.
13. `7,500 \>V V _, >k^ 47% M_, V>k^ >
?
y:
>k[ >T>D = 47%; V>k[ >T>D = 53%
53
× 7500
V>k[  =
100
= 3,975 V>k^.
3

14.  >Vl[ 12% [m `1080 M_ >VB V

y:
>V `x [.
>|^m : >Vl[ 12% = 1080
12
× x = 1080
100
1080 × 100
x =
12
x = 9000.
15. 25 \Vk_ 72% >V]_ ]\BVk^. > V]_ ]\

BuV > ?
y:
>]_ ]\BVk[ >T>D = 72%
72
>V]_ ]\BuV  = × 25 = 18.
100
>V]_ ]\BuV  = 25 − 18 = 7.
16.  T[ s 15 D Vlom 12 D VBV z>m M_

z> >T>D VD.
y:
x>o_, T[ s = ` 15,00,000

V>B s = ` 12,00,000
300000
 z> >T>D = × 100
1500000
= 20%.
4

17.  lK^ 25 w_ 5 g w^ M_ g w[ >T>D

y:
5
g w[ >T>D = × 100
25
= 20%.
18.  Vo_ c^ \V> |[ l_ 15% |^ 30 M_,

|[ \V> ?
y:
15
× x = 30
100
30 × 100
x =
15
= 200 |^.
19. [ g|  [ s `34,000. > g| >[ s 25%
|>V[m. |>_ >V
y:
[ s = 34000
25
25% cB>V_ = × 34000
100
|>_ >V = ` 8,500.
20. \V> k\VD `20,000 D  k kV \V>xD `3,000n tA
F[V M_, kB \V> tA >T>D
y:
3000
\V> tA >T>D = × 100
20000
= 15%.
5

21.  V^]_ c^ 20% gm 40 o F gzD. V^]_

c^ l[ \V> k VD
y:
\V> s_ 20% = 40 o
20
\V> , × x = 40
100
40 × 100
x = = 200 o.
20
22.  B]_ 25% >V 5000.* M_ \V> B >V k?
y:
25
\V> B >V × x = 5000
100
5000 × 100
x = = 20000 .*
25
23.  >Vl_ 3.5% [m `54.25 M_, >VB V.

y:
3.5
of x = 54.25
100
54.25 × 100
x =
3.5
54250
=
35
>V = ` 1550.
24. \V> ]_ 60% [m 30 WtVzD M_, > \V> >
D.
y:
60
× x = 30
100
3000
x =
60
\V> D = 50 Wt^
6

25.  V su]_ 4% su k T>D 2 k K]V_, k [ sz

suV?
y:
40
su s × x = 2
100
200
x =
4
= ` 50.
26. * >[B D]_ 5%n >Vkm `2000n, VmVuz sV_

kB DD [?
y:
50
× x = 2000
100
2000 × 100
x =
5
kB DD = ` 40,000.
27.  lK^ \V> \VDw_ 25% Bk. B \VDw[

 1250 M_ \V> w[ B V. \KD _
\VDw[ BD V.
y:
25
of x = 1250
100
1250 × 100
\V> \VDw^, x =
25
= 5000.
_ \VDw[  = 5000 − 1250
= 3750.
7

28.  ^l_  z \uV ^l[  z[ gB g[

 20. ku_ x>u ^ 25% g k[m M_ \V> k[
g[  BVm?
y:
\V> g^ = 20; x>o_ ku u g[ >T>D = 25
25
ku u g[  = × 20
100
= 5 g^.
29. gV[uz 18% >M k >D z\]_ D `10000n x>| F>V M_,
5 kz z k D kl V.
y:
10000 × 18 × 5
SI =
100
= ` 9,000.
30.  VD\l[ z> s `1200. V 15% >^ sl_ V|>V
M_, VD\l[ su s [?
y:
z> s = 1200; >^ = 15%
5
>^ >V = × 1200
100
= 180
su s = 1200 − 180

= ` 1080.
31. M z\]_ u x >s_ 1500 ^ m V. ]_
12% ^ > FB M_, > ^ > FB? \KD
> ^ > FBs_  V.
y:
12
> FB [  = × 1500 = 180
100
> FBV> [  = 1500 − 180 = 1320.
8

32.  cV kl_ 30% >VtD, 40% m>VD, *] W_ c^m. 20 . c^
> cV kl[ Wo[ BVm?
y:
30% >VtD; 40% m>VD; W_ 30%
30
20. c^ cV kl_ Wo[  = × 20 = 6 .
100
33. VE c >>o_ >V\ \uD VB[ gB k Vl.
\V> kVz_ 44% >Vkm 11,484 kVz^ VBz >. >V\z
36% kVz^ >. (i) V\]_ ]kV \V> kVz[ 
BVm? (ii) Vl kzD kVV>k^ > ?
y:
44
i) \V> kVz^, × x = 11484
100
11484 × 100
x =
44
x =26,100 kVz^
ii)V\]_ ]kV \V> kVz[  = 100 − (44636) = 20%
20
Vl kzD kVV>k^ = × 26100
100
= 5220.
34. k >D k\V]_ 40% cVD, 15% cVD, 20% T|
kVVD s|[V. *]B t[V. k k\VD `34400
M_, k k t[V?
y:
tA >Vl[ >T>D = 100 − (40 + 15 + 20)
= 25%
25
tA >V = × 34400
100
= ` 8,600.
9

35. V]V g]_ 50z 35 \]D, _ 30z 27 \]D

uV. V]_ ] \] uV? k ]D uV?
y:
35
g]_ u \]^ = × 100
50
= 70
27
>]_ u \]^ = × 100
30
= 90
V]V >]_ ] \] uV.
36.  >VaV `11,250  >VBV [V. >V k >D g|
k\V]_ 15% M_, k[ \V> k\VD [?
y:
15
g| k\VD × x = 11250
100
11250 × 100
x =
15
x = 75000 g| k\VD
75000
\V> k\VD =
12
= ` 6250.
37. { gl[ s `2100om `2520 g ][m M_, ]A

>T>> V.
y:
]> s = 2520 − 2100
= ` 420
420
]> sl[ >T>D = × 100
2100
= 20%.
10
>tV| 

VD : A]\ \uD A^lB_
z] : >T>D
VA\
>tV|  BV >kVBD z1 x>_W \uD x>[\
>V VVo VE ]^, o] VzA^, \V] >
\[V^ ks_ >BV|^m. D\[V zAV VA\
>  >MV _m >MBV V > luE \B\V D\[V
FD xBuElV ~||>_ Vm. *V_ ]B VA\ ][ 
> mkVzD  >s|m. m xuKD V >z

gB,
A]\
>T>D (PERCENTAGE)
 100 I gFjpahff; nfhz;lgpd;dk; rjtPjk; vdg;gLk;.

 tpfpjk; 5 : 100 17 : 100 43 : 100
5 17 43
gpd;dk;
100 100 100
rjtpjk; 5% 17% 43%
 xU gpd;dj;ij (m) xU jrk vz;iz rjtPjkhf khw;Wtjw;F 100% My; ngUf;f
Ntz;Lk;.

1. I rjtPjkhf khw;Wf

5 I 20 My; ngUf;f 100 fpilf;Fk;
3 × 20 60
= = 60%
5 × 20 100
3
= 60%
5

2. I rjtPjkhf khw;Wf.

1 25
6 =
4 4
4 I 25 My; ngUf;f 100 fpilf;Fk;
25 × 25 625
= = 625%
4 × 25 100

A]\
3. 250 khzth;fs; cs;s xU gs;spapy;> 55 khzth;fs; $ilg;ge;ijAk;> 75

khzth;fs; fhy;ge;ijAk;> 63 khzth;fs; vwpge;ijAk; kPjk; cs;sth;fs;
fphpf;nfl;ilAk; tpUk;Gfpd;wdh; vdpy;.
(m) $ilge;ij (M) vwpge;ij tpUk;Gk; khzth;fspd;
rjtPjk; vd;d?
nkhj;j khzth;fspd; vz;zpf;if = 250
m) $il ge;ij tpUk;Gk; khzh;fspd; vz;zpf;if = 55
55
250-y; 55 Ngh; $ilg;ge;ij tpUk;Gfpd;wdh; vdf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.
250
 55 
$ilg;ge;ij tpUk;Gk; khzth;fspd; rjtPjk; =  × 100  %
 250 
M) vwpge;ij tpUk;Gk; khzth;fspd; vz;zpf;if = 63
63
250- y; 63 Ngh; vwpge;ij tpUk;Gfpd;wdh; vd;gjid vdf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.
250
 63 
vwpge;ij tpUk;Gk; khzth;fspd; rjtPjk; =  × 100  %
 250 
126
= %
5
= 25.2%
$ilg;ge;ij tpUk;Gk; khzth;fs; = 22%
vwpge;ij tpUk;Gk; khzth;fs; = 25.2%
4. 12%I gpd;dkhf khw;Wf.

12
12% =
100
3
=
15

5. % I gpd;dkhf khw;Wf.

1 700
233 % = %
3 3
700 7
= =
3 × 100 3
1
= 2
3

A]\
6. 1000 fpNyhtpy; 20% I fhz;f.

20
1000 ,y; 20% = 1000,y;
100
20
= × 1000
100
= 200 fp.fp.

7. 200 ,y; % fhz;f.
1
= 2 of 200
100
1
= × 200
20 × 100
200
= =1
200
8. 40 fpNyh fpuhkpy; 0.75% fhz;f.
0.75
0.75% =
100
0.75
40 fpNyhfpuhkpy; 0.75% = × 40
100
3
= = 0.3
10
= 0.3 fp.fp
9. 70 Ngh; nfhz;ltFg;gpy;> 60% khzth;fs; vdpy; khzt khztpfspd;
vz;zpf;ifiaf; fhz;f.
nkhj;j egh;fs; = 70
khzth;fspd; vz;zpf;if = 70 ,y; 60%
60
= × 70
100
= 42
khztpfspd; vz;zpf;if = nkhj;j khzth;fs; − khzth;fspd;
vz;zpf;if = 70 - 42 = 28

A]\
10. 2015-y; xU efuj;jpd; kf;fs; njhif 1>50>000 mLj;jMz;by;> mJ 10%

mjpfhpf;Fkhdhy;> 2016 -y; kf;fs; njhifiaf; fhz;f.
2015-y; kf;fs; njhif = 1,50,000
10
mjpfhpf;Fk; kf;fs; njhif = × 1,50,000
100
= 15,000
2016 -y; kf;fs; njhif = 150000 + 15000
= 1,65,000
11. 2 &gha; 70 igrhtpy; 15 igrh vj;jidrjtPjk;?

2 &gha; 70 igrh = (2 × 100 igrh + 70 igrh)
= 200 igrh + 70 igrh
= 270 igrh
15 50 5
vdNt>NjitahdrjtPjk; = × 100 = =5 %
270 9 9
1. xUnjhifapd; 12%vd;gJ 1080 vdpy; mj;njhifiaf; fhz;f.

njhif x vd;f.
jug;gl;Ls;sJ> mj;njhifapd; 12% = 1080
12
× x = 1080
100
1080 × 100
x = = 9000
12
njhif = 9000
2. 25 khzth;fspd; 72% Ngh; fzpjg; ghlj;jpy; jpwikahdth;fs; fzpjg;

ghlj;jpy; jpwikaw;Nwhh; vj;jidg; Ngh;?
fzpjj;jpy; jpwikahdth;fspd; rjtPjk; = 72%
fzpjj;jpy; jpwikkpf;fkhzth;fspd; vz;zpf;if = 25 khzth;fspy; 72%
72
= × 25
100
= 18 khzth;fs;
‡ fzpjj; jpwikaw;Nwhh; vz;zpf;if = 25 − 18 = 7

A]\
3. 240 iatpl 15% Fiwthd vz;izf; fhz;f?
15
240y; 15% = × 240 = 36
200
‡ Njitahd vz; = 240 – 36 = 204
4. xUtPlb
; d; tpiy 15 ,yl;rk; &ghapypUe;J 12 ,yl;rk; &ghaff; Fiwe;jJ
vdpy; Fiwe;j rjtPjk; fhzTk;.
Kjypy;>tPl;bd; tpiy = 15,00,000
jw;Nghijatpiy = 12,00,000
tpiyapy; FiwT = 15,00,000 − 12,00,000
= 3,00,000
300000
‡ Fiwe;j rjtPjk; = × 100 = 20%
1500000

A]\
1. xU khzth; jdJ Njh;tpy; 12 Nfs;tpfSf;F tpilaspj;J midj;J

Nfs;tpfSf;Fk; KOkjpg;ngz; ngWfpwhh;. NkYk; mth; 60% kjpg;ngz;
ngWfpwhh;. xt;nthU Nfs;tpfSf;Fk; rkkhd kjpg;ngz; mspf;fg;gl;lhy;
Njh;tpy; Nfl;fg;gl;l nkhj;j tpdhf;fs; vj;jid.
60% = 12 Question
100% = x
60x = 12 × 100
x = 20 Question
2. xU njhiyf;fhl;rp ngl;bapd; tpiy 25% cah;jj ; g;gLfpwJ. me;j

njhiyf;fhl;rp ngl;bapd; tpiyia gioa tpiyf;F nfhz;LtUtjw;F
vj;jid rjtPjk; Fiwf;f Ntz;Lk;.
R 25
× 100 = × 100 = 20%
100 + R 125
3. xU tFg;giwapy; 100 khzth;fs; cs;sdh;. mth;fspy; 60% Ngh;

fphpf;nfl;Lk;> 30 rjtPjk; fhy;ge;Jk;> kw;Wk; 10% Ngh; ,Utpisahl;LfisAk;
tpisahLfpd;wdh;. ,e;j ,U tpisahl;ilAk; tpisahlhj egh;fs; vj;jid
Ngh;.
fphpf;nfl; (m) fhy;ge;J (m) ,uz;Lk; tpisahLgth;fspd; rjtPjk;
P(A∪B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A∩B)
= 60 + 30 – 10
= 80%
ve;j tpisahl;ilAk; tpisahlhjth;fs; 20 Ngh;
; p ngWtjw;F Fiwe;jgl;rk; 50% kjpg;nz;fs;

4. xU khztDf;F Njh;tpy; Njh;rr
Njit. me;j khztd; 50 kjpg;ngz;fs; ngw;W 50 kjpg;ngz;fspy; Njhy;tp
milfpwhd;. me;j Njh;tpd; mjpfgl;r kjpg;ngz; vt;tsT?
50% – 50 = 50 Marks
50% = 50 + 50
50% = 100 Marks
100% = 200 Marks

A]\
5. xU efuj;jpy; cs;s 3>00>000 kf;fspy; 1>80>000 kf;fs; Mz;fs;. me;j

efuj;jpy; 50% kf;fs; gbj;jth;fs;. NkYk; 70% Mz;fs; gbj;jth;fs; vdpy;
gbj;j ngz;fs; vj;jid Ngh;?
nkhj;j kf;fs; njhif = 3,00,000
Mz;fs; = 1,80,000
ngz;fs; = 1,20,000
70
Mz;fspy; gbj;jth;fs; = 1,80,000 ×
100
= 1,26,000
50
nkhj;;j kf;fspy; gbj;jth;fs; = 3,00,000 ×
100
= 1,50,000
ngz;fspy; gbj;jth;fs; = 1,50,000 − 1,26,000
= 24,000
6. XU Njh;tpy; xt;nthU khztUk; ,aw;gpay; my;yJ fzpjk; my;yJ

,uz;ilAk; Njh;T nra;aNtz;Lk;. 65.8 rjtPjk; khzth;fs; ,aw;gpaYk;> 59.2
rjtPjk; khzth;fs; fzpjj;ijAk; Njh;T nra;fpd;wdh;. nkhj;j khzth;fs;
2>000 Ngh; vdpy; fzpjk; kw;Wk; ,aw;gpay; ,uz;ilAk; Njh;T nra;j khzth;fs;
vj;jid Ngh;.
fzpjk; (m) ,aw;gpay; (m) ,uz;ilAk; Njh;T nra;jth;fspd; rjtPjk; = 100%
P(A∪B)
P(A∪B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A∩B)
100 = 65.8 + 59.2 – P(A∩B)
25% = P(A∩B) (,uz;ilAk; Njh;T nra;jth;fs;)
P(A∩B) = 25
2000 ×
100
P(A∩B) = 500
7. X kw;Wk; Y %d;whk; vz;Zia tpl 20% kw;Wk; 28% Fiwthf cs;sJ. Y vd;w
vz;zhdJ X vd;w vz;iz tpl vj;jid rjtpjk; Fiwthf cs;sJ.
x = 80%
y = 72%
z = 100%
8
= × 100 = 10%
80

A]\
8. xU fzf;nfLg;gpy; 80% Ngh; fhh; kw;Wk; 60% Ngh; ifNgrp itj;Js;sdh;. 55%
Ngh; fhh; kw;Wk; ifNgrp itj;Js;sdh; vdpy; fhh; my;yJ ifNgrp my;yJ
,uz;ilAk; itj;Js;sth;fspd; rjtPjk; vt;tsT.
fhh; (m) ifNgrp (m) ,uz;ilAk; itj;jpUg;gth;fspd; rjtpfpjk;
P(A∪B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A∩B)
= 80 + 60 – 55
P(A∪B) = 85%
9. mjpfhhp xUthpd; CjpakhdJ xt;nthU tUlKk; 20% cah;jj

; g;gLfpwJ.
mth;fspd; Cjpak; 2001y; &. 26640 vdpy; 1999 y; mthpd; Cjpak; vd;d?
100 100
= 26640 × ×
120 120
= 18500
10. xU Kf;Nfhzj;jpd; cauk; 40% Fiwf;fg;gl;L mbg;gf;fk; 40% cah;jj

; g;gl;lhy;
gug;gstpy; Vw;gLk; khw;wk; vd;d?
½ bh ½ bh
b = 10 b = 14
h = 10 h = 6
= 100 = 84

= 16% Fiwe;Js;sJ.
11. Nkhfd; vd;gth; jdJ tUkhdj;jpy; 40% I czTf;fhf nryT nra;fpwhh;. kPjp
cs;stw;wpy; 50% I Nghf;Ftuj;jpw;fhf nryT nra;fpwhh;. kw;Wk; kPjp ,Ug;gjpy;
30% I Jzpf;fhf nrytpLfpwhh;. filrpapy; mth; &.630 Nrfhpj;jhy; mthpd;
khj tUkhdk; vd;d?
nkhj;j tUkhdk; = 100%
czT = 40% − kPjp = 60%
50
Nghf;Ftuj;J = 60 × = 30% − kPjp = 30%
100

A]\
30
Jzp = 30 × = 9% − kPjp = 21%
100
Nrkpg;G 21% = 630
100% = 3000
12. xU Njh;T vOJk; 2000 khzth;fspy; 900 Ngh; Mz;fs;> kw;Wk; kPjpapUg;gth;fs;
ngz;fs;. 32% Ngh; Mz;fs;> kw;Wk; 38% Ngh; ngz;fs; Njh;rr
; p milfpd;wdh;
vdpy; Njhy;tp mile;jth;fspd; rjtPjk; fhz;f.
nkhj;j khzth;fs; = 2000
Mz;fs; = 900 ngz;fs; = 1100

Njh;r;rp = 32% Njh;r;rp = 38%
Njhy;tp = 68% Njhy;tp = 62%
62
= 900 × 68 = 1100 ×
100 100
= 612 = 682

nkhj;j Njhy;tp = 1294
nkhj;j Njhy;tp rjtpfpjk; = 1294 × 100
2000
= 64.7%
13. xU igapy; A tif Ngdhf;fs; 600-k; B tif Ngdhf;fs; 1200-k; cs;sJ.

me;j igapy; ,Ue;J A tif Ngdhf;fs; 12% kw;Wk; B tif Ngdhf;fs;
25% vLf;fg;gLfpwJ vdpy; me;j igapy; ,Ue;J vLf;fg;gl;l nkhj;j rjtPj
Ngdhf;fspd; rjtPjk; fhz;f.
nkhj;j Ngdhf;fs; = 600 + 1200 = 1800
Bag A Bag B
12 25
= 600 × = 1200 ×
200 100
= 36 = 300

A]\
336
= × 100
1800
nkhj;j vLf;fg;gl;l Ngdhf;fspd; rjtpfpjk; = 18.6%
14. xU efuj;jpd; kf;fs; njhif xU gj;jhz;by; 1,75,000y; ,Ue;J 2,62,500 Mf

caUfpwJ. xU tUlj;jpw;F Vw;gLk; ruhrhp mjpfhpg;G vt;tsT?
1,72,000 – 2,62,500
10 Mz;by; cah;e;j kf;fs; njhif = 90,500
90, 500
10 Mz;by; cah;e;j rjtpfpjk; = × 100
1, 75, 000
= 51.71%
51.7
xU Mz;bw;F Vw;gl;l ruhrhp mjpfhpg;G =
10
= 5.17%
15. A-d; tUkhdk; B-d; tUkhdj;ij tpl 33% mjpfkhf cs;sJ vdpy; B-d;
tUkhdk; A-d; tUkhdj;ij tpl vt;tsT rjtPjk; Fiwthf cs;sJ?
R
= × 100
100 + R
33
= × 100
133
= 24.8 %
16. xU tl;lj;jpd; Muk; 25% mjpfhpf;fg;gl;l gpd; gug;G mjpfhpf;Fk; rjtPjk;

πr2 πr2
⇒ r = 10 r ⇒ 12.5
= π × 10 × 10 = π × 12.5 × 12.5
= 100 π = 156.25 π

= 56.25% gug;G mjpfhpj;Js;sJ
10
A]\
17. uh[P xU khUjp tz;bapid> 3 Mz;LfSf;F Kd;dhy; &. 2 yl;rk; kjpg;gpw;F

thq;fpdhh;. mjd; kjpg;G Mz;Lf;F 25% tPor
; r
; paile;jJ vdpy;> me;j khUjp
tz;bapd; jw;Nghija kjpg;G vd;d?
75 75 75
= 2,00,000 × × ×
100 100 100
= 84375
18. utpapd; Cjpak; 50% Fiwf;fg;gl;L gpd;dh; cldbahf 25% cah;jj

; g;gl;lhy;
vj;jid rjtpfpjk; mth; ,oe;jhh;.
50 125 1
100 × × = 62 %
= 100 100 2
= 1
100 − 62
2
1
= 37 % Cjpak; mth; ,oe;Js;shh;.
2
19. xU nrt;tfj;jpd; ePsk; 10% mjpfhpf;fg;gLfpwJ kw;Wk; mjd; mfyk; 10%

Fiwf;fg;gLfpwJ. vdpy; Gjpa nrt;tfj;jpd; gug;gsT
l = 10 l = 11
b = 10 b = 9
= l×b = l×b
= 100 = 99

= gug;G 1% Fiwe;Js;sJ.
20. xUthpd; rk;gsk; 10% Fiwf;fg;gLfpwJ. gioa rk;gsk; fpilf;Fkhdhy;

mtuJ rk;gsk;
R
= × 100
100 − R
10
= × 100
90
1
= 11 % cah;j;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
9
11
A]\
21. xUth; jd;tUkhdj;jpy; 75% I nryT nra;fpwhh;. mtUila tUkhdk; 20%

mjpfhpj;jNghJ mth; jd; nryit 10% mjpfhpj;jhy; mtUila Nrkpg;G
vj;jid rjtPjk; mjpfhpf;Fk;?
tUkhdk; – nryT = Nrkpg;G
100% – 75% = 25%
120% – 82.5% = 37.5%
Nrkpg;G = 12.5% cah;e;Js;sJ.
12.5
mjpfhpg;G rjtpfpjk; = × 100
25
= 50%
22. xU Njh;jypy; 30% kf;fs; Ntl;ghsh; A-f;F Xl;lspj;jth;fs; kPjk;

cs;sth;fspy; 60% kf;fs; Ntl;ghsh; B-f;F Xl;lspj;jth;fs;. kw;wth;fs;
ahUf;Fk; Xl;lspf;ftpy;iy. Ntl;ghsh; A-f;F Xl;lspj;jth;fSf;Fk; Xl;Nl
Nghlhjth;fSf;Fk; cs;s tpj;jpahrk; 1200 vd;why; ,e;j Njh;jypy; Xl;lspf;f
jFjpAs;s nkhj;j kf;fs; vj;jid Ngh;?
nkhj;j Xl;L = 100%
A-f;F Xl;lspj;jth;fs; = 30%
60
B-f;F Xl;lspj;jth;fs; = 70 × ⇒ 42%
100
ahUf;Fk; Xl;lspf;fhjth;fs; = 28%
A-f;F Xl;lspj;jth;fSf;F – ahUf;Fk; Xl;L Nghlhjth;fSf;Fk;
cs;s tpj;jpahrk; = 1200
30% – 28% = 1200
2% = 1200
100% = 60000
Xl;lspf;f jFjpAs;s
nkhj;j kf;fs; = 60000 Ngh;
12
A]\
23. A-d; tUkhdk; B-d; tUkhdj;ij tpl 20% Fiwthf cs;sJ vdpy; B-d;
tUkhdk; A-d; tUkhdj;ij tpl vt;tsT rjtPjk; mjpfkhf cs;sJ?
R
= × 100
100 − R
20
= × 100
80
= 25%
24. xU Njh;jypy;, xU Nghl;bahsh; nkhj;j rhpahd Xl;Lfs; 55% I ngWfpwhh;.

20% Xl;Lfs; nry;yhjit. nkhj;j Xl;L
; fs; 7500 vdpy;, kw;nwhU Nghl;bahsh;
ngw;w nry;yj;jf;f Xl;Lfspd; vz;zpf;if vt;tsT?
nkhj;j Xl;L = 100% = 7500
20
nry;yhj Xl;L = 7500 × = 1500
100
rhpahd Xl;L = 7500 – 1500 = 6000
kw;nwhU Nghl;bahsh; ngw;w rhpahd Xl;L
45
= 6000 × = 2700
100
25. ngl;Nuhypd; tpiy 30% mjpfhpf;fg;gl;lhy; xU fhh; chpikahsh; gioa

nryitNa jf;f itf;f Efh;it vt;tsT Fiwf;f Ntz;Lk;.
R
= × 100
100 + R
30
= × 100
130
1
= 23 %
13
13
A]\
26. xU Gj;jfj;jpd; tpiy Kjypy; 25% Fiwf;fg;gl;L gpd;dh; 20%

mjpfhpf;fg;gLfpwJ. tpiyapy; Vw;gLk; epfu khw;wk; vd;d?
75 120
= 100 × ×
100 100
= 90
Gj;jfj;jpd; tpiy 10% Fiwe;Js;sJ.
gapw;rp tpdhf;fs;
1. xU njhifapd; 12% 1080 vdpy; mj;njhifiaf; fhz;f.
me;j njhif ‘x’ vd nfhs;f
12
x = 1080
100
1080 × 100
x = ⇒ x = 9000
12
2. 25 khzth;fspy; 72% Ngh; fzpjg;ghlj;jpy; jpwikahdth;fs;. fzpjg;

ghlj;jpy; jpwikaw;Nwhh; vj;jid Ngh;?
nkhj;j khzth;fs; = 25%
jpwikahdth;fs; = 72%
jpwikaw;Nwhh; = 28%
28
= 25 ×
100
= 7
3. 240 I tpl 15% Fiwthd vz;izf; fhz;f.

85
x = 240 ×
100
x = 204

14
A]\
4. xU tPlb; d; tpiy 15 ,yl;rk; &ghapypUe;J 12 ,yl;rk; &ghahff; Fiwe;jJ

vdpy; Fiwe;j rjtPjk; fhzTk;.
15 ,yl;rk; –
15 ,yl;rk; = 3 ,yl;rk;
3
FiwT rjtpfpjk; = × 100
15
= 20%
5. xU $ilapYs;s 25 goq;fspy; 5 MuQ;Rg; goq;fs; vdpy; MuQ;Rg; goq;fspd;

rjtPjk; .......
5
= × 100
25
= 20%

6. xU ghl;bypy; cs;s nkhj;j gp];fl;Lfspd; vz;zpf;ifapy; 15% gp];fl;Lfs;

30 vdpy;> gp];fl;Lfspd; nkhj;j vz;zpf;if...
15
x = 30
100
x = 200

7. nrd;w Mz;L xU ];$l;lhpd; tpiy ` 34>000. ,e;j Mz;L ,jd; tpiy 25%
$Ljyhfpd;wJ. mf;$Ljy; njhif....
25
= 34000 × 100
= 8500

8. khj tUkhdk; ` 20>000 ngWk; egh; xUth; xt;nthU khjKk; ` 3>000 I Nrkpg;G
nra;fpd;whh; vdpy;> mtUila khjr; Nrkpg;Gr; rjtPjk;........
3000
= 20000 × 100
= 15%
15
A]\
9. xU njhifapy; 3.5% vd;gJ ` 54.25 vdpy;> mj;njhifiaf; fhz;f.
me;j njhif ‘x’ vd nfhs;f

3.5
x = 54.25
100
54.25 × 100
x =
3.5
x = 1550
10. nkhj;j Neuj;jpy; 60% vd;gJ 30 epkplq;fshFk; vdpy;> me;j nkhj;j Neuj;ijf;
fzf;fplTk;.
nkhj;j Neuk; ‘x’ vd nfhs;f

4
x = 30 min
100
x = 50 min
11. xU nghUis tpw;wjpy; 4% tpw;gid thp tPjk; ` 2 thp nrYj;jpdhy;> mth;

vd;d tpiyf;F tpw;wpUg;ghh;?
4
x × = 2
100
2 × 100
x =
4
x = 50
12. kPD jd;Dila rk;gsj;jpy; 5% I mjhtJ ` 2000 I> nghOJ Nghf;fpw;Fr;

nrytpl;lhy; mtUila rk;gsk; vd;d?
kPD rk;gsk; ‘x’ vd nfhs;f

5
x = 2000
100
x = 40000
16
A]\
13. xU $ilapYs;s nkhj;j goq;fspy; 25% mOfpait. mOfpa khk;goq;fspd;

vz;zpf;if 1250 vdpy; nkhj;jg; goq;fspd; vz;zpf;ifiaf; fhz;f. NkYk;
ey;y khk;goq;fspd; vz;zpf;ifiaAk; fhz;f.
mOfpa khk;goq;fs; 25% = 1250
nkhj;j khk;goq;fs; 100% = 5000
ey;y khk;goq;fs; 100% = 5000 – 1250
= 3750
14. xU nghk;ikapd; Fwpj;j tpiy ` 1200. filf;fhuh; 15% js;Sgb tpiyapy;

nfhLj;jhh; vdpy;> nghk;ikapd; tpw;gid tpiy vd;d?
85
= 1200 ×
100
= 1020
15. xU cNyhff; fyitapy; 30% jhkpuk;> 40% Jj;jehfk;> kPjp epf;fy; cs;sJ. 20
fp.fp cs;s ,e;j cNyhff; fyitapy; epf;fypd; msT ahJ?
nkhj;j cNyhf fyit = 100% = 20kg
jhkpuk; = 30%
Jj;jehfk; = 40%
kPjp (epf;fy;) = 30%
30
= 20 ×
100
= 6kg
16. Cuhl;rp cWg;gpdh; Njh;jypy; jhkiu kw;Wk; ghz;bad; Mfpa ,Uth;

Nghl;bapl;ldh;. nkhj;j thf;Ffspy; 44% mjhtJ 11,484 thf;Ffs;
ghz;baDf;Ff; fpilj;jd. jhkiuf;F 36% thf;Ffs; fpilj;jd.
(i) ,f;fpuhkj;jpy; gjpthd nkhj;j thf;Ffspd; vz;zpf;if ahJ?
(ii) Nghl;bapl;l ,UtUf;Fk; thf;fspf;fhjth;fs; vj;jid Ngh;?
nkhj;j Xl;L = 100%
ghz;bad; ngw;w Xl;L (44%) = 11484
1% = 261
100% = 26100
17
A]\
jhkiu ngw;w Xl;L = 36%

ahUf;Fk; Xl;lspf;fhjth;fs; = 20%
= 20 × 261
= 5220
17. xUth; jk; tUkhdj;jpy; 40% czTf;fhfTk;> 15% cilf;fhfTk;> 20% tPlL
;
thliff;fhfTk; nrytpLfpd;whh;. kPjpiar; Nrkpf;fpd;whh;. mth; tUkhdk;
` 34,400 vdpy;> mth; vt;tsT Nrkpf;fpd;whh;?
nkhj;j tUkhdk; = 34400 = 100%
czT = 40%
cil = 15%
thlif = 20%
= 75%
Nrkpg;G = 25%
25
= 34400 ×
100
= 8600
18. xU njhopyhsp ` 11>250 Cf;fj;njhifahfg; ngWfpd;whh;. ,j;njhif

mth; jk; Mz;L tUkhdj;jpy; 15% vdpy;> mthpd; khj tUkhdk;
vd;d?
nkhj;j Mz;L tUkhdk; = 100% = x
15% 11, 250 × 100

x = 11,250 ⇒ = x
100 15
x = 75000
75000
khj tUkhdk; =
12
= 6250
18
>tV| 

VD : 
z] : *..V & *.E.\
VA\
>tV|  BV >kVBD z1 x>_W \uD x>[\
>V VVo VE ]^, o] VzA^, \V] >
\[V^ ks_ >BV|^m. D\[V zAV VA\
>  >MV _m >MBV V > luE \B\V D\
[V zA > klKD \] |kV, \ gD F]kV,
 > mkVzD  >s|m. m xuKD V

gB,
*..V & *.E.\







 

                                       





  




 x y (x, y) 
▪▪ 
▪▪ (1, x) = 1
▪▪ y  x (x, y) = x

3

▪▪  


                                        










XY(X,Y)





4

1. kz>_ xl_ 40 \uD 56 gB z *..V V

y:
2 40, 56
2 20, 28
2 10, 14
5, 7
*..V = 2 × 2 × 2 = 8.
2. 18, 24 \uD 30 gB [ *..V. V
y:
24 18 30
2 12
2 9 2 15
2 6
3 3 3 5
2 3

*..V 18, 24, 30 = 6.
3. 156 \uD 124 gB [ *.E.\ V
y:
2 156, 124
2 78, 62
3 39, 31
13 13, 31
31 1, 31
1, 1
*.E.\ = 2 × 2 × 3 × 13 × 31 = 4836.
4. 62, 78 \uD 109n kzm xB 2,3 \uD 4n *]V V|zD *
Vm V [?
y:
5 60, 75, 105
(62 − 2), (78 − 3) (109 − 4) = 60, 75, 105
3 12, 15, 21
*..V = (60, 75, 105) *..V = 15.
4, 5, 7
gk, *..V = 3 × 5 = 15 gm 62, 78, 109n kzm
xB 2, 3, 4n *]BV V|zD t B  gzD.
5

5. _ suBV 175 g _D 245 sB_ _D 385 >

_D km^V. kV lKD V kVBV \ l_
J[ V _D km su sDAV. ]\V > ^
>k|D?  l_ c^ kV V _[ B V.
y:
5 175, 245, 385
7 35, 49, 77
5, 7, 11
*..V = 5 × 7 = 35.
6. 254 \uD 508 gB V_ kzzD Vm *]BV 4n >D tEB
 V.
y:
2 254, 508 Smallest number - LCM
Greatest number - HCF
2 127, 254
Remainder same in each case:
127 127, 127
Add remainder to the LCM
1, 1 (Smallest number)
*.E.\ = 4 × 127 = 508.
tEB  = 508 + 4 = 512.
7. 72 \uD 108 gB V_ BV kzB tEB 5   [?
y:
tEB n]  = 10,000
*.E.\ 72 \uD 108
2 72, 108
2 36, 54
3 18, 27
3 6, 9
2, 3
*.E.\ = 216.
1000n 216g_ kz>V_ ~ \uD *] 164. k, 216 [ |> \V,
216 × 47 = 10,152 [m 72 \uD 108 g_ BV kzB tEB 5 
 gzD.
6

8.  T_ V[z E^ c^. V 5 \z, _V ED

[V ozD. >[ [, x>_ EBVm kV 15 WtKD
Vkm EBVm kV 20 WtKD J[Vkm EBVm
kV 25 WtKD \uD V[Vkm EBVm kV 30
WtKD o[ M_, k *|D Vm [V ozD?
y:
5 15, 20, 25, 30
2 3, 4, 5, 6
3 3, 2, 5, 3
1, 2, 5, 1
*.E.\ = 5 × 2 × 3 × 2 × 5 = 300 Wt^

= 5 \ D
4 ED *|D V 10 \z [V ozD.
9.  [ *.E.\ 432 \uD ku[ *..V 36. {  108 M_ \uV
 [?
y:
 [ u[ = *..V $ *.E.\
432 × 36 = 108 × x
432 × 36
x =
108
x = 144.
10.  VV [ *.E.\ 50005. {  65 M_, \uV  [?

y:
 [ u[ = *..V $ *.E.\
5005 × 1 = 65 × x
5005
x = x = 77.
65
11. 45 \uD 75[ *..V

y:
5 45, 75
3 9, 15
3, 5
*..V = 15.
7

12.  |>|>  [ *..V

y:
*..V = 2, 4
2 2, 4 2 4, 6
1, 2 2, 3
*..V= 2.
13. 3 \uD 9 gB [ *.E.\ 9 M_, ku_ *..V
y:
3 3, 9
1, 3
*..V = 3.
14. 26, 39 \uD 52 gB [ *.E.\
y:
2 26, 39, 52
13 13, 39, 26
1, 3, 2
*.E.\ = 2 × 13 × 6 = 156.
15. 57 c[ > EB  V_, m 2, 3, 4 \uD 5g_ BV kz|D.
y:
*.E.\ 2, 3, 4, 5
2 2, 3, 4, 5
1, 3, 2, 5
*.E.\ = 2 × 3 × 10 = 60
>kBV  = 60 ⇒ 57 + 3 (3 n  k|D).
16. 154, 198 \uD 286 gB z *..V \uD *.E.\ V
y:
2 154, 198, 286
11 77, 99, 143
7, 9, 13
*.E.\ = 2 × 11 × 7 × 9 × 13 = 18018. *..V = 2 × 11 = 22.
8

17. xkm\V W|^ 80 o, 100 o \uD 120 o V^ c^
[_ Vo BV B V]][ ] V^ [?
y:
2 80, 100, 2 80, 100, 120
2 40, 50, 2 40, 50, 60
5 20, 25, 5 20, 25, 30
4, 5, 4, 5, 6
*..V = 2 × 2 × 5 = 20 o.
18. J[ Vzkm ]A_ c^ _ sz^ kV[D xB
40 sV_, 60 sV_ \uD 72 sV_ [. sz^
mD V 8 \z ]A_ [V > M_, *|D k
Vm [V D?
y:
2 40, 60, 72
2 20, 30, 36
2 10, 15, 18
3 5, 15, 9
5 5, 5, 3
1, 1, 3
*.E.\ = 2 × 2 × 2 × 15 × 3 = 360 sV^. (6 Wt^)
V 8.06 \z *|D [V D
19.  [ *.E.\ 210 \uD *..V 14 [^kV >  V^
V]B\VzD?
y:
*..V= 14; *.E.\ = 210
14a × 14b = 14 × 210
210 × 14
ab =
14 × 14
ab = 15.
15 n uV V ^ = (1, 15) (3, 5)
9

20.  [ *.E.\ gm *..Vs[ 6 \VzD. *..V 12 \uD {  36

M_, \uV  V.
y:
*.E.\ (a, b) = 6 *..V (a, b)
*.E.\ = 6 × 12, *.E.\ (a,b) = 72
72 × 12 = 36 × x
*.E.\ × *..V =  [ u[

72 × 12
x=
36
x = 24.
21. 8, 9 \uD 12 gB V_ kz|D tB 4   [?

y:
*.E.\ 8, 9, 12 138
3 8, 9, 12 72 9999
2 8, 3, 4 72
2 4, 3, 2 279
2, 3, 1 216
*.E.\ = 3 × 3 × 8 = 72. 639
tB 4   = 9999 ÷ 72 576
*] = 63. 63
∴ 9999 − 63 = 9936.
22. 1 * 20 .*, 3 * 60 .* \uD 4 *  V l[ 

BV  B[|D lu[ ] D [?
y:
(∴ 1 * = 100 .*)
2 120, 360, 400
1 * 20 .* = 120 .*
2 60, 180, 200
3 * 60 .* = 360 .*
2 30, 90, 100
4 * = 400 .*
5 15, 45, 50
3, 9, 10
*.E.\ = 2 × 2 × 2 × 5 = 40 .*
10

23.  [ *..V 2 \uD ku[ *.E.\ 154. s B c^
kV| 8 M_, ku[ |>_
y:
2a × 2b = 2 × 154 2a − 2b = 8
2 × 154 2(a − b) = 8
ab =
2×2 a − b = 4
ab = 77 a = 4 + b
(4 + b) b = 77
2
b + 4b − 77 = 0
b = 11, −7
2a, 2b, If b = 11; a = 15, If b = 7; a = 11

1. 2a + 2b = 22 + 30 = 52.
2. 2a + 2b = 14 + 22 = 36.
11
>tV| 

VD : A]\ \uD A^lB_
z] : *.E.\ & *.V.k
VA\
>tV|  BV >kVBD z1 x>_W \uD x>[\
>V VVo VE ]^, o] VzA^, \V] >
\[V^ ks_ >BV|^m. D\[V zAV VA\
>  >MV _m >MBV V > luE \B\V D\[V
FD xBuElV ~||>_ Vm. *V_ ]B VA\ ][ 
> mkVzD  >s|m. m xuKD V >z

gB,
A]\
*.E.\. & *.V.k (LCM & HCF)
1. 5>15>20>30 Mfpa vz;fspd; kP.ngh.k vd;d?

5 5, 15, 20, 30
31, 3, 4, 30
2 1, 1, 4, 30
1, 1, 2, 1

5 × 3 × 2 × 2 = 60
kP.rp.k vd;gJ nfhLf;fg;gl;l vz;fs; KOtJkhf (mjhtJ kPjpapd;wp) tFglf;$ba
kpff; Fiwe;j nghJthd klq;F nfhz;l vz;zhFk;.
2. 5> 15> 20> 30 Mfpa vz;fspd; kP.ngh.t vd;d?

5 5, 15, 20, 30
1, 3, 4, 6
nfhLf;fg;gl;l vz;fspd; kP.ngh.t = 5

kP.ng.t vd;gJ nfhLf;fg;gl;l midj;J vz;fspd; kpfg;nghpa nghJthd
tFj;jp.
3. ,U vz;fspd; HCF 12, me;j vz;fspd; LCM 180. xU vz; 36 vdpy;> kw;nwhU
vz; vJ?
HCF × LCM
kw;nwhU vz; =
xU vz;
12 × 180
=
36
= 60

A]\
4. ,U vz;fspd; HCF 99. me;j ,U vz;fs; 198>1386 MFk; vdpy; me;j ,U

vz;fspd; LCM vd;d?
LCM LCM= = ,U vz; fspd; ngUf; fw; gyd;
HCF
= 198 × 1386
99
= 2772
gpd;d vz;fSf;F HCF kw;Wk; LCM fhZjy;
1. nfhLf;fg;gl;l gpd;d vz;fspd; HCF

njhFjp vz; fspd; HCF
=
gFjp vz; fspd; LCM
2. nfhLf;fg;gl;l gpd;d vz;fspd; LCM
njhFjp vz; fspd; LCM
=
HCF
gFjp vz; fspd; HCM

5. nfhLf;fg;gl;l gpd;d vz;fspd; HCF If; fhz;f

8 22 10
, ,
18 81 27
njhFjp vz;fspd; HCF gFjp vz;fspd; LCM
318, 81, 27
2 8, 22, 10
3 6, 27, 9
4, 11, 5
3 2, 9, 3
2, 3, 1
HCF = 2 LCM = 3 × 3 × 3 × 2 × 3 = 162
1
vdNt nfhLf;fg;gl;l gpd;d vz;fspd; HCF =
81

A]\
6. nfhLf;fg;gl;l gpd;d vz;fspd; LCMIf; fhz;f

20 15 60
, ,
105 90 75
njhFjp vz;fspd; LCM gFjp vz;fspd; HCF
5 20, 15, 60
3 4, 3, 12 5 105, 90, 75
4 4, 1, 4 3 21, 18, 15
1, 1, 1 7, 6, 5

5 × 3 × 4 = 60 5 × 3 = 15
60
vdNt nfhLf;fg;gl;l gpd;d vz;fspd; LCM = =4
15
7. ,U vz;fspd; LCM MdJ me;j ,U vz;fspd; HCF Nghy; 5 klq;F mjpfk;.
NkYk; LCM IAk; HCF IAk; $l;bdhy; 300 fpilf;fpd;wJ. xU vz; 125
vd;why; kw;nwhU vz; vd;d?
LCM = 5HCF
LCM +HCF = 300
5HCF +HCF = 300
6HCF = 300
HCF = 50
∴ LCM = 5 × 50 = 250
LCM = 250
xU vz; x = 250
HCF × LCM
kw;nwhU vz; = =
kw; nwhU vz;
xU vz;
50 × 250
= = = 100
125

A]\
8. ehd;F fbfhuq;fs; kzp xypf;Fk; Neuq;fs; KiwNa 5 tpdhbfs;> 10 tpdhbfs;>

15 tpdhbfs;> 20 tpdhbfs;. ,e;j ehd;F fbfhuq;fSk; Nrh;e;J xNu Neuj;jpy;
vj;jid Kiw xU kzp Neuj;jpy; xypf;Fk;?
5 5, 10, 15, 20
2 1, 2, 3, 2
1, 1, 3, 2
LCM = 5 × 2 × 3 × 2 = 60
 ehd;F fbfhuq;fSk; xNu Neuj;jpy; xypf;f 60 tpdhbfs; Njit
 60 tpdhbfspy; 1 Kiw xypf;Fk;
 1 kzp Neuj;jpy; (60 × 60 tpdhbfs;) = 60 Kiwfs;
9. 290> 460 kw;Wk; 552 Mfpa vz;fis xU kpfg;nghpa vz; tFf;Fk;NghJ>

kPjpfs; KiwNa 4>5 kw;Wk; 6 fpilf;fpd;wJ. vdpy; me;j kpfg;nghpa tFf;Fk;
vz; vJ?
⇒ HCF of (290 – 4), (460 – 5), (552 – 6)
⇒ HCF of 286, 455, 546
13 286, 455, 546
22, 35, 42
kpfg;nghpa tFf;fk; vz; = 13
1. ve;j kPg;ngU vz;zhy; 3322 kw;Wk; 3832 vd;w vz;fis tFf;Fk; NghJ kPjp
7 fpilf;Fk;?
3 3 2 2 3 8 3 2
7 7
3 3 1 5 3 8 2 5

3315 kw;Wk; 3825 -f;F kP.ngh.t fhz;f

A]\
3315 3825
3315
510 3315
3060
255 510
510
0

kP.ng.t = 255
2. ,U vz;fspd; kPg;ngU nghJ fhuzp 12> kPr;rpW nghJ klq;F 144> xU vz;
36 vdpy; kw;nwhU vz;izf; fhz;f.
x × y = kP.ngh.t. × kP.ngh.t
36 × y = 12 × 44
y = 48
3. 3:4:5 vd;w tpfpjj;jpy; cs;s %d;W vz;fspd; kP.rp.k. 240 vdpy; ,tw;wpd;
kP.ngh.t. vd;d?
kP.rp.k = tpfpjq;fspd; kP.ngh.t × kP.ngh.t
240 = 60 × kP.ngh.t
4 = kP.ngh.t
4. ,U vz;fspd; kP.rp.k MdJ mtw;wpd; kP.ngh.t. tpd; 14 klq;fhFk;. kP.;rp.k

kw;Wk; kP.ngh.t tpd; $Ljy; 600 xU vz; 280 vdpy; kw;nwhU vz;zhdJ.
kP.ngh.k = 14 × kP.ngh.t ..................... (1)
kP.ngh.k + kP.ngh.t = ..................................... (2)
x = 280
rkd;ghL (1)> (2) ypUe;J
14 kP.ngh.t + kP.ngh.t = 600
15 kP.ngh.t = 600
kP.ngh.t = 14 × 40
= 560

A]\
x × y = kP.ngh.k × kP.ngh.t
280 × y = 560 × 40
y = 80
5. xNu ,lj;jpy; Jtf;fp xNu jpirapy;> A,B,C vd;gth;fs; nrt;tf tbt

G+q;fhit Rw;wp xLfpd;wdh;. xUKiw Rw;wp tu A 252 tpdhbfSk;> B 308, C
198 tpdhbfSk; vLj;Jf; nfhs;fpd;wdh;. Xlj; njhlq;fpa gpwF mNj Jtf;fg;
Gs;spapy; ,e;j %tUk; vj;jid tpdhbfSf;Fg; gpwF re;jpg;ghh;fs;?
2 252, 308, 198
LCM = 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 7 × 11
2 126,
154, 99 = 2772 tpdhb
3 63,
77, 99 = 46 epkplk; 12 tpdhb
7 7,77, 11
111, 11, 11
1, 1, 1
6. xU rhiyapy; cs;s Nghf;Ftuj;J rpf;dy; tpsf;F 40 tpdhbfSf;F xU

Kiw khWfpwJ. mLj;j re;jpg;gpy; cs;s Nghf;Ftuj;J rpf;dy; tpsf;F
32 tpdhbfSf;F xUKiw khWfpwJ. ,uz;Lk; xNu Neuj;jpy; khwpdhy;
kPz;Lk; mit ,uz;L xNu Neuj;jpy; khWtjw;F vLj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; fhyk;
vt;tsT?
2 40, 32 LCM = 160 tpdhb
2 20, 16
2 10, 8
5 5, 4
4 1, 4
1, 1

A]\
7. %d;W vz;fspy; tpfpjq;fs; 35:55:77 mtw;wpd; kPg;ngU nghJ fhuzp 24

vdpy; mt;ntz;fs; ahit?
tpfpjk; = 35 : 55 : 77 kP.ngh.t = 24
me;j vz;fs; = 35 × 24, 55 × 24, 77 ×24
= 840, 1320, 1848
2
8. , , , kP.ngh.t fhz;f
9 2
(1,5, 2, 4) kP.ngh.t 1
kP.ngh.t =
(3,6,9, 27) k.Prp.k 54
1
=
54
9. ,U vz;fspd; $l;Lj;njhif 20 kw;Wk; mtw;wpd; ngUf;Fj; njhif 96

vdpy; me;j ,U vz;fspd; kP.ngh.t. fhz;f.
tpfpjk; = 20
ngUf;Fj; njhif = 96
20, 96 Mfpa vz;fSf;F HCF fhz;f
4 20, 96
5, 24 HCF = 4
10. 2112 kw;Wk; 2792 Mfpa vz;fis ve;j kPg;ngU vz;zhy; tFj;jhy; kPjp 4
fpilf;Fk;?
2 1 1 2 2 7 9 2
4 4
2 1 0 8 2 7 8 8

2108> 2788 -f;F kP.ngh.t fhz;f
2108 2788
2108
680 2108
2040
68 680
680
0
kP.ng.t = 68

A]\
12. ve;j kpfr;rpwpa vz;iz 5 kw;Wk; 7My; tFf;Fk;NghJ kPjp KiwNa 4 kw;Wk;
6 fpilf;Fk;?
5 7
– 4 –6
kPjp = 1 1
LCM (5, 7) = 35.
me;j vz; = 35 – 1 = 34
13. 5 kzpfs; 2>4>6>8 kw;Wk; 10 tpdhbfs; ,ilntspapy; xypf;fpwJ. mit

xNu Neuj;jpy; xypf;fj; njhlq;fpdhy; 20 epkplj;jpy; vj;jid Kiw xd;whf
xypf;Fk;?
LCM = 120 tpdhb
= 2 epkplk;
2 epkplq;fSf;F xUKiw midj;J kzpfSk; xd;whf xypj;jhy; mLj;j 20
epkplq;fspy;>
20
= +1
2
= 10 + 1
= 11 Kiw xd;whf mbf;Fk;
14. ,uz;L igfspy; 144fpNyh> 192fpNyh msTila jhdpaq;fs; epug;gg;

gl;Ls;sJ. mitfs; xNu msTila rpwpa igfspy; epug;gg;gl Ntz;Lnkdpy;
me;jg; igapd; mjpfgl;r vil vd;d?
2 144, 192 HCF = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 = 48
2 72, 96
2 36, 48
2 18, 24
3 9, 12
3, 4

A]\
15. ,U vz;fspd; $l;Lj;njhif 187. NkYk; mtw;wpd; kP.ngh.t. 17. ,e;j

epge;jidiag; G+h;j;jp nra;af;$ba N[hbfspd; vz;zpf;if vj;jid?
$Ljy; = 187
kP.ngh.t = 17
$Ljy; = 187
me;j vz;fs; 17a, 17b
17a + 17b = 187
a + b = 11
a +b = 11 - f;F ,izg;gfh vz;fs; fhz;f
(1, 10)
(2, 9)
(3, 8)
(4, 7)
(5, 6)
nkhj;jk; = 5 N[hbfs;
16. ,U vz;fspd; kPr;rpW nghJ klq;F mjd; kPg;ngU nghJ fhuzpapd; 45

klq;F. xU vz; 125 Mf cs;sJ kw;Wk; kPr;rpW nghJ vz; 125 Mf cs;sJ
kw;Wk; kPr;rpW klq;F. kPg;ngU nghJ fhuzpapd; $Ljy; 1150 vd;W ,Ue;jhy;
kw;nwhU vz; vd;d?
LCM = 45 HCF .................... (1)
LCM + HCF = 1150 .................... (2)
xU vz; x = 125
rkd;ghL (1)> (2) ...ypUe;J
45 HCF + HCF = 1150
46 HCF = 1150
HCF = 25
LCM = 45 × 25 = 1125
x × y = HCF × LCM
kw;nwhU vz; y = 225

A]\
17. %d;W egh; xU tl;l tbt muq;fj;ij xNu ,lj;jpypUe;J xNu Neuj;jpy;
xNu jpirapy; elf;f Muk;gpf;fpwhh;fs;. Kjyhkhth; xU KOr;Rw;iw
120 tpdhbfspYk;> ,uz;lhkhth; 150 tpdhbfspyk;> %d;whkth; 80
tpdhbfspYk; epiwT nra;fpd;wdh;. mg;gbahdhy; %d;W NgUk; vt;tsT
Neuk; fopj;J Muk;gpj;j ,lj;jpy; re;jpj;Jf; nfhs;thh;fs;?
120, 150 kw;Wk; 80 Mfpa vz;fSf;F LCM vLf;f
LCM = 1200 tpdhb
LCM = 20min
%d;W NgUk; Muk;g ,lj;ij mila 20 epkplq;fs; MFk;.
18. ,U vz;fspd; kP.rp.k> kP.ng.t KiwNa 84k; 21-k; MFk;. me;j ,U vz;fSk;
1:4 vd;w tpfpjj;jpypUe;jhy; mtw;wpy; kpfg;nghpa vz;
LCM = 84, HCF = 21
tpfpjk; = 1:4
me;j vz;fs; = 1 × 21, 4 × 21
= 21, 84
nghpa vz; = 84
19. %d;W vz;fspd; kP.ng.t 12 MFk;. me;j vz;fs; 1 : 2 : 3 vd;w tpfpjj;jpy;

cs;sJ. me;j vz;fis LCM fhz;f.
LCM = 12, tpfpjk; = 1:2:3
LCM = tpfpjq;fspd; LCM × HCF
LCM = 6 ×12 = 72.
20. 138 kw;Wk; 182 Mfpa vz;fis ve;j kPg;ngU vz;zhy; tFj;jhy; kPjp 3
kw;Wk; 2 fpilf;Fk;.
1 3 8 1 8 2
3 2
1 3 5 1 8 0

HCF (135, 180) = 45
10
A]\
21. 204> 1190> 1445 -d; HCF fhz;f

1190 1445
1190
255 1190
1020
170 255
170
85 170
170
0

HCF (1190, 1445) = 85
85 204
170
34 85
68
17 34
34
0

HCF = (204, 1190, 1445) = 17

22. %d;W njhl;bfspy; jz;zPh; 135yp> 205yp> 165yp vd epug;gl;Ls;sJ. mjpf
gl;rkhf mstplg;gLk; me;jj; njhl;bfspd; nfhs;ssit fhz;f.
5 135, 205, 165
27, 41, 33
HCF = 5ypl;lh;
23. ,U vz;fs; 5:7 vd;w tpfpjj;jpy; cs;sd. me;j ,U vz;fspd; LCM140

vdpy; me;j vz;fspd; HCF-I fhz;f.
LCM = tpfpjq;fspd; LCM × HCF
140 = 35 × HCF
4 = HCF
11
A]\
24. kP.ngh.t. fhz;f. 889> 1651

889 1651
889
762 889
762
127 762
762

0
HCF = 127
25. kP.ngh.t. fhz;f 876> 1679

876 1679
876
803 876
803
73 803
803

HCF = 73 0
gapw;rp tpdhf;fs;
1. 15x4 y3 z5, 12x2 y7 z2 HCF fhz;f
HCF = 3x2 y3 z2
2. 7x2 y z4, 21x2 y5 z3 HCF fhz;f

HCF = 7x2 y z3
3. x2y, x3 y HCF fhz;f

HCF = x2 y
12
A]\
1. x3 y2, xyz LCM fhz;f

x3 y2, xyz
LCM = x3 y2 z
2. 3x2 y3 z, 4x3y3 LCM fhz;f

(3x2 y z, 4x3 y3)
LCM = 12x3 y3 z
4. am+1, am+2, am+3 LCM fhz;f

am+1, am+2, am+3
LCM = am+3
5. x2y + xy2, (x2 + xy) LCM fhz;f

x2y + xy2 = xy (x + y)
x2 + xy = x (x + y)
LCM = xy (x + y)
6. 3(a – 1), 2(a – 1)2, (a2 – 1) LCM fhz;f

= 3(a – 1)
2(a – 1) 2
= 2 (a – 1) (a – 1)
(a – 1) = (a + 1) (a – 1)
2
LCM = 6 (a – 1) 2 (a + 1)
7. ,U gy;YWg;Gf; Nfhitfspd; kP.ngh.t. kw;Wk; kP.ngh.k KiwNa x + 1 kw;Wk;

x6 – 1 NkYk;> xU gy;YWg;Gf; Nfhit x3 + 1 vdpy;> kw;nwhd;iwf; fhz;f.
x × y = HCF × LCM a6 – b3 = (a3 + b3) (a3 – b3)
(x3 + 1) × y = (x + 1) (x6 – 1)
( x + 1)(x 3 − 1)(x 3 + 1)
y =
( x 3 + 1)
y = (x + 1) (x3 – 1)
13
A]\
8. gpd;;tUk; xt;nthU N[hb gy;YWg;Gf; Nfhitfspd; kP.ngh.k. fhz;f.

x2 – 5x + 6, x2 + 4x – 12 ,tw;wpd; kP.ngh.t. x – 2.
x × y = HCF × LCM
(x2 – 5x + 6) + (x2 + 4x – 12) = (x – 2) × LCM
(x – 3) (x – 2) (x + 6) (x – 2) = (x – 2) × LCM
(x – 3) (x + 6) (x – 2) = LCM
•••
14
>tV| 

VD : 
z] : s>D \uD s> \D
VA\
>tV|  BV >kVBD z1 x>_W \uD x>[\
>V VVo VE ]^, o] VzA^, \V] >
\[V^ ks_ >BV|^m. D\[V zAV VA\
>  >MV _m >MBV V > luE \B\V D\
[V zA > klKD \] |kV, \ gD F]kV,
 > mkVzD  >s|m. m xuKD V

gB,
s>D \uD s> \D



 




▪▪ 
▪▪ 

▪▪  



▪▪ 

▪▪ 

(4 x 1000) : 400 = 4000 : 400 = 10 : 1 
▪▪ 
▪▪ 

(A/B,C/D)A : B : C : D

3


AC
B D 
A/B=
C/D → AD = BC 
s>D  | [ | s>\VzD

a c
s> \D  | s>^ \\V >V_ = s> \D |D.
b d
> ad = bc zVD.
a c
= ad = bc [m s>\M[ zz _ gzD.
b d
a \uD c - s> \ ]^
b \uD d - s> \[
1. s>\ s]B B[|], 3 : 2 \uD 30 : 20 gB s> \\V  gVF.

y:
3 : 2 :: 30 : 20
a : b :: c : d
a × d = b × c
3 × 20 = 2 × 30
60 = 60
3 : 2, 30 : 20 s>^ s> \]_ c^.
2. V, 5 z m  sBV| V^ suzD l_ kV

sDAV[.   (12 m^) m[ s `180 M_, V 5 m
kV k >V K> k|D?
y:
  m[ s = ` 180
180
1 ][ s = = ` 15
12
5 m[ s = 15 × 5 = ` 75.
4

3.  u 40 Wt_ 3 z^ t[V> B[|mm. | \

]_ > z^ t[V> m B[|mD?
y:
40 Wt]_ B[|> t[VD = 3 z^
54
 Wt]_ B[|> t[VD = z^
9
54
120 Wt]_ B[|> t[VD = 9
× 120 = 9 z^
2 \ ]_ u B[|]B t[V][  9 z^.

4. 3 mV_[ s `18 M_, 5 mV_[ s?
y:
3 mV_[ s = ` 18
54
1 mV_[ s = =`6
9
∴ 5 mV_[ s = ` 30.
5.   2 \ ]_ 20  V M_ > k]_ 8 \

]_ kV_ > ^  xD?
y:
20   gzD D = 2 \ D
1 \ ]_ zD [  = 10 ^
∴ 8 \ ]_ zD [  = 80 ^.
6. 15 VuVo[ s `7500. m V[ `12,000z > VuVo^ kV

BKD  V.
y:
15 VuVo[ s = ` 7,500
7500
1 VuVol[ s = = ` 500
15
12000
` 12,000z kV VuVo[  =
500
= 24 VuVo^
5

7.  \m 5 V^ (LPG) kVk B[|] 125 * >V m.

3  V^ B[|]V_ k >Vk zD?
y:
5 V^ kVk B[|] zD >V = 125 *
125
1 V^ kVk B[|] zD >V = = 25 *
5
∴ 3 V^ kVk B[|] zD >V = 25 × 3 = 75 *
8. Vw[ V k]_ m 6 * >Vk 1 \ ]_ V. >
k]_ k 20 Wt_ m zD >V k?
y:
 \ ]_ Vw[ > #D = 6 *
54
 Wt]_ Vw[ > #D = *
9
54
∴ 20 Wt]_ Vw[ > #D = × 20
9
= 2 *
9.  sV sV Vl_ Vx[ \uD s>V kwB BV s[

l[ s>D 10 : 11 Vl_ k^ \V>\V 84 A^^ u
M_, s>V u A^^ >?
y:
BV s[  = 10x : 11x
10x : 11x = 84
21x = 84
84
x = =4
21
∴ s>V u A^^ = 11x
= 11 × 4
= 44 A^^.
6

10. V\[ 9 {k_ 54 {D gE 11 {k_ 77 {D

|>V^ M_ BVB { s>D EVm? ( {s>D = {D ÷ {k )
y:
54
V\M[ { s>D = =6
9
77
gE-[ { s>D = =7
11
gE-[ { s>D EVm.

11. 7 : 5 [ s>^ x : 25, M_ ‘x’ n V
y:
7 : 5 :: x : 25
7 × 25
7 × 25 = 5x ⇒ =x
5
x = 25.
12. 3 : 5 :: : 20 13 : 5 : :: 10 : 8 :: 15 :
y: a : b :: c : d
3 × 20 = 5 × x y:
a×d=b×c 5 × 8 = 10x
60 = 5x 40 = 10x 10 × x = 8 × 15
x = 12 x=4 x = 12
s: 5 : 4 :: 10 : 8 :: 15 : 12
13. 24 [E_ 6 zw>z \\V m V|[. > V_

V|>V_ 18 zw>z >kBV [E_[  k?
y:
6 zw>^ m Vm = 24 [E_^ (6 × 3 = 18)
18 zw>^ m Vm = 24 × 3 [E_^ (24 × 3 = 72)
= 72 [E_^.
7

14. 15 [ \V>  50 VD M_, > B 2½ . l_ >
^ zD?
y:
15 [ \V>  = 50 VD
2500 VD ^ [  = 15 × 50
= 750 ^.
15. [A 2 V| A> `24-z kVV. k > ^ 9 V|
A> kV k D >k|D?
y:
2 V| A>[ s = ` 24
1 V| A>[ s = ` 12
9 V| A>[ s = 9 × 12
= ` 108.
16.  \m 90 .* #>  |mV^D D 2 \ 30 Wt^.

> \m 210 .* #>  |mV^D D k?
y:
90 .* #>  |mV^D D = 2 \ 30 Wt^
150 15
1 .* #>  |mV^D D = =
90 9
150 15
210 .* #>  |mV^D D == × 210 = 350 Wt^
90 9
350
=
60
= 5 \ 50 Wt^.
17. 8 g^[ s `56 M_ 12 g^[ s

y:
8 g^[ s = ` 56
56
1 g^ s = =`7
8
12 g^[ s = 7 × 12 = ` 84.
8

18. w^ W>  l[  3 ½ . M_, > ^ 6 [ ?
y:
7
w^ W>  l[  = .
2
7
6 l[  = ×6
2
= 21 .
19.  \m 60 .* #>  3 o V_ >k|m. > \m
200 .* #> [B, >kBV Vo[ ?
y:
60 .* #D = 3 o V_
3 1
10 .* #D = = o
6 2
3 1
10 .* #D == × 20
6 2
= 10 o
20. zVD >BVzD >VauVl_ c^ { B]D 600 V_ 5

\ ]_ WAm M_ sB]D, 3 \ ]_ WAD V_[
?
y:
5 \ ]_ WBm = 600 V_^
1 \ ]_ WBm = 120 V_^
3 \ ]_ WBm = 120 × 3
= 360 V_^.
21.  c s|]l[ 3gD >]_ >V^ swV uV| FB>m. 120
g^ 8 x t[# (Bz )l_ swV D ]uz [.
t[#, 12 x swV D ]uz [V_ > g^ z
[?
y:
8 x [ ^ = 120 
120
1 x [ ^ =
8
120
12 xz [ [  = × 12 = 180
8
9

22. 8* x^ D][ Wwo[ D 6*. > ]_, 30* Ww_ u|mD \uV
D][ D k?
y:
1km DD 2km DD
D][ D = 8 * D = ?
D][ Ww_ = 6 * Ww_ = 30
8 : 6 :: x : 30
6x = 8 × 30
6x = 240
x = 40 * D
23.  uV 738 > 6 \]_ xk m s|V M_,

k 9 \ ]_ > > V?
y:
6 \ ]_ uV >m = 738 >^
738
1 \ ]_ uV >m = = 123 >^
6

9 \ ]_ uV >m = 123 × 9
= 1107 >^
24.  * ml[ s `15 M_, 8 1/3* x^ ml[ s k?
y:
 * ml[ s = ` 15
 * ml[ s = ` 30
1 25
8 * x^ ml[ s = 30 ×
3 3
= ` 250.
25. k^ 10 V `180z kVzV. \V 8 V `96 z kVzV.
k_ BV zkV sz V kV? (zxB
B[|m)
y:
k^ kVB 10 V[ s = ` 180
 Vs[ s = ` 18
10

k^ kVB 8 V[ s = ` 96

 Vs[ s = ` 12
\V zkV sz V kVV^.
26. {  kVD 100 .*. >Vk  2 o V_ >k|m M_,
250 .* >Vk  >kBV V_ k? (z xB
B[|m)
y:
100 .* B >kBV V^ = 2 o V_
2
1 .* B >kBV V^ =
100
2
250 .* B >kBV V^ = × 250
100
= 5 o V_.
27. 280 ^  s\V]_ 2 x BD F[ M_, s\V]_ 1400
^ > x BD FBVD.
y:
280 : 2 :: 1400 : x
280x = 2 × 1400
2 × 1400
x =
280
x = 10. (1400 ^ 10 x BD FBVD)
28. 50 z MA >BV 3.  >k|m M_, 150 z
MA >BV >kBV l[  k?
y:
3 : 50 :: x : 150
50x = 3 × 150
3 × 150
x =
50
x = 9. (150 cz 9 V  >k)
11

29. 60 kBV^  ] _ cB u 7 V^ >k|m. 42

kBV^ > kB Fm x > V^ gzD?
y:
x1 y1 = x2 y2 (] s>D)
60 × 7 = 42 × x
60 × 7
x =
42
x = 10 V^. 42 kBV^ 10 V_ Fk.
30.   >Vl[ s `200. k>[ kD c^ ]_ 13 
kVV.  l[ s `260  ]>V_ kD c^ > km
> ^ kV xD?
y:
13 × 200 = x × 260
x = 10 ^
k]_ c^ ]_ 10  kVVD
31.  skVllD 144 kVmz 28 Vz >kBV c c^m.
k 32 kVm susV M_, kD c^ c *>x^ >
Vz Vm\V>V zD?
y:
144 − 32 = 112 kVm^
144 × 28 = 112 × x
144 × 28
x =
112
x = 36 V^
∴ kD c^ c 36 Vz Vm\V>V zD.
32. 7 . kVB][ s `84 M_ [kkku V.

y:
7 . kVB][ s = ` 84
84
1 . kVB][ s = = ` 12
7 180
i) `180z kV kVB][  = = `180-z 15. kVVD.
12
ii) 3 . kVB][ s = 3 × 12 = ` 36.
12

33. >t_k[ `5000n J[ \V>]uz x k_ tm kV.

k `1,50,000n t > kVzD?
y:
>t_k[ kV J[ \V>]uz x
k_ tzD >V = ` 5000
5000
1 \V>]uz k[ tA >V =
3
150000 × 3
` 1,50,000 n t gzD VD = = 90 \V>^.
5000
34. 6 w V_[ s ` 210 M_, 4 w V_[ s [?
y:
6 : 210 :: 4 : x
6x = 210 × 4
210 × 4
x =
6
x = 140.
4 w V_[ s = ` 140.
35. 105 V| A>[ s ` 2415. ` 1863 z > V| A>^
kVVD?
y: (s>D)
105 : 2415 :: x : 1863
105 × 1863 = 2415x

105 × 1863
x =
2415
x = 81.
` 1863z 81 V| A>^ kVVD.
13

36. 10 skVl^ 21 V^_ W> cm x[ M_, > W> 14

skVl^ > V^_ cm x?
y:
10 × 21 = 14 × x
10 × 21
x =
14
x = 15 V^.
= 21 − 15 = 6 V^.
> W> 14 skVl^ 6 V_ cm x.
37.  k^ WkV xVt_ 80 z >kBV c 60 V^z
Vm\V>V c^m. 10 V^z [, 20 ^ > xVt_ km
>V^ M_,  > V^z Vm\V>V zD?
y:
60 V_ 80 z Vm\V c = 80 × 60 = 4800
10 Vz 80 z Vm\V c = 10 × 80 = 800
*>x^ Vm\V c = 4800 − 800 = 4000
4000
20 ^ > xVt_ km >V__= = 40 V^
100
*>x^ V_ 100 z >kBV c = 40 + 10 = 50 V^
[ 60 − 50 = 10]
 10 Vz Vm\V>V zD.
14
>tV| 

VD : A]\ \uD A^lB_
z] : s>D \uD s>VVD
VA\
>tV|  BV >kVBD z1 x>_W \uD x>[\
>V VVo VE ]^, o] VzA^, \V] >
\[V^ ks_ >BV|^m. D\[V zAV VA\
>  >MV _m >MBV V > luE \B\V D\[V
FD xBuElV ~||>_ Vm. *V_ ]B VA\ ][ 
> mkVzD  >s|m. m xuKD V >z

gB,
A]\
s>D \uD s>VVD
1. 9 khjj;jpw;Fk; > 1 tUlj;jpw;Fk; ,ilNaahd tpfpjj;ijf; fhz;f

1 tUlk; = 12 khjq;fs;
9 khjj;jpw;Fk; 12 khjj;jpw;Fk; ,ilNaahd tpfpjk; = 9:12
9
9:12 vd;gjid vd vOjyhk;
12
9÷3 3
= =
12 ÷ 3 4
= 3:4

2. 60 khzth;fs; nfhz;l xU tFg;gpy;> khzt> khztpfSf;F ,ilNaahd
tpfpjk; 2:1 vdpy; mt;tFg;gpy; khzt> khztpfspd; vz;zpf;if ahJ?
nkhj;j khzth;fs; = 60
khzt > khztpfSf;fpilNaahd cs;s tpfpjk; = 2 :1
nkhj;j gFjp = 2 + 1 = 3
khzth;fspd; vz;zpf;if = 60,y; 2/3 gq;F
2
= × 60 = 40
3
khzth;fspd; vz;zpf;if = 40
khztpfspd; vz;zpf;if = nkhj;j khzth;fs; - khzth;fspd; vz;zpf;if
= 60 − 40
= 20
3. 24 kP ePsKs;s xU hpg;gd; 3:2:7 vd;w tpfpjj;jpy; 3 Jz;Lfshf ntl;lg;gLfpwJ.
vdpy; xt;nthU Jz;bd; ePsk; vd;d?
Hpg;gdpd; ePsk; = 24 kP
%d;W Jz;Lfspd; tpfpjq;fs; = 3 : 2 : 7

A]\
nkhj;j gFjpfs; = 3 + 2 + 7 = 12
3
Kjy; Jz;bd; ePsk; = × 24 = 6 kP
12
22
,uz;lhk; Jz;bd; ePsk; = ××24
24==14
14kPkP
1212
7
%d;whk; Jz;bd; ePsk; = × 24 = 14 kP
12
Hpg;gdpd; %d;W Jz;Lfspd; ePsq;fs; 6kP> 4kP> 14 kP MFk;.
4. xU tFg;gpy; cs;s khzt khztpfspd; tpfpjk; 4 : 5 khzth;fspd;

vz;zpf;if 20 vdpy;> khztpfspd; vz;zpf;if vd;d?
khzt> khztpfspd; tpfpjk; 4 : 5
khzth;fspd; vz;zpf;if = 20
khztfspd; vz;zpf;if = vd;f
khzt> khztpfspd; vz;zpf;ifapd; tpfpjk; 20 : x
4 : 5, 20 : x ,uz;Lk; khzt> khztpfisNa Fwpf;fpwJ.
vdNt 4 : 5 :: 20 : x
<w;nwz;fspd; ngUf;Fj;njhif = 4 × x
,il vz;fspd; ngUf;Fj;njhif = 5 × 20
tpfpj rkj;jpy;> <w;iw
vz;fspd; ngUf;Fj;njhif = ,il vz;fspd;
ngUf;Fj;njhif
4 × x = 5 × 20
5 × 20
x =
4
= 25
khztpfspd; vz;zpf;if = 25

A]\
5. A:B = 4:6 , B:C = 18: 5 vdpy; A:B:C apd; tpfpjj;ijf; fhz;f.

A:B = 4:6
%d;W tpfpjq;fis xg;gpl Kjy; tpfpjj;jpd;
B:C = 18:5
,uz;lhtJ cWg;igAk; (gpd; epfo; cWg;G)>
6,18 d; kP.rp.k = 18
,uz;lhk; tpfpjj;jpd; Kjy; cWg;igAk;
A:B = 12 : 18
(Kd; epfo; cWg;G) rkkhf;f Ntz;Lk;.
B:C = 18:5
A:B:C = 12:18:5
6. 16 ngd;rpy;fspd; tpiy 48 vdpy;> 4 ngd;rpy;fspd; tpiyiaf; fhz;f.

4 ngd;rpy;fspd; tpiyia a vdf; nfhs;Nthk;
ngd;rpy;fspd; vz;zpf;if tpiy
x y
16 48
4 a
ngd;rpy;fspd; vz;zpf;if Fiwe;jhy; (↓)> mjd; tpiyAk; FiwAk; (↓) vdNt
,e;j ,U msTk; Neh; khwypy; cs;sd.
x
Neh;khwypy;> = khwpyp vd;gJ ehk; mwpe;jNj
y
16 4
=
48 a
16 × a = 48 × 4
48 × 4
a= = 12
16
ehd;F ngd;rpy;fspd; tpiy = 12
7. xU kfpOe;J 360 fpNyh kPll

; h; J}uj;ij 4 kzp Neuj;jpy; flf;fpd;wJ. mNj
Ntfj;jpy; kpfOe;J nry;Yk; nghOJ> 6 kzp 30 epkplq;fspy; vt;tsT
J}uj;ijf; flf;Fk;.
1
6 kzp Neuj;jpy; fle;j J}uj;ij a vd;W Fwpg;gpLNthk;
2
Neuk; (kzp) gazpj;jNeuk; (fp.kP)
x y
4 360
1
6 a
2

A]\
gaz Neuk; mjpfhpj;jhy; (↑)> gazpj;j J}uKk; mjpfhpf;Fk; (↑) vdNt ,J Neh;khwy;
x
Neh;khwypy;> = khwpyp
y
4 6 12
=
360 a
1
4 × a = 360 × 6
2
13
4 × a = 360 ×
2
a = 585
1
6 kzp Neuj;jpy; gazpj;j J}uk; = 585 fp.kP
2
8. 7 Ml;fs; xU Ntiyia 52 ehl;fspy; nra;J Kbf;fpd;wdh;. mNj Ntiyia

13 Ml;fs; vj;jid ehl;fspy; nra;J Kbg;ghh;fs;?
fz;Lgpbf;f Ntz;ba ehl;fspd; vz;zpf;if a vd;W Fwpg;gpLNthk;.
Ml;fspd; vz;zpf;if ehl;fspd; vz;zpf;if
x y
7 52
13 a
Ml;fspd; vz;zpf;if mjpfhpf;Fk; (↑)> ehl;fspd; vz;zpf;if FiwAk; (↑) vdNt
,J vjph;khwy;.
vjph;;khwypy;> x y = khwpyp
7 × 52 = 13 × a
7 × 52
a =
13
a = 28
vdNt> 13 Ml;fs; ,e;j Ntiyia 28 ehl;fspy; Kbg;ghh;fs;

A]\
9. xt;nthU gf;fj;jpYk; 35 thpfisf; nfhz;l Gj;jfj;jpd; nkhj;j gf;fq;fs;

120. mNj nra;jp xt;nthU gf;fj;jpYk; 24 thpfshf ,Ue;jhy;> Gj;jfj;jpd;
nkhj;j gf;fq;fs; vt;tsthf ,Uf;Fk;?
fz;Lgpbf;f Ntz;ba gf;fq;fspd; vz;zpf;ifia a vd;W Fwpg;gpLNthk;
xt;nthU gf;fj;jpYk; cs;s nkhj;j gf;fq;fspd;
thpfspd; vz;zpf;if vz;zpf;if
35 120
24 a
xU gf;fj;jpy;; thpfspd; vz;zpf;if FiwAk; (↓)> vz;zpf;if FiwAk; (↓)
vdNt nghOJ Gj;jfj;jpy; gf;fq;fspd; vz;zpf;if mjpfhpf;fpwJ ↑ vdNt ,J
vjph;khwy;
vjph;;khwypy;> x y = khwpyp
3 × 120 = a × 24
35 × 120
a =
24
a = 35× 5
a = 175
xU gf;fj;jpy; 24 thpfs; ,Uf;Fk; nghOJ Gj;jfj;jpd; nkhj;j gf;fq;fspd;
vz;zpf;if = 175
10. a : b = 5 : 9 kw;Wk; b : C = 4 : 7 vdpy; a : b : C fhz;f.

jPh;T
a : b : c
5 : 9 : 9
4 : 4 : 7
a : b : c = 20 : 36 : 63

A]\
12. a : b = 5 : 7 kw;Wk; b : c = 6:11 vdpy; a : b : c fhz;f:

jPh;T
a : b : c
5 : 7 : 7
6 : 6 : 11
a : b : c = 30 : 42 : 77
13. a : b = 3 : 4 kw;Wk; b : c = 8:9 vdpy; a : c fhz;f:

jPh;T
a : b : c a : b : c
3 : 4 : 4 24 : 32 : 36
8 : 8 : 9 a : c = 24 : 36
24 : 32 : 36 a:c=2:3
14. A : B = 2 : 3, B : C = 4 : 5, C : D = 6 : 7 vdpy; A : B : C : D fhz;f:

jPh;T
A : B : C : D
2 : 3 : 3 : 3
4 : 4 : 5 : 5
6 : 6 : 6 : 7
48 : 72 : 90 : 105

A : B : C : D = 16 : 24 : 30 : 35
15. A : B = 8 : 15, B : C = 5 : 8, kw;Wk; C : D = 4 : 5 vdpy; A : D - d; kjpg;G fhz;f:

jPh;T
A : B : C : D A : D
8 : 15 : 15 : 15 160 : 600
5 : 5 : 8 : 8 4 : 15 = A : D
4 : 4 : 4 : 5
160 : 300 : 480 : 600

A]\

16. a = , b = , c = vdpy; a : b : c fhz;f:
4
jPh;T
A : B : C
1 1 1
: :
3 2 4
gFjpapy; ,Uf;Fk; vz;fSf;F (3> 2> 4) LCM fhz;f
2 3, 2, 4
3,1, 2

6 × 2 = 12
1 1 1
× 12 : × 12 : × 12
3 2 4
4 : 6 : 3
16. 2A = 3B = 4C vdpy; A : B : C fhz;f:
jPh;T
2 1
A: A : A
3 2
2
B = A
3
2A 1
C = = A
4 2
2 1
1 : :
3 2
3 , 2 kP.rp.k = 6
A:B:C =6:4:3

A]\
a+b+c
17. a = b = c vdpy; kjpg;G fhz;f:
4 7 c
jPh;T
a b c
= = ⇒ a = 3, b = 4, c = 7
3 4 7
a + b + c 3 + 4 + 7 14
= = =2
c 7 7
18. x : y = 3 : 4 vdpy; (4x + 5y) : (5x – 2y) fhz;f:

jPh;T
x = 3, y = 4 vd gpujpapl
(4(3) + 5(4)) : (5(3) – 2(4))

(12 + 20) : (15 – 8)
32 : 7
19. (2 : 3), (3 : 4), (4 : 5) (5 : 6) $l;L

; tpfpjk; fhz;f:
jPh;T
2 3 4 5 2 1
× × × = = = 1:3
3 4 5 6 6 3
20. (2 : 3), (6 : 11) kw;Wk; (11 : 2) $l;L

; tpfpjk; fhz;f:
jPh;T
2 6 11 2
× × = = 2 :1
3 11 2 1

A]\
21. 0.08 kw;Wk; 0.18 Mfpatw;wpw;F ,ilNaAs;s ruhrhp tpfpjk; fhz;f:

jPh;T
= 0.08 × 0.18
8 18
= ×
100 100
144
=
100 × 100
12
=
100
= 0.12
22. 4, 9, 12 Mfpatw;wpd; ehd;fhtJ tpfpjk; fhz;f:

jPh;T
4 : 9 : 12 : x
4 12
=
9 x
4x = 12 × 9
x = 27
23. 5, 8, 15 Mfpatw;wpd; ehd;fhtJ tpfpjk; fhz;f:

jPh;T
5 : 8 : 15 : x
5 15
=
8 x
5x = 8 × 15
x = 24

A]\
24. 16, 36 Mfpatw;wpd; %d;whtJ tpfpjk; fhz;f:

jPh;T
16 : 36 : 36 : x
16 36
=
36 x
16x = 36 × 36
x = 81
25. 0.36 kw;Wk; 0.48 Mfpatw;wpd; %d;whtJ tpfpjk; fhz;f:

jPh;T
0.36 : 0.48 : 0.48 : x
0.36 0.48
=
0.48 x
x = 0.64
26. (x2 − y2) kw;Wk; (x − y) Mfpatw;wpd; %d;whtJ tpfpjk; fhz;f:

jPh;T
(x2 – y2) : (x – y) : (x – y) : x
x2 − y 2 x − y
=
(x − y) x
( x − y )( x − y )
x=
( x − y )( x + y )
x− y
x=
x+ y
27. 3 : 4 vd;gjd; ,Ugb tpfpjk; fhz;f:
jPh;T
3 : 4 = 32 : 42
= 9 : 16
10
A]\
28. 5 : 6 vd;gjd; Kg;gb tpfpjk; fhz;f:

jPh;T
5 : 6 = 53 : 63
= 125 : 216
29. 49 : 25 vd;gjd; th;ff

; %yk; fhz;f:
jPh;T
49 : 6 = 49 : 25
= 7 : 5
30. 343 : 512 vd;gjd; fz%yk; fhz;f:

jPh;T
343 : 512 = 3
343 : 3
512
= 7 : 8
11
>tV| 

VD : 
z] : 
VA\
>tV|  BV >kVBD z1 x>_W \uD x>[\
>V VVo VE ]^, o] VzA^, \V] >
\[V^ ks_ >BV|^m. D\[V zAV VA\
>  >MV _m >MBV V > luE \B\V D\
[V zA > klKD \] |kV, \ gD F]kV,
 > mkVzD  >s|m. m xuKD V

gB,
  



 





1. >Mk
PNR
_ () \V> >Vl[ l_, SI =
100
1. \_ { guz 7% k T>]_ `3000 tV. {V| xs_ k D
>MkBD, >VBD V.
y:
_ (P) = ` 3,000; g| (N) = 1; k T>D (r) = 7%
>M k (I)
Pnr
SI =
100
3000 × 1 × 7
=
100
SI = Rs. 210.
>V = P + I ⇒ = 3000 + 210

>V = Rs. 3,210.
3

2. V]V guz 11% k T>]_ `5000 n 2 g|z x>| F[V.

VD g[ xs_ k D >M kBD >VBD V.
y:
P = 5000; n = 2; r = 11
Pnr
SI =
100
5000 × 2 × 11
=
100
SI = 1100.
>V = P + I ⇒ = 5000 + 1100

>V = Rs. 6,100.
3. `7500z 8% kT>D  kD 6 \V>V >MkBD >VBD
V.
y:
6 1 3
P = 7500; r = 8%; n=1 = 1 =
12 2 2
Pnr
SI =
100
3
7500 × ×8 12 \V>^ = 1kD
= 2
100
6
7500 × 3 × 8 6 \V>^ = kD
= 12
2 × 100
3
SI = 900. 3 \V>^ = kD
12
>V = P + I 1
= kD
= 7500 + 900 4
>V = Rs. 8,400.
4

4. `6750z 219 Vz 10% k T>D >MkBD, >VBD V.

y:
219 3
P = 6750; r = 10%; n = 219 V^^= =
365 5
Pnr
SI = 365 V^^ = 1 kD
100
219 3
6750 × 3 × 10 219 V^^ = ,⇒=
= 365 5
5 × 100
SI = 405. 73 1
73 V^^ = ,⇒=
365 5
A = P + I ⇒ = 6750 + 405
A = Rs. 7,155.
5. guz 10% T>D k >D  kl_ Vi `10,000 kA W]BV
K]V. >VB 2 g| 3 \V>z z k ]D V.
k u kB V.
y:
3 1 9
P = 10000; r = 10%; n= 2 = 2 =
12 4 4
Pnr
SI =
100
10000 × 9 × 10
=
4 × 100
SI = Rs. 2,250.
6. `2,500 n 13% g k T>D kA W]BV K]V_, 146 V_ D
>VB V.
y:
146 2
P = 2500; r = 13%; n = 146 V^^ = =
365 5
5

 2 73 Multiples
Pnr  nr  2
A = P  1 +  73 × 2 = 146 =
SI =  100 
100 5
2500 × 2 × 13  2 × 13  3
= = 2500  1 +  73 × 3 = 219 =
 5 × 100  5
5 × 100
SI = 130.  2 × 13  4
= 2500 + 2500  73 × 4 = 292 =
 500  5
A = P + I
= 2500 + (5 × 2 × 13) 73 × 5 = 365 = 1 year
= 2500 + 130
A = Rs. 2,630. = 2500 + 130
A = Rs. 2,630.
7. Vz_ 762006 [ `4,000n V u > 1982006 [ ]D
K]V. 5% T>D k V_ k K]B >V k?
y:
P = 4000; r = 5%;
n = [ = 24 V^^ (30 − 6) 30 days: April, June, Sep, Nov.
 = 31 V^^ Remaining all: 31 days except Feb.
g| = 18 V^^
\V>D = 73 V^^
73 1
= n=
365 5
 nr 
A = P  1 + 
 100 
 1×5 
= 4000  1 + 
 5 × 100 
 1 
= 4000 ×  1 + 
100 
 101 
= 4000 ×  ∴ A = Rs. 4,040.
 100 
6

8. `12,000z 9% g| kT>D 21 \ 1999om 2 g| 1999 k zD

>MkBD, >VBD V.
y:
P = 12000; r = 9%;
n=\ = 11 V^^ (31 − 20) 30 days: April, June, Sep, Nov.
[ = 30 V^^ Remaining all: 31 days except Feb.
 = 31 V^^
g| = 1 V^^
\V>D = 73 V^^
73 1
n= =
365 5
Pnr
SI =
100
12000 × 9 × 1
=
5 × 100
SI = Rs. 216.
A = P + I ⇒ = 12000 + 216
A = Rs. 12,216.
9. `7,000 Kz 16 \V>_ `1,680 >Mk >V_, k T>> |..

y:
16 4
P = 7000; SI = 1680; n = 16 \V>^ = ; r=?
12 3
Pnr
SI =
100
S.I × 100 1680 × 100
r = ⇒=
P×n 4
7000 ×
3
1680 × 100 × 3
=
7000 × 4
r = 18%.
7

10. sF `10,000 n 5% k T>]_ kA W]BV KmV. > g|_
`11,000 n k kV?
y:
P = 10000; r = 5%; A = 11000
A = P + I
SI = A − P ⇒ = 11000 − 10000
SI = 1000.
Pnr
SI =
100
S.I × 100 1000 × 100
n = ⇒=
P×r 10000 × 5
n = 2 g|^.
11.  z Vm 8% kT>]_ > g|_ J[ \VzD 

V?
y:
 P  |m V^kVD = 3P; r = 8%;
>V = P + SI
SI = A − P ⇒ = 3P − P
SI = 2P
S.I × 100 2P × 100

n = ⇒=
P×r P×8
n = 25 g|^.
12.  z >VBVm 8% kT>]_ 5 g|_ `10,080 gm. 

V.
y:
A = 10080; r = 5%; n=5
  nr
>V = P  1 + 
100 
 5 × 8
= P1 +
10080 
 100 
8

 40   2
= P1 +
10080  ⇒ = P  1 + 
 100 5
 7
= P 
10080
 5
10080 × 5
P =
7
P = Rs. 7,200.
13.  z Vm 6 g|_ `8,880 gD 4 g|_ `7,920 gD

\Vm M_ _ \uD kT>> V.
y:
6 g| xs_ >V = _ + 6 k k
8880 = P + I6 → (1)
4 g| xs_ >V = _ + 4 k k

7920 = P + I4 → (2)
(1) − (2) 2 g| xs_ k I2 = 8880 − 7920

= 960.
960
1 g| xs_ k = = 480
2
I = 480.
4 g| xs_ k I4 = 480 × 4

I4 = 1920
P + I4 = 7920
P = 7920 − 1920
P = Rs. 6,000.
S.I × 100 1920 × 100
r = ⇒=
P×n 6000 × 4
r = 8%.
9

14. `5,000 z 10% k T>]_ 5 g|_ |D >MkBD >VBD

V.
y:
P = 5000; r = 10%; n=5
5000 × 5 × 10
SI = ⇒ SI = 2500
100
A = P + I ⇒ = ` 7,500.
15. `1,200z 12½% k T>]_ 3 g|_ |D >MkBD >VBD

V.
y:
25
P = 1200; r= %; n=3
2
1200 × 3 × 25
SI = ⇒ SI = 450
2 × 100
A = P + I ⇒ = 1200 + 450
A = ` 1,650.
16. BV `6,000n  kl_ K] 5 g|_ xs_ `7,500n uV M_,
kT>> V.
y:
P = 6000; A = 7500; n = 5
SI = A − P ⇒ = 7500 − 6000
SI = 1500
S.I × 100 1500 × 100
r = ⇒=
P×n 6000 × 5
r = 5%.
17. 10% k k T>]_ 2½ g|_ `250 kBV >D _ >VB
V.
y:
5
SI = 250; r = 10%; n=
2
S.I × 100
P =
n×r
10

250 × 100 × 2
=
10 × 5
P = Rs. 1,000.
18. > g|_ 8% kT>]_ `5,000 \Vm `5,800 g \VD?

y:
P = 5000; A = 5800%; r = 8%;
SI = A − P ⇒ = 5800 − 5000 ⇒ SI = 800
S.I × 100 800 × 100
n = =
P×r 5000 × 8
n = 2 g|^
19.  >VBVm 10 g|_ A gm. k T>> V.

y:
P,  = 2P; n = 8 g|^
SI = P ⇒ A − P ⇒ 2P − P = P
S.I × 100 P × 100
r = = ∴ r = 10%.
P×n P × 10
20.  >VBVm 2½ g| k T>]_  z g|_ Vm.

g|[ B V.
y:
25
P,  = 2P; r= %;
2
SI = P ⇒ A − P ⇒ 2P − P = P
S.I × 100 P × 100 × 2
n = =
P×r P × 25
n = 8 g|^.
11

21.  z >VBVm 6% k T>]_ 3 g|_ `6,372 gm M_

 V.
y:
A = 6372; r = 6%; n=3
 nr 
A = P  1 + 
 100 
 18   9
6372 = P  1 +
  = P  1 + 
100  50
 59 
6372 = P  
 50 
6372 × 50
P == ` 5400.
59
22.  z >VBVm 3 g|_ `6,500 gD 1½ g|_ `5,750
gD \Vm. _ \uD k T>> V.
y:
 P + 
6500 = P + I3 → (1)
1½ P + 1½
5750 = P + I 3 2 → (2)
(1) − (2)
1½  I 3 2 = 6500 − 5750
I 3 2 = 750.
2
1  = 750 × = 500
3
I = 500. (I3 = 500 × 3 = 1500)
P + I3 = 6500
P = 6500 − 1500
P = Rs. 5,000.
S.I × 100 1500 × 100
r = ⇒=
P×n 5000 × 3
r = 10%.
12

23. `3,600z 15% kT>]_ 3 g|^ 9 \V>]_ |D >M kBD,

>VBD V.
y:
9 3 15
P = 3600; r = 15%; n = 3 g|^ \V>^, = 3 =
12 4 4
3600 × 15 × 15
SI =
4 × 100
SI = 2025.
A = P + I ⇒ = 3600 + 2025
A = ` 5,625.
24. 16% k T>]_ 3½ g|_ `2,080 kBV >D _ >VB V.
y:
13
SI = 2080; r = 16%; n=
4
S.I × 100 × 4
P =
16 × 13
2080 × 100
=
4 × 13
P = ` 4,000.
13
|k
______









 

C.I.(Compound Interest)











14








▪▪ 
▪▪ 
2
 r 
C.I − S.I = P 
 100 
▪▪ 
2
 r   r 
C.I − S.I = P    3+ 
 100   100 
1. |k
_ \uD kl[ l_,
CI = A − P
n
 r 
A =  1 + 
 100 
kV g[ xs_, kBVm K[ |D.

BVuV |k:
2n
 1 r 
A = P 1 +  
 2  100  
VVuV |k:
4n
 1 r 
A = P 1 +  
 4  100  
15

1. VDV_ [k `8,000n, 15% | k >D  W] Wk]_ x>| F>V
M_, J[ g|_ kz [ |>_ >V zD? \KD kz
zD k >V [?
y:
P = 8000; n = 3; r = 15%
CI = A − P
n
r 
>V = P  1 + 
 100 
3 3
15   3
= 8000  1 +  = 8000  1 + 
 100   20 
3
 23 
= 8000  
 20 
23 23 23
= 8000 × × ×
20 20 20
A = 12167
CI = 12167 − 8000
CI = ` 4,167.
2. `15,625z g| k 8% T>D M_, 3 g|z  k VD.

y:
P = 15, 625; n = 3; r = 8
n
 r 
A = P  1 + 
 100 
3
 8   2
= 15625  1 +  = 15625  1 + 
 100  25
27 27 27
= 15625 × × ×
25 25 25
A = 19683
CI = 19683 − 15625
CI = ` 4,058.
16

3.  g|z x k K[ V_ `8,000z g| kT>D

10% T>, 18 \V>z | k VD.
y:
18 3
P = 1000; r = 10%; n = 18 \V>^, = g|^
12 2
2n
18 \V>^ ]l_ = P 1 + 1  r  

2  100 
 
3 3
2×
 1
= 1000 1 + 1  10  
2
= 1000  1 + 
 2  100    20 
21 21 21
= 1000 × × ×
20 20 20
A = 1157.63
CI = A − P ⇒ CI = 1157.63 − 1000
CI = ` 157.63.
1
4. `20,000z 15% g| k T>]uz 2 g|z | kB V.
3
y:
1
P = 20000; r = 15%; n = 2 g|^.
3
2
1 r   1 r 
2 g|^ ]l_ |>V, A = P  1 +  1 +  
3  100   3 100  
2
 15   1  15  
A = 20000  1 +   1+  
 100   3  100  
2
 3  1
= 20000  1 +   1 + 
 20   20 
23 23 21
= 20000 × × ×
20 20 20
A = 27772.50
CI = A − P ⇒ CI = 27772.50 − 20000
CI = ` 7,772.50.
17

5. `640 gm | g|_ |>V `774.40 gzD. |k T>D

V. (k guz x K[ [m)
y:
P = 640; A = 774.40; n = 2 g|^; r = ?
n
 r 
A = P  1 + 
 100 
2
 r 
774.40
= 640  1 + 
 100 
2
774.40  r 
= 1 + 
640  100 
2
77440  r 
= 1 + 
64000  100 
2
121  r 
=  1 + 
100 100 
2 2
 11   r 
  =  1 + 
 10  100 
11 r
= 1 +
10 100
r 11 1
= − 1, ⇒
100 10 10
100
r = ∴ r = 10%.
10
6. `1600 gm 5% g| | k T>D V| > g|_ `1852.50
gzD?
y:
P = 1600; A = 1852.20; r = 5%; n = ?
n
 r 
A = P  1 + 
 100 
n
 5 
1852.20 = 1600  1 + 
 100 
n n
185220  21  9261  21 
=   ⇒ =  
160000  20  8000  20 
18

n
21
3
 21 
  =  
 20   20 
n = 3 g|^.
7. `8000z 10% kT>D M_ | g|_ zD | kzD >M
kzD c^ s]BV> V.
y:
P = 8000; r = 10%; n = 2
| g|_ zD | kzD >M kzD c^ s]BVD
2
 r 
= P 
 100 
2
 10 
= 8000 
 100 
1 1
= 8000 × × s]BVD = ` 80.
10 10
8. [kkkuz |>D, |kD VD.
y:
i) P = 1000; r = 5%; n = 3
n
 r  5 
3
A = P  1 +  ⇒ = 1000  1 + 
 100   100 
21 21 21
= 1000 × × ×
20 20 20
A = 1157.63
CI = A − P ⇒ CI = 1157.63 − 1000
CI = ` 157.63.
ii) P = 4000; r = 10%; n = 2

n 2
 r   10 
A = P  1 +  ⇒ = 4000  1 + 
 100   100 
11 11
= 4000 × ×
10 10
A = 4840
19

CI = A − P ⇒ CI = 4840 − 4000
CI = ` 840.
iii) P = 18000; r = 10%; n = 2½

2
 r   1 r 
A =  1 +   1+  
 100   2  100  
2
10   1  10  
= 18000  1 +  1 +  
 100   2 100  
11 11 21
= 18000 × × ×
10 10 20
A = 22869
CI = A − P ⇒ CI = 22869 − 18000
CI = ` 4,869.
9. >V `8000n LD 2½ | k T>]_ 2 g|z [ kVV.

>V Luz > kB k k?
y:
25
P = 8000; r = ; n=2
2
n
 r 
A = P  1 + 
 100 
2
 25 
= 8000  1 +
 2 ( 100 ) 
2
 1
= 8000  1 + 
 8
9 9
= 8000 × ×
8 8
A = 10125
CI = A − P ⇒ CI = 10125 − 8000
CI = ` 2,125.
20

10. \BV `80,000n  sBVV]_ x>| F>V. >uz 5% g|z x

k zD xl_ | k zD M_ (i) VD g| xs_ k
B_ k zD (ii) J[VD g| k [?
y:
P = 8000; r = 5%;
i) VD g| xs_ zD >V
n
 r 
A = P  1 + 
 100 
2
 5 
= 80000  1 + 
 100 
21 21
= 80000 × ×
20 20
A = 88200.
ii)
J[VD g| k
; P = 88,200 (); r = 5%; n = 1
Pnr 88200 × 5
SI = =
100 100
k = ` 4,410.
11. BVuz x k |D xl_ `24,000z gV[z 10%
kT>D 1½ g|_ zD |k k?
y:
3
P = 24000; r = 10%; n = 1½ g| =
2
2n
 r 
A = P  1 +
 2 ( 100 ) 
3
2
10 
= 24000  1 +
2
 
200 
3
 21 
= 24000  
 20 
21 21 21
= 24000 × × × A = 27783
20 20 20
21

CI = A − P ⇒ CI = 27783 − 24000
CI = ` 3,783.
12. BVuz x k |Dxl_ ]Vs `8192 n, 18 \V>z, 12½%

g| kT>]_ x>| F>V_, k VV|z x V_,
| kB V.
y:
25 18 3
P = 8192; r = ; n= \V>^ = g|
2 12 2
2n
 r 
A = P  1 +
 2 ( 100 ) 
3
2
 
= 8192 1 + 25
2
 4 ( 100 ) 

3
 1
= 8192  1 + 
 16 
17 17 17
= 8192 × × ×
16 16 16
A = ` 9,826.
13. `15,625n 9 \V>z 16% g| k T>]_ x>| F>V_, k VV|z
x V_, | kB V.
y:
9 3
P = 15625; r = 16%; n = \V>^ = g|
12 4
4n
 r 
A = P  1 +
 4 ( 100 ) 
3
4
 
= 15625 1 + 16
4
 4 ( 100 ) 

26 26 26
= 15625 × × × A = 17576
25 25 25
CI = A − P ⇒ CI = 17576 − 15625
CI = ` 1,951.
22

14. 4% g| k T> 2 g|_ `1632 | k >D  VD.
y:
CI = 1632; r = 4%; n = 2; P = ?
CI = A − P
n
 r 
= P  1 +  −P
 100 
 r 
n

1632 = P  1 +  − 1
 100  
 4 
2

1632 = P  1 +  − 1
  100  
 26 × 26 
= P  − 1
 625 
 676 − 625   51 
=P  ⇒ = P
 625   625 
1632 × 625
P =
51
P = ` 20,000.
15. s   kV  kl_ `26,400n V uV. g| k
15% T>D, gV[z kB >V_ 2 g|^ 4 \V>^ g [ >[
  k k K> k|D?
y:
4 1
P = 26400; r = 15%; n = 2 =2
12 3
2
 r   r 
A = P  1 +   1 +
 100  3(100) 
2
 15   1  15  
= 26400  1 +  1 +  
 100   3 100  
2
 3  1
= 26400  1 +   1 + 
 20   20 
23 23 21
= 26400 × × ×
20 20 20
A = ` 36,659.70
23

16. Z [k  kl_ `80,000 [ kVV. g| [z 10% kT>D 1½
g|_ (i) gV[z k zD xl_ (ii) BVuz x
k zD xl_ V_ >V_ s]BVD VD.
y:
P = 80000; r = 10%; n = 1½
i) BVuz k zD x
1
 r   r 
A = P  1 +   1+
 100   2(100) 
1
 10   10 
= 80000  1 +   1 + 
 100 200 
11 21
= 80000 × ×
10 20
A = ` 92,400.
3
ii) BVuz x k zD x, n = ;
3
2
2
 r  2
A = P  1 +
 2 ( 100 ) 
3
 10 
= 80000  1 + 200 
21 21 21
= 80000 × × ×
20 20 20
A = ` 92,610.
iii) >V_ s]BVD

s]BVD = 92610 − 92400
s]BVD = ` 210.
24

17. `2400z 5% g| kT>D 2 g|_ zD | kzD >MkzD

c^ s]BVD V.
y:
P = 2400; r = 5%; n = 2 2
r 
| kzD >MkzD c^ s]BVD = P 
 100 
 5   5 
= 2400    
100   100 
1 1
= 2400 × ×
20 20
s]BVD = ` 6.
18. `6400z 6¼% g| kT>D 2 g|_ zD | kzD >MkzD
c^ s]BVD V.
y:
25
P = 6400; r= %; n = 2
4
2
r
s]BVD = P  
 100 
2
 25 
= 6400  
 4 ( 100 ) 
1 1
= 6400 × ×
16 16
s]BVD = ` 25.
19.  [ >V *m 2 g|_ 5% g| k T>D 2 g|_ zD |
kzD >M kzD c^ s]BVD VF 5 M_ >VB VD.
y:
s]BVD = 5; r = 5%; n = 2
2
 5 
s]BVD = P  
100
 1  1
5 = P    
20 20
P = ` 2,000.
25

20. V `12,500n gV[z >M k T>D 12% T>D 3 g|_ K> [
kVV. V]V > >VB > V]uz gV[z 10% | k
T>D [ kVV. ] k Kmk BV? k?
y:
i) V - SI ⇒ P = 12500; r = 12; n = 3
Pnr
SI =
100
12500 × 3 × 12
=
100
SI = `4,500.
ii) V]V - CI ⇒ r = 10; n = 3
n
 r 
A = P  1 + 
 100 
3
 10 
= 12500  1 + 
 100 
3
 11 
= 12500 
 100 
11 11 11
= 12500 × × ×
10 10 10
A = 16637.5
CI = A − P ⇒ CI = 16637.5 − 12500
CI = ` 4,137.
Vk ] k Kmk BV = 4500 − 4137
= ` 363.
26

21. g|z x kB zD xl_  >VB g| k 4%

T>D >k]_ 1½% g|z x>| F>V. xs_ `1,32,651 uV M_
k x>| k?
y:
3
r = 4%; n = 1½ g|^ =
2
2n
 r 
A = P  1 +
 2(100) 
3
2
 4  2
132651
= P1 +
 2 ( 100 ) 
3
 1
= P1 + 
132651
 50 
3
 51 
132651
= P 
 50 
132651 × 125 × 10 3
P = 513 = 132651
51 × 51 × 51
P = ` 1,25,000.
22. VB] `12,000n 5% g| | k >D  kl_ 'n' g|z x>|
F>V. k xs_ `13,230 uV. "n' [ \]A [?
y:
P = 12000; r = 5%; A = 13230
n
 r 
A = P  1 + 
 100 
n
 5 
13230 = 12000  1 + 
 100 
n
13230  21 
=  
12000  20 
n 2 n
441  21   21   21 
=   ⇒   =  
400  20   20   20 
n = 2 g|^.
27

23. `640 gm | g|_ |>V `774.40 gzD. |k T>D
V. (k guz x K[ [m)
y:
P = 640; n = 2; A = 774.40; r = ?
n
 r 
A = P  1 + 
 100 
2
774.40  r 
=  1 + 
640 100 
2
77440  r 
=  1 + 
64000  100 
2 2 2
121  r   11   r 
=  1 +  ⇒   =  1 + 
100  100   10   100 
11 r
= 1 +
10 100
r 11 1
1+ = −1 ⇒ =
100 10 10
1
r = × 100 ∴ r = 10%.
10
24. BVuz x k zD xl_ 1½ g|_ `2000 gm

`2315.25 gm M_ g| | kT>D V.
y:
3
P = 2000; n = 1½ g|^ = ; A = 2315.25; r = ?
2
2n
 r 
A = P  1 +
 2(100) 
3
 r 
2315.25
= 2000  1 + 
 200 
3
231525  r 
=  1 + 
200000  200 
3
9261  r 
=  1 + 
8000  200 
28

3 3
 21   r 
  =  1 + 
 20   200 
21 r
= 1 +
20 200
r = 10%.
29
>tV| 

VD : A]\ \uD A^lB_
z] : >Mk \uD | k
VA\
>tV|  BV >kVBD z1 x>_W \uD x>[\
>V VVo VE ]^, o] VzA^, \V] >
\[V^ ks_ >BV|^m. D\[V zAV VA\
>  >MV _m >MBV V > luE \B\V D\[V
FD xBuElV ~||>_ Vm. *V_ ]B VA\ ][ 
> mkVzD  >s|m. m xuKD V >z

gB,
A]\
>Mk (SIMPLE INTEREST)
1. A = P +1
2. I = I = Pn r
100
100(m − 1)
3. R =
N
P = mry;
n = fhy msT (tUlq;fs;)
r = tl;b tpfpjk;
1. &.3000f;F 7% Mz;L tl;bapy; xU tUlj;jpw;F fpilf;Fk; jdptl;bAk;>
njhifAk; fhz;f.
mry; (P) = 3000
n = 1
r
= 7%
Pn r
jdptl;b (I) =
100
3000 × 1 × 7
=
100
njhif (A) = P + l

= 3000 + 210
= 3210

A]\
2. 7>500f;F 8% tl;b tPjk; xU tUlk; 6 khjq;fSf;fhd jdptl;biaAk;>

njhifiaAk; fhz;f.
P = 7500
n = xU tUlk; 6 khjq;fs;
6 1 3
= 1 = 1 = tUlq;fs;
12 2 2
r = 8%
Pn r
jdptl;b (I) =
100
3
7500 × ×8
= 2
12
7500 × 3 × 8
=
2 × 100
= 900
njhif P = P + I
= 7500 + 900
= 8400
3. 6>750f;f 219 ehl;fSf;F 10% tl;b tPjk; jdptl;biaAk;> njhifiaAk;

fhz;f.
P = 6750 365 ehl;fs; = 1 tUlk;
n = 219 ehl;fs;
219
219 ehl;fs; =
219 3 365
= = tUlk;
365 5 3
r = 10% = tUlk;
5
73
73 ehl;fs; =
365
1
= tUlk;
5

A]\
Pn r
jdptl;b (I) =
100
6750 × 3 × 10
=
100 × 5
= 405
njhif (A) = P+I
= 6750 + 405
= 7155
4. uhFy; 7-6-2006 md;W 4000 I fldhfg; ngw;W mij 19-8-2009 md;W
jpUk;g nrYj;jpdh;. 5% tPjk; tl;b fzf;fplg;gl;lhy; mth; nrYj;jpa njhif
vt;tsT?
P = 4000
r = 5%
[{d; = 24 (30 − 6)
[{iy = 31
Mf];L = 18
nkhj;j ehl;fs; = 73
n = 73 ehl;fs;
73 1
= = tUlk;
365 5
Pn r
I =
100
4000 × 1 × 5 × 1
=
100 × 5
= 40
njhif (A) = P+I
= 4000 + 40
= 4040

A]\
5. tp[a; 10000I 5% tl;b tPjj;jpy; itg;G epjpahf nrYj;Jfpwhh;. vj;jid

tUlq;fspy; 11>000I mth; ngWthh;?
A = 11,000
P = 10,000
r = 5%
n = ?
I = A–P
= 11000 – 10000
I = 1000
100 I
n =
Pr
100 × 100
=
10000 × 5
n = 2 tUlq;fs;
6. &. 500-f;F Mz;bw;F 12% jdptl;b tPjj;jpy; 2 Mz;bw;F tl;b fhz;f.

P = 100%
PNR
I =
100
500 × 2 × 12
=
100
= 120

7. &. 800-f;F Mz;bw;F 10% tPjk; 292 ehl;fSf;F jdptl;b fhz;f.

4
292 ehl;fs; =
5
PNR
I =
100
4
800 × 10 ×
= 5
100
= 64

A]\
8. ‘fpU\;zh vd;gth; &.1000-I 6% tl;b tPjj;jpy; tq;fpapYk; kw;Wk; &.2000-I 15%

tl;bapy; epjp epWtdj;jpYk; nrYj;Jfpwhh;. mtUila nkhj;j njhiff;fhd
nkhj;j tl;b tpfpjj;ij fhz;f.
P R I
1000 → 6% → 60
2000 300
→ 15% →
3000 360
360
R = × 100 = 12%
3000
9. vj;jid tUlq;fspy; xU Fwpg;gpl;l njhifahdJ 10% tl;b tPjj;jpy; ,U

klq;fhf khWk;.
100(m − 1)
N =
R
100(2 − 1)
=
10
N = 10 tUlq;fs;

10. xU Fwpg;gpl;l njhifahdJ 5 tUlq;fspy; jdptl;b tPjj;jpy; ,U klq;fhf

khWfpwJ vdpy; tl;b tpfpjj;ij fhz;f.
100(m − 1)
R =
N
100 (2 − 1)
=
5
R = 20%

A]\
11. ve;j njhifahdJ jdptl;bapy; 2 Mz;Lfspy; 10% Mz;L tl;bapy; &.4800

Mf khWk;?
P + I = A
100% + 20% = 4800
120% = 4800
100% = x

120x = 100 × 4800
x = 4000
12. xU Fwpg;gpl;l njhifahdJ jdp tl;bapy; Mz;L tl;b tpfpjj;jpy; ,U

klq;fhf khWfpwJ. mNj njhif ehd;F klq;fhf Mtjw;F Njitg;gLk; tl;b
tpfpjk;
100 300
=
5 x
x = 15%
13. xU Fwpg;gpl;l njhifahdJ 7 Mz;Lfspy; ,U klq;fhf khWfpwJ vdpy;

mNj njhif %d;W klq;fhf khw vLj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; fhyk;
100 200
=
7 x
x = 14 tUlq;fs;
14. xU egh; ,U ntt;NtW tq;fpfspy; ,Ue;J fldhf jyh 1000 &ghia 2

Mz;LfSf;F fldhf ngw;Ws;shh;. mt;thW ngwg;gLk; jdptl;b njhifSf;F
,ilNahd NtWghL &.50 vdpy; tl;b tpfpjq;fSf;F ,ilNaahd NtWghL
vt;tsT?
PNR
I =
100
1000 × 2 × R
50 =
100
2.5% = R

A]\
15. xU Fwpg;gpl;l tl;b tpfpjj;jpy; jdptl;bapy; &. 1000 MdJ &.1400 Mf 4

Mz;Lfspy; khWfpwJ vdpy; tl;b tpfpjj;ij 2% mjpfhpj;jpUe;jhy; me;j
njhif 4 Mz;LfSF;F gpwF vd;dthf ,Uf;Fk;.
1000 – 1400
R = 2% cah;T
ehd; F tUlj;jpw;F Vw;wg;gLk; tl;b tpfpjk; = 2% × 4 = 8%
8
1000 × = 80
100
1000 → 1400 + 80 = 1480
16. &. 1000 vd;w njhifahdJ ,UgFjpfshf gphpj;J KjyPL nra;ag;gLfpwJ.

Kjy; gFjpia 10% jdptl;b tPjj;jpw;F> 2tJ gFjpia 20% jdptl;b tPjj;jpw;F
KjyPL nra;fpwhh;. ,Wjpapy; mtUf;F fpilj;j nkhj;j tl;b &. 140 vdpy;
mth; 10% tl;b tPjj;jpy; KjyPL nra;j njhif vt;tsT
P = x P = 1000 – x
R = 10% R = 20%
N = 1 N = 1
I = 140
PNR PNR
+ = I
100 100
x + 10 × 10 (1000 − x) × 20
+ = 140
100 100
10x + 2000 – 20x = 14000
x = 60g
10% - y; KjyPL nra;j njhif = 600
vspa Kiw:
10% 20%  140
× 100 = 14%
  1000
 14% 
 6 : 4 
 
 600 400 
10% y; KjyPL nra;j njhif = 600

A]\
17. xU njhifahdJ jdptl;bapy; 2Mz;Lfspy; &. 702 MfTk; %d;W

Mz;Lfspy; &.783 Mf khWfpwJ. tl;b tpfpjj;ij fhz;f.
2 3
702 783
81 - xU tUl tl;b
2 × 81 = 162
P = 702 – 162
P = 540
81
R = × 100 = 15%
540
18. xU njhifahdJ jdptl;bapy; xU Fwpg;gpl;l tl;b tpfpjj;jpy; 3 Mz;LfSf;F

KjyPL nra;ag;gLfpwJ. tl;b tpfpjj;ij 2% mjpfhpf;Fk; nghOJ tl;bahdJ
&.300 mjpfkhf fpilf;fpwJ. me;j njhifia fhz;f.
PNR
I =
100
P × 3× 2
300 =
100
P = 5000
; y; ½ gFjpia 8% tl;b tpfpjj;jpw;Fk;> ¼ gFjpia 6%

19. xUth; jdJ KjyPlb
tl;b tpfpjj;jpw;Fk;> kPjpia 8% tl;b tpfpjj;jpw;Fk; KjyPL nra;fpwhh;. Mz;L
,Wjpapy; mtUf;F fpilj;j nkhj;j tl;b &.660 vdpy; mth; KjyPL nra;j
njhif
KO njhif = P
1
P − 8%
2
1
P − 6%
4
1
P − 8%
4

A]\
PNR PNR PNR

+ + =I
100 100 100
1 1 1
P ×8 P×6 P ×8
2 + 4 +4 = 660
100 100 100
3
4P + P + 2 P = 660 × 100
2
15P = 600 x 100 x 2
P = 8800
20. ve;j njhifahdJ jdptl;bapy; 10% tl;b tpfpjj;jpy; ehnshd;Wf;F &.10I

tl;bahf nfhLf;Fk;
xU ehs; tl;b = 10
xU tUl tl;b = 365
tl;b tPjk; = 10%
10% = 365
100% = 3650
me;j njhif = 3650
21. Rdpy; vd;gth; xU njhifia Kjy; 2 Mz;LfSf;F Mz;Lf;F 10%

tl;b tPjj;jpYk; mLj;j 2 Mz;LfSf;F 12% rjtPfpj tl;b tpfpjj;jpYk;>
4 Mz;LfSf;F mg;ghw;gl;l fhyj;jpw;F Mz;Lf;F 14% tl;b tpfpjj;jpYk;
fldhf ngw;whh;. 7 Mz;Lfs; Kbtpy; mtuhy; nrYj;jg;gl;l tl;bapy; nkhj;j
$l;Lj;njhif 8600 &gha; vdpy; mth; fldhf ngw;w njhif vt;tsT?
PNR PNR PNR
+ + =I
100 100 100
P × 2 × 10 + 2 × P × 12 + P × 3 × 14 = 8600 × 100

86P = 8600 × 100
P = 10000

A]\
22. xUth; &.15000I 12% Mz;L tl;bapYk; kw;Wk; ,d;ndhW njhifia 15%
Mz;L tl;bapYk; ,uz;L Mz;LfSf;F fldhf ngw;whh;. mth; jpUg;gp
nrYj;jpa nkhj;j tl;b &.9000 vdpy; mth; ngw;w nkhj;j njhif vt;tsT.
PNR PNR PNR
+ + =I
100 100 100
15000 × 2 × 12 P × 2 × 15
+ = 9000
100 100
3,60,000 + 30P = 9,00,000

30P = 5,40,000
P = 18,000
nkhj;j njhif = 15000 + 18000 = 33,000
23. xU Fwpg;gpl;l njhifapd; jdptl;bahdJ me;j njhiff;F rkkhfTk;>

Mz;LfshdJ tl;b tpfpjj;jpw;F rkkhfTk; ,Ue;jhy; tl;b tpfpjj;ij
fhz;f.
I = P
N = R
PNR
I =
100
P×R×R
P =
100
100 = R2

R = 10%
10
A]\
24. Mz;nlhd;Wf;F 12% rjtpfpj jdptl;b tpfpjj;jpy; 3 Mz;Lfspy; fldhf

ngwg;gl;Ls;s 1092 &gha; KOikahf jpUg;gpr; nrYj;jg;gl Ntz;Lnkdpy;
Mz;nlhd;Wf;F jpUg;gpr; nrYj;jg;gl Ntz;ba njhif vt;tsT?
Mz;nlhd;Wf;F nrYj;jg;gl Ntz;ba njhif = 100%
Kjy; tUlk; = 100%
2- tJ tUlk; = 100 + 12 = 112%
3- tJ tUlk; = 112 + 12 = 124%
100% + 112% + 124% = 1092
336% = 1092
100% = x
x = 325
25. &.7500 f;F 8% tl;b tPjk; xU tUlk; 6 khjq;fSf;fhd jdp tl;biaAk;

njhifiaAk; fhz;f.
PNR
I =
100
3
7500 × × 8
= 2
100
I = 900
A = P + 1 = 7500 + 900 = 8400
26. &. 6750 f;F 219 ehl;fSf;F 10% tl;b tPjk; jdptl;biaAk;> njhifiaAk;
fhz;f.
3
219 ehl;fs; = 5
3
6750 × × 10
I = PNR 5
= = 405
100 100
A = P × I = 6750 + 405 = 7155
11
A]\
27. xU Fwpg;gpl;l njhifahdJ 8% tl;b tPjj;jpy; 5 Mz;Lfspy; &.10080

MfpwJ vdpy; mriyf; fhz;f.
P + I = A
100% + 40% = 10080
40% = 10080
10080
1% = = 72
140
P = 100% = 7200

28. xU Fwpg;gpl;l mryhdJ 6 Mz;Lfspy; &. 8880 MfTk; 4 Mz;Lfspy;

&. 7920 MfTk; khWfpwJ vdpy; mry; kw;Wk; tl;b tPjj;ij fhz;f.
4 6
7920 8880
960 - 2 tUl tl;b

960
=
2
I = 480 (xU tUl tl;b)
= 480 × 4
= 1920
P = 7920 − 1920 = 6000
480
R = × 100 = 8%
6000
12
A]\
29. &. 1>200 f;F 12½% tl;b tPjk; 3 Mz;Lfspy; ngwg;gLk; jdptl;biaAk;
njhifiaAk; fhz;f.
PNR
I =
100
25
1200 × ×3
= 2
100
= 150
A = P + 1 = 1200 + 150 = 1350
30. Mz;bw;F 10% tPjk; tl;b jUk; xU tq;fpapy; NyhNf\; &. 10>000 itg;G
epjpahf nrYj;jpdhh;. mj;njhifia 2 mz;L 3 khjq;fSf;Fg; gpwF mth;
jpUk;gg; ngWfpwhh;. mth; ngw;w tl;biaf; fhz;f.
P = 10000
R = 10%
1 9
N = 2 tUlq;fs; 3 khjk; = 2 = tUlk;
4 4
9
10000 × × 10
I = PNR = 4
100 100
= 250 × 9 ⇒ 2250

31. &. 2>500 I 13% Mz;L tl;b tPjk; itg;G epjpahf nrYj;jpdhy;> 146 ehl;fspy;
ngWk; njhifiaf; fhz;f.
2
146 ehl;fs; =
5
2
2500 × 13 ×
I = PNR 5 = 100
=
100 100
A = P + I = 2500 + 130 = 2630

32. &. 12>000 f;F 9% Mz;L tl;btPjk; 21 Nk 1999 ypUe;J 2 Mf];L 1999 tiu
fpilf;Fk; jdptl;biaAk;> njhifiaAk; fhz;f.
Nk = 10 ehl;fs;
13
A]\
[{d; = 30 ehl;fs;
[{iy = 31 ehl;fs;
Mf];L = 2 ehl;fs;

N = 73 ehl;fs; =
5
1
12000 × 9 ×
I = PNR = 5 = 216
100 100
A = P + I = 12000 + 216 = 12216
33. rj;ah &. 6>000 I xU tq;fpapy; nrYj;jp 5 Mz;Lfspd; Kbtpy; &. 7500 I
ngw;whh;. vdpy;> tl;b tPjj;ijf; fhz;f.
A = 7500
P = 6000
N = 5
R = ?
I = 1500
PNR
I = 100
600 × 5 × R
1500 =
100
20% = R

34. vj;jid Mz;Lfspy; 8% tl;b tPjj;jpy; &. 5>000 khdJ &. 5>800 Mf
khWk;?
A = 5800
P = 5000
R = 8%
N = ?
I = 800
14
A]\
PNR
I = 100
5000 × 5 × 8
800 =
100
800 = 50 × 5 × 8

N = 2
35. xU njhifahdJ 12½ % Mz;L tl;b tPjj;jpy; xU Fwpg;gpl;l Mz;Lfspy;

,ul;bg;ghfpwJ. Mz;Lfspd; vz;zpf;ifiaf; fhz;f.
100(m − 1)
N =
R
M = 2
100(2 − 1)
= 25 N = 8

2
•••
15
A]\
| k (COMPOUND INTEREST)
tif 1 : Mz;Lf;F xU Kiw fzf;fply;

n n
  1 1 r r   
$l;Lj;njhifA =AP=P1 +1 +      
  2 2100
 100
 
$l;L tl;b = A − P
tif 2 : miuahz;Lf;F xU Kiw fzf;fply;

2n
 1  r 
$l;Lj;njhif A = P 1 +  
 2  100  
$l;L tl;b = A − P
tif 3: fhy; Mz;Lf;F xU Kiw fzf;fply;

4n
 1  r 
$l;Lj;njhif A = P 1 +  
 4  100  
tif 4 : fhyk; Mz;Lfspd; gpd;dkhf mikjy;
cjhuzkhf $l;L tl;b tPjk; Mz;nlhd;Wf;F r %, mry; P, fhyk; 5
tUlq;fs; vd;f
  r 5   1  r  
$l;Lj;njhif A = P 1 +    1 +  
  100    4  100  

1
5 Mz;Lfs; Mz;Lfs;
4
16
A]\
1. Mz;Lf;F xU Kiw tl;b fhZk; Kiwapy; 15>625f;F Mz;L tl;b 8% tPjk;

vdpy; 3 Mz;LfSf;Ff; $l;L tl;b fhzTk;
n
  r 
A = P 1 +  
  100  
3
  8 
= 15625 1 +  
  100  
3
  2 
= 15625 1 +   
  25  
3
 27 
= 15625  
 25 
= 19,683
$l;L tl;b = A - P
= 19,683 − 15,625
= 4058
2. miu Mz;Lf;F xU Kiw tl;b mrYld; Nrh;ff

; g;gl;lhy; 1000f;F Mz;L
tl;b tPjk; 10% tPjg;gb> 18 khjq;fSf;Ff; $l;L tl;b fhzTk;
P = 1000, r = 10%
18 3
n = 18 khjq;fs; = tUlq;fs; = tUlq;fs;
12 2
2n
 1  r 
A = P 1 +  
 2  100  
3
2×
 1  10   2
= 1000 1 +  
 2  100  
3
 1
= 1000 1 + 
 20 
3
 21 
= 1000  
 20 
= 1157.625
$l;L tl;b = A − P
= 1157.625 − 1000
= 157.63
17
A]\
3. 20>000f;F 15% Mz;L tl;b tPjj;jpw;F 2 1/3 Mz;LfSf;F; $l;L tl;biaf;

fhz;f.
1
P = 20000, r = 15%, n = 2 Mz;Lfs;
3
2
 r   1  r 
A = P 1 +  1 +  
 100   3  100  
2
 15   1  15  
= 20000 1 +  1 +  
 100   3  100  
2
 3   1 
= 20000 1 +  1 + 
 20   20 
3
 23   21 
= 20000    
 20   20 
= 27,772.50
$l;L tl;b = A − P
= 27,772.50 − 20,000
= 7772.50
4. 640 MdJ ,uz;L Mz;Lfspy; $l;Lj;njhif 774.40 MFk;. $l;L tl;b

tPjk; fhz;f. (tl;b Mz;bw;F xU Kiw mrYld; NrUfpd;wJ)
P = 640, A = 774.40 n = 2 Mz;Lfs; r = ?
n
 r 
A = P 1 + 
 100 
2
 r 
774.40 = 640 1 + 
 100 
2
774.40  r 
= 1 + 
640  100 
2
77740  r 
= 1 + 
64000  100 
2
121  r 
= 1 + 
100  100 
18
A]\
2 2
 11   r 
  = 1 + 
 10   100 
 11   r 
  = 1 + 
 10   100 
r 11
= −1
100 10
r 1
=
100 r 10
= 10%
$l;L tl;b tPjk; Mz;nlhd;Wf;F 20%

5. 1600 MdJ 5% Mz;L $l;L tl;b tPjk; nfhz;L vj;jid Mz;Lfspy;
1852 . 20 MFk;
P= 1600, A = 1852.20, r = 5%, n = ?
n
 r 
A = P 1 + 
 100 
n
 5 
1852.20 = 1600 1 + 
 100 
n
1852.20  105 
=  
1600  100 
n
185220  21 
=  
160000  20 
n
9261  21 
=  
8000  20 
3 n
 21   21 
  =  
 20   20 
n = 3 Mz;Lfs;
19
A]\
$l;L tl;bf;Fk; jdp tl;bf;Fk; cs;s tpj;jpahrk;
mry; P f;F r% tl;btPjk; vdpy; ,uz;L Mz;LfSf;Ff; $l;L tl;bf;Fk; jdptl;bf;Fk;

2
 r 
cs;s tpj;jpahrk; = P  
 100 
1. 8000f;F 10% tl;b tPjk; vdpy;> ,uz;L Mz;Lfspy; fpilf;Fk; $l;L tl;bf;Fk;
jdptl;bf;Fk; cs;s tpj;jpahrj;ijf; fhz;f.
P= 8000, n = 2Mz;Lfs;, r = 10% (Mz;nlhd;Wf;F)
,uz;L Mz;Lf;Ff; $l;L tl;bf;Fk;
2
 r 
jdp tl;bf;Fk; cs;s tpj;jpahrk; = P  
 100 
2
 10 
= 8000  
 100 
2
 10 
= 8000 =  
 100 
2
1
= 8000 ×  
 10 
= 80

20
A]\
1. &. 15625-f;F Mz;L tl;b 8% tPjk; vdpy;> 3 Mz;LfSf;F $l;L tl;b

fhzTk;.
I
15625 ⇒ 8% ⇒ 1250 - Kjy; tUlk;
1350 - 2tJ tUlk;
1458 - 3tJ tUlk;
I = 4058
2. ,uhk;yhy; vd;gth; &.8000 I 15% $l;L tl;b jUk; xU epjp epWtdj;jpy; KjyPL
nra;jhh; vdpy;, %d;W Mz;Lfspy; mtUf;F fpilf;Fk; tl;bj;njhif
vt;tsT?
I
8000 ⇒ 15% ⇒ 1200 - Kjy; tUlk;
1380 - 2tJ tUlk;
1587 - 3tJ tUlk;
I = 4167

3. &. 20000-f;F 15% Mz;L $l;L tl;b tPjj;jpw;F Mz;LfSf;F $l;L

tl;bia fhz;f.
I
20000 ⇒ 15% ⇒ 3000 - Kjy; tUlk;
3450 - 2tJ tUlk;
3967.5 - 3tJ tUlk;
1 1
3 tUl tl;bia My; ngUf;f ⇒ 3967.5 ×
3 3
= 1322.5
1
2 Mz;Lf;fhd tl;b = 3000 + 3450 + 1322.5
3
= 7772.5
21
A]\
4. &.4000-f;F Mz;L tl;b 10% tPjk; vdpy; 2 Mz;LfSf;F $l;L tl;b

fhz;f.
I
4000 ⇒ 10% ⇒ 400 - Kjy; tUlk;
440 - 2tJ tUlk;
I = 840
5. &. 18000- f;F Mz;L tl;;b 10% tPjk; vdpy; 2½ Mz;LfSf;F $l;L tl;b
fhz;f
I
18000 ⇒ 10% ⇒ 1800 - Kjy; tUlk;
1980 - 2tJ tUlk;
2178 - 3tJ tUlk;
1
3 tUl tl;bia My; ngUf;f
2
1
= 2178 ×
2
= 1089
1
= 1800 + 1980 + 1089
2 Mz;L tl;b
2
= 4869

6. &. 1600 MdJ 5% Mz;L $l;L tl;b tPjk; nfhz;L vj;jid Mz;Lfspy;
&. 1852.20 MFk;.
A = 1852.2
P = 1600
R = 5%
I = 252.2
I
1600 ⇒ 5% ⇒ 80 - Kjy; tUlk;
84 - 2tJ tUlk;
88.2 - 3tJ tUlk;
I = 252.2
N = 3 tUlq;fs;
22
A]\
7. fhaj;jphp &.12000I 5% Mz;L $l;L tl;b jUk; xU tq;fpapy; ‘n’

Mz;LfSf;F KjyPL nra;jhh;. mth; Kbtpy; &.13230 ngw;whh;. n – d; kjpg;G
vd;d?
A = 13230
P = 12000
R = 5%
I = 1230
P R I
12000 ⇒ 5% ⇒ 600 - Kjy; tUlk;
630 - 2tJ tUlk;
I = 1230
N = 2 tUlq;fs;
8. miu Mz;Lf;F xU Kiw tl;b mrYld; Nrh;f;fg;gl;lhy; &. 1000-f;F

Mz;L tl;b tPjk; 10% tPjg;gb> 18 khjq;fSf;F $l;Ltl;b fhzTk;.
miu Mz;bw;F xU Kiw tl;b fzf;fpLk; NghJ tl;b tpfpj;ij(R) 2-My; tFf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
R = 10% = 5%
2
P R I
1000 ⇒ 5% ⇒ 50 - Kjy; 6 khjk;
52.5 - 2tJ 6 khjk;
55.13 - 3tJ 6 khjk;
I = 157.63
9. miuahz;bw;F xU Kiw tl;b $l;Lk; Kiwapy; &. 24000f;F Mz;nlhd;Wf;F

10% tl;b tPjk; 1½ Mz;Lfspy; fpilf;Fk; $l;Ltl;b vt;tsT.
R = 10%
= 5%
2
P R I
24000 ⇒ 5% ⇒ 1200 - Kjy; 6 khjk;
1260 - 2tJ 6 khjk;
1323 - 3tJ 6 khjk;
I = 3783
23
A]\
10. fhyhz;bw;F xU Kiw tl;b $l;Lk; Kiwapy; &. 10,000 f;F Mz;nlhd;Wf;F
4% tl;b tPjk; 9 khjj;jpw;F fpilf;Fk; $l;L tl;b vt;tsT
fhyhz;bw;F xUKiw tl;b fzf;fpLk;NghJ tl;b tpfpjj;ij 4-My; tFf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
R = 4% = 1%
4
P R I
10000 ⇒ 1% ⇒ 100 - Kjy; 3 khjk;
101 - 2tJ 3 khjk;
102.01 - 3tJ 6 khjk;
I = 303.01
11. &. 15,625 – I 9 khjq;fSf;F 16% Mz;L tl;b tPjk; KjyPL nra;jhy;, tl;b
fhyhz;Lf;F xU Kiw Nrh;f;fg;gl;lhy;> $l;L tl;bia fhz;f.
16%
R = = 4%
4
P R I
15625 ⇒ 4% ⇒ 625 - Kjy; 3 khjk;
650 - 2tJ 3 khjk;
676 - 3tJ 6 khjk;
I = 1951
24
>tV| 

VD : 
z] : 
VA\
>tV|  BV >kVBD z1 x>_W \uD x>[\
>V VVo VE ]^, o] VzA^, \V] >
\[V^ ks_ >BV|^m. D\[V zAV VA\
>  >MV _m >MBV V > luE \B\V D\
[V zA > klKD \] |kV, \ gD F]kV,
 > mkVzD  >s|m. m xuKD V

gB,



  X
 X
 (S X S)
 
 (S X S) 

  
 
 X
 ‘S’P = 4 X SS

  
 
 
 
L, B
PP = 2 (L + B)

 
 
A,BC
P = (A + B + C) 
  X
 L X B 
3

                                           
B
H
▪▪ 

▪▪ 
▪▪ 
▪▪ l x b
▪▪  ½ (l x b)
▪▪ 

▪▪  (b) (h)
▪▪ 1/2 (l x b)










X




4

½ X
1/2 X 2) = 21 

  X
 X
 



 
 















 
 X
 X
5


ABCD

ABCDAB = BC = CD = DA, AC (D1)BD (D2)
 
ABCD ABC ADC
 ½ x AC x OB ½ x AC x OD
= ½ x AC (OB + OD)
= ½ x AC x BD
= ½ x d1 x d2 
½



 



 AD BC AB DC


(AD=BC)  


ABCDAB ║ DC AB = ‘a’ DC = ‘b’
'h’BD
ABCDABDBCD
  ABD BCD
 ½ x AB x h + ½ x DC x h ABD
 ½x {h x (AB+ DC)} BCD 
 
6

1.  = ½ bh  

2.  = ½ × d × (h1 + h2)  
3.  Perpendiculars = bh
4.  = ½ × d1 × d2  
= b × h  
1. 

 = a2 = 15 × 15
= 2252.
2. 

 = l × b
= 12 × 7 = 84 2.
3. 
.

 = ½ bh 
= ½ × 18 × 12 = 108 2.
4. 

 = l × b
= 15 × 10
= 150 2
 = 2( l + b )
= 2(15 + 10) = 2(25)
= 50 .
7

5. 

2(l + b) = 6
2(l + 1) = 6
2l + 2 = 6
2l = 4
l = 2 .
6. 



  = ½ bh
= ½ × 50 × 80 = 2000 2.
   = 5 × 2000 = ` 10,000.
7. 


 = (a + b + c) 
= 4 + 3 + 5 = 12.
8. 

3a = 129
a = 129/3 a = 43.
8

9. 
`

 = 12 ;
 = 4 × 12 = 48 
` = 48 × 15 = ` 720.
10. 


D

60 C
 = ½ × d × (h1 + h2)
A 200 50
= ½ × 2000 × (50 + 60)
= ½ × 2000 × 110
B
= 11000 2.
11. 


 = 525 2
½ × d × (h1 + h2) = 525
½ × d × (15 + 20) = 525
525 × 2
d = d = 30 .
35
12. 


 = ½ × d × (h1 + h2)
54 = ½ × d × (4 + 5)
54 = ½ × d × 9
54 × 2
d =
9
d = 12.
9

13. 


 = ½ × d1 × d2
= ½ × 18 × 25
= 225 2.
14. 


 = 300 
9 k + 10k + 11 k = 300
30 k = 300 ∴ k = 10 .
90 + 100 + 110
s=
2
300
= = 150 .
2
 = s(s − a)(s − b)(s − c)
= 150(150 − 90)(150 − 100)(150 − 110)
= 150 × 60 × 50 × 40
= 50 × 20 × 3 2
= 3000 × 1.414
= 4244 2.
10





a+b+c
s=
2
28 + 15 + 41 84
= = = 42 
2 2
 = s(s − a)(s − b)(s − c)
= 42(42 − 28)(42 − 15)(42 − 41)
= 42 × 14 × 27 × 1
= 126 2.
  = 20 × 126 = ` 2,520.
15. 

`

13
 a + b+ c = 36  s = 36/2 = 18 m
13
m
13 + 13 + x = 36
x
x = 10
 = 18(18 − 13)(18 − 13)(18 − 10)
= 18 × 5 × 5 × 8
= 60 2.
  = 60 × 17.50

= ` 1,050.
11

C
16.  42 cm
B
 cm
D 16
AB = 12 2 + 16 2 = 20  34
cm
12 cm
cm
20
  =  ∆ABC –  ∆ADB
A
i)  ∆ ABC
42 + 34 + 20 96
s= = = 48.
2 2
 = 48(48 − 42)(48 − 34)(48 − 20)

2
= 48 × 6 × 14 × 28 = 336 .
ii)  ∆ ADB
12 + 16 + 20
s= = 24.
2
 = 24(24 − 12)(24 − 16)(24 − 20)

2
= 24 × 12 × 8 × 4 = 96 .
  = 336 − 96

= 2402.
17. 



22 + 120 + 122
s= = 132 .
2
= 132(132 − 22)(132 − 120)(132 − 122)

2
= 132 × 110 × 12 × 10 = 1320  .
  = 130 × 20

= ` 6,400.
12

18. AB=BC= 2CD= 9AD=4

BD=5ABCD

 =  ∆ ABD +  ∆ BCD
i)  ∆ ABD A
14 cm
13 + 14 + 15
s= = 21
2 13 cm D
9 cm
 = 21(21 − 13)(21 − 14)(21 − 15) 15 cm
= 21 × 8 × 7 × 6 = 842. B 12 cm C
ii)  ∆ BCD

15 + 9 + 12
s= = 18
2
 = 18(18 − 15)(18 − 9)(18 − 12)
2
= 18 × 3 × 9 × 6 = 54 .
  = 84 + 54
= 1382.
19. 

D C

  = 160 48 m
4a = 160 40 m
a =40 .
 ∆ ABC A 40 m B
40 + 40 + 48
s= = 64 2.
2
 = 64(64 − 40)(64 − 40)(64 − 48)

2
= 64 × 24 × 24 × 16 = 768  .
  = 2 ×  ∆ ABC
= 2 × 768 = 1536 2.
13

20.                            


 D C
  =  ∆ ABC +  ∆ ACD 42 m

 ∆ ABC 20
34 + 42 + 20
s= = 48 2. A 34 B
2
 = 48(48 − 34)(48 − 42)(48 − 20)
= 48 × 14 × 6 × 28
= 336 2.
  = 2 ×  ∆ ABC
= 2 × 336 = 672 2.
21. 

D 10 C

  = ½ h (a + b)
8 7
∆ DMA
AD2 = AM2+MD2
82 = (5 − x)2 + h2 A M 15 B
h2 = 82 − (5 − x)2 → (1)

∆ BMC
AD2 = AM2+MD2
72 = h2 + x2
h2 = 72 − x2 → (2)
 (1)  (2)

82 − (5 − x)2 = 72 − x2
64 − 49 − (25 − 10x + x2) = −x2
2
64 − 49 − 25 + 10x − x = −x2
10x = 74 − 64
10x = 10
x = 1
14

h2 = 72 − x2 = 72 − 1
= 48
h = 4 3
  = ½ × 4 3 (a + b)
= ½ × 4 3 (15 + 10)
= 86.60 2.
▪▪  = πr2 

2
▪▪  πr 2 = πr ⇒ 2 : 1
2
1. 

, r = 21 ;
22
 = πr2 = × 21 × 21 = 1386 2.
7
2.                                            


, πr2 = 2464
2464 × 7
r2 = = 784
22
r2 = 784 = 28 .
 (d) = 2 × r = 2 × 28 = 56 .
15

3. 


 ⇒ πr2 = 9856
9856 × 7
r2 = = 3136.
22
r= 3136 = 56 .
4. 



 1386 = πr2
1386 × 7
r2 = = 441
22
r2 = 441 = 21 .  = 42 .
5.  
`?



, 2πr = 154
154 × 7
r = r = 24.5.
2 × 22
22
 = πr2 , = × 24.5 × 24.5 = 1886.5 2.
7
 ` 25
 = 1886.5 × 25 = ` 47,162.50
16

6. 
`

49
r= = 24.5 ;  = πr2
2
22 49 49
= × × = 1886.5 2.
7 2 2
     = 1886.5 × 150 = ` 2,82,975.
7. 


22
 = πr2 ⇒ = × 7 × 7 = 154 2.
7
  = 154 × 18 = ` 2,772.
17

1
1.  = × 
2
1
= × πr2
2
πr 2
= .
2
1
2.  = ×  + 2r
2
1
= × 2πr + 2r
2
= πr + 2r = r(π + 2) units.
1
3.  = × 
4
πr 2
= .
4
1
4.  = ×  + 2r
4
1
= × 2πr + 2r
4
2 πr πr
= + 2r = + 2r
4 2
π 
= r  + 2 .
2
1. 

 r = 14 
πr 2 22 14 × 14
 =
⇒ = ×
2 7 2 2
= 308  .
18

 22 
 = r (π + 2) ⇒ = 14  7 + 2
 22 + 14 
=14 
 7 
= 2(36) = 72 .
2. 


 = 
36 = r (π + 2)
 36 
36 = r  
7
r = 7 .
22 7 × 7
  = ×
7 2
2
= 77  .
3. ACBBOC  


πr 2
  = 
2 A
22 7 × 7
= ×
7 2
= 77 2. 7
O C
πr 2
 =

4
B
22 7 × 7
= × = 38.5 2.
7 4
19

4. × 


D 70 C
 2
πr
 = 
4 F 52
22 28 × 28
= ×
7 4
A 28 E B
2
  = 616  .
  = ABCD −  AEF

= l × b
= 70 × 52 = 3640 2.
 = 3640 − 616 = 3024 2.

5. ABCD 


 = 14  D C
2
 = 14 ×14 = 196 
14 7
 = = 
4 2
22 7 7
 = πr2 = × × A B
7 2 2
22 7 7
4  = 4 × × ×
7 2 2
= 154 2.
 =   − 4  

= 196 − 154
= 42 2.
20

6.                                          


, r = 35
 = 
 = 2πr 
22
= 2 × × 35 = 220
7
 = 4a = 220
a = 55 
 = 55 .
7. 



  = 35
  = 35 + 14 ( ) = 49 
  = 2   + 
   = 2 × (l + b)
= 2 (120 + 14) = 3360 2.
  = 2 ×   −  
1 1 120
= 2 × ( πR2 − πr2) 14
2 2
1 22 35
= 2 × × × (R2 − r2)
2 7
22
= × (352 − 492)
7
22
= × (35+49) − (49 − 35)
7
= 3696 2.
  = 3360 + 3696

= 7056 2.
21

8. 



πr 2 14
 of remaining portion =  of square − 4 ×
4
πr 2
= a2 − 4 × ?
4
100
22
= (100 × 100) − × 14 × 14
7
100
= 10000 − 616
= 9384 2.

1.  (TSA)= 2 (l + b) h 
2.  (LSA) = 2 (l b + bh + lh) 
1. 

` 


l = 6 ; b = 1.5 ; h = 3 

TSA = 2 (l b + bh + lh)
= 2 (6 × 1.5 + (1.5 × 3) + (3 × 6)
= 2 × 31.5 = 63 2.
 63 × 50
= ` 3,150.
22

2. 
` 


 = 2 (l + b) h
= 2 (25 + 15) 5
= 80 × 5 = 400 2.
 = l × b = 25 × 15
= 365 2.
 = 775 2
 = 80 × 775 = ` 62,000.

1.  (TSA) = 6a2 
2. (LSA) = 4a2 

1.  = l × b × h 
2.  = a3 
3. 



 = 7  7
 = 7 + 7 = 14 
 = 7 ;  = 7  7
7
l = 14
 = 2(l + b)h
= 2(14 + 7) × 7 = 294 2.
23

 = 2 (l b + bh + lh)
= 2 (14 × 7) + (7 × 7) + (14 × 9)
= 2 (98 + 49 + 98)
= 2 × 245 = 490 2.
4. ××



  =  
 = 2(l + b)h
= 2(19) × 8 = 304 2.
  = l × b
= 10 × 9 = 90 2.
  = 394 2
  = 394 × 850
= ` 3,349.
5. .
.

l = 120 ., = 120/10 = 12 ; b = 10; h = 8
  = l × b × h
= 12 × 10 × 8
=960 3.
10   = 9600 3.
24

6. × × 



 = 3.8 ;  = 2.5; h = 1.6 
  = 3.8 × 2.5 × 1.6
= 15.2 3 ∴ 1 3 = 1 l
= 15.2 × 1000  ∴ 1 3 = 1000 
= 15200 
∴ 1000 3 = 1 
7. × × 
××


   = l × b × h = 22 × 18 × 10 3
  = 100 × 88 × 63 3

  = 
100 × 88 × 63
=
22 × 18 × 10
= 140 
8. 

 = 6a2 = 864/6  = a3
a2 = 144 = 12 × 12 × 12
a = 12 = 1728 3.
25

9. 


  = 64000 
a3 = 64000
= 64000/1000 ∴ (1000  = 1 3)
a = 64 3
3
a=4
10. 



  (l × b × h) =   (a3)
18 × 16 × h = 12 × 12 × 12
12 × 12 × 12
h =
18 × 16
h = 6 .
11. ××



 = 24 × 12 × 8
  = 2000 × 48 × 600

  =

2000 × 48 × 600
=
24 × 12 × 8
= 25000 .
26

12. 



  (a3) =   (l × b × h)
15 × 15 × 15 = 25 × 9 × h
15 × 15 × 15
h =
25 × 9
h = 15 .

1.  (CSA) = 2πrh 
2.  (TSA) = CSA + ( + )
TSA = 2πr (h + r) 
1. 


 = 2πrh 
22
= 2 × × 14 × 20
7
=1760 2.
 = 2πr(h + r) 

22
= 2 × (20 × 14) × 14
7
= 2992 3.
27

2. 


 
= 2πrh
 = 26.4 2.
 = 26.4 × 8
= 211.2 2.

1. CSA = 2π(R + r)h 
2. TSA = 2π(R + r) (R − r + h)
3. 



 6
= 25 ;  = 2 ;
 , r = 6 ;   R = 6 + 2 = 8  25 2

= 2π(R + r) h
22
= 2 × × (8 + 6) × 25 = 2200 2.
7
 = 10 2.
2200
 ,  = = 220.
10
28


1. CSA = πrl 
2. TSA = πr(l + r) 
4. 


, r = 7 ; , h = 24 
l = r2 + h 2
= 49 + 576
= 625
= 25 .
 = πrl 
22
= × 7 × 25 = 550 2.
7

 = 
550
=
4
= 137.5 .
5. 




= 2πrh + πrl + πr2 
l = r2 + h 2
= .049 + 5.76
= 6.25
l = 2.5 
29

 = 2πh + πrl + πr2 

= πr(2h + l + r)
22
= × 0.7 [(2 × 0.4) + 2.5 + 0.7]
7
= 17.6 2.

1.  4πr2 
2.   = 2πr2 
3.  = 3πr2 
4.    = 2π (R2 + r2) 
5.   = π (3R2 + r2) 
6. 

 = 154 2
4πr2 = 154
22
× r2 = 154 4×
7
49
r2 =
4
7
r = ∴ = 7 .
2
7. 


R = 5 ; r = 3 
 = 2π (R2 + r2) 
22
= 2 × × (25 + 9) = 213.71 2.
7
 = π (3R2 + r2) 
22
= (75 + 9) = 264 2.
7
30

8. 




[l= r2 + h 2 = 2r 2 = 2 r]
= 4πr2 : 2πrh : πrl

= 4 : 2 : 2 r= 2 2 r: 2 r: 1
 
1.  = π(R + r)l 
2.  = π(R + r)l + πR2 + πr3 
 
πh 2
1.   = (R + Rr + r2) 
3
9. 


 = π(R + r)l 
22
= (4 + 1) × 5
7
570
=
7
  = 73.57 2.
31

10. 


10

  l = h 2 + (R - r)2
4
2 2
= 4 + (5 - 2 ) 4
= 16 + 9
l = 5 m.
 = π(R + r)l
22
= × (5 + 2) × 5 = 110 2.
7
 = π(R + r)l + πR2 + πr3
22
= [(5 + 2)5+ 25 + 4]
7
1408
= = 201.14 2.
7
11. 



 = 2πr (h + r)
  = 2πrh
 = 5/6 
5
2πrh = [2πr(h + r)]
6
5
πrh = [πr(h + r)]
6
5
h = (h + r)
6
6h = 5h + 5r
h = 5r
32

 = 2πr(h + r) = 1848

22
2× × r(5 + r) = 1848
7
22
2× × 6r2 = 1848
7
1848 × 7 29
6r2 = =
44 6
r2 = 49
 = 7 ;  = 5r = 35 .
12. 
.

l = 19 
4 × 22 = 88 2 ( )
πr2 = 88
88 × 7
r2 = ⇒ 28
22
r = 28
h2 = l2 − r2
( 28 )
2
h2 = 19 2 −
= 361 − 28 ⇒ = 333
h = 333
h = 18.25 .
33

13. 



  = 5720 2
= r2 + h 2

 = = 25 + 144

5720 = 169
5720 = 13
= = 22
πrl × 5 × 13
7
5720
=
204.2
= 28 .
14. 



28 20
28 20
R= =14; r = =10
2 2
  = π(3R2 − r2)

22
= [(3 × 196) + (100)]
7
22
= (888)
7
=2162.28 2.
  = 2162.28 × 0.14

= ` 302.71
34

15. 



r1 : r2 = 1 : 3
h1 = 3r1 l = (3x)2 + x 2
 πr1l1 = 10x 2 = (10)x

=
 πr2 l2
l = (3x)2 + (3x)2
x . x 10 10
= ⇒= = (18)x
3x . x 18 3 18
2× 5 5
= ⇒=
3×3× 2 9
= 5 :9

1
  = π r2h  
3
16. 


 = 11088 3
1
π r2h = 11088
3
1 22 2
× × r × 24 = 11088
3 7
11088 × 3 × 7
r2 =
22 × 24
2
r = 441
r = 21 .
35


4 3
1.   = πr  
3
4
2.   = π (R3 − r3 )  
3
2 3
3.   = πr 
3
2
4.   = π (R3 − r3 )  
3
17. 



= 29106 3
2
  = ()
3
2
= × 29106 = 19404 3.
3
2 3
19404 = πr
3
19404 × 3 × 7
r3 = r = 21 .
22 × 2
18. 


 r = 7 ;  = 1  = 1/10 
1 71
 r = 7 + = = 7.1 cm
10 10
4
 = π (R3 − r3 )
3
4 22
= × (35791 − 343 ) = 62. 48 3.
3 7
3 = 17.3 .
 = 17.3 × 62.48= 1080.90 .
36

19. 


 r = 10 m

1
  = π r2h
3
h = 15
1 22
= × × 10 × 10 × 15
3 7
= 1571.42 m3.
  =   / 

 
1571.42
= = 62.85 = 63 .
25
20. 
  3 3 : 4 

  = 4π r2
   = 3π r2
4π r12 = 3π r12
 r1 
2
3 r1 3
 r  = 4 ⇒ r2 = 2
2

4 3 πr13 4r13
=
2 3 πr2 3 2r2 3
2r13 2 × ( 3)3
=
r2 3 (2)3
2×3 3
= = 3 3 : 4
84
37
>tV| 

VD : A]\ \uD A^lB_
z] : sB_
VA\
>tV|  BV >kVBD z1 x>_W \uD x>[\
>V VVo VE ]^, o] VzA^, \V] >
\[V^ ks_ >BV|^m. D\[V zAV VA\
>  >MV _m >MBV V > luE \B\V D\[V
FD xBuElV ~||>_ Vm. *V_ ]B VA\ ][ 
> mkVzD  >s|m. m xuKD V >z

gB,
A]\
sB_ (MEASUREMENT)
Rw;wsT:
xU %ba tbtj;jpd; vy;iyia ehk; xU Kiw Rw;wp tUk; NghJ fpilf;Fk; J}uNk
mt;tbtj;jpd; Rw;wsT MFk;.
l a
b b a a c b
l a a
nrt;tfj;jpd; Rw;wsT = 2 (ePsk;) + 2 (mfyk;)

= 2 (ePsk; + mfyk;)
= 2 (l + b) myFfs;
rJuj;jpd; gug;gsT = 4 × xU gf;fj;jpd; ePsk;

= 4 × gf;fk;
= 4a myFfs;
Kf;Nfhzj;jpd; Rw;wsT = %d;W gf;f msTfspd; $Ljy;

= (a + b + c) myFfs;
gug;gsT:
xU %ba tbtk; milf;Fk; ,lj;jpd; msT mjd; gug;gsthFk;.
l a
b b a a h
l a b

A]\
nrt;tfj;jpd; gug;gsT = ePsk; × mfyk;

= l × b rJu myFfs;
rJuj;jpd; gug;gsT = gf;fk; × gf;fk;

= a × a rJu myFfs;
nrq;Nfhz Kf;Nfhzj;jpd;
1
gug;gsT =
× nrq;Nfhzj;ij cs;slf;fpa
2
gf;fq;fspd; ngUf;fw;gyd;
1
= × (b × h) rJu myFfs;
2
1. ePsk; 15kP> mfyk; 10kP cila nrt;tf tbt epyj;jpd; gug;gsT> Rw;wsT
fhz;f.
ePsk; = 15kP> mfyk; = 10kP
= 15kP × 10 kP
= 150kP2
nrt;tfj;jpd; Rw;wsT = 2 [ePsk; × mfyk;]

= 2 [15 + 10]
= 50kP
2. 80kP ePsk; cila nrt;tf tbtj; Njhl;lj;jpd; gug;gsT 3200 r.kP Njhl;lj;jpd;
mfyj;ijf; fhz;f. 3200r.kP. Njhl;lj;jpd; mfyj;ijf; fhz;f.
ePsk; = 80 kP> gug;gsT = 3200 r.kP
mfyk; = nrt; tfj; jpd; gug; gsT

esP k;
3200
= = 40 kP
80

A]\
3. 40kP ePsKila rJutbt kidapd; gug;gsT> Rw;wsT fhz;f.

rJu tbt kidapd; gf;fk; = 40kP
rJuj;jpd; gug;gsT = gf;fk; × gf;fk;
= 40 × 40
= 1600 r.kP
rJuj;jpd; Rw;wsT = 4 × gf;fk;
= 4 × 40 = 160kP
4. rJu tbtg; G+e;Njhl;lj;jpd; gf;fk; 50kP. G+e;Njhl;lj;ijr; Rw;wp kPl;lUf;F

&.10tPjk; NtypNghl MFk; nryitf; fhz;f.
rJu tbtg; G+e;Njhl;lj;jpd; gf;fk; = 50kP
NtypNghl MFk; nkhj;j nryitf; fhz Njhl;lj;jpd; Rw;wsitf; fz;L mij
kPl;lUf;F MFk; nryTld; ngUf;fpdhy; NghJkhdJ.
rJu tbtg; G+e;Njhl;lj;jpd; Rw;wsT = 4 × gf;fk;
= 4 × 50
= 200kP
NtypNahl xU kPl;lUf;F MFk; nryT = 10
∴ 200 kPl;lUf;F MFk; nryT = 10 × 200
= 2000
5. gf;fk; 60kP cila rJu tbtg; G+q;fhit rkd; nra;a rJu kPl;lUf;F &2
tPjk; MFk; nryitf; fhz;f.
rJu tbtg; G+q;fhtpd; gf;fk; = 60kP
rkd; nra;a MFk; nryitf; fhz> gug;gsitf; fz;L mjid rJu kPl;lUf;F
MFk; nryTld; ngUf;fpdhy; NghJkhdJ.
G+q;fhtpd; gug;gsT = gf;fk; × gf;fk;
= 60 × 60
= 3600 r.kP
xU rJu kPl;lUf;F MFk; nryT = 2
3600 rJu kPl;lUf;F MFk; nryT = 2 × 3600
= 7200

A]\
6. xU tpisahl;Lj;jply; nrq;Nfhz Kf;Nfhzk; tbtpy; cs;sJ.

nrq;Nfhzj;ijj; jhq;Fk; gf;fq;fs; 50kP> 80kP. jplypy; rpnkz;l; G+r rJu
kPl;lUf;F &5 tPjk; MFk; nkhj;j nryitf; fhz;f.
1
nrq;Nfhz Kf;Nfhz tpisahl;Lj;jplypd; gug;gsT = ×b×h
2
1
= (50 × 80)
2
= 2000 r.kP
xU rJu kPl;lUf;F MFk; nryT = 5
2000 rJu kPl;lUf;F MFk; nryT = 5 × 2000
= 10000
7. ntspr; nrt;tfj;jpd; gug;gsT 360 r.kP> cs; nrt;tfj;jpd; gug;gsT 280

r.kP. rPuhd ghij ,t;tpU nrt;tfq;fSf;Fk; ,ilapy; cs;sJ. ghijapd;
gug;gsT vd;d?
ghijapd; gug;gsT = (ntspr; nrt;tfj;jpd; gug;gsT) – (cs; nrt;tfj;jpd; gug;gsT)
= 360 - 280
= 80
∴ghijapd; gug;gsT = 80kP2
8. xU nrt;tf tbtf; fl;blj;jpd; ePsk; 20kP> mfyk; 10kP. fl;blj;ijr; Rw;wp

ntspg;Gwkhf 1kP mfyKs;s ghij mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ghijapd; gug;gsT
fhz;f.
cs; nrt;tfk;
l = 20 kP
w
b = 10 kP
gug;gsT = l × b
= 20 × 10 = 200kP w w
b
ntspr; nrt;tfk;
l
mfyk; W = 1 kP
w
L = l+ 2w
= 20 + 2 = 22kP
B = b + 2w
= 10 + 3 = 12kP

A]\
gug;gsT = (l + 2w) (b + 2w)

= 22 × 12 = 264kP2
ghijapd; gug;gsT = (ntspr;nrt;tfj;jpd; gug;gsT) - (cs; nrt;tfj;jpd; gug;gsT)
= 264 – 200
= 64kP2
9. xU gs;spapy; cs;s fiyf; $lj;jpd; ePsk; 45kP> mfyk; 27kP. fiyf;$lj;ijr;

Rw;wp ntspg;Gwkhf 3kP mfyKs;s jho;thuk; cs;sJ. jho;thuj;jpd; gug;gsT
vd;d? mj;jho;thuj;jpy; XL gjpf;f 1 r.kPl;lUf;F & 100 tPjk; MFk; nryT
fhz;f.
cs; nrt;tfk; ntspr; nrt;tfk;
l = 45 kP mfyk; W = 3 kP
b = 27 kP L = l+ 2w = 45 + 6 = 51kP
gug;gsT = 45 × 27 B = b+ 2w = 27 + 6 = 33kP
gug;gsT = 51 + 33
= 1215kP2
= 1683kP2
i) jho;thuj;jpd; gug;gsT = (ntspr;nrt;tfj;jpd; gug;gsT) - ( cs;nrt;tfj;jpd; gug;gsT)

= (1683) − (1215)
= 468kP2
ii) 1 r. kPl;lUf;F XLgjpf;f MFk; nryT = 100
468 r. kPl;lUf;F XLgjpf;f MFk; nryT = 100 × 468
= 46,800
10. 8kP ePsKk;> 5kP mfyKk; nfhz;l xU miwapy; cl;Gwkhf rPuhd rptg;G
tz;zg; ghij 0.5kP mfyj;jpy; G+rg;gLfpwJ. rptg;G tz;zg;ghijapd;
gug;gsT fhz;f.
w
ntspr; nrt;tfk;
l = 8 kP
b = 5 kP w w
b
gug;gsT = 8 × 5
= 40kP2
l
w

A]\
ntspr; nrt;tfk;
mfyk; W = 0.5 kP
L = l − 2w = (8 − 1) = 7kP
B = b − 2w = (5 − 1) = 4kP
gug;gsT = 7 × 4 = 28kP2
ghijapd; gug;gsT = (ntspr;nrt;tfj;jpd; gug;gsT) - (cs; nrt;tfj;jpd; gug;gsT)
= 40 – 28
= 12kP2
11. xU jiu tphpg;gpd; msTfs; 3kP × 2kP. jiu tphpg;gpd; midj;J gf;fq;fspypUe;Jk;
0.25kP mfyk; nfhz;l rPuhd gl;il xd;W ntl;bnaLf;fg;gLfpwJ. kPjKs;s
jiutphpg;gpd; gug;gsT fhz;f. NkYk;> ntl;bnaLf;fg;gl;l gl;ilapd;
gug;gsT vd;d?
ntspr; nrt;tfk; cs; nrt;tfk;
(jiutphpg;gpypUe;J rPuhd gl;il (jiu tphpg;gpypUe;J rPuhd gl;il
ntl;bnaLg;gjw;F Kd;G ntl;bnaLj;j gpwF)
l = 3 kP mfyk; w = 3 kP
b = 2kP L = l − 2w = 3 − 0.5 = 2.5kP
B = b − 2w = (2 − 0.5) = 1.5kP
gug;gsT = 3 × 2 = 6kP2
gug;gsT = 2.5 × 1.5 = 3.75kP2
ntl;bnaLf;fg;gl;l rPuhd gilapd; gug;gsT = 6 − 3.75

= 2.25kP2
tl;lk;
1. tl;lj;jpd; Rw;wsT = 2�r myFfs;
2. tl;lj;jpd; gug;gsT = �r2 r. myFfs;
Rw;wsT:
1. 3.5 kP Mukhff; nfhz;l tl;lj;jpd; Rw;wsitf; fhz;f.
tl;lj;jpd; Rw;wsT = 2�r
22
= 2× × 3.5
7
= 2 × 22 × 0.5
= 22kP

A]\
2. 88 nr.kP ePsKs;s xU fk;gp xU tl;lkhf tisf;fg;gLfpwJ. tl;lj;jpd; Muk;

fhz;f.
fk;gpapd; ePsk; = 88 nr.kP
tl;lj;jpd; Rw;wsT = fk;gpapd; ePsk;
2�r = 88
22
2× ×r = 88
7
88 × 7
r =
2 × 22
r = 14 nr.kP
3. xU kpjptz;br; rf;fuj;jpd; tpl;lk; 63 nr.kP mJ 20 Rw;Wfs; Rw;wpdhy;

flf;Fk; njhiyitf; fhz;f.
rf;fuk; xU KOr; Rw;W Rw;wpdhy;>
xU KOr; Rw;wpy; flf;Fk; njhiyT = rf;fuj;jpd; Rw;wsT
∴ rf;fuj;jpd; Rw;wsT = �d myFfs;
22
= × 63
7
= 198 nr.kP
xU KOr; Rw;W Rw;wpdhy; flf;Fk; njhiyT = 198 nr.kP
∴ 20 KOr; Rw;W Rw;wpdhy; flf;Fk; njhiyT = 20 × 198
= 3960 nr.kP
gug;gsT:
1. 14 nr.kP tpl;lkhff; nfhz;l tl;lj;jpd; gug;gsT fhz;f.
tpl;lk; d = 14 nr.kP
d 14
Muk; r = = = 7 nr.kP
2 2
tl;lj;jpd; gug;gsT = πr2
22

= ×7×7
7

= 154 r.nr.kP

A]\
2. taypy; mbf;fg;gl;Ls;s fl;ilapy; 3.5 kP ePsk; nfhz;l Jz;L fapW nfhz;L

ML fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. ML Nkaf;$ba mjpfgl;r gFjpapd; gug;gsit
fhz;f.
tl;lj;jpd; Muk; = Jk;G fapwpd; ePsk;
7
∴ Muk; r = 3.5kP = kP
2
MLNkaf; $ba mjpfgl;r gFjpapd; gug;gsT = πr2 r. myFfs;
22 7 7
= × ×
7 2 2
= 38.5 r. myFfs;
3. nts;spf;fk;gp tisf;fg;gl;L rJukhf khw;Wk; NghJ> mjdhy;> milagLk;

gFjpapd; gug;gsT12 r.nrkP. mNj nts;spf;fk;gp tl;lkhf tisf;fg;gLfpwJ
vdpy; tl;lj;jpd; gug;gsT vd;d?
rJuj;jpd; gf;fk; a vd;f.
rJuj;jpd; gug;gsT = 121 r.nr.kP
a2 = 121 ⇒ a = 11 nr.kP
rJuj;jpd; Rw;wsT = 4a myFfs;
= 4 × 11 = 44 nr.kP
fk;gpapd; ePsk; = rJuj;jpd; Rw;wsT
= 44 nr.kP.
fk;gpahdJ tl;lkhf tisf;fg;gLfpwJ

tl;lj;jpd; Rw;wsT = fk;gpad; ePsk;
2πr = 44
22
2× × r = 44
7
r = 7 nr.kP
‡ tl;lj;jpd; gug;gsT = πr2
22
= ×7×7
7
= 154 nr.kP2

A]\
4. ntsptl;lj;jpd; Muk; 14.nrkP cs; tl;lj;jpd; Muk; 7 nr.kP vdpy;

i. ntsptl;lj;jpd; gug;gsT
ii. cs;tl;lj;jpd; gug;gsT
iii. ,U tl;lq;fSf;F ,ilapy; cs;s epoypl;l gFjpapd; gug;gsT
i. ntsptl;lk; ii. cs;tl;lk;

R = 14 r = 7
gug;gsT = πR
2
gug;gsT = πr2
22 22
= × 14 × 14 = × 7 × 7
7 7
= 616 nr.kP2 = 154 nr.kP2
ii. epoypl;l gFjpapd; gug;gsT = ntsp tl;lj;jpd; − cs; tl;lj;jpy;
gug;gsT gug;gsT
= 616 – 154 = 462 nr.kP2
5. 50kP Mukhff; nfhz;l tl;l tbt G+q;fhtpd; ntspg;Gwj;jpy; 2 kP mfyj;jpy;

rkr;rPuhd tl;lg;ghij mikf;fg;gLfpwJ. mg;ghijia rkd;nra;a xU rJu
kPl;lUf;F &5 tPjk; MFk; nryitf; fhz;f.
2
50
2

r = 50kP> w = 2kP, R = r + w = 50 + 2 = 52kP
tl;lg;ghijapd; gug;gsT = π (R + r) (R – r)
= 3.14 × (52 + 50) (52 – 50)
= 3.14 × 102 × 2
= 640.56 kP2
1 rJu kP ghijiar; rkd;gLj;j MFk; nryT = 5
640.56 rJu.kP ghijiar; rkd;gLj;jk; MFk; nryT = 5 × 640.56
= 3202.80

A]\
6. miu tl;l tbtpyhd G+q;fh xd;wpd; vy;iy Ntypahf gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s

rq;fpypapd; ePsk; 36kP vdpy; G+q;fhtpd; gug;gsitf; fhz;f.
miutl;lj;jpd; Rw;wsT = (π + 2) rmyFfs;
2
miutl;lj;jpd; gug;gsT = π r r. myFfs;
2
rq;fpypapd; ePsk; = miu tl;lj;jpd; Rw;wsT
∴ (π + 2) r = 36
 22 
 + 2 × r = 36
 7 
 22 + 14 
 ×r = 36
 7 
r = 7kP
G+q;fhtpd; gug;gsT = miutl;lj;jpd; gug;gsT

π r2
=
2
22 7 × 7
= × = kP2 D C
7 2
7. nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s glj;jpy; rJuk; ABCD-d; gf;f msT 14 nr.kP

epoypl;lg; gFjpapd; gug;gsitf; fhz;f.
rJuj;jpd; gf;fk; a = 14 nr.kP
A B
7
xt;nthU tl;lj;jpd; Muk; r = nr.kP
2
epoypl;l gFjpapd; gug;gsT = rJuj;jpd; gug;gsT – (4 × tl;lj;jpd; gug;gsT)
= a2 – 4(πr2)
 22 7 7 
= (14)2 – 4  × × 
 7 2 2
= 196 – 154
= 42 nr.kP2.
10
A]\
7. 8. gf;f msT 28 nr.kP msTs;s xU rJuj;jpd; ehd;F %iyapypUe;J

xt;nthU tl;lKk; kw;w ,uz;L tl;lq;fisj; njhLkhW ehd;F tl;lq;fs;
glj;jpy; cs;sgb tiuag;gLfpd;wd. vdpy; epoypl;l gFjpapd; gug;gsitf;
fhz;f.
ABCD vd;w rJuj;jpd; gf;fk; a vd;f. D 14 cm 14 cm C
∴ a = 28 nr.kP
28
∴ xt;nthU tl;lj;jpd; Muk;> r =
2 A B
= 14 nr.kP
epoypl;l gFjpapd; gug;gsT = rJuj;jpd; gug;gsT − 4 × fhy;tl;lg;gFjp
1 
= a 2 − 4  × π r 2 
4 
 1 22 
(28)
2
= − 4 × × 14 × 14 
4 7 
= 784 – 616

= 168 nr.kP2.
11
A]\
fdr;rJuk;

fdr;rJuj;jpd; nkhj;jg;gug;gsT = 6a2 r. m
a
fdr;rJuj;;jpd; gf;fg;gug;G = 4a2 r.m
fdr;rJuj;jpd; fd msT v = a3 fs. myFfs; a
a
1. 5 nr.kP gf;f msT nfhz;l fdr;rJuj;jpd; nkhj;jg;gug;G> gf;fg;gug;G> kw;Wk;

fdmsT Mfpatw;iwf; fhz;f.
gf;fg;gug;G = 4a2 = 4 (5)2 = 100 r.nr.kP
nkhj;jg; Gwg;gug;G = 6a2 = 6 (5)2 = 150 r.nr.kP
fdmsT = a3 = 53 = 125 f.nr.kP
2. xU fdr;rJuj;jpd; nkhj;jg; Gwg;gug;G 384 r. nrkP vdpy;> mjd; fdmsitf;

fhz;f
fdr;rJuj;jpd; gf;f msT a vd;f
nkhj;jg; Gwg;gug;G = 384 r. nrkP
6a2 = 384
384
a2 = = 64
6
a
= 64 = 8 nrkP

fd msT a3 = 83 = 512 f. nrkP
fdr;nrt;tfk;

Height
fdr;nrt;tfj;jpd; gf;fg; gug;G = 2 ( l + b) h r. m

th
id
W
fdr;nrt;tfj;jpd; nkhj;jg; gug;G = 2( l b + bh + lh) r.m Length
fdr;nrt;tfj;jpd; fd msT v = l × b × h f. myFfs;
12
A]\
1. xU fdr;nrt;tfj;jpd; ePsk;> mfyk; kw;Wk; cauk; KiwNa 20 nr.kP> 12nr.kP

kw;Wk; 9 nr.kP mjd; nkhj;jg; Gwg;gug;igf; fhz;f.
l = 20 nr.kP> b = 12 nr.kP> h = 9 nr.kP
∴ nkhj;jg; Gwg;gug;G = 2(l b × bh × lh)
= 2 [(20 × 12) + (12 × 9) + (20 × 9)]
= 2 × 528
= 1056 r. nr.kP
2. fdmsT 216 f. nr.kP msTs;s ,U fdr;rJuq;fs; glj;jpy; fhl;bAs;sthW

,izf;fg;gLk; NghJ fpilf;Fk; fdnrt;tfj;jpd; nkhj;jg; gug;igf;
fhz;f.
fdr;rJuj;jpd; gf;f msT a vd;f

a3 = 216
a = 3
216 = 6 nrkP
,U fdr;rJuq;fs; ,izf;fg;gl;L fdr;nrt;tfk; ngwg;gLfpwJ.
vdNt> l = 6 + 6 = 12 nr.kP
b = 6 nr.kP
h = 6 nr.kP
fdr;nrt;tfj;jpd; nkhj;jg;gug;G = 2 (lb × bh × lh)
= 2 [ (12×6) + (6×6) + (12×6) ]
= 2 [ 72 + 36 + 72 ]
= 2 × 180
= 360 r. nr.kP
13
A]\
Neh; cUis
a. mbg;gug;G = �r2 r.m C A
b. tisgug;G = 2�rh r. m
c. nkhj;jg; Gwg;gug;G = 2�r (h+r) r. m
d. fd msT = �r2h f.m D B
cs;sPlw;w cUis
a) mbgf;fg; gug;G = �(R2 – r2) r.m

= � (R+r) (R–r) r.m
b) tisgug;G = 2�h(R+r) r.m
c) nkhj;j Gwg;gug;G = 2�r (R+r)(R-r+h)
d) fd msT = �h (R2 – r2)
= �h(R+r) (R–r) f.m
jpz;k Neh;tl;l cUisapd; nkhj;jg; gug;G = 2�r (h+r) r. m
$k;G
mbgf;fg; gug;G = � r2 r.m
a. tisgug;G = �r l r.m
12 = r 2 + h 2 
b. nkhj;j Gwg;gug;G = �r (l+r) r.m  

1 = r 2 + h 2 
c. fd msT 1
= (�r2h) f.m
3
Nfhsk;
tisgug;G = 4�r2 r.m
4 3
a. fd msT = π r f.m
3
miuf;Nfhsk;
a. tisgug;G =
2�r2 r.m
2 3
b. fd msT = π r f.m
3
c. miuf;Nfhsj;jpd; nkhj;jg;gug;G = 3�r2 r.m
14
A]\
cUis
1. xU jpz;k Neh;tl;l cUisapd; Muk; 7 nr.kP kw;Wk; cauk; 20 nr.kP mjd; i)

tisgug;G > ii) nkhj;jg; Gwg;gug;G Mfpatw;iwf; fhz;f.
r = 7 nr.kP h = 20 nr.kP
(i) cUisapd; tisgug;G = 2�rh r.m

22
= 2 × × 7 × 20
7
= 880 r.nr.kP
(ii) nkhj;jg; Gwg;gug;G = 2�r (h + r)
22
× 7 × [20 + 7 ] = 2×
7
= 44 × 27
= 1188 r. nrkP
2. xU jpz;k Neh;tl;l cUisapd; MuKk; cauKk; 2 : 5 vd;w tpfpjj;jpy;

3960
cs;sd. mjd; tisg;gug;G r. nrkP vdpy; cUisapd; Muk; kw;Wk;
7
cauk; fhz;f.
r:h=2:5
r 2 2
= r= h
h 5 5
Neh; tl;l cUisapd; tisgug;G = 2�rh r.m

3960 22 2
= 2× × ×h×h
7 7 5
3960 × 7 × 5
h2 = = 225
2 × 22 × 2 × 7
h = 15
2 2 r : h = 2 : 5 
r= h= × 15 = 6  
5 5  = 6 : 15
r = 6 nr.kP h = 15 nr.kP
15
A]\
3. 120 nr.kP ePsKk;> 84 nr.kP tpl;lKk; nfhz;l xU rhiyia rkg;gLj;Jk;

cUisiaf; nfhz;L xU tpisahl;Lj;jply; rkg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
tpisahl;Lj; jpliy rkg;gLj;j ,t;TUis 500 KOr; Rw;Wfs; Roy Ntz;Lk;.
tpisahl;Lj; jpliy rkg;gLj;j xU r. kPll
; Uf;F 75 igrh tPjk;> jpliyr;
rkg;gLj;j MFk; nryitf; fhz;f.
r = 42 nr.kP h =120 nr.kP
cUisapd; xU KOr;Rw;wpdhy;
rkg;gLj;jg;gLk; jplypd; gug;G = cUisapd; tisgug;G
= 2�rh r.m
22
= 2 × × 42 × 120
7
= 31680 r.nr.kP

500 KOr; Rw;Wfspy; rkg;gLj;jg;gLk;
jplypd; gug;G = 31680 × 500
= 15840000 nr.kP2
15840000
=
10000
= 1584 kP2 (10000nr.kP2 = 1r.kP)
75
1 r.kPl;lUf;F rkg;gLj;j MFk; nryT = Rs.
100
1584 × 75
vdNt tpisahl;Lj;jpliy rkg;gLj;j MFk; nkhj;jr; nryT =
100
= Rs. 1188
cUisapd; fdmsT
4. xU Neh; tl;l cUisapd; tisgug;G 704 r.nrkP kw;Wk; mjd; cauk; 8 nr.kP
vdpy; mt;TUisapd; fd msit ypl;lhpy; fhz;f.
h = 8 nr.kP > tisgug;G = 704 r.nr.kP
tisgug;G = 704 r.nr.kP
2�rh = 704
22
= 2× × r × 8 = 704
7
16
A]\
704 × 7
r =
2 × 22 × 8
r = 14 nr.kP
cUisapd; fd msT = �r2h
22
= × 14 × 14 × 8
7
= 4928 f. nrkP
cUisapd; fdmsT = 4.928 ypl;lh; (1000 f.nr.kP = 1 ypl;lh;)
5. xU cs;sl
P w;w ,Uk;G Fohapd; ePsk; 28 nr.kP> mjd; ntsp kw;Wk; cs;tpl;lq;fs;
KiwNa 8 nr.kP kw;Wk; 6 nr.kP vdpy; ,Uk;Gf; Fohapd; fd msitf; fhz;f.
NkYk; 1 f. nr.kP ,Uk;gpd; vil 7 fpuhk; vdpy;> ,Uk;Gf; Fohapd; viliaf;
fhz;f.
2r = 6 nr.kP> 2R = 8 nr.kP> h = 28 nr.kP
r = 3 nr.kP> R = 4 nr.kP
,Uk;G Fohapd; fd msT = � × h × (R + r) (R – r)
22
= × 28 × (4 + 3) (4 − 3)
7
= 616 f. nrkP
1 f. nrkP ,Uk;gpd; vil = 7 fpuhk;
616 f. nrkP ,Uk;gpd; Fohapd; vil = 7 × 616 fpuhk;
MfNt> ,Uk;Gf; Fohapd; vil = 4.312 fp.fp
$k;G
1. xU jpz;k Neh; tl;lf; $k;gpd; Muk; kw;Wk; rhAauk; KiwNa 35 nr.kP kw;Wk;
37 nr.kP vdpy; $k;gpd; tisgug;G kw;Wk; nkhj;jg; Gwg;gug;igf; fhz;f.
r kw;Wk; l vd;gd KiwNa Neh; tl;lf; $k;gpd; Muk; kw;Wk; rhAauk; vd;f.
vdNt r = 35 nr.kP, l = 37 nr.kP
MfNt> tisgug;G = πrl = π (35) (37)
= 4070 r. nr.kP
17
A]\
NkYk;> nkhj;jg; Gwg;gug;G = πr [l + r]

22
= × 35 [37 + 35]
7
= 7920 r. nr.kP

2. 21 nr.kP MuKs;s xU tl;lj;jpypUe;J 1200 ikaf; Nfhzk; nfhz;l xU
tl;lf; Nfhzg;gFjpia ntl;bnaLj;J, mjd; Muq;fis xd;wpize;J xU
 22 
$k;ghf;fpdhy; fpilf;Fk; $k;gpd; tisgug;igf;  π =  fhz;f.
 7 
$k;gpd; Muk; r vd;f.
tl;l Nfhzg;gFjpapd; Nfhzk;> θ = 1200
tl;l Nfhzg;gFjpapd; Muk;, R = 21 nr.kP.
tl;l Nfhzg;gFjpapd; Muq;fis xd;wpize;J mjid xU $k;ghf khw;wyhk;.
vdNt> $k;gpd; mbr;Rw;wsT = tl;ltpy;ypd; ePsk;
θ
2 πr = × 2π R
360
θ
r = ×R
360
120
vdNt> $k;gpd; Muk; r = × 21 = 7 nr.kP
360
NkYk;> $k;gpd; rhAauk; = tl;lf; Nfhzg;gFjpapd; Muk;.
l = R ⇒ l = 21 nr.kP
vdNt> $k;gpd; tisgug;G = πrl
22
= × 7 × 21 = 462 r. nr.kP
7
21cm
120o 21cm l
r
2�r
18
A]\
$k;gpd; fdmsT
3 × $k;gpd; fdmsT = cUisapd; fdmsT = πr2h
1
vdNt> $k;gpd; fdmsT = × π r 2 h f.MyFfs;
3
1. xU jpz;k Neh;tl;lf; $k;gpd; fdmsT 4928 f. nrkP kw;Wk; mjd; cauk; 24
nr.kP vdpy;, mf; $k;gpd; $k;gpd;Muj;ijf; fhz;f.
r, h kw;Wk; V vd;gd KiwNa $k;gpd;Muk;, cauk; kw;Wk; fdmsT vd;f.
vdNt, V = 4928 f. nrkP kw;Wk; h = 24 nr.kP
1
MfNt> = × π r 2 h = 4928
3
1 22
= × × r 2 × 24 = 4928
3 7
4928 × 3 × 7
r2 = = 196
22 × 24
$k;gpd;Muk; r = 194 = 14 nr.kP
2. xU ,ilf;fz;l tbtpyhd thspapd; Nkw;Gw kw;Wk; mbg;Gw Muq;fs; KiwNa

15 nr.kP ; kw;Wk; 8; nr.kP NkYk;, Mok; 63 nr.kP vdpy;, mjd; nfhs;sit
ypl;lhpy; fhz;f.
,ilf; fz;lj;jpd; fdmsT = 1 × π h (R 2 + r 2 + Rr )

3
R kw;Wk; r vd;gJ KiwNa thspapd; Nkw;Gw kw;Wk; mbg;Gw gFjpapd; Muq;fs;
vdTk; h vd;gJ mjd; cauk; (Mok;) vdTk; nfhs;f.
MfNt> R = 15 nr.kP> r = 8 nr.kP kw;Wk; h = 63 nr.kP
thspapd; fdmsT = 1 × π h (R 2 + r 2 + Rr )
3 63 nr.kP
1 22
= × × 63 × (152 + 82 + 15 × 8 )
3 7
= 26994 f.nrkP 8 nr.kP
26994
= ypl;lh; (1000 f.nrkP = 1 ypl;lh;)
1000
vdNt> thspapd; fdmsT = 26.994 ypl;lh; .
19
A]\
Nfs;tpfs;
1. xU jpz;k Neh;tl;l cUisapd; nkhj;jg;Gwg;gug;G 880r. nrkP kw;Wk; mjd; Muk; 10
nr.kP vdpy; mt;TUisapd; tisgug;igf; fhz;f.
3
Ans : 251 r. nr.kP
7
2. xU cs;sPlw;w cUisapd; cs; kw;Wk; ntsp Muq;fs; KiwNa 12 nr.kP kw;Wk;
18 nr.kP vd;f. NkYk; mjd; cauk; 14 nr.kP vdpy; mt;Tisapd; tisgug;G kw;Wk;
nkhj;jg; Gwg;gug;igf; fhz;f.
3
Ans : 3771 r. nr.kP
7
3. xU jpz;k Neh;tl;l cUisapd; mbg;gf;fg; gug;G kw;Wk; fd msT KiwNa
13.86 nr.kP kw;Wk; 69.3 f. nrkP vdpy;> mt;TUisapd; cauk; kw;Wk; tisgug;igf;
fhz;f
Ans : 66 r.nrkP
Nfhsk;
1. 7kP cs;tpl;lKs;s xU cs;sl
P w;w Nfhsj;jpDs; cl;Gwkhf xU rh;ff
; ]; tPuh;
Nkhl;lhh; irf;fpspy; rhfrk; nra;fpwhh;. me;j rhfr tPuh; rhfrk; nra;af;
fpilj;jpLk; cs;sl
P w;wf; Nfhsj;jpd; cl;Gwg;gug;igf; fhz;f.
cs;sPlw;w Nfhsj;jpd; cl;Gw tpl;lk; 2r = 7 kP
Nkhl;lhh; irf;fps; tPuh;> rhfrk; nra;af; fpilj;jpLk; gug;G
= Nfhsj;jpd; cl;Gw tisgug;G
= 4π r 2 = π (2r ) 2
22
= × 72
7
= 154 r. nr.kP.
2. xU jpz;k miuf;Nfhsj;jpd; nkhj;j Gwg;gug;G 675 πr.nr.kP vdpy; mjd;
tisgug;igf; fhz;f.
jpz;k miuf;Nfhsj;jpd; nkhj;j Gwg;gug;G
3π r2 = 675 π r. nr.kP
jpz;k miuf;Nfhsj;jpd; tisgug;G = 2π × 225
= 450 π r. nr.kP.
20
A]\
3. miuf;Nfhs tbt fpz;zj;jpd; jbkd; 0. 25 nr.kP. mjd; cl;Gw Muk; 5 nr.kP

vdpy; mf; fpz;zj;jpd; ntspg;Gw tisgug;igf; fhz;f.
r, R kw;Wk; W vd;gd KiwNa miuf;Nfhs tbt fpz;zj;jpd; cs; Muk;, ntsp
Muk; kw;Wk; jbkd; vz;f.
r = 5 nr.kP, w = 0. 25 nr.kP
∴ ntsp Muk; R = r + w = 5 + 0.25 = 5.25 nr.kP
ntspg;Gw tisgug;G = 2πR2
22
= 2 × × 5.25 × 5.25
7
= 173. 25 r. nr.kP.
fdmsT
1. 8.4 nr.kP tpl;lk; nfhz;l xU Nfhstbt jpz;k cNyhf vwpFz;bd; fd
msitf; fhz;f.
r vd;gJ jpz;k Nfhstbt cNyhf vwp Mz;bd; Muk; vd;f.
MfNt> 2r = 8.4 nr.kP ⇒ r = 4.2 nr.kP 8.4nrkP
4 3
cNyhf vwpFz;bd; fd msT v = πr
3
4 22 42 42 42
= × × × ×
3 7 10 10 10
= 310. 464 f. nr.kP

2. xU $k;G> xU miuf;Nfhsk;> kw;Wk; xU cUis Mfpad rk mbg;gug;gpidf;

nfhz;Ls;sd. $k;gpd; cauk;> cUisapd; cauj;jpw;F rkkhfTk;>
NkYk; ,t;Tauk; mtw;wpd; Muj;jpw;F rkkhfTk; ,Ue;jhy; ,k;%d;wpd;
fdmsTfSf;fpilNa cs;s tpfpjj;ijf; fhz;f.
r vd;gJ $k;G> miuf;Nfhsk; kw;Wk; cUisapd; nghJthd Muk; vd;f
21
A]\
h vd;gJ $k;G kw;Wk; cUisapd; cauk; vd;f.

vdNt, r = h MFk;
V1 , V2 kw;Wk; V3 vd;gd KiwNa $k;G, miuf;Nfhsk; kw;Wk; cUisapd;
fdmsTfis Fwpf;fl;Lk;.
1 2 2 2
π r h : π r : π r 2h
V1 : V2 : V3 =
3 3
1 2 2 3
,g;NghJ = π r : π r : π r 2 [r = h ]
3 3
1 2
V1 : V2 : V3 = : :1
3 3
1 2
V1 : V2 : V3 =
: :1
3 3
1 2
= π r 2 : π r 3 : π r 2 [r = h ]
3 3
1 2
V1 : V2 : V3 = : :1
3 3
MfNt> fdmsTfspd; tpfpjk; 1 : 2 : 3.
1
3. xU jpz;kf; Nfhsj;jpd; fd msT 7241 f. nr.kP vdpy;> mjd; Muj;ijf;
7
fhz;f.
r kw;Wk; v vd;gd KiwNa Nfhsj;jpd; Muk; kw;Wk; fd msT vd;f.
1
V = 7241 f. nr.kP
7
4 3 50688
πr =
3 7
4 22 50688
× × r3 =
3 7 7
r3 = 1728 = 43 × 33

r = 12 nr.kP
22
A]\
11352
4. xU cs;sl
P w;w Nfhsj;jpd; fd msT f. nr.kP. kw;Wk; mjd; ntsp Muk;
7
8 nr.kP vdpy; , mf;Nfhsj;jpd; cs;Muj;ijf; fhz;f.
R kw;Wk; r vd;gd KiwNa cs;sPlw;w Nfhsj;jpd; ntsp kw;Wk; cs;Muq;fs;
vd;f.
V vd;gJ mf;Nfhsj;jpd; fd msT vd;f.
11352
MfNt> fd msT V = f. nr.kP
7
4 11352
π ( R3 − r 3 ) =
3 7
4 22 11352
× × (83 − r 3 ) =
3 7 7
512 − r3 = 387

r3 = 125
r = 5 nr.kP
•••
23
>tV| 

VD : 
z] : k \uD D
VA\
>tV|  BV >kVBD z1 x>_W \uD x>[\
>V VVo VE ]^, o] VzA^, \V] >
\[V^ ks_ >BV|^m. D\[V zAV VA\
>  >MV _m >MBV V > luE \B\V D\
[V zA > klKD \] |kV, \ gD F]kV,
 > mkVzD  >s|m. m xuKD V

gB,
k \uD D
                                             

 
 




XY A B 
1/A 1/B 

1/A1/B (A+B)/AB
AB/(A+B) 
A B A/B A B
B/A 





A B X : Y 
AB1/X : 1/Y = Y : X 

A C X, Y 

1/X : 1/Y = 1/Z 
3

1. 6 ^  kB 12 V^_ Fm x[. 2 V^^ am

\KD 6 ^ km V^ M_, kB FB > V^^
|mV^kV^?
y:
6 × 12 = (2 × 6) + (12 + x)
72 = 12 + 12x
60 = 12x
x = 5 V^^.
kB Fm x 5 V^^ |mV^kV^.
2. 16 [E_[ s `48 M_, 4 [E_[ sB V.

y: ( s>D)
16 [E_[ s = ` 48
48
4 [E_[ s = = ` 12.
4
3.  \m 360 .* #> 4 \ ]_ [m. > k]_ \m
_KD Vm, 6 \ 30 Wt_ k #> zD.
y:
4 : 360 :: 13/2 : x
13
4x = 360 ×
2
x = 585 .*
4. 7 g^ kB 52 V_ Fm x[. > kB 13 g^

> V_ Fm xV^?
y: (]s>D)
7 + 52 = 13 × x
13x = 7 × 52
x = 25 V^.
k, 13 g^ > kB 28 V_ xV^.
4

5. kV ]KD 35 k V A>][ \V> ^ 129. >

F] kV ]KD 24 kV >V_, A>][ \V> ^
kkV zD?
y:
120 + 35 = 24 × x
120 × 35
x =
24
x = 175 ^.
6. 8V El[ s ` 160 M_, 18 V El[ s [?

y:
8 V El[ s = ` 160
160
 V El[ s = = 20
8
18 V El[ s = 20 × 18 = ` 360.
7. 7 \VDw[ s `35 M_, 15 \VDw[ s [?
y: ( s>D)
7 : 35 :: 15 : x
7x = 35 × 15
x = 75.
15 \VDw[ s ` 75.
8.  l_ k 195 V* #> 3 \ ]_ [m. > k]_,
> l_ k 5 \ ]_ zD #D?
y:
195 : 3 :: x : 15
3x = 195 × 5
x = 325 .*
5 \ ]_ 325 V* #> zD
5

9. 8 g^  kB 24 V_ Fm x>V^ M_, > kB 24

g^ Fm x |m V^D V[ ?
y: (]s>D)
8 × 24 = 24x
x = 8.
24 g^ 8 V_ kB Fm xV^.
10. 18 g^  kB 20 V_ Fm x>V^ M_, > kB 24
g^ Fm x |m V^D V[ 
y:
18 × 20 = 24 × x
18 × 20
x =
24
x = 15 V^.
24 g^ 15 V_ kB Fm xV^.
11. 300 ^ m V^D _BV s]uz 60 V VF^
>k|m. 500  > s]uz kkV^ M_, k VF^
>k|D?
y:
300 : 60 :: 500 : x
60 × 500 = 300 × x
60 × 500
x =
300
x = 100. 500 z 100 V VF >k|D.
12. 1500 \Vk^ V ^z 90 gEB^ >k|V^. 2000
\Vk^ V ^z > gEB^ >k?
y:
90 : 1500 :: x : 2000
1500x = 90 × 2000
x = 120.
2000 \Vkz 120 gEB^ >k
6

13.  \m 45 Wt_ .* [m. > k]_ _KD Vm,  \

]_ m k #D zD?
y:
60 : 45 :: x : 60
45x = 60 × 60
x = 80 .*
 \ ]_ 80 .* #> zD.
14.   96.* k 8 V_ k^ >V. 18 V_ k
k k^  xD?
y:
96 : 8 :: x : 18
8x = 96 × 18
x = 216 .*
18 V_ 216.* z k^  xD.
15. 7 [  36.4 . M_, > kV 5 [  kkV
zD?
y:
7 [  = 36.4 .
36.4
 l[  =
7
36.4
5 [  = × 5 = 26 .
7
16. 60.* k]_ _KD  \m  z #> 5 \ ]_ m.

> #> 40 .* k]_ [V_, k ]_ zD?
y: (]s>D)
60 × 5 = 40 × x
60 × 5
x =
40
x = 7.5 \ D.
7

17.  kB 150 g^ 12 V_ xms|kV^. 120 g^ > kB
> V_ xV^?
y:
150 × 12 = 120 × x
150 × 12
x =
120
x = 15 V^.
120 g^ > kB 5 V_ xV^
18. 276 T^ c^  V]_ 20 Vz >kBV \B_ V^
c^m. > V^ 46 Vz  k|\M_ > T^ >
V> s| _ k|D?
y:
276 × 20 = 46x
276 × 20
x =
46
x = 120.
276 − 120 = 156 T^ V> s| _ k|D
19.  A>]_ 70 ^ c^.  ]_ 30 k^ E|[m. gV_

> F]B  ]_ 20 k^ [ EV_, > A>]_ >
^ zD?
y:
70 × 30 = 20 × x
70 × 30
x =
20
x = 105 ^.
> A>]_ 105 ^ zD
8

20.  Vbk xVt_ 800 T^ V^. kz 60 Vz

Vm\V \ V\V[^ c^. > xVtuz \KD 400 T^ km
>V^ M_, > Vz > \ V\V[^ Vm\V>V
zD?
y:
800 × 60 = 1200 × x
800 × 60
x =
1200
x = 40 V^.
9
>tV| 

VD : A]\ \uD A^lB_
z] : VD \uD k
VA\
>tV|  BV >kVBD z1 x>_W \uD x>[\
>V VVo VE ]^, o] VzA^, \V] >
\[V^ ks_ >BV|^m. D\[V zAV VA\
>  >MV _m >MBV V > luE \B\V D\[V
FD xBuElV ~||>_ Vm. *V_ ]B VA\ ][ 
> mkVzD  >s|m. m xuKD V >z

gB,
A]\
VD \uD k (TIME & WORK)
1
1. xUth; xU Ntiyia ‘n’ ehl;fspy; Kbj;jhy;> xU ehspy; Ntiyia Kbg;ghh;.
n
vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf xUth; xU Ntiyia 4 ehl;fspy; Kbj;jhy;> mth; xU ehspy;
1
mt;Ntiyapy; ghfk; nra;J Kbg;ghh;.
4
2. xUth; xh; ehspy; Kbf;Fk; Ntiyapd; gFjp nfhLf;fg;ngw;why;>
1
mt; Ntiy Kbf; f MFk; nkhj; j ehl; fs; =
xU ehspd; Ntiy
1
vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> xUth; xU ehspy; ghfk; Ntiy nra;jhy;> mth; mt;Ntiyia
10
1 10
= 1 × = 10 ehl;fspy; Kbg;ghh;.
1 1
10
1. A vd;gth; xU Ntiyia 20 ehl;fspYk;> B vd;gth; mNj Ntiyia 30

ehl;fspYk; nra;J Kbg;ghh;fs;. mt;tpUtUk; Nrh;eJ
; mt;Ntiyiar; nra;J
Kbf;f vj;jid ehl;fs; MFk;.?
1
xU ehspy; A nra;Ak; Ntiy =
20
1
xU ehspy; B nra;Ak; Ntiy =
30

A]\
1 1 5
xU ehspy; A, B ,UtUk; Nrh;e;J nra;Ak; Ntiy = + =
20 30 60
1
= gFjp Ntiy
12
1
∴ A, B ,UtUk; Nrh;e;J mt;Ntiyia> = 12 ehl;fspy; nra;J Kbg;gh;
1
12
2. xU Ntiyia A, B ,UtUk; Nrh;eJ
; 8 ehl;fspy; Kbg;gh;> A kl;Lk; mt;Ntiyia
12 ehl;fspy; Kbg;ghh;. B kl;Lk; mt;Ntiyia vj;jid ehl;fspy; Kbg;ghh;?
1
A, B ,,UtUk; Nrh;e;J Kbf;Fk; Ntiy = ghfk;
8
1
xU ehspy; A kl;Lk; nra;Ak; Ntiy = ghfk;
12
1 1
xU ehspy; B kl;Lk;; nra;Ak; Ntiy = −
8 12
3− 2 1
= =
24 24
B kl;Lk;; mt;Ntiyia nra;J
1
Kbf;f MFk; fhyk; = = 24 ehl;fs;
1
24
3. A xU Ntiyia 12 ehl;fspy; nra;J Kbg;ghh;> B mNj Ntiyia 20 ehl;fspy;

nra;J Kbg;ghh;. A,B ,UtUk; Nrh;eJ
; mt;Ntiyia 3 ehl;fs; nra;jdh;. gpd;
A nrd;W tpl;lhh;. kPjp Ntiyia B vj;jid ehl;fspy; Kbg;ghh;?
1
A xU ehspy; Kbf;Fk; Ntiy =
12
1
B xU ehspy; Kbf;Fk;; Ntiy =
20
1 1
A, B ,UtUk;; Nrh;e;J xU ehspy; Kbf;Fk; Ntiy = +
12 20
5+3 8 2
= = =
60 60 15

A]\
2 2
A , B ,UtUk; Nrh;e;J 3 ehspy; Kbf;Fk; Ntiy = × 3 = ghfk;
15 5
2 3
kPjKs;s Ntiy = 1 − = ghfk; 3
5 5
kPjKs;s Ntiyia B Kbf;f MFk; ehl;fs; = 5
1
20
3 20
= ×
5 1
= 12 ehl;fs;
∴ kPjKs;s Ntiyia 12 ehl;fspy; B nra;J Kbg;ghh;.
4. A,B ,UtUk; xU Ntiyia 12 ehl;fspy; nra;J Kbg;gh;> B, C mNj
Ntiyia 15 ehl;fspy; nra;J Kbg;gh;. C,A mNj Ntiyia 20 ehl;fspy;
nra;J Kbg;gh;. %tUk; Nrh;eJ
; kw;Wk; jdpj;jdpahfTk; mt;Ntiyia vj;jid
ehl;fspy; nra;J Kbg;gh;?
1
A,B xU ehspy; nra;Ak;; Ntiy = ghfk;
12
1
B,C xU ehspy; nra;Ak;; Ntiy = ghfk;
15
1
C,A xU ehspy; nraAk; Ntiy = ghfk;
20
xU ehspy; (A + B) + (B + C) + (C + A)
1 1 1
nra;Ak; Ntiy = + +
12 15 20
12
xU ehspy; (2A+2B+2C) nra;Ak; Ntiy = ghfk;
60
12
xNu ehspy; 2(A+B+C) nra;Ak; Ntiy = ghfk;
60
1 12 1
xNu ehspy; A,B,C Kbf;Fk; Ntiy = × = ghfk;
2 60 10
A xU ehspy; nra;Ak; Ntiy
mjthJ [(A+B+C) fspd; 1 ehs; Ntiy - (B+C) fspd; 1 ehs; Ntiy]
1 1 3−2 1
= − = =
10 15 30 30
A mt;Ntiyiaj; jdpNa 30 ehl;fspy; Kbg;ghh;.

A]\
B xU ehspy; nra;Ak; Ntiy

mjthJ [(A+B+C) fspd; 1 ehs; Ntiy - (C+A) fspd; 1 ehs; Ntiy]
1 1 2 −1 1
= − = =
10 20 20 20
B mt;Ntiyiaj; jdpNa 20 ehl;fspy; Kbg;ghh;.
C xU ehspy; nra;Ak; Ntiy

mjthJ [(A+B+C) fspd; 1 ehs; Ntiy - (A+B) fspd; 1 ehs; Ntiy]
1 1 6−5 1
= − = =
10 12 60 60
C mt;Ntiyiaj; jdpNa 60 ehl;fspy; Kbg;ghh;.
5. xU Ntiyia 10 ehl;fspy;> B mNj Ntiyia 15 ehl;fspy; nra;J Kbg;ghh;.

,UtUk; Nrh;eJ
; mt;Ntiyia nra;J 1500 I <l;bdhy;> mj;njhifia
vt;thW gphpj;J nfhs;th;.
1
A xU ehspy; nra;Ak; Ntiy = ghfk;
10
1
B xU ehspy; nra;Ak; Ntiy = ghfk;
15
1 1
vdNt mth;fspd; Ntiyj;jpwd;fspd; tpfpjk; = : = 3: 2
10 15
nkhj;jj; njhif = 1500
3
A ,d; gq;F = × 1500 = 900
5
2
B ,d; gq;F = × 1500 = 600
5
6. xU njhl;bia ,U Foha;fs; jdpj;jdpNa KiwNa 30 epkplq;fs;> 40

epkplq;fspy; epug;Gfpd;wJ. kw;nwhU Foha; ePh; epuk;gpa njhl;bia 24
epkplq;fspy; fhyp nra;Ak;. njhl;b fhypahf ,Ue;J ,k;%d;W Foha;fSk; xNu
rkaj;jpy; jpwe;J tplg;gl;lhy;> mj;njhl;b vj;jid epkplq;fspy; epuk;Gk;?
1
Kjy; Foha; 1 epkplj;jpy; mj;njhl;bia epug;Gk; ghfk; =
30
1
,uz;lhk; Foha; 1 epkplj;jpy; mj;njhl;bia epug;Gk; ghfk; =
40

A]\
1
%d;whk; Foha; 1 epkplj;jpy; ePh; epuk;gpa njhl;bia fhyp nra;Ak; ghfk; =
24
xNu rkaj;jpy; ,k;%d;W Foha;fisAk; jpwe;J tpl;lhy;>
1 1 1
1 epkplj;jpy; njhl;bapy; epuk;Gk; ghfk; = + −
30 40 24
4+3−5 2 1
= = =
120 120 60
1
vdNt> mj;njhl;b epuk;Gk; fhyk; = = 60 epkplq;fs;
1
60
= 1 kzp

>tV| 

VD : 
z] : 
VA\
>tV|  BV >kVBD z1 x>_W \uD x>[\
>V VVo VE ]^, o] VzA^, \V] >
\[V^ ks_ >BV|^m. D\[V zAV VA\
>  >MV _m >MBV V > luE \B\V D\
[V zA > klKD \] |kV, \ gD F]kV,
 > mkVzD  >s|m. m xuKD V

gB,













          ( H e a r t s , C l o v e r , D i a m o n d s , S p a d e s )      







1/13









3



(Classical Approach)

 


▪▪ 

▪▪ 

▪▪ 4/102/5

▪▪ 6/103/5
▪▪ I


(PrioriProbability)Priori
  



▪▪ S 
▪▪ S 
▪▪ E 
▪▪ E 
▪▪ EP(E)
P(E) = N(E)/N(S)
                                              



4

1. 



1 2 3 4 5 6
1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6
 = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (1, 5), (1, 6)
(2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3), (2, 4), (2, 5), (2, 6)
(3, 1), (3, 2), (3, 3), (3, 4), (3, 5), (3, 6)
(4, 1), (4, 2), (4, 3), (4, 4), (4, 5), (4, 6)
(5, 1), (5, 2), (5, 3), (5, 4), (5, 5), (5, 6)
(6, 1), (6, 2), (6, 3), (6, 4), (6, 5), (6, 6)}
2. 


, S = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (1, 5), (1, 6)
.................................................... (6, 6)} 
 n(S) = 36.
 
A  
A = {(1, 3), (2, 2), (3, 1)}; n(A) = 3
n(A) 3 1
P(A) = = = .
n(S) 36 12

B  
B = {(5, 6), (6, 5), (6, 6)}; n(B) = 3
n(B) 3 1
P(A) = = = .
n(S) 36 12
5


C  
n(C) = 36
n(C) 36
P(C) = = = 1.
n(S) 36
3. 



S = { HH, HT, TH, TT }; n(S) = 4
A 
A = { HT, TH }; n(A) = 2
n(A) 2 1
P(A) = = = .
n(S) 4 2


 


A  = 26
n(A) 26 1
P(A) = = = .
n(S) 52 2

B  = 13
n(B) 13 1
P(B) = = = .
n(S) 52 4

C  = 2
n(C) 2 1
P(C) = = = .
n(S) 52 26
6


D  = 4 × 3 = 12 (J, K, Q)
n(d) 12 3
P(d) = = = .
n(S) 52 13
5 
E  = 4 × 9 = 36 (2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10)
n(E) 36 9
P(E) = = = .
n(S) 52 13
4. 



S = { (), (-), (-),
(-), (-), (-), () }
n(S) = 7
A  = { (-), () } = 2
n(A) 2
P(A) = =
n(S) 7
5. 



S = { 1H, 1T, 2H, 2T, 3H, 3T, 4H, 4T, 5H, 5T, 6H, 6T }
n(S) = 12.
A 
A = { 1H, 3H, 5H }; n(A) = 3
n(A) 3 1
P(A) = = = .
n(S) 12 4
7

6. 





 = 6
 = x
 = 2x
 = 6 + x + 2x = 6 + 3x
P(G) = 3 × P(R)
6 x
3×
6 + 3x = 6 + 3x
6 = 3x ∴ x = 2.
1)  = 2 × 2 = 4
2)  = 6 + (3 × 2) = 12.
7. ....



S = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 }
n(S) = 12
1) 
A  = 1
n(A) 1
P(A) = =
n(S) 2

B    = { 2, 3, 5, 7, 11 }
n(B) 5
P(B) = =
n(S) 12

C    = { 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 }; n(C) = 6
n(C) 6 1
P(B) = = =
n(S) 12 2
8

8. 


Coin
H T
HH HT TH TT
HHH HHT HTH HTT THH THT TTH TTT
, S = HHH, HHT, HTH, HTT

THH, THT, TTH, TTT
9. A P(A) : P(Ā) = 17 
n(S)= 640 i) P(Ā), ii) n(A)

P(A) 17
= ; n(S) = 60; P(A) = 172; P(Ā) = 15x
P(A) 15
n(A)
P(A) =
n(S)
P(A) + P(Ā) = 1 ⇒ 17x + 15x = 1
1
32x = 1, x =
32
i) P(Ā),
15
P(Ā) = 15x =
32
ii) n(A),
n(A)
P(A) =
n(S)
17 n(A)
= =
32 640
17
n(A) = × 640 = 340.
32
9

10.                                           






n(S) = 100

A  = { 529, 576, 625, 676,
729, 784, 841, 900, 961 }; n(A) = 9
n(A) 9
P(A) = =
n(S) 1000
 

B  
 = 8
; n(S) = 999 (∴ ); n(B) = 8
8
P(B) = .
999
11. x



x

n(S) = 12  + x  = 12 + x .
1) A   n(A) = x
x
P(A) = → (1)
12 + x
1
P(A) =
4
10

2) , n(S) = 12  + x  + 8 

n(S) = 20 + x 
B  = x + 8
x+8
P(B) =
20 + x
P(B) = 2(P(A))
x+8 2( x )
=
20 + x 12 + x
(x + 8) (12 + x) = 40x + 2x2
12x + x2 + 96 + 8x = 40x + 2x2
x2 + 96 + 20x = 40x + 2x2
2x2 − x2 + 20x − 96 = 0
x2 + 20x − 96 = 0
x = 4; x = −24;
∴ x-  = 4 → (2)
4 1
Sub (2) in (1) ⇒ P(A) = =
16 4
12. 
                      ,                       
           ,                              ,
, 

n(S) = 36
 
 A  = { (1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3),
(4, 4), (5, 5), (6, 6) }
n(A) = 6
n(A) 6 1
P(A) = = =
n(S) 36 6
 
  B  = { (1, 2),(2, 1),(3, 1),
(1, 3), (1, 5), (5, 1) }
n(B) = 6
n(B) 6 1
P(B) = = = .
n(S) 36 6
11

. 
 C = { (1, 1), (1, 2), (2, 1), (5, 2), (2, 5),
(1, 6), (6, 1), (3, 4), (4, 3), (6, 5),
(5, 6), (1, 4), (4, 1), (2, 3), (3, 2) }
n(C) = 15
n(C) 15 5
P(C) = = = .
n(S) 36 12

 D  1 = 0
P(D) = 0.
13. 



n(s) = 8 { (HHH, HHT, HTH, HTT, THH, THT, TTH, TT }
 
  A  = 1
n(A) 1
P(A) = =
n(S) 8

 B  = 7
n(B) 7
P(B) = =
n(S) 8

 C  = 4 { HTT, THT, TTH, TTT }
n(C) 1
P(C) = =
n(S) 2
12


 D  = 7
n(D) 7
P(D) = =
n(S) 8
14. 

 


 = {(1, 1), (1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 3)
(2, 1), (2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 2), (2, 3), (2, 3)
(3, 1), (3, 1), (3, 2), (3, 2), (3, 3), (3, 3)
(4, 1), (4, 1), (4, 2), (4, 2), (4, 3), (4, 3)
(5, 1), (5, 1), (5, 2), (5, 2), (5, 3), (5, 3)
(6, 1), (6, 1), (6, 2), (6, 2), (6, 3), (6, 3)}
1)  A 
P(A) = 2 { (1, 1), (1, 1) }
n(A) 2 1
P(A) = = = .
n(S) 36 18
2) 3 B 
= { (1, 2), (1, 2), (2, 1), (2, 1) }
n(B) 4 1
P(B) = = = .
n(S) 36 9
3) 4 C 
= { (1, 3), (1, 3), (3, 1), (3, 1), (3, 2), (3, 2) }
n(C) 6 1
P(C) = = = .
n(S) 36 6
4)  5 D 

= { (2, 3), (2, 3), (3, 2), (3, 2), (4, 1), (4, 1) }
n(D) 6 1
P(D) = = = .
n(S) 36 6
13

5) 6 E 
= { (3, 3), (3, 3), (4, 2), (4, 2), (5, 1), (5, 1) }
n(E) 6 1
P(E) = = = .
n(S) 36 6
6) 7 F 
= { (4, 3), (4, 3), (5, 2), (5, 2), (6, 1), (6, 1) }
n(F) 6 1
P(F) = = = .
n(S) 36 6
7) 8 G 
= { (5, 3), (5, 3), (6, 2), (6, 2) }
n(G) 4 1
P(G) = = = .
n(S) 36 9
8) 9 H 
= { (5, 3), (5, 3), (6, 2), (6, 2) }
n(H) 2 1
P(H) = = = .
n(S) 36 18
15. 




n(S) = 5+6+7+8 = 26

  A  = 6
n(A) 6 3
P(A) = = = .
n(S) 26 13

  A  = 8 + 5 = 13
n(B) 6 3
P(B) = = = .
n(S) 26 13
  
1 10
P(Ā) = 1 − P(A) = 1− =
13 13
14

 
  C  = 6 + 8 = 14
14 7
P(C) = = .
26 13
14 7
P(C) = 1 − P(C) = 1−= .
26 13
6
= .
13
16.                                            


                                        
 ,,
 

  = 2
 = 2
  = 2
n(S) = 52 − 6 = 46.
 
  A  = 13
n(A) 13
P(A) = = .
n(S) 46

  B  = 0
 
  C  = 1
n(C) 1
P(C) = = .
n(S) 46
15

                                             

,
 ,

, S = { (, ) (, ) (, ) ...........
............... ................ .................. ...........(, ) }
N(S) = 36.
1)  A  = 6
{ (, ) (, ) (, ) (, )
(, ) (, ) }
n(A) 6 1
P(A) = = = .
n(S) 36 6
2)    B  = 


= 36 − 6 = 30
n(B) 30 5
P(B) = = = .
n(S) 36 6
3)   C 

= { (, ) (, )
, ) (, ) (, ) }
n(C) 5
P(C) = = .
n(S) 36
16

17. 


 4 ft

 = l × w 1 ft 3 ft
= 3 × 4 = 12 f2
 = π r2 = π


 = 
π
=
12
18.                                        




n(S) = 20 + x
3 n(D)
  , P(D) = =
8 n(S)
3 n(D)
= ( ∴ n(D) = x)
8 20 + x
60 + 3x = 8 n(D)
60 + 3x = 8x
60 + 5x = 60
x = 12
12   .
17

19. 




,,


n(S) = 8
1)  A  = 1
n(A) 1
P(A) = = .
n(S) 8
2)  B 
B = { HHT, HTH, HTT, THH, THT, TTH }; n(B) = 6
n(B) 6 3
P(B) = = = .
n(S) 8 4
3)  C 
n(C) 1
C = { TTT } ; P(C) = = .
n(S) 8
18
>tV| 

VD : A]\ \uD A^lB_
z] : \
VA\
>tV|  BV >kVBD z1 x>_W \uD x>[\
>V VVo VE ]^, o] VzA^, \V] >
\[V^ ks_ >BV|^m. D\[V zAV VA\
>  >MV _m >MBV V > luE \B\V D\[V
FD xBuElV ~||>_ Vm. *V_ ]B VA\ ][ 
> mkVzD  >s|m. m xuKD V >z

gB,
A]\ & ]
[ V\>_
(Logical number)
Gjpu; fzf;Ffs; (Puzzle)

 ,e;jg; gFjpapy; Nfl;fg;gLk; tpdhthdJ xU tl;l tbt gFjpia Rw;wp
cs;Gwkhf ntspg;Gwkhf mku;e;Js;sdu; vd Nfl;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. NkYk; mtu;fs;
mku;e;jpUf;Fk; Kiw gw;wpa rpy jfty;fs; nfhLf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. Nju;thsu;fs;
me;j jfty;fisf; nfhz;L mtu;fspd; tupir Kiwiaf; fz;lwpe;J mjd; fPNo
Nfl;fg;gLk; tpdhf;fSf;F gjpyspf;f Ntz;Lk;.
fzf;Ffs;
(tpdh vz; : 1- 5) gpd;tUk; jfty;fis ftdkhf gbj;J mjd; fPNo cs;s
Nfs;tpfSf;F jFe;j tpilaspf;fTk;
(i) P,Q,R,S,T,U kw;Wk; V MfpNahu; tl;l tbtpy; tl;lj;jpd; ikaj;ij Nehf;fp
mku;e;Js;sdu;
(ii) P vd;gtu; V kw;Wk; S -f;F eLtpy; mku;e;Js;shu;
(iii) R vd;gtu; S f;F tyg;Gwk; ,uz;lhtjhf mkh;e;Js;shh; NkYk;> Q kw;Wk; U-
tpw;F eLtpy; R mkh;e;Js;shh;
(iv) Q vd;gtu; T f;F mUfpy; ,y;iy
1. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ rup?
(a) V vd;gtu; P kw;Wk; S -f;F eLtpy; mkh;e;Js;shh;
(b) S vd;gtu; V f;F ,lg;Gwk; ,uz;lhtjhf mkh;e;Js;shh;;
(c) R vd;gtu; P f;F ,lg;Gwk; %d;whtjhf mkh;e;Js;shh;;
(d) P vd;gtu; S f;F clNd ,lg;Gwk; mkh;e;Js;shh;
tpil = (d) P vd;gtu; S f;F clNd ,lg;Gwk; mkh;e;Js;shh;

A]\ & ]
2. T d; ,lk; vd;d?
(a) R kw;Wk; V f;F eLtpy; mkh;e;Js;shh;
(b) V f;F clNd ,lg;Gwk; mkh;e;Js;shh;;
(c) R f;F ,lg;Gwk; ,uz;lhtjhf mkh;e;Js;shh;;
(d) P f;F tyg;Gwk; ,uz;lhtjhf mkh;e;Js;shh;
tpil = (b) V f;F clNd ,lg;Gwk; mkh;e;Js;shh;;
3. R kw;Wk; U -tpw;F eLtpy; mkh;e;jpUg;gtu; ahu;?
(a) vtUk; ,y;iy (b) S (c) V (d) Q
tpil : (a) vtUk; ,y;iy

4. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ jtW?
(a) R vd;gtu; U -tpw;F clNd ,lg;Gwk; mkh;e;Js;shh;
(b) Q vd;gtu; R f;F clNd ,lg;Gwk; mkh;e;Js;shh;;
(c) T vd;gtu; Q f;F tyg;Gwk; %d;whtjhf mkh;e;Js;shh;;
(d) U vd;gtu; T f;F ,lg;Gwk; ,uz;lhtjhf mkh;e;Js;shh;;
tpil = (d) U vd;gtu; T f;F ,lg;Gwk; ,uz;lhtjhf mkh;e;Js;shh;;
5. gpd;tUk; N[hbfspy; ,uz;L egh;fs; cs;sdh;. mtu;fspy; Kjy; egUf;F
mLj;j tyg;Gwk; ,uz;lhtJ egh; mkh;e;jpUf;fpwhh; mJ ve;j N[hb?
(a) QS (b) PV (c) RU (d) VT
tpil : (c) RU
(tpdh vz; : 6-10) gpd;tUk; jfty;fis ftdkhf gbj;J mjd; fPNo cs;s
tpdhf;fSf;F jFe;j gjpy; mspf;fTk;
(i) P,Q,R,S,T,U kw;Wk; V MfpNahu; tl;l tbtpy; tl;lj;jpd; ikaj;ij Nehf;fp
mku;e;Js;sdh;
(ii) T kw;Wk; S -f;F eLtpy; P mku;e;Js;shh;
(iii) Q kw;Wk; V f;F eLtpy; U mkh;e;Js;shh;
(iv) Q vd;gtu; T f;F tyg;Gwk; ,uz;lhtjhf mku;e;Js;shu;

A]\ & ]
6. gpd;tUtdtw;wpy; vJ jtW?
(a) S vd;gtu; V f;F cldbahf mUfpy; cs;shh;
(b) R vd;gtu; T f;F cldbahf mUfpy; cs;shh;
(c) Q vd;gtu; R f;F cldbahf mUfpy; cs;shh;
(d) T vd;gtu; S f;F cldbahf mUfpy; cs;shh;
tpil = (d) T vd;gtu; S f;F cldbahf mUfpy; cs;shh;
7. gpd;tUk; ve;j N[hbapy; Kjy; egh;> ,uz;lhtJ egUf;F tyg;Gwk;
,uz;lhtjhf mku;e;Js;shu;.
(a) TS (b) US (c) RU (d) PR

tpil : (a) TS
8. gpd;tUk; ve;j N[hbapy; ,uz;lhtJ egh;> Kjy; egUf;F cldbahf ,lg;Gwk;

mku;e;Js;shu;.
(a) PT (b) RQ (c) UV (d) Nkw;fz;l vJTkpy;iy

tpil : (d) Nkw;fz;l vJTkpy;iy
9. R d;; ,lk; vJ?

(a) fz;Lgpbf;f ,ayhJ (b) Q kw;Wk; T f;F eLtpy;
(c) Q -f;F tyg;Gwk; ,uz;lhtjhf (d) Nkw;fz;l vJTkpy;iy
10. V vd;gtu;?
(a) P d; ,lg;Gwk; ,uz;lhtjhf mkh;e;Js;shh;
(b) P kw;Wk; U -tpw;;F eLtpy; mkh;e;Js;shh;
(c) T f;F ,lg;Gwk; ehd;fhtjhf mku;e;Js;shh;
(d) Nkw;;fz;l vJTkpy;iy
tpil = (a) P d; ,lg;Gwk; ,uz;lhtjhf mkh;e;Js;shh;

A]\ & ]
gapw;rp fzf;Ffs;
1. L,M,N kw;Wk; P MfpNahu; xU tl;l Nki[apy; ikaj;ij Nehf;fp mku;e;Js;sdu;.

P vd;gtu; N f;F clNd ,lg;Gwk; mkh;e;Js;sdh;. L vd;gtu; N kw;Wk; M f;F
eLtpy; mku;e;Js;shu;. vdpy;> M-d; ,lk; vd;d?
(a) L -f;F mLj;j ,lg;Gwk; (b) P f;F mLj;j tyg;Gwk;
(c) N -f;F tyg;Gwk; (d) L kw;Wk; P-f;F eLtpy;
2. rr;rpd;> kPdhtpw;F mUfpy; (clNd) ,lg;Gwk; mku;e;Js;shu;. Mdhy; ghujpf;F

mLj;jhw;Nghy; mkutpy;iy. gh;tPd; vd;gth; ghujpf;F tyg;Gwk; mkh;e;Js;shh;.
,th;fs; ehy;tUk; tl;l tbtpy; mke;Js;sdu; vdpy;> kPdhtpw;F mUfpy;
(clNd) tyg;Gwk; mku;e;jpUg;gtu; ahu;?
(a) gu;tPd; (b) ghujp (c) rr;rpd; (d) kPdh
(tpdh vz; : 3-5) gpd;tUk; jfty;fis ftdkhf gbj;J mjd; fPNo cs;s
Nfs;tpfSf;F tpil mspf;fTk;
(i) A,B,C,D kw;Wk; E MfpNahu; tl;l tbtpy; tl;lj;jpd; ikaj;ij Nehf;fp
mku;e;Js;sdu;
(ii) A kw;Wk; B -f;F mUfpy; C mku;e;Js;shu;
(iii) B -f;F mUfpy; (clNd) ,lg;Gwkhf E mkh;e;Js;shh;
3. D -d; ,lk; vd;d ?

(a) E -d; mUfpy; (clNd) tyg;Gwk; mkh;e;Js;shu;
(b) B -d; tyg;Gwk; %d;whtjhf mkh;e;Js;shh;
(c) C -d; ,lg;Gwk; ,uz;lhtjhf mkh;e;Js;shh;
(d) Nkw;fz;l vJTk; ,y;iy

A]\ & ]
4. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ rup?
(a) A vd;gtu; B f;F ,lg;Gwk; ,uz;lhtjhf mkh;e;Js;shh;
(b) B vd;gtu; D f;F ,lg;Gwk; ,uz;lhtjhf mkh;e;Js;shh;;
(c) D vd;gtu; A kw;Wk; E f;F eLtpy; mkh;e;Js;shh;;
(d) C vd;gtu; E f;F ,lg;Gwk; ,uz;lhtjhf mkh;e;Js;shh;
5. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ jtW?
(a) D vd;gtu; C f;F tyg;Gwk; ,uz;lhtjhf mkh;e;Js;shh;
(b) A vd;gtu; E f;F tyg;Gwk; ,uz;lhtjhf mkh;e;Js;shh;;
(c) A vd;gtu; C kw;Wk; D f;F eLtpy; mkh;e;Js;shh;;
(d) Nkw;fz;l vJTk; ,y;iy
•••
1 2 3 4 5
d b b c b

A]\ & ]

1. ehd;F epiyfs; nfhz;l fdrJuk; fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ ‘6” f;F vjpuhf

cs;s vz;izf; fhz;f.
6 6 5 1
3 2 2 4 6 4 4 2

(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4

3
2
6
4
5 1 ,y;iy 6f;F vjph; 1 kl;LNk
tpil = a
2. nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s fdrJuj;jpy; %d;W Gs;spfSf;F vjpuhf vj;jid

Gs;spfs; cs;sd?

(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 6

A]\ & ]
4
6
3
1
2 3 Gs;spfSf;F vjpuhf miktJ 5 kl;LNk
tpil = c
3. ehd;F epiyfs; nfhz;l fdrJuk; fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ‘6”f;F vjpuhf
cs;s vz;izf; fhz;f.
3 4 5 6
4 5 2 5 6 3 1 3

(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 4 (d) 5
6 vd;w vz;Zf;F vjpuhf miktJ 4
tpil = c
4. ehd;F epiyfs; nfhz;l fdrJuk; fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ‘2”f;F vjpuhf

cs;s vz;izf; fhz;f.
6 2 3 1
2 4 3 4 5 4 3 2

(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 6

A]\ & ]
4
6
2
3
1 2f;F vjph; 5 kl;LNk
tpil = c
Nfs;tpfs; : 5 - 7 ehd;F epiyfs; nfhz;l fdrJuk; fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ .

5. gfil 4d; mbg;gf;f FwpaPL vd;d

(a) (b) (c) (d)
tpil = d
6. = FwpaPl;bd; vjph;gf;fk; vd;d?

(a) (b) (c) (d)
tpil = c
7. ∆ FwpaPl;bd; vjph;gf;fk; vd;d?
═
(a) (b) (c) (d)
tpil = a

A]\ & ]
gapw;rp tpdhf;fs;
1. ehd;F epiyfs; nfhz;l fdrJuk; fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ ‘3”f;F vjpuhf
cs;s vz;izf; fhz;f.
2 5 6 3
3 6 2 4 3 1 5 1

(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
(a) 6 (b) 4 (c) 3 (d) 2
2. ,uz;L epiyfs; nfhz;l fdrJuk; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ‘6” vd;w vz;

mbg;gf;fk; mike;jhy;> NkNy vd;d vz; ,Uf;Fk;?

(i) (ii)
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 4 (d) 5
3. ,uz;L epiyfs; nfhz;l fdrJuk; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ‘1 ” vd;w vz;


(i) (ii)
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 5

A]\ & ]

1 1
2 6
3 5

(i) (ii)
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 5 (d) 6

4 2 1 2
6 5 5 1 5 6 4 3

(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
(a) 5 (b) 3 (c) 2 (d) 1
•••
1 2 3 4 5
a d b a d
10
A]\ & ]
 k^
2 3
1.
? 7
26 12
2 × 2 = 4 – 1 = 3
3 × 2 = 6 + 1 = 7
7 × 2 = 14 – 2 = 12
12 × 2 = 24 + 2 = 26
26 × 2 = 52 – 3 = 49
? 722
2.
302 553
351 432
722 – 132 = 553 351 – 72 = 302

553 – 112 = 432 302 – 52 = 277
432 – 92 = 351
kw;nwhU Kiw
722 – 553 = 169 = 132
553 – 432 = 121 = 112
432 – 351 = 81 = 92
351 – 302 = 49 = 72
vdpy; 302 – x = 25
x = 302 – 25 = 227
11
A]\ & ]
8 10 5
3.
32 30 ?
4 5 3 5 7 3
5 × 8 × 4 = 160/5 = 32
10 × 5 × 3 = 150/5 = 30
7 × 5 × 3 = 105/5 = 21
4. 3 7 9 5 7 9
58 106 ?
32 + 72 = 58
92 + 52 = 106
72 + 92 = 130
5.
21 56 70
45 87 84
115 180 ?
56 – 21 = 35 × 2 = 70
87 − 45 = 42 × 2 = 84
180 − 115 = 65 × 2 = 130
7 8 13 15 11 13
6.
? 9 206 17 119 12
13 × 17 − 15 = 206
11 × 12 − 13 = 119
7 × 9 − 8 = 55
12
A]\ & ]
7.
41 43 4
47 53 36
? 61 4
43 – 41 = 2 = 22 = 4
53 − 47 = 6 = 62 = 36
59 − 61 = 2 = 22 = 4
8.
4 9 25
49 ? 361
121 169 289
vy;yhNk gfh vz;zpd; th;f;f %yk; = 22, 32, 52, 72, 112
132, 172, 192, (232 = 519)
9.
190 21 13
160 16 12
130 ? 11
132 + 21 = 190
122 + 16 = 160
112 + 9 = 130
10.
4 7 7
5 6 161
7 2 347
53 + 62 = 161
73 + 22 = 347
43 + 72 = 113
13
A]\ & ]
gapw;rp fzf;Ffs;
18 16
1. 6 ?
8 9
(a) 13 (b) 12 (c) 15 (d) 16
2. 5 7 4 7
105 ?
6 5
(a) 50 (b) 60 (c) 70 (d) 80
5 4 4
3. 4 225 3 2 196 5 6 ? 4
3 3 3
(a) 285 (b) 289 (c) 290 (d) 291
4. 57 75 33 17 45 66
? 35 45
17 17 54 36 35 34
(a) 35 (b) 45 (c) 55 (d) 65
14
A]\ & ]
5.
158 300 233
591 ? 646
(a) 220 (b) 230 (c) 240 (d) 250
tpil = a
•••
1 2 3 4 5
b c b c a
15
A]\ & ]
g_V  k
(Alpha Number series)
1. I vd;gJ $ vd;Wk;> 5 vd;gJ % vd;Wk; 9 vd;gJ * vd;Wk;> 3 vd;gJ + vd;Wk;>

7 vd;gJ # vd;Wk; kw;Wk; 4 vd;gJ ? vd;Wk; Fwpaplg;gl;lhy; 435971 vd;gij
vt;thW Fwpaplg;gl Ntz;Lk;?
(a) ?+%*#$ (b) ?+*#%$ (c) $?+%*# (d) ?+*%#$
tpil = (b)
2. xU Fwpg;gpl;l rq;Nfj nkhopapy; “make and break” vd;gJ “te ne se” vd;Wk;>
“break the glass” vd;Wk; “ne he me” vd;Wk;> “glass in beautiful” vd;gJ> “he je de”
vd;Wk; Fwpaplg;gl;lhy; “and” vd;gjd; FwpaPl;L nkhop vJ?
(a) ne (b) te (c) se (d) te my;yJ se
tpil = (a)
3. xU Fwpg;gpl;l rq;Nfj nkhopapy; “lovely garden” vd;gJ “op ne” vd;Wk;>
“garden free” vd;Wk; “op ja” vd;Wk; kw;Wk; “free resort” vd;gJ “ja ws” vd;Wk;
Fwpaplg;gl;lhy; “LOAN” vd;gjd; FwpaPl;L nkhop vJ?
(a) op (b) ws (c) ne (d) te
tpil = (d)
4. xU Fwpg;gpl;l rq;Nfj nkhopapy; “she is busy” vd;gJ “ka ta jo” vd;Wk;> “she
has gone” vd;Wk; “pa ta ma” vd;Wk;> “days are gone” vd;gJ “bo la pa” vd;Wk;
Fwpg;gpLifapy; “has” vd;gjd; FwpaPl;L nkhop vJ?
(a) ka (b) ma (c) ta (d) ta my;yJ ma
tpil = (b)
5. rq;Nfj nkhopapy; “FIVE” vd;gJ “GHWD” vd;W Fwpaplg;gl;lhy; “HURT”
vd;gJ vt;thW Fwpaplg;gLk;?
(a) GTSS (b) ITST (c) ITSS (d) ITQU
tpil = (b)
16
A]\ & ]
6. xU rq;Nfj nkhopapy; “SERIAL” vd;gJ “QDRMBJ” vd;W Fwpaplg;gl;lhy;

“ENTICE” vd;gJ vt;thW Fwpaplg;gLk;?
(a) UOFFDJ (b) SMDFDJ (c) UOFDBH (d) SMDDBH
tpil = (c)
7. xU Fwpg;gpl;l rq;Nfj nkhopapy; “BUILT” vd;gJ “5#32@” vd;Wk;> “TRIBE”
vd;gJ “@835©” vd;Wk; Fwpaplg;gl;lhy; “RULE” vd;gJ vt;thW Fwpaplg;gl
Ntz;Lk;?
(a) 9#2© (b) 92@© (c) 9#@2 (d) 9@#2
tpil = (b)
8. xU Fwpg;gpl;l rq;Nfj nkhopapy; “DOME” vd;gJ “8943” vd;Wk;> “MEAL”
vd;gJ “4321” vd;Wk; Fwpaplg;gl;lhy; “38249” vd;w FwpaPl;bd; vOj;Jf;fs;
vJ?
(a) FUBNO (b) UFNBM (c) BNFUE (d) EDAMO
tpil = (b)
9. rq;Nfj nkhopapy; ‘Cjh” vd;gJ ‘gr;ir” vdTk;> ‘gr;ir” vd;gJ ‘rptg;G”
vd;Tk; ‘rptg;G” vd;gJ ‘kQ;rs;” vd;gJ ‘fUg;G” vdTk; ‘fUg;G” vd;gJ
‘nts;is” vdTk; miof;fg;gl;lhy; fUk;gyifapd; epwk; vd;d?
(a) nts;is (b) kQ;rs; (c) rptg;G (d) fUg;G
tpil = (b)
10. “R” vd;gJ 2 vd;Wk;> “T” vd;gJ 4 vd;Wk;> “M” vd;gJ 5 vdTk; “J” vd;gJ
3 vd;Wk;> “W” vd;gJ 6 vd;Wk; Fwpaplg;gLkhapd; gpd;tUk; vz;fspy; vJ
“TJWR” vd;gijf; FwpapLk; rhpahd vz;zhf ,Uf;Fk;?
(a) 4362 (b) 4526 (c) 4625 (d) 4325
tpil = (a)
17
A]\ & ]
gapw;rp fzf;Ffs;
1. rq;Nfj nkhop FwpaPl;by; “UNDER” vd;gJ “6152@” vd;Wk;> “DEAF”

vd;gJ “52#7” vd;Wk; Fwpaplg;gl;lhy; “FRAUD” vd;gJ vt;thW Fwpaplg;gl
Ntz;Lk;?
(a) 7@#65 (b) @7#65 (c) 7@#56 (d) 7#@65
2. xU Fwpapl;l rq;Nfj nkhop “BOLD” vd;gJ 5124 vd;Wk;> “SIDE” vd;gJ

“9647” vd;Wk; fUjg;gl;lhy; “BOSE” vd;gJ vt;thW Fwpaplg;gl Ntz;Lk;?
(a) 5917 (b) 5719 (c) 5791 (d) 5197
3. xU Fwpg;gpl;l rq;Nfj nkhopapy; “compound interest” vd;gJ “te ne” vd;Wk;>

“interest high” vd;gJ “te ja” vd;Wk; kw;Wk; “high loan” vdTk; Fapaplg;gl;lhy;
“LOAN” vd;gjd; FwpaPl;L nkhop gpd;tUtdtw;wpy; vJ?
(a) ka (b) pa (c) ne (d) te
•••
1 2 3
b d b
18
A]\ & ]
m k
1. abb_baa_a_bab_aba
(a)abab (b) bbaa (c) abba (d) aabb
jPh;T :
nfhLf;fg;gl;l vOj;J thpirahdJ abb ab abb ab aab ‘ vd;w Kiwapy; cs;sJ
vdj; njhpfpwJ. vdNt Nfhbl;l ,lj;jpy;> abba vd;w vOj;Jf;fs; tu Ntz;Lk;.
tpil = (c) abba

2. ab _ d _ bcd _ abcde _ ab
(a) ceea (b) caea (c) aceb (d) caef
jPh;T :
nfhLf;fg;gl;;l vOj;J thpirahdJ abcd abcde abcdef abc vd;w Kiwapy; cs;sJ
vdj; njhpfpwJ. vdNt Nfhbl;l ,lq;fspy;. caef vd;w vOj;Jf;fs; tu Ntz;Lk;.
tpil = (d) caef

3. x_zz__yz_xy_u
(a) yzuzz (b) yuxuz (c) xyzuz (d) xyxzu
jPh;T :
nfhLf;fg;gl;;l vOj;J thpirahdJ xyzu xyzu xyzu xyzu vd;w Kiwapy; cs;sJ vdj;
njhpfpwJ. vdNt Nfhbl;l ,lq;fspy;. yuxuz vd;w vOj;Jf;fs; tu Ntz;Lk;.
tpil = (b) yuxuz

4. _ bccb _cccb _ bcccc _ bbb
(a) bccb (b) cbbb (c) ccbb (d) cbcb
jPh;T :
_ bccb _ cccb _ bccc _ bbb cc (2) ccc (3) cccc (4) vd te;Js;sJ. vdNt Kjy; c (1) vd
njhlq;f Ntz;Lk;. mjd;gb cb ccbb cccbbb ccccb vd tuNtz;Lk;. vdNt tpil
cbbb vd ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
tpil = (b) cbbb
19
A]\ & ]
5. _ a _ b _ aabb _ ab _ a
(a) aaabb (b) ababb (c) babaa (d) babab
jPh;T :
nfhLf;fg;gl;litfspy; a, b vd;w ,uz;L vOj;Jf;fNs khwpkhwp tUfpd;wJ.
ba ab ba ab vd;W njhlu; mika Ntz;Lk;. vdNt tpil D MFk;.
tpil = (d) babab

6. _ tu _ rt _ s _ usrtu _
(a) rtusru (b) rsutrr (c) rsurtr (d) rsurts
jPh;T :
,e;j njhlh; rtus rtus rtus rtus vd;W tUtij fhzyhk;.
tpil = (d) rsurts

7. m _ nm _ n _ an _ a _ ma
(a) aamman (b) aammn (c) ammanm (d) amammn
jPh;T :
,k;khjpupahd tpdhf;fspy; nfhLf;fg;gl;l njhlh;fspy; cs;s vOj;Jf;fis
gad;gLj;jp xU njhlh; my;yJ xU thh;j;ijia Kjypy; cUthf;fpf; nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;. ,e;jj; njhlh; man man man man vd;W tUtijf; fhzyhk;.
tpil = (b) aammn

8. _ bc _ ca _ aba _ c _ ca
(a) abcbb (b) bbbcc (c) bacba (d) abbcc
jPh;T :
,e;jj; njhlh; abc bca cab abc bca cab vd;W tUtijf; fhzyhk;. ,k;khjphpahd
njhlu; Cyclic form vd;W miof;fg;gLk;.
tpil = (a) abcbb

9. c _ bbb _ abbbb _ abbb _
(a) aabcb (b) abccb (c) abacb (d) bacbb
jPh;T :
nfhLf;fg;gl;litfspy; a, b, c vd;w %d;W vOj;Jf;fNs khwpkhwp tUfpd;wJ.
NkYk; njhlupy; bbb, bbbb kw;Wk; bbb fhzg;gLfpwJ. mit midj;Jk; bbbb, bbbb,
bbb vd;W ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. NkYk; c vd;w vOj;J Jtf;fj;jpy; tUtjhy; a vd;w
20
A]\ & ]
vOj;J ,ilapy; kl;LNk tu Ntz;Lk;. vdNt njhlu; cabbbb, cabbbb, cabbbb vd;W
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. mjd; mbg;gilapy; ghu;f;Fk; NghJ tpil B MFk;.
tpil = (d) babab

10. pqr_ r _ r _ r _ qp _ prq
(a) qppqr (b) qprqp (c) pqpqr (d) qrppq
jPh;T :
nfhLf;fg;gl;l vOj;J tupirahdJ pqr prq rpq prq rpq vd;w Kiwapy; cs;sJ vdj;
njupfpwJ. vdNt Nfhbl;l ,lj;jpy; pqpqr vd;w vOj;Jf;fs; tu Ntz;Lk;.
tpil = (c) pqpqr

11. bc_ b _ c _ b _ b _ ccb
(a) bbcb (b) cbbc (c) cbba (d) cbcb
jPh;T :
nfhLf;fg;gl;l vOj;J tupirahdJ bc cb bcc b bc cb vd;w Kiwapy; cs;sJ vdj;
njupfpwJ. vdNt Nfhbl;l ,lj;jpy; cbcb vd;w vOj;Jf;fs; tu Ntz;Lk;.
tpil = (d) cbcb

12. A, C, E, ? I,
(a) G (b) F (c) H (d) J
jPh;T :
,j;njhlupy; Kjy; tupirapy; Kjy; vOj;jhd A te;Js;sJ. mLj;j vOj;J B
tpLgl;Ls;sJ. gpd;G C te;Js;sJ. mLj;j vOj;J D tpLgl;Ls;sJ. mLj;j
vLj;J E te;Js;sJ. tpLgl Ntz;ba vOj;J F MFk;. gpd;G tu Ntz;ba vOj;J
G MFk;. vdNt tpil G MFk;.
tpil = (a) G
13. _ aa _ ba _ bb _ ab _ aab
(a) aaabb (b) bbaab (c) babab (d) bbbaa
jPh;T :
nfhLf;fg;gl;litfspy; a, b vd;w ,uz;L vOj;Jf;fNs khwpkhwp tUfpd;wJ. njhlu;
abab my;yJ aabb my;yJ baba my;yJ bbaa my;yJ baab vd;W VjhtJ xd;wpy;
21
A]\ & ]
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. mjd; mbg;gilapy; ghu;f;Fk; NghJ aab vd;W Kbtiltjhy;

baab vd;W njhlu; mika Ntz;Lk;.
tpil = (b) bbaab

14. JAP, KBQ, LCR, ? NET,
(a) STU (b) PRS (c) MDS (d) SMD
jPh;T :
,j;njhlupy; Kjy; tupirapy; Kjy; vOj;jhd J te;Js;sJ. mLj;j thpirapy; Kjy;
vOj;J K te;Js;sJ. gpd;G L mLj;j tupirapy; te;Js;sJ mLj;j vOj;J M tu
Ntz;Lk;. gpd; Kiwahf N te;Js;sJ.
,Nj Nghd;W A, B, C te;Js;sJ. tu Ntz;ba vOj;J D MFk;. gpd; D te;Js;sJ.
,Nj Nghd;W P, Q, R te;Js;sJ. tu Ntz;ba vOj;J S MFk;. gpd; T te;Js;sJ.
vdNt> tuNtz;ba tupir MDS MFk;.
tpil = (c) MDS

15. _ _ aba _ _ ba _ ab
(a) abbbb (b) abbab (c) baabb (d) bbabb
jPh;T :
nfhLf;fg;gl;litfspy; a, b vd;w ,uz;L vOj;Jf;fNs khwp tUfpd;wJ. vdNt
,e;j njhlu; a b a b a b a b a b a b vd;W ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. NkYk; ab vd;W Kbtjhy;
Jtf;fk; ab vd ,Uf;f tha;g;G cz;L.
tpil = (b) abbab
gapw;rp tpdhf;fs;
1. _ bcdbc _ dcabd _ bcdbc _ dc _ bd
(a) aaaaa (b) ccccc (c) ddddd (d) bbbbb
jPh;T :
nfhLf;fg;gl;l vOj;J tupirahdJ abcd bcadcabdabcdbcadcab vd;w Kiwapy;
cs;sJ vdj; njupfpwJ. vdNt Nfhbl;l ,lj;jpy;> aaaa vd;w vOj;Jf;fs; tu
Ntz;Lk;.
22
A]\ & ]
2. abab _ a _ _ ba _ bbb
(a) bbab (b) bbbb (c) abbb (d) abba
jPh;T :
nfhLf;fg;gl;l vOj;J tupirahdJ ababbabbbabbbb vd;w Kiwapy; cs;sJ vdj;
njupfpwJ. vdNt Nfhbl;l ,lj;jpy;> bbbb vd;w vOj;Jf;fs; tu Ntz;Lk;.
3. b _ acbda _ bd _ cb _ a _
(a) baadc (b) dcadc (c) cbdca (d) cdacb
jPh;T :
nfhLf;fg;gl;l vOj;J tupirahdJ bdacbdacbdacbdac vd;w Kiwapy; cs;sJ vdj;
njupfpwJ. vdNt Nfhbl;l ,lj;jpy;> dcadc vd;w vOj;Jf;fs; tu Ntz;Lk;.
4. a _ bbc _ aab _ cca _ bbcc

(a) bacd (b) acba (c) aaba (d) abba
jPh;T :
nfhLf;fg;gl;l vOj;J tupirahdJ aabbccaabbccaabbcc vd;w Kiwapy; cs;sJ
vdj; njupfpwJ. vdNt Nfhbl;l ,lj;jpy;> acba vd;w vOj;Jf;fs; tu Ntz;Lk;.
5. x _ xxy _ x _ xy _ y
(a) yyxy (b) yxxy (c) xyxy (d) yyxx
jPh;T :
nfhLf;fg;gl;l vOj;J tupirahdJ xyxxyyxxxyyy vd;w Kiwapy; cs;sJ vdj;
njupfpwJ. vdNt Nfhbl;l ,lj;jpy;> yyxy vd;w vOj;Jf;fs; tu Ntz;Lk;.
1 2
••• 3 4 5
a b b b a
23
A]\ & ]
> x V\>_
1. ntl;bf; nfhs;Sk; ‘3” tl;lq;fs; KiwNa jkpo; Mq;fpyk; fzpjk; gbf;Fk;

khzth;fis Fwpf;Fk;?
jkpo; Mq;fpyk;
b e f
d
c g
h
fzpjk;
1. fzpjk;> Mq;fpyk; ghlq;fisg; gbf;Fk; kw;Wk; jkpo; ghlj;jpid gbf;fhjth;fis

Fwpg;gJ?
(a) c (b) h (c) g (d) e
tpil = c
2. jkpo; gbj;J Mq;fpyk; kw;Wk; fzpjk; ghlq;fis gbf;fhjth;fspd;

vz;zpf;ifiaf; Fwpf;Fk; vOj;J.
(a) d (b) c (c) b (d) e
tpil = c
3. jkpo; Mq;fpyk; gbj;J fzpjk; gbf;fhjth;fis Fwpf;Fk; vOj;J.

(a) e (b) c (c) d (d) g
tpil = a
4. jkpo; fzpjk; gbj;J Mq;fpyk; gbf;fhjth;fis Fwpf;Fk; vOj;J

(a) h (b) c (c) f (d) d
tpil = b
24
A]\ & ]
5. midj;Jg; ghlq;fisAk; gbf;Fk; khzth;fis Fwpf;Fk; vOj;J.

(a) g (b) c (c) h (d) d
tpil = a
2. ntl;bf; nfhs;Sk; ‘3” tl;lq;fs; KiwNa jkpo; Mq;fpyk; fzpjk; gbf;Fk;

khzth;fis Fwpf;Fk;?
ebfh;fs;
2
;
s
4
h;f
lf
1 5
7
gh
6
3
eldk; MLgth;fs;
1. eldk; MLgth;fs; kl;Lk; vj;jid Ngh;?

(a) 3 (b) 6 (c) 7 (d) 5
tpil = a
2. ebfh;fs; kl;Lk; vj;jid Ngh;?

(a) 4 (b) 7 (c) 5 (d) 2
tpil = d
3. ghlfh;fs; kl;Lk; vj;jid Ngh;?

(a) 6 (b) 4 (c) 7 (d) 1
tpil = d
25
A]\ & ]
4. ebfh;fspy; glhj; njhpe;jth;fs; vj;jid Ngh;?

(a) 11 (b) 10 (c) 9 (d) 8
tpil = a
5. ebfh;fspy; eldk; Mlj;njhpe;jth;fs; vj;jid Ngh;?

(a) 10 (b) 11 (c) 12 (d) 9
tpil = c
6. ghlfh;fspy; eldk; Mlj; njhpe;jth;fs; vj;jid Ngh;?

(a) 10 (b) 11 (c) 12 (d) 13
tpil = d
7. ebfh;> ghlfh;> eldk; Nghd;w midj;J fiyapYk; rpwe;jth;fs; vj;jid Ngh;?

(a) 4 (b) 7 (c) 6 (d) 5
tpil = b
gapw;rp tpdhf;fs;
8
4 3
7
6 5 2
1
(i) Kf;Nfhzj;jpy; lhf;lh;fSk;

(ii) tl;lj;jpy; tpisahl;L tPuh;fSk;
(iii) nrt;tfk; fiyQiuAk; Fwpf;fpwJ vdpy;> fPo;f;fz;l Nfs;tpfSf;F
gjpyspf;fTk;.
26
A]\ & ]
1. lhf;lh;fshf ,Uf;Fk; vj;jid egh;fs; tpisahl;L tPuh; kw;Wk; fiyQuhfTk;

cs;sdh;?
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 5
2. vj;jid fiyQh;fs; tpisahl;Nl kl;Lk; Njh;T nra;Js;sdh;?

(a) 4 (b) 6 (c) 7 (d) 8
3. vj;jid fiyQh;fs; tpisahl;L tPuh;fshfTk; ,y;iy kw;Wk; lhf;luhfTk;

,y;iy.
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
4. vj;jid lhf;lh;fs; tpisahl;L tPuh;fshTk; ,y;iy fiyQuhfTk;

,y;iy?
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 5
5. vj;jid tpisahl;L tPuh;fs; fiyQuhfTk; ,y;iy> lhf;luhfTk; ,y;iy?

(a) 1.2 (b) 3.4 (c) 6.7 (d) 7.78

1 2 3 4 5
d b a b d
•••
27
A]\ & ]
m[ k >V

(Alphabetical series)
1. TALKED vd;gij TLKEDA vDk; FwpaPl;lhy; jug;gbd; OBSERVATION vDk;

FwpaPL vjid Fwpf;Fk;?
TALKED vd;w thh;j;ijahdJ A, B, C, D, ... vd;w mfu thpirg;gb> ,wq;F
thpirapy; TLKEDA vd vOjg;gLfpwJ.
mNj Nghd;W OBSERVATION vd;w thh;j;ijahdJ ,wq;F thpirapy;
VTSROONIEBA vd vOjg;gLk;.
2. WASTED vd;gij ADESTW vDk; FwpaPl;lhy; jug;gbd; MARKET vDk;

WASTED vd;w thh;j;ijahdJ A, B, C, D, ... vd;w mfu thpirg;gb> VW thpirg;gb>
VW thpirapy; ADESTW vd vOjg;gLfpwJ.
mNj Nghd;W MARKET vd;w thh;j;ijahdJ VWthpirapy; AEKMRT vd
vOjg;gLk;.
3. CAPSULE vd;gij DCSSRJD vDk; FwpaPl;lhy; jug;gbd; TEACHER vDk;
C A P S U L E
↓ +1 ↓ +2 ↓ +3 O ↓ −3 ↓ −2 ↓ −1
D C S S R J D
,Nj Nghd;W
T E A C H E R
↓ +1 ↓ +2 ↓ +3 O ↓ −3 ↓ −2 ↓ −1
U G D C E C Q
tpil = UCDGECQ
28
A]\ & ]
4. CLASSIC vd;gij CISSALC vDk; FwpaPl;lhy; jug;gbd; DIAMOND vDk;

CLASSIC vd;w njhluhdJ gpd;dhy; ,Ue;J njhlq;fp khw;wp vOjg;gLfpwJ.
CLASSIC - CISSALC ,Nj Nghd;W DIAMOND - DNOMAID
5. EDUCATION vd;gij CUDEANOIT vDk; FwpaPl;lhy; jug;gbd; CHALLENGE

vDk; FwpaPL vjid Fwpf;Fk;?
E D U C A T I O N

vd;w Kiwapy; CUDEANOIT vd vOjg;gLfpwJ. ,Nj Nghd;W
C H A L L E N G E

vdNt LAHCLEGNE
6. YOUNG vd;gij ZRZUP vDk; FwpaPl;lhy; jug;gbd; DREAM vDk; FwpaPL

vjid Fwpf;Fk;?
Y O U N G
↓ +1 ↓ +3 ↓ +5 ↓ +7 ↓ +9
Z R Z U P
,Nj Nghd;W
D R E A M
↓ +1 ↓ +3 ↓ +5 ↓ +7 ↓ +9
E Y J H V
tpil = EUKHV
29
A]\ & ]
7. OPTIMIZED vd;gij QQUKNJBFE vDk; FwpaPl;lhy; jug;gbd; TAMILNADU

vDk; FwpaPL vjid Fwpf;Fk;?
O P T I M I Z E D
↓ +2 ↓ +1 ↓ +1 ↓ +2 ↓ +1 ↓ +1 ↓ +2 ↓ +1 ↓ +1
Q Q U K N J B F E
,Nj Nghd;W
T A M I L N A D U
↓ +2 ↓ +1 ↓ +1 ↓ +2 ↓ +1 ↓ +1 ↓ +2 ↓ +1 ↓ +1
V B N K M O C E V
tpil = VBNKMOCEV
8. EDIT vd;gij FFLX vDk; FwpaPl;lhy; jug;gbd; MOUSE vDk; FwpaPL vjid
Fwpf;Fk;?
E D IT N
↓ +1 ↓ +2 ↓ +3 ↓ +4
F F L X
,Nj Nghd;W
M O U S E
↓ +1 ↓ +2 ↓ +3 ↓ +4 ↓ +5
N Q X W J
tpil = NQXWJ
9. FARMER vd;gij EBQNDS vDk; FwpaPl;lhy; jug;gbd; AGRICULTURE vDk;
F A R M E R
↓ −1 ↓ +1 ↓ −1 ↓ +1 ↓ −1 ↓ +1
E B Q N D S
,Nj Nghd;W
30
A]\ & ]
A G R I C U L T U R E
↓ −1 ↓ +1 ↓ +1 ↓ +1 ↓ −1 ↓ +1 ↓ −1 ↓ +1 ↓ −1 ↓ +1 ↓ −1
Z H Q J B V K U T S D
tpil = ZHQJBVKUTSD
10. NATURE vd;gij OZUTSD vDk; FwpaPl;lhy; jug;gbd; BEAUTY vDk; FwpaPL
vjid Fwpf;Fk;?
N A T U R E
↓ +1 ↓ −1 ↓ +1 ↓ −1 ↓ +1 ↓ −1
O Z U T S D
,Nj Nghd;W
B E A U T Y
↓ +1 ↓ −1 ↓ +1 ↓ −1 ↓ +1 ↓ −1
C D B T U X
tpil = CDBTUX
gapw;rp tpdhf;fs;
1. RANGE vd;gJ 61354 vd;Wk; DIVIDE vd;gJ 278724 vd;Wk; Fwpf;fg;gl;lhy;

INDIAN vt;thW Fwpf;fg;gLk;?
(a) 732713 (b) 737231 (c) 732712 (d) 737212
31
A]\ & ]
2. NUMBER vd;gJ 521647 vd;Wk; COPTER vd;gJ 893047 vd;Wk; Fwpf;fg;gl;lhy;

COMPUTER vt;thW Fwpf;fg;gLk;?
(a) 81932407 (b) 89123047 (c) 89132047 (d) 89132407
3. INITIAL vd;gij 6 vd;Wk; SIGNATURE vd;gJ 8 vd;Wk; Fwpf;fg;gl;lhy;

PUNISHMENT vt;thW Fwpf;fg;gLk;?
(a) 7 (b) 9 (c) 10 (d) 11
4. BEE vd;gij 12 vd;Wk; RUN vd;gij 53 vd;Wk; Fwpf;fg;gl;lhy; BEST vt;thW

Fwpf;fg;gLk;?
(a) 44 (b) 46 (c) 45 (d) 47
5. K, I, G, E, ___________
(a) A (b) B (c) C (d) D
•••
1 2 3 4 5
a c b b c
32
A]\ & ]
k  >V^
(Diagrammatic Sequences)
1. ,j;njhlhpy; mLj;j glk;?
?

(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
tpil = d
2. ,j;njhlhpy; mLj;j glk;?

?

a b c d
tpil = a
3. gpd;tUk; glq;fspy; mLj;J tUtJ

?

a b c d
tpil = d
33
A]\ & ]
4. fPo;fhZk; njhliu ftdpj;J 5-tJ kw;Wk; 6-tJ ,lq;fspy; tUk; glq;fis

Njh;T nra;f.
? ?

a b c d
tpil = a
5. mLj;jjhf tUk; glk; vJ vd fhz;f.
?

a b c d
tpil = b
6. Kjy; ,uz;L glq;fSf;fpilNaahd njhlh;gpd; mbg;gilapy; tpLgl;l glk;
ahJ?
?

a b c d
tpil = d
34
A]\ & ]
7. tpLgl;l glk; vd;d?

?

a b c d
tpil = b
8.

a b c d
tpil = a
9. fPo;fhZk; tpilfspy; vijj; Njh;njLj;J fhypahd ,lj;jpy; nghUj;jpdhy;
glk; KOik milAk;?

a b c d
tpil = c
35
A]\ & ]
gapw;rp tpdhf;fs;
1.

a b c d

1 2 3 4 5
2.

a b c d

1 2 3 4 5
3.

a b c d

1 2 3 4 5
36
A]\ & ]
4.
***** **** *** **

a b c d
* * * ** **
1 2 3 4 5
5.

a b c d

1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5
5 2 4 5 3
•••
37
>tV| 

VD : 
z] : 
VA\
>tV|  BV >kVBD z1 x>_W \uD x>[\
>V VVo VE ]^, o] VzA^, \V] >
\[V^ ks_ >BV|^m. D\[V zAV VA\
>  >MV _m >MBV V > luE \B\V D\
[V zA > klKD \] |kV, \ gD F]kV,
 > mkVzD  >s|m. m xuKD V

gB,

M  { xD
M (computer) [m,  >Vz]^ (command sets) _m W_[
(programs) JD > \uD >k tm BV[  t[bs.
1940_ x>[x>V xD FB x\BV VM MBVm,
>uV>B M[ |D Vm s_ B>V >m. >uVm^
M^ EBkBV >VKD, k B_|D k]KD V^][ sKD
[\z E>kBV [. k k\V Bzkm \|t[, ku D
\ \_, \\_ _m z^  (E) kzD suz c\VuD
u k[.
VmkV MBVm k[V^ (hardware) \uD \[V^ (software)
lV >k_ \Vu][ JD Bzm. k[V^ (hardware) [m,
Ml_ c^ V^ gzD. ku D\V_ VD >V|D xD.
gV_ \[V kV VD >V|D xBVm.
Ml[ kV
>uVm \M (Desktop), \M (Laptop), BM (Palmtop)
V[  kk_ M^ [. M B[|]
> ]sD \uD ]kuD FD k\Vm D\ sB_ gmD
s>\V m. gV_, >B skV >k_ \VuD  V_
m km^ kE W^ z> kVu >V[ z >m V^
VD.
2000 g|z x[ Vs_ B[Vo> V D (Abadus) B
\ s>V[ M ckVk>u x>_ WBV >|m. D,
Ml[ V >|D 19gD uV_ >V[ V [k >uV>B
Ml[  \ kk\>V.
3

\ Vbk][  z|^ _KD V>B |k>uz

1946_ ckV ENIAC [ M>V[ c[ x>_ B[V| MBV
>|m. Au g sQ M[ (Byron) \^ V V 
(Augsta Ada Lovelace) [k Ml[ x>_ B_] W (Programmer) gkV.
Ml[ >x^
Ml[ kV  W m km^m. ]_ |>|m^
VD >x t[b cA^

1940 - 1956 x>_ >x ku zwVF^
1956  1963 VD >x t[\B (V[E)
1964  1971 J[VD >x > u
1972  2010 V[VD >x OBo
WB c^ t xB kV| >[ B_]M[ k\VzD.
>Va_O \Vu]uu, Ml[ B_| ]M[ k> Vm Ml[
>x^ Wl|[.
> (Data)
> [m \Vo[ \]A gzD. Ml_ cAz>|D > |km
m, , A^sk^ gBku_ [V \D. Ml_ 
> BV B[|> xBVm. ku BVD FB k|D.
> BVD
Ml_ > BVD [m > m >ku, >k_V
\VuD Wk z|k>VzD. > BVD _m > B_V| [m g
W_ B_|m. kBVk:
yy > A (Data Collection)
yy > t>_ (Storage of Data)
yy > k|m>_ (Sorting of Data)
yy > BVD (Processing of Data)
yy > zVF (Data analysis)
yy > sxD xD (Data presentation and conclusions)
4

>k_
Ml_ |D >k_ [m BV B[|D kl_ >om
ckV|k gzD.
Ml[ V^
xD
Ml_ t xB\V J[ V^ c^. DJ[ VD [V
zD Vm>V[, MB D\V_ x\BV B xD.
Ml[ V^
Ml[ J[ VVk:
yy c^CD (Input Unit)
yy \B BD (CPU)
yy kXD (Output Unit)
c^CD (Input Unit)
M BVmz >D D c^C| Fk> c^CD.
kV > c^C| Fk>uz B[|>|D sB c^C| s^
(Input Unit) [wVD.
s (Keyboard),  (Mouse), k (Scanner),  zX| V[ (Barcode
reader), okV (Microphone-Mic), B s (Web Camera),  V (Light
Pen) V[k>V[ c^C| s^.
\uVbD c^C| s_ sD, D t xB\Vk.
s
x>o_ sB u >m V^kVD. VD B[|mD _V k
MlKD >s xBV> > km s gzD. M_ "bD
mD  >zD' [D u, \Vaz \|t[ MzD Vmk>VzD.
 D >D Ml_ c^C| Fk>uz sB
g>V\VzD. s l_ | s>\V s^ (V>V[^) c^.
 V s  s (number key) [D, m V
s m s (alphabet key) [D kwzk.
5


sB V[ D D M B[V|z [B\BV>>VzD.
VmkV l_ | V>V[D suzD |s_ mD cD
V|D. Ml_ zx^ Bzk> >[ xB . VA ]>uz
km V>VD (right button), VA > Fk>uzD, > FB
VA_ \z >kBV \Vu Fk>uzD m V>VD (left
button) B[|> k|D. Ml[ ]B \KD D Bzk>uzD mD
cB (scroll ball) B[|> k|D.
\BBD (CPU - Central Processing Unit)
\M>M[ c BzD JB V[, Ml[ B_V| Bzkm
\B BD gzD. D\B B\Vm,
1. |VD (Control Unit)
2. > > BD (ALU)
3. WkD (Memory Unit)
gB J[ z] V|^m.
. |VD (Control Unit)
Ml[ _V z][ B_V|D ||mkm >[ ,
\[V^ kVlV V||D  u, >uukV tQ
 km.
g. > > BD (ALU)
_, a>_, _, kz>_ V[ m  >, > B_
V|D > > B]_ [.
. WkD (Memory Unit)
M >[^ V||D >^ \uD >k_ >uVo\V tm
km. >B Ml[ WkD [VD. >^  (Bit) [ V_
s|[.   [m 0 _m 1 [D ~\V  z>VzD.
Ml_ c^ Wk> x>[\ WkD (Primary Memory), VD
WkD (Secondary Memory),  V VD. m \|\_Vm, Ml[
\u >uVo Wk> zk| (Compact Disk), so (Pen Drive) V[ku
V| \KD s|>VD.
6

kXD (Output Unit)

\B B]om ~\V zA^ (Binary Signals) |[.
zA MBVm, Bz V| _, kXD B[|[m.
M] (Monitor), V (Printer), o, ks (Plotter) V[k
kX][ sV B_|[.
_k kX| s^ >VKD, Ml[ V^ [V

m B_|D M] t xB\V kX| sBVzD. m V>uz
>VVEl[ ] V[ zD. B Bz>_, sl_
> F>_, D,  E]^ \uD VV D z
VE|m>_ gBk M ]l[ xB  l_ | kBV
M ]^ c^. k:
1. CRT ] (Cathode Ray Tube)
2. TFT ] (Thin Film Transistor)
CRT ] VKD TFT ] z> s_ k> k|mk>V|,

z> sV \ >uz Vm\V>V m. gBV_, >uVm^
M_ TFT ]l[ B[V ]tm.
Ml[ k^
MBVm ku[ \A, kkD, kD, ][, WkD B_|D x,
B[^, t[] >k gBku BV V| k|>|m.
kl_ MB, kV k|>VD.
yy x M (Mainframe Computer)
yy zxM (Mini Computer)
yy OM _m >MBV^ M (Micro or Personal Computer)
yy *M (Super computer)
>MBV^ Ml[ k^ (Personal computers - Types)
OM (Micro computer) [w MBB >uVm >MBV^ M
[ w[VD. MB B[|mkm >V (User friendly) >V_,
BV^ tz]BV B[|m[. >MBV^ M[ kD
B_]D Vm, k J[ kV k|>|^.
7

1. \M (Desktop)
2. \M (Laptop)
3.  M (k) (Tablet)
MB >_
Ml[ _k V^, A kD (Connecting cable) JD m

B_|[. > t[V> V^ V_  x\BV Bz Wz
V| k|m. kV m B_|k>VB, MB g]_
ED [ wVD.
AkD > _ V|k>V|, kV AkxD

>M B[V V|^.
A k[ k^
yy s (VGA- Video Graphics Array)
yy Dn (HDMI - High Definition Multimedia Interface)
yy  (USB - Universal Serial Bus)
yy >D (Data Cable)
yy o kD (Audio Cable)
yy t[ A D (Power Cord)
yy o kV AD (Mic Cable)
yy ~>  AD (Ethernet Cable)
1.s (VGA) AD
Ml[ \B B> ][  s... B[|D.

2. (USB) A kD
V (printer), k (scanner), so (pen drive),  (mouse), s
(keyboard), Bs (web camera), ][E (smart phone), V[ku
M[  B[|m.
8

3. Dn (HDMI) A kD
cB kB TBV, _ gBV gBku   ^ kaBV _

... mm. >VVE^,  T] (projector), M ] gBku
M[  HDMI B[|m.
4. >D (Data cable)
Ml[ \B Bm[ E, B M (Tablet) gBku

, > D B[|m.
5. o kD (Audio Jack)
o kD o [ MB  B[|m.

6. t[ AkD (Power Cord)
\B BD M], o , k gBkuuz t[ 

kwzm.
7. o kV (Mic) AkD
o kVB \B Bm[ >uz o kV A kD

c>m.
8. ~> (Ethernet) AkD
M[ Bka >V u|> ~> A kD B[|m.

Dl_V A^
Dl_V A^ [,  (Blue Tooth) \uD  (Wi-Fi)
kVlV, A kD mt[ s M[ >VzD.
1.  (Blue Tooth)
 JD , s gBku M[ VD. _

c^ > \V V^D xD.
2.  (Wi-Fi)
B k]B A kD _V\_ D, > \V V^D

 B[|m.
9

k[VD \[VD
xD
M [m k[V^ (HARDWARE) \uD \[V^ (HARDWARE) gB
 D z] c^B \VzD. s z]D >sm M
B_|k]_. VD Mz k[V^ kaBV V|zD  c^CVm
\[V^ JD B_|>| kX| s^ JD \z m. \M>
cV| MB |D Vm c k[VVD, cl \[ VVD
V^VD. cl _V> c V[m \[V^ WkV> k[V^.
k[V^ (HARDWARE)
Ml_ D\V_ Vm >V| c B m VD k[V^.
c^C| (INPUT), kX| (OUTPUT) s^ \uD Ml[ \B B
l^ (CPU Cabinet) \]zD WkD (Hard Disk), >VF (MOTHER
BOARD, SMPS, CPU, RAM, CD DRIVE, GRAPHICS CARD) gBk ]_ zD.
\[V^ (SOFTWARE)
\[V^ _V k[V^ \|D  xMBV xBVm. \[ V^^
[m k[V^ Bzk>uz >kBV > c^B, MBV_ \|D
Am V^B zX| \VaB V \A gzD. k[ V V_
D\V_ > >V| c BVm. gV_ M ] JD | 
V|m B[|> xD.
\[V^ k^
\[V^ B_V[ l_ | kV VD.
1. B \[V^ (SYSTEM SOFTWARE)
2. B[V| \[V^ (APPLICATION SOFTWARE)
B \[V^ (OPERATING SYSTEM-OS)

Ml[ V> [[ [ D \[V^ B \[V^
gzD. M Bzk>uz >kBV  > (Data) V
\[V, B \[V^ [VD. B \[V^ (OS) [ MB
B[|> BVm. .V. Linux, Windows, Mac, Android.
10

B[V| \[V^ (APPLICATION SOFRWARE)

M \m >ku B[|> c>D \[V^ B[V|
\[V^^ gzD. ku B \[V[ c>s[>V[ Wk xD.
k \[V^^ [ _m >uz \u z k Fm
x BVz c>[.
.V. Video players, Audio players, Word Processing, Softwares, Drawing Tools, Editing
Software's etc.
B \uD B[V| \[V^ k^

B \[V^ \uD B[V| \[V^ gBku, |D JD
\uD B[V| c\D gBku Vm | kV VD.
u \uD ]> J \[V^ (FREE AND OPEN SOURCE SOFRWARE)
u \[V^ B k\V u B[|>D, D
FBVD. ]> J \[V^_ ku[ W_ (Coding’s) ]]
V^D c\D kw|D. >[ JD A]B \[V^ kk> ckV kVFA
m.
E u \uD ]> J \[V^

1. o (LINUX)
2. {[ g (Open Office)
3. BVV (Geogebra), etc
4. B \[V^ (Operating System)
 \uD >M\ \[V^ (PAID AND PROPRIETARY SOFRWARE)

 \uD >M\ \[V^^ [k ku B[|mk>uz \|\
W> _m VkB[ B c\> Vk. gV_ ku
kV, W_ ]>kV \] BVm.
11

E >M\ \[V^^
1. sV (Windows)
2. \VV g (Microsoft Office)
3. V VVV (Adobe Photoshop)
VE >VB_
xD
> V]_ \Vk^ \[V^ og B[|> uV^kV^.
og cD xkmD VV \V_ B[|>|D  ]
kVF> \uD k Kk B[V| >VzA \[V^ gzD. >[ xD
\uD B^ s^ c^ Vu_ \D|] \uD c^ B_]
\D|> c>D.
og
ogL_ [kD B[V|^ c^.
c gkD (Text Document)
>Vu_, A>^, ^, F]\_^, B|^ \uD 
gk >Vus>uz c gkD (Word Bo)  sBVzD.
kBo (Spreadsheet)
 cB x klom ]V|D m \D zVF
k^ (Chart) \uD x FD D k Bo V|^m.
]_, W], A^lB_ \uD > B_V|V, 300-zD \u B_V|^
(Functions) c^.
Wm>_ (Impress)
EA s^, D \uD k>_ s^ V[ VmkV \_*BV
sVE ckV B[|m.
12

^ k>_ (Draw)

k>_ [m B k^ _m VF ^ (Flowcharts) x>_ 3
gk k >D ckVzD  k k>_ s gzD.
>>D (Data base)

m k^, ^, sk_^, k^ ckVD, ]>D
\uD > VklD B[|m. cV >>> Wkm [m
\u \V >> B[V| V[>VzD.
og VxV (] ckVz>_)

og VxV _m \[V|  B[|] EV \[V|
ckV xD. ]_ WBV m >Vz_ _V> zX| 
B[|] ] ckVVD.
c gkD (Text Document)

> z]l_, c gkD u VD. >^, ^ \uD 
gk > FB c gkD (Text Document) \[V B[|>VD.
gk Wk>_
V][ > z],  A]B / >uVm^ gk> kV ]m, 
gk> t>_, gk> \B|>_ \uD ] gk> J|>_
gBku szm.
A]B gk> ckVz>_

 A]B gk> ckV, [kD x_ >D [ B[|>VD.
i. \ l_ c^ A]B gk (New Text Document) V>V >D.
ii. File → New → Text Document B B[|]  A]B gk>
]D.
iii. sl_ CTRL + N s >D.
A]B gk> ckVz>_
t| J  gk> ], [kD x_ >D [
FBVD.
13

i. \ l_ c^ ]> VA (Open) V>V >D.

ii. File → Open [ B B[|>D.
iii. sl_ CTRL + O sB >D.
]> cBV_  >V[D. V >>|m ] (Open) V>V
>D.
A]B / >uVm^ gk> t
A]B _m >uVm^ gk> t, [kD x_ >D [
[uD:
i. \ l_ c^ t (Save) V>V >D.
ii. File → Save [ B B[|>D.
iii. sl_ CTRL + S s >D.
gkD uk B| x[ t>V_ > gkD
\u ^ JD tVD. kV _V\_ A]B gk\V t
k|\[V_ “Save as” cBV_ B (Dialogue box) ]>[ JD tVD.
gk> t sDAD VAB >>|D. VA B >
Fm “ok” [>  FBD. \ Bo_ File → Save as [ B
>>|>[ JD A]B gk> tVD.
gk> J|>_
 gk]_ k x>[ > V J s File → Close [
B B[|>VD.
gk> E|>_
 gkD _m >>|>  E w V||^
W [uD:
i. E kB gk> ]D.
ii. \ l_ File → Print B >>|.
 cBV_  ]zD.  kDA, _[ , V B
V[ s > >>|D. VB “on” FBD \uD >V^
EB] >_ BV k|^>V [>  VD.
3. “OK” V>  F]D.
14

 x[VD (Print Preview)

 x[VD, c^ gkD E|D Vm kV zD 
V>uz  kaB kwzm.  ]_   VD \uD
]l m|>D xD. c^ gkD  x[V\V \V, >
x_ [ B[|>D:
i. VA (File) \s_  x[VD (Print Preview)  FBD _m
CTRL + Shift + O s >D.
\[Vom kB>_ (Text Document)
VA \ l_ File → Exit Libreoffice B >>|>[ JD Text
Document \[Vom kB xD.
cB >>|>_
gk> ckVzD Vm kV >V > F>VKD ]mD VmD
k|D VmD VuBV kBV ]BV _m E D x
gk>BV >>| k kD. c >>| [V_ >kBV
\Vu Fm V^VD. cB >D, _ |D >VD xD.
cB >>|  _m sB B[|>VD.
B V| cB >>|>_
[kD ^ [u k|D:
i. zD > >>| kB cl[ >V]_ k
k|D.
ii. ol[ m V>V ] >kV cl[ *m > k|D.
iii. c >>| [ V>V s| s k|D.
sl[ JD cB >>|>_
[u kB kax^:
i. zD > >>| kB cl[ >V]_ k
k|D.
ii. Shift V> ]BkV  V>V[ B[|] >kBV
cB cB] V k|D.
iii. >kBV c > FB [ Shift V> mk> s|
sD.
15

m>_ \uD |>_

m>_ \uD |>KzD B c^ xB kV| [k[V_,
m>_ >>| >k >[ _ ]om zD > ]_
|>_ _ c^][ ]BV[ ckVzm.
cB m>_
>>| cB tD >V kB ] kD D
FBVD. >uz w z|^  W B[|>D:
i. x>o_ > kB cB >>| k|D.
ii. z Edit → Copy B >>| k|D. _m sl_
zB >>| k|D.
iii. >[ z zD > cB z  k|\V z k
k|D.
iv. ]BV Edit → Paste B _m sl_ zB
>>|m A]B ]_ >>| cB  k|D.
VbD zz kaB B[|]D cB >VD.
Ctrl + C → |
Ctrl + V → 
kk\>_ s^
kD (Format) [   > JD zB _V k
>D  xD. VmkV B[|D >[ >MBV V>V[^
c^. gV_ > V>V[ B[|mk>uz x[V_ ku >
cz]l[ *m B[|mV\V > > FB k|D. >kBV
cB > F>[ >ku  V>V[_ [  FBD.
cB >Vzk>uz B V>  FBD.
cB VF> m_ \Vuk>uz I V>  FB k|D.
cB V|k>uz U [ V>V  FBD.
Format → Character [ B > Fm zD Style l_ Menu
Bar)  >k FmD \uB  FB xD.
16

\VV sl[ JD Ctrl + B, Ctrl + I \uD Ctrl + U s ]

xB >>, VF> _m V m Az \VuVD.
cB |>_
m [m  z Vl_ m^ \uD [ >VzA gzD.
kV m >VuxD \u mom \Vm.
Format sl_ (Toolbar) c^ Font [>  Fm >V[D
m[ Boom, >kBV [  FBD. >>|
>s_ c \Vm.
m  (Font Size)
]B  tD xB\V>VzD.  gk]uzD, sD
suzD   cB B[|> xBVm.
Format sl_ c^ Font Size  Fm >V[D Boom,
>kBV  [  FBD. >>|> ms[ s_ c
\Vm.
m W> \Vu>_ (Font Colour Changing)
>>| cz kk k  xD. k
 V^ D kku u k[. k  V[
mV| gk  k_ E xD.
cz k k> >uz Font Colour [ zB  Fm
[ kB k> VD. > zl[ *m  Fm
V>V ] >kV >V_  k>| ]l|D. ]_ kB
k>  F>V_ > FB c > k]uz \Vu|D.
] z|>_ (Paragraph Alignment)
] \A [m ]l[ m \uD km [ >Vu> zm.
B_V, Word D ] \zD (Left Alignment). ^ Word-_
] kmD z|>VD, >V_ km D \V zD. m km
 (Right Alignment) |m.  omD \\V k V|
|s_ z|>VD. m | \A (Centre Alignment) |m. ]
BV, m \uD km ^ D   z|>VD. m ]
(Justify) |D.
17

kV V[z kBV z|>_ > FBVD, kk\>_

sB B[|> [kD ^ B[|>|[.
i.  ]l[ \k \Vu, x>o_ > ]z^  FBD.
ii.  ][ \k \Vu, ] >>|D.
][ \^ (Page Orientation)
][ D > s ]\V >V_ m V (Portrait) |D.
> \BD D > s ]\V >V_ m  (Landscape) \
|D.
i. Format → Page B > F>V_  \A cBV_ 
>V[D.
ii. Page >Vz]B  Fm s > FBVD.
iii. ][ k \Vuk>uz Paper Format az l_ kB k
> FB k|D. _m w_ DAzB B[|] cBD \uD
> \VuVD.
iv. Orientation z]l_ Portrait _m Landscape [> > FB k|D.
v. Ok V>V  FBD.
[ m V| { \Vu>_
gk ks[ { ^ BV >Bs_BM_ View l_ c^
Ruler k]B B[|] {][  \Vu V^VD. >uz VbD
xB B[|m.
Ruler ]l_ >V[VsV_ View → Ruler V>V > k|D.
Ruler [ VD_W z] { s[ \_ z]B zm. B VD_
Wz]zD k^ Wz]zD l_ |m _ k|D.
 BV ]_ >V_ >  > V DA zV_
VEBzD.
Vm { kaVB (Margin guide) A]B mz > k|D.
18
>tV| 

VD : A]\ \uD A^lB_
z] :  Vu^, >k_ >Va_O]_ >VA^
VA\
>tV|  BV >kVBD z1 x>_W \uD x>[\
>V VVo VE ]^, o] VzA^, \V] >
\[V^ ks_ >BV|^m. D\[V zAV VA\
>  >MV _m >MBV V > luE \B\V D\[V
FD xBuElV ~||>_ Vm. *V_ ]B VA\ ][ 
> mkVzD  >s|m. m xuKD V >z

gB,
A]\ & ]
 Vu^, >k_

>Va_O]_ >VA^
fzpg;nghwp Xh; mwpKfk;

ekJ md;whl tho;tpy;> ek;ikr; Rw;wp vy;yh ,lq;fspYk;> fzpg;nghwpfs; ePq;fh
,lk; ngw;Ws;sd. fy;tp> Muha;r;rp> Rw;Wyh> thdpiy Kd;dwptpg;G> r%f tiyjsk;>
kpd; tzpfk; (e-commerce) Nghd;w gy Jiwfs;> thapyhf ekJ tho;tpy; fzpg;nghwpfs;
xU jtph;f;f Kbahj mq;fkhf khwptpl;lJ. xU Ntiyia NtfkhfTk;> mNj Neuj;jpy;
Jy;ypakhfTk; nra;J Kbf;Fk; fhuzj;jhy; ekJ tho;f;ifiaf; fzpg;nghwpfs;
Gul;rpfukhdjhf khw;wpAs;sd vd;gJ cz;ikapNyNa Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. ,d;W ve;j
xU epWtdKk; fzpg;nghwp ,y;yhky; ,aq;f KbahJ. cz;ikapy; gy epWtdq;fs;
‘fhfpjkpy;yh” mYtyfq;fshfr; nray;glj; njhlq;fptpl;ld. fzpg;nghwpfs;>
njhlf;fj;jpy; xU rhjhuzf; fzf;fpLk; fUtpahf tbtikf;fg;gl;L> fle;j gy
Mz;Lfshfg; ghpzhk tsh;r;rp ngw;W> ,d;W mjpNtff; ifalf;ff; fzpg;nghwpfshf
khw;wg;gl;Ls;sd.
fzpg;nghwpfs; juTfisr; Nrkpf;fTk;> thdpiy Kd;dwptpg;G> tpkhdk;> uapy;
Nghf;Ftuj;J gazr;rPl;L Kd;gjpT> jpiuauq;f EioTr;rPl;L Kd;gjpT gy gzpfisAk;>
tpisahl;L kw;Wk; ,junghOJNghf;F mk;rq;fisAk; nra;Ak; gy;jpwd; ngw;witahf
cs;sJ.
juT
gy;NtW tiffspYk; jpul;lg;gLk; mbg;gil nra;jpj; JZf;F juT vdg;gLk;.
,J njhlh;G nfhs;tjw;Fk;> tpsf;Ftjw;F my;yJ nrayhf;fk; nra;tjw;Fk; Vw;wJ.
vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf 134> 16> ‘ftpjh”. ‘rp” Nghd;wit jutpw;F cjhuzk;.
jfty;
jfty; vd;gJ KbTfis vLf;ff; $ba KbTfis vLf;ff;$ba cz;ikfspd;
njhFg;ghFk; vspikahf $wNtz;Lnkdpy;> juT vd;gJ rhpahd nghUs; nfhz;l>
KiwgLj;jg;gl;l my;yJ fl;likf;fg;gl;l jftiy toq;Ftjw;F nrayhf;fg;gl;l %y

A]\ & ]
cz;ikfs;. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> ftpjhtpd; taJ 16 vd;w $w;W> ftpjhit gw;wp rhpahd

nghUs; nfhz;l / mh;j;jKs;s jftiy njhptpf;fpd;wJ. ,J ftpjh - 16 vd;w ,uz;L
juTfspypUe;J nraw;gLj;jg;gl;L jUtpf;fg;gl;l jfty;. juTfis jfty;fshf khw;wk;
nra;Ak; ,e;j nray;Kiw ‘juT nrayhf;fk;” vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
fzpg;nghwpapd; gFjpfs;
cs;sPl;lfk;
cs;sl
P l
; fk; midj;J tifahd juTfisAk; fzpg;nghwpf;Fs; cs;splg; gad;gLfpwJ.
cs;splg;gl;l juTfs; nrayhf;fj;jpw;fhf epidtfj;jpy; Nrkpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L tpirg;gyif> Rl;b Nghd;wit.
ikar; nrayfk;
ikar; nrayfk; vd;gJ> fzpg;nghwpf;F toq;fg;gLk; fl;lisfis> fzpg;nghwp
Ghpe;Jnfhs;Sk; tifapy; khw;wp mjid nrayhf;fk; nra;Ak; Kjd;ikahd gFjpahFk;.
,J epidtfk;> cs;sPL kw;Wk; ntspaPL Nghd;w kw;w midj;Jr; rhjdq;fspd;
nray;ghl;ilf; fl;Lg;gLj;JfpwJ. ,J juit cs;sPlhfg; ngw;W> nfhLf;fg;gll
fl;lisfspd; gb nray;gLj;jp> ntspaPl;il ntspapLfpwJ.
ikar;nrayfj;jpy; %d;W gFjpfs; cs;sd. mit fl;Lg;ghl;lfk; (CU - Control Unit)
fzpj Vuzr; nrayfk; (ALU - Arithmetic and Logic Unit) kw;Wk; epidtfk; (MU - Memory
Unit) MFk;.
fzpj Vuzr; nrayfk;
ikar; nrayfj;jpd; xU gFjpahf cs;s fzpj Vuzr; nrayfk;> gy fzpg;gPl
nray;fisj; jutpd; kPJ epfo;j;JfpwJ. $l;ly;> fopj;jy;> ngUf;fy;> tFj;jy; kw;Wk;
RUf;f nray;fs; Nghd;w fzpjr; nray;ghLfis fzpj Vuzr; nrayfk; nra;fpwJ.
ikar; nrayfj;jpy; cs;s cs; epidtfj;jpy; ,jd; tpil Nrkpf;fg;gLfpwJ. fzpj
Vuzr; nrayfj;jpd; jUf;fr; nray; jpwNd fzpg;nghwpapd; KbntLf;Fk; jpwid
Nkk;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
fl;Lg;ghl;lfk;
ikar; nrayfk; - epidtfk; kw;Wk; cs;sPL / ntspaPL rhjdq;fSf;F ,ilNa
ghpkhwg;gLk; juitf; fl;Lg;ghlfk; fl;Lg;gLj;JfpwJ. NkYk; xU fzpg;nghwpapd; KOr;
nray;ghLfisAk; ,J fl;Lg;gLj;JfpwJ.

A]\ & ]
ntspaPl;lfk;
gadh;fs; Ghpe;J nfhs;sf;$ba tifapy; jftiyj; njhptpf;Fk; ve;jnthU
td;nghUSk; ntspaPl;lfk; vd;gLk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;L : jpiuafk;> mr;Rg;nghwp
Nghd;wit.
epidtfk;
Kjd;ik epidtfk; kw;Wk; ,uz;lhk; epidtfk; vd ,Utif epidtfq;fs;
cs;sd. juT kw;Wk; epuy; fl;lisfs; epiwNtw;wj; jahuhf ,Uf;Fk;NghJ mjidj;
jw;fhypfkhfr; Nrkpf;f Kjd;ik epidtfk; gad;gLfpwJ. juTfis epue;jukhfr;
Nrkpj;J itf;f ,uz;lhk;epiy epidtfk; gad;gLfpwJ.
cs;sPl;L kw;Wk; ntspaPl;L rhjdq;fs;
cs;sPl;L rhjdq;fs; :
(1) tpirg;gyif : tpirg;gyif (fk;gp / fk;gpapy;yh / kha) fzpg;nghwpfspy; kpfTk;
nghJthfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; cs;sPl;L rhjdk; MFk;. vOj;Jf;fs;> vz;fs; kw;Wk; rpwg;G
FwpaPLfSf;fhd jdpj;jdpg; nghj;jjhd;fis nkhj;jkhf ‘vOj;JU nghj;jhd;fs;”
vdyhk;. fzpg;nghwpfspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; tpirg;gyif> jl;lr;Rg; nghwpfspy; cs;s
(typewriter) tpirg; nghj;jhd;fspy; mbg;gilapy; jUtpf;fg;gl;lJ. juTfSk;> jfty;fSk;
tpirg;gyifapd; %yk; jl;lr;R nra;J fzpg;nghwpapy; cs;splg;gLfpd;wJ.
(2) Rl;b : Rl;b (fk;gp / fk;gpapy;yh) vd;gJ jpiuapy; ,lRl;bd; (cursor) ,af;fj;ijf;
fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; xU Rl;br; rhjdkhFk;. fzpg;nghwpapy; cs;s gzpf; Fwpfs; (icons)
gl;bfs; (menus), fl;lis nghj;jhd;fs; (command buttons) Nghd;wtw;iwj; Njh;e;njLj;Jr;
nray;gLj;Jtjw;F ,J gad;gLfpwJ. fpspf;> ,ul;ilf; fpspf;> tyJ fpspf;> ,Oj;J tpL
Nghd;wit> Rl;bapd; rpy nray;ghLfs; MFk;.
(3) tUb (Scanner) : fzpg;nghwp epidtfj;jpy; Neubahfj; jftiy cs;spl;l tUbfs;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. ,e;jf; fUtp xU ‘cyh; kpd;efy; ,ae;jpuk;” (Xerox machine)
Nghy; nray;gLfpwJ. vOjg;gl;l my;yJ mr;rplg;gl;l> Gifg;glq;fis cs;slf;fpa
ve;jnthU jftiyAk; tUbf; fzpg;nghwpf;F ,yf;fKiw jftyhf khw;wpaikf;fpwJ.
ntspaPl;Lr; rhjdq;fs;:
(1) jpiuafk; (Monitor)
jftiyj; jpiuapy; fhl;lg; nghJthf gad;gLj;jg;;gLk; ntspaPl;L rhjdk; jpiuafk;
MFk;. ,J njhiyf;fhl;rp ngl;biag; Nghd;wJ. jpiuafj;jpd; glq;fs; gpf;nry;];
(PIXELS) vdg;gLk; glf; $WfSld; cUthf;fg;gLfpwd. xNu tz;zKila jpiuafk;
fUg;G kw;Wk; nts;is epwj;jpy; fhl;;LfpwJ. tz;zj; jpiuafk; gy epwq;fspy;

A]\ & ]
fhl;LfpwJ. rp Mu; b (fj;Njhl; Nu bA+g;) CRT (Cathode Ray tube), vy;rpb (ypf;tpl; fphp];ly;
b];gpNs) LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) kw;Wk; vy;<b (iyl; Vkpl;bq; ilNahl;fs;) LED
(Light Emitting Diodes) Nghd;w gy;NtW tifahd jpiuafq;fs; fpilf;fpd;wd.
(2) jpiuafk; (Plotter)
tiutp vd;gJ xU ntspaPLr; rhjdk; MFk;. ,J jhs;fspy; tiufiy ntspaPl;il
mr;rpl gad;gLfpwJ. ,J glq;fis tiua xw;iw epwk; my;yJ gy tz;zk; nfhz;l
Ngdhf;fisg; gad;gLj;JfpwJ.
(3) mr;Rg;nghwpfs; (Printers)
jhs;fspy; jfty;fis mr;rpl mr;Rg;nghwpfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. mr;Rg;nghwpfs;
,uz;L Kf;fpag; gphpTfshfg; gphpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
fzpg;nghwpiaj; njhlq;Fjy; (Booting)

xU fzpg;nghwpia ,af;Fk; mbg;gil nkd;nghUs; ‘,af;f mikg;G” (OS - Operating
System) MFk;. xU fzpg;nghwp njhlq;Fk; NghJ mjd; Kjd;ik epidtfj;jpy;
ve;jj; jfty;fSk; ,Uf;fhJ. mNj Neuj;jpy;> mjd; ‘gbf;f kl;Lk; epidtfj;jpy;”
(ROM - Read Only Memory) Vw;fdNt vOjg;gl;l ‘kpd; ,izg;gpy; Ra Ma;T” (POST
- Power On Self Test) vd;w epuy; Kjypy; ,aq;fj; njhlq;Fk;. ,e;j epuy; fzpg;nghwpapy;
,izf;fg;gl;Ls;s midj;Jg; Gwf;fUtpfSk; (Kjd;ik epidtfk;> tpirg;gyif>
jpiuafk; Nghd;w)> ,aq;Fk; epiyapy; cs;sjh vd Ma;T nra;Ak;. midj;Jk; rhpahd
epiyapy; ,Ue;jhy; kl;LNk> njhlh;e;J mbg;gil cs;sPl;L - ntspaPl;L Kiwik” (BIOS-
Basic Input output System) ia ,af;Fk;. ,e;jr; nray;Kiw ‘njhlq;Fjy;” (Booting) vd
miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. mjd; gpd;dh;> (Boot Strap Loader) vd;w epuy;> ‘,af;f mikg;G”
nkd;nghUis td;tl;bypUe;J> Kjd;ik epidtfj;jpw;F mDg;Gfpd;wJ. ,g;NghJ
fzpg;nghwp jpiuapy;> ekJ fzpg;nghwpapy; epWtg;gl;Ls;s ,af;f mikg;G nkd;nghUs;
(tpz;Nlh]; / ypdf;]; my;yJ NtW VNjDk; xU ,af;f mikg;G) ,af;f njhlq;Fk;.
xU fzpg;nghwpapy; ,uz;L tifahd ‘njhlq;Fjy;” (Booting) Kiwfs; cs;sd.
mit:
(1) jz; njhlf;fk; (Cold booting)
(2) cld; njhlf;fk; (Warm booting)
(1) jz; njhlf;fk; (Cold booting)
xU fzpg;nghwpia Kjd;Kjypy; njhlq;Ftijj; jz; njhlf;fk; my;yJ td;
njhlf;fk; (Hard booting) vdyhk;. ,e;jj; njhlf;f Kiwapy;> gadh; kpd; ,izg;igj;
njhlq;Fk; NghJ> gbf;f kl;Lk; epidtfj;jpy; cs;s POST epuy; ,aq;fj; njhlq;Fk;.

A]\ & ]
(2) cld; njhlf;fk; (Warm booting)

,aq;fpf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; xU fzpg;nghwpia VNjDk; xU R+oypy; mjd; ,af;fj;ij
epWj;jp kPz;Lk; njhlq;Fjiy cld; njhlf;fk; my;yJ nkd; njhlf;fk; (Soft booting)
vdyhk;. ,e;j Kiwapy;> fzpg;nghwp ‘jz; njhlf;f Kiwapy;” njhlq;fpaJ Nghy;
midj;Jg; Gwf; fUtpfspd; ,izg;ig cWjp nra;J njhlq;Ftjpy;iy. NkYk;> ,e;jj;
njhlf;f Kiwapy; Kjz;ik epidtfj;jpy;> Ke;ija ,af;fj;jpd; NghJ gad;gLj;jg;gl;l
jfty;fs; Kiwahf ,uz;lhk; epiy epidtfj;jpw;F khw;wg;glhj epiy Vw;gLtjhy;>
jfty;fs; mopAk; epiyAk;> fzpg;nghwpapd; ,af;f mikg;G gOjilAk; epiyAk;
Vw;gLk;.
Fwpg;Gfs;
 ekJ md;whl tho;tpy;> ek;ikr; Rw;wp vy;yh ,lq;fspYk;> fzpg;nghwpfs; ePq;fh
,lk; ngw;Ws;sd.
 fzpg;nghwp vd;gJ> nfhLf;fg;gl;l fl;lisfis cs;sPlhfg; ngw;W> mjpNtfkhfr;
nray;gl;L> tpUk;gpa ntspaPl;il toq;Fk; xU kpd;dZ rhjdk; MFk;.
 fzpg;nghwpapd; tsh;r;rpiag; gy;NtW epiyfspd; mbg;gilapy; MW ntt;NtW
jiyKiwfshfg; gphpf;fyhk;.
 fzpg;nghwp vd;gJ nkd;nghUs; kw;Wk; td;nghUspd; fyitahFk;.
 td;nghUs; vd;gJ fzpg;nghwpapd; gUg;nghUs;fshFk;.
 cs;sPl;lfj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp fzpg;nghwpf;F ve;jnthU juitAk; nfhLf;fyhk;.
 ikar; nrayfk; vd;gJ fl;lisfis nray;gLj;Jtjw;F gad;gLfpwJ.
 fzpj Vuzr; nrayfk; (ALU), MdJ ikar; nrayfj;jpd; (CPU), xU gFjpahFk;>
juTfspy; gy;NtW fzpg;gPl;L nray;ghLfs; ,jpy; epfo;j;jg;gLfpwJ.
 ikanrayfk;> epidtfk; kw;Wk; cs;sPL / ntspaPL rhjdq;fSf;F ,ilapy;
juitf; fl;Lg;ghl;lfk; fl;Lg;gLj;JfpwJ.
 gadh;fs; Ghpe;Jnfhs;sf; $ba tifapy; jftiyj; njhptpf;Fk; ve;jnthU
td;nghUSk; xU ntspaPl;lfk; MFk;.
 Kjd;ik epidtfk; kw;Wk; ,uz;lhk;epiy epidtfk; Mfpa ,Utif
epidtfq;fs; cs;sd.
 jz; njhlf;fk; (Cold booting) kw;Wk; cld; njhlf;fk; (Warm booting) Mfpa
,uz;L tifahd njhlq;Fjy; Kiwfs; cs;sd.
•••

>tV| 

VD : A]\ \uD A^lB_
z] : >k_ >Va_O B[V|^
VA\
>tV|  BV >kVBD z1 x>_W \uD x>[\
>V VVo VE ]^, o] VzA^, \V] >
\[V^ ks_ >BV|^m. D\[V zAV VA\
>  >MV _m >MBV V > luE \B\V D\[V
FD xBuElV ~||>_ Vm. *V_ ]B VA\ ][ 
> mkVzD  >s|m. m xuKD V >z

gB,
A]\ & ]
>k_ >Va_O
B[V|^
jfty; njhopy;El;g gad;ghLfs;

,J jfty; njhopy; El;gj;jpd; gad;ghLfis gy;NtW Jiwfspy; tpsf;FfpwJ. r%fk;>
nghUshjhuk; kw;Wk; murpay; rhh;e;j tsh;r;rpfis kf;fSf;F ,J toq;FfpwJ. ,jd;
Nehf;fk; njhopy;El;gj;jpd; %yk; cyif b[pl;ly; Kiwapy; Nkk;ghL milar; nra;tJ
MFk;. ,J ‘tsh;r;rp Nkk;ghL” cyfkakhf;fy; Nghd;w gjq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
‘b[pl;ly; Nkk;ghL” vd;gJ r%fk;> nghUshjhuk;> E}yfk;> mwptpay;> njhiyj;
njhlh;Gfs; Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;fpaJ. jfty; njhopy;El;gj;jpd; gad;fshtd:
1. skVBD
jfty; njhopy;El;gj;jpd; gq;fspg;G tptrhaj;jpy; ,d;wpaikahjjhFk;. Kjd;ik
nghUshjhu eltbf;ifahd tptrhak; kf;fSf;F mbg;gilj; Njitfshd czT>
cil> ,Ug;gplk; Mfpatw;iw G+h;j;jp nra;fpwJ. ,g;gbg;gl;l tptrhaj;jpy; jfty;
njhopy;El;gj;jpd; jhf;fk; kpfTk; rpwg;ghdJ. gaph;fspd; fhymsT> kiog;nghopT>
thdpiy Nghd;wtw;iw tptrhapfSf;F njhptpf;fpwJ. nry;Nghd; nraypfs; %ykhf
jfty;fs; clDf;Fld; njhptpf;fg;gLfpwJ. nraw;iff;Nfhs;fs; tptrhaj; Jiwapy;
ngUk; Gul;rpia Vw;gLj;jpAs;sd.
2. kW \VuD \uD uw_
thdpiy Kd;dwptpg;gpw;F jfty; njhopy; El;gk; ngUk; gq;fhw;WfpwJ. thdpiy
Kd;dwptpg;G mYtyfq;fs; gy ,lq;fspy; epWtg;gl;Ls;sd. Gay;fs;> nts;sg;ngUf;Ffs;
Nghd;wtw;iw clDf;Fld; njhptpf;f jfty; njhopy;El;gk; nghpJk; cjTfpwJ. rkPgj;jpy;
,e;jpahthy; tpz;zpy; nrYj;jg;gl;l nraw;iff;Nfhs;fs; ,jw;F gy;NtW tpjq;fspy;
JizGhpfpd;wd.
3. _s
fy;tpj; Jiwapy; Ma;Tfis Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhf jfty; njhopy;El;gk; gad;gLfpwJ.
Gj;jfq;fspy; ghlk; fw;gpf;fg;gl;L te;j fhyk; khwp jw;NghJ fzpdpfspy; ghlk;

A]\ & ]
fw;gpf;fg;gl;L tUfpwJ. ,jw;F Kf;fpaf; fhuzk; jfty; njhopy;El;gNk MFk;.

mdpNk\d;> thdpay; jpl;lq;fs; Nghd;wtw;wpw;F jfty; njhopy; El;gk; Kf;fpa gq;fpid
tfpf;fpwJ.
3. V>VD
Rfhjhuk; vd;gJ kf;fspd; tho;f;ifNahL xd;wpide;j xd;whFk;. jfty;
njhopy;El;gk; kf;fSf;F ek;gfkhd> cau; jukhd midtUf;Fk; fpilf;ff;$ba
Rfhjhuf; fy;tpia fpilf;f toptif nra;fpwJ. cyf Rfhjhu epWtdj;jpd; mwpf;ifapd;
gb cyf kf;fspy; 15% kf;fs; Fiwghl;Lld; cs;sd. ,J Vwj;jho 600 kpy;ypad;
kf;fs; MFk;. ehd;F kf;fspy; xUth; FiwghLfSld; cs;sdh;. tsh;e;j ehLfspy;
Ntiyf;Fr; nry;Yk; ngz;fs; Rfhjhukhd Kiw tho;f;if tho;fpd;wd. Mdhy;
gy ehLfspy; Nkhrkhd Rfhjhu rPh;Nfl;bdhy; kf;fs; ghjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sdh;. jfty;
njhopy;El;gk; ,e;jg; gpur;ridfs; Fwpj;J tpopg;Gzh;it kf;fSf;F Vw;gLj;JfpwJ.
5. k
muR jw;NghJ kf;fSf;F Nrit toq;Fk; Kiwapy; jfty; njhopy;El;gj;ij
mwpKfg;gLj;jpAs;sJ. midj;J tpjkhd NritfSk; fzpdp kakhf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
Mjhh; toq;Fjy;> FLk;g ml;ilfs; toq;Fk; jpl;lq;fs; midj;Jk; jw;NghJ jfty;
njhopy; El;gj;jpd; %ykhf kl;LNk nray;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. jw;NghJ jfty;
njhopy;El;;gk; murpd; xU mq;fkhf cs;sJ.
6. uVm
Rw;Wyh vd;gJ kf;fs; nghOJ Nghf;fpw;fhfTk;> Gj;Jzh;r;rpahfTk;
Nkw;nfhs;tjjhFk;. cyfnkq;Fk; gy Rw;Wyhj; jyq;fs; cs;sd. ,tw;wpd; ,lq;fis
fz;lwpaTk; jfty; njhopy; El;gk; ngupJk; cjTfpwJ.
•••

Aptitude TM Group 1 Govt Notes For TNPSC Group 1 To 8 Pre

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Aptitude TM Group 1 Govt Notes For TNPSC Group 1 To 8 Pre

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

>tV| 

kkVFA \uD luEm

 : TNPSC Group I >

   

   

  ×°

  8/24 × 100 = 33.33%

 : TNPSC Group I >

>k_ skV \Vu>_,

1. xU tFg;giwapy; cs;s 20 khzth;fspd; cauq;fs; (nr.kP) fPNo

i. Nky; vy;iy Nrh;jJ ; f; nfhs;sg;gl;l tbtk;

Neh;fN; fhl;L Fwpfs;

khwpypfspd; kjpg;G gphpT ,ilntspapy; ,Ue;jhy; mjd; epfo;ntz;fisme;je;j

,g;nghOJ vLj;Jf;fhl;L 1.1 ,y; cs;s tptuq;fis ml;ltizg;gLj;jyhk;.

Nky; vy;iy Nrh;jJ ; f;nfhs;sg;gl;l tbtk;

fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;l tptuq;fSf;F epfo;T gl;baiyj; jahhpf;f

,g;nghOJ vz;fis xd;wd; gpd; xd;whfg;gbj;J> me;j vz;Zf;F Neuhf>

(i) Njitahd gphpTfisj; Njh;en ; jLf;fTk;> mit kpfr; rpwpajhfNth my;yJ

njhFf;fg;gl;l tptuq;fSf;F epfo;Tg;gl;bay;

gphpT ,ilntspfs; Neh;fN

1.2 njhlh;rr ; pahd njhFf;fg;gl;l epfo;ntz; gl;bay;

(ii) me;j tpj;jpahrj;ij 2 My; tFf;fTk; mjd; tpilia x vdf; nfhs;f.

1.3 njhFf;fg;glhj tptuq;fSf;F ruhrhp> ,ilepiyasT> KfL $l;Lr;rhurhp

tptuq;fis VWthpir my;yJ ,wq;Fthpirapy; thpirgLj;Jk;nghOJ fpilf;Fk;

2.2 epfo;ntz;gl;bay; mikg;gij epidT $h;jy;

2.2.1. njhFf;fg;glhj tptuq;fSf;F epfo;ntz; gl;bay; mikj;jy;

2.2.2 njhFf;fg;gl;l tptuq;fSf;F epfo;ntz;gl;bay; mikj;jy;

2.3.1 epfo;Tr; nrt;tfk; (Histogram)

2.3.1 (m) njhlh;r;rpahd epfo;ntz; gutYf;F epfo;Tr; nrt;tfk; tiujy;

X mr;R 1nr.kP = 10 kjpg;ngz;fs;

Y mr;R 1nr.kP = 5 kjpg;ngz;fs;

2.3.1(M) njhlh;r;rpaw;w gphpT ,ilntspfSf;F epfo;Tr; nrt;tfk; tiujy;

cauq;fs; 16-20 21-25 26-30 31-35 36-40 41-45 46-50 51-55

cauq;fs; 15.5- 20.5 25.5 30.5 35.5 40.5 45.5 50.5

X mr;R 1nr.kP = 5 kPl;lh;

Y mr;R 1nr.kP = 5 kuq;fs;

,g;nghOJ NkNy nfhLf;fg;gl;l epfo;ntz;guty; ml;ltiz> njhlh;r;rpahd

2.3.2 epfo;Tg; gyNfhzk; (Frequency Polygon)

nrt;tfj;ijg; gad;gLj;jhky; tiujy;

2.3.2 (m) epfo;Tr; nrt;tfj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp epfo;Tg; gyNfhzk; tiujy;

gphpT 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90

,lg;gf;fj;jpd; ikag;Gs;spAlDk;> filrp Nfhl;Lj;Jz;bd; Kidiaf; filrp

Y mr;R 1nr.kP = 1 khzth;

2.4 vspa tl;l tpsf;fg;glk; tiujy;

glk; 2.7 glk; 2.8

Nkw;fz;l glq;fis tl;l tpsf;fg;glq;fs; vd;W miog;Nghk;. tl;l tpsf;fg;glk;>

vLj;Jf;fl;lhf> glk; 2.7 ,y; cs;s tl;l tpsf;fg; glj;jpy;

vdNt> tPl;Lg;ghl Ntiyapy; nrytpLk; Neuj;jpw;fhd tl;lf;Nfhzg; gFjpapd;

khztdpd; ntt;NtW nray;ghLfs; Muq;fspd; Neu tpfpjr;rhuj;jpw;F Vw;g

gpd;tUk; vLj;Jf;fhl;bd; %yk;> Nfhz msTfisg; gad;gLj;jp tl;l tpsf;fg;glk;

tl;l tpsf;fg;glj;ij mikj;jy;

mg; gFjpapd; kjpg; G

nfhLf;fg;gl;l tptuq;fSf;F Vw;w tl;l tpsf;fg;glk; mikj;jYf;fhd

xU FLk;gj;jpd; khjhe;jpu tuT nryT tpguk;

Njh;T KbT khzth;fspd; ikaf;Nfhz msT

gpd;tUkhW tl;l tpsf;fg;glj;ij ehk; ngWfpd;Nwhk;.

2.5 ika epiyg; Nghf;F msitfs; (Measures of Central Tendency)

jpul;lg;ngw;w mjpf mstpyhd tpuq;fis ml;ltizg;Lj;jpag; gpd;dUk;>

fz;lwpe;j kjpg;Gfspd; $l;Lj; njhiff;Fk;> kjpg;Gfspd; vz;zpf;iff;Fk; cs;s

fpNuf;f vOj;jhfpa ‘Σ’ it fzpjj;jpy; rpf;kh vd;fpNwhk;. ,J $l;Lg; gyidf;

2.5.1(M) njhFf;fg;gl;l tptuq;fSf;Ff; $l;Lr;ruhrhp fhZjy;

(i) Neub Kiwapy; $l;Lr; ruhrhp fhzy;

(ii) cj;Njr ruhrhp Kiwapy; $l;Lr;ruhrhp fhzy;

(9 + 9) + (9 - 9)

.75 × .75 × .75 - .5 × .5 × .5

753 × 753 + 7 × 7 - 753 × 7

12. The correct expression of 6.6 in the fractional form is

13. The value of . is

.9 ×.9 - 0.5× 5.

(. × . - .9 ×.9)

19. The value of