Making of the West Peoples and Cultures Value

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Choose the letter of the best answer.

1. The tale of Romulus and his men kidnapping the Sabine women illustrates which of the
following?
A) The Roman belief that one man can make a decisive difference in the course of his
nation's history
B) The Roman tradition of absorbing different peoples into its citizen body, a practice
that helped make Rome a world power
C) Romans' reverence for virtuous matrons and their dedication to justice
D) Romans' wanton disregard for women, whom the Romans treated little better than
slaves

2. What did Roman morality primarily emphasize?

A) A personal relationship with the gods
B) Virtue, faithfulness, and respect
C) Power, status, and wealth
D) Democracy, equality, and generosity

3. Which of the following traits were highly esteemed in the early Roman republic (509–
287 B.C.E.)?
A) Ingenuity and creativity
B) Fidelity and perseverance
C) Ambition and personal independence
D) Egalitarianism and concern for the less fortunate

4. The Roman concept of authority was based on the belief that

A) in an egalitarian society, authority could be earned only through virtuous living and
charity toward others.
B) society had to be hierarchical to be just.
C) emperors were the perfect embodiment of patriarchal authority.
D) women and men should share responsibilities and power equally.

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5. What institution of the early Roman republic was based on a network of relationships
characterized by mutual obligations?
A) The office of tribune
B) The Centuriate Assembly
C) Co-consulship
D) The patron-client system

6. Patria potestas referred to the right of the father to hold formal power over which of the
following?
A) His children and his slaves
B) His wife and children
C) His wife and her family
D) His wife and children and his slaves

7. What Roman woman of the second century B.C.E. gained fame for having turned down
a marriage offer from King Ptolemy VIII of Egypt and giving birth to two leading
politicians, Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus?
A) Lucretia
B) Cornelia
C) Tullia
D) Antonia

8. How did the status of wealthy Roman women differ from that of most Greek women in
the Classical Age?
A) Roman women had a slightly higher status, since they not only managed their
households but also were able to play an indirect but important role in politics.
B) Roman women enjoyed a higher social status and were even allowed to work as
actresses and musicians in public settings.
C) Roman women suffered a lower status, since they generally were not allowed to
buy, sell, or inherit property.
D) There was little or no difference; in neither society were women permitted to
control the household or to serve in public life.

9. Which of the following subjects was considered most important for an elite Roman
boy's education and preparation for adulthood?
A) Military training
B) Philosophy
C) Management skills
D) Rhetoric

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10. What was the primary function of the gods in Roman religion?
A) To judge each Roman as either fit or unfit for a happy afterlife
B) To guard Rome's safety and prosperity
C) To serve as models of proper and virtuous behavior
D) To maintain the power of the mos maiorum

11. The chastity of the Vestal Virgins was meant to

A) prove their worthiness of the gods' attentions.
B) symbolize the security and stability of the Roman family and by extension the
Roman republic itself.
C) signify the priestesses' proximity to divinity, making all Romans closer to the gods.
D) preserve legends of virtuous females such as the Sabine women and the Roman
matron Lucretia.

12. Why did the Romans occasionally seek the help of foreign deities?
A) They hoped to win the hearts of future trading partners who lived abroad.
B) They believed that turning to foreign gods would make it easier to conquer new
territories.
C) They had little other recourse in times of desperation and need.
D) They sought to forge new dynastic alliances by adopting foreign gods.

13. Why did Rome's most prominent men seek the post of pontifex maximus (“greatest
bridge-builder”)?
A) It paid the highest salary of any position, even more than consul or senator.
B) It would give them the power to appoint senators and the opportunity to build a
political following.
C) It allowed the officeholder to claim aristocratic status, regardless of his class at
birth.
D) It bestowed increased political power, since the officeholder was the head of state
religion.

14. Freed slaves in the Roman republic could not hold elective office or serve in the army,
A) but their children possessed citizenship without any limitations.
B) and often as a result they emigrated to nations that gave them more rights.
C) making them a dangerous source of civil discontent.
D) unless they accumulated enough wealth to qualify as equestrians or equites.

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15. The Roman Senate was originally created as a(n)
A) elected body that could veto any measures proposed by the executive branch.
B) group of twenty-five men whose purpose was to advise the assemblies.
C) council of distinguished men whose purpose was to advise and consult with the
king.
D) group of ten men constituted to negotiate the assimilation of the Sabines into the
Roman community.

16. In which of the following areas did Rome not seek to emulate Greece?
A) Philosophy and religion
B) Literature and art
C) Military and political organization
D) Architectural design and style

17. Why was Rome's geography perfect for territorial expansion?

A) Rome's winters featured prolonged cold periods that killed the mosquitos that
spread malaria.
B) Rome's location at the edge of the Atlantic Ocean meant that it could expand easily
into northern and western Europe.
C) Located far from the active seismic zones in the Mediterranean, Rome was free of
natural disasters.
D) Rome possessed a river, fertile farmland, and a port on the Mediterranean.

18. What customs and practices did the Romans adopt from the Etruscans?
A) Political models, including democracy and oligarchy
B) Deities, including Jupiter and Mars
C) Ceremonial features, including musical instruments and religious rituals
D) Architectural styles and models of poetry

19. Why did the Roman aristocrats create a republican system of government and not a
monarchy?
A) They were committed to a government in which all citizens were participants.
B) They distrusted eastern Mediterranean empires such as the Persian Empire and
wanted to avoid emulating them in any way.
C) They had come to believe that it was necessary to share power between adult male
citizens.
D) They had learned from Greek political theorists about the evils and abuses of
monarchy.

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20. The tale of the rape of Lucretia reflects which of the following?
A) The author's disgust with the decline in Roman morals following the Punic Wars
B) The Romans' tradition of incorporating local tribes into their dominions as citizens
C) The belief that this outrage led the morally virtuous Romans to overthrow the
monarchy and establish a republican government
D) One of the major issues in the struggle of the orders, which was the fact that
patricians were permitted to mistreat any plebeian, including virtuous matrons such
as Lucretia

21. Which of the following finally ended the struggle of the orders, a political power
struggle between Rome's most aristocratic families (the patricians) and the rest of
Rome's citizens (the plebeians)?
A) The plebeians learned to manipulate the patronage system and influence patrons to
legislate in favor of plebeian interests.
B) In 451 B.C.E., the ban on marriage between plebeians and patricians was lifted.
C) The patricians agreed to make plebeians eligible for membership in the Roman
Senate.
D) In 287 B.C.E., the plebeians won the right to draft and pass laws in their own
assembly.

22. What was the main tactic used by the plebeians to force the patricians to make political
and economic concessions?
A) They pressured the patricians by periodically refusing to perform military service.
B) They invaded patrician estates and freed their slaves.
C) They instructed their tribunes to veto every measure that the patricians strove to
pass in the Tribal Assembly.
D) They rioted, destroying a significant part of the Roman forum.

23. During the Roman republic, the political career of a patrician typically consisted of
A) achieving success in business or agriculture, financing a shrine or other public
building, and being elected to, in succession, the offices of aedile, consul, and
pontifex maximus.
B) military service, an appointment to the Senate, and election to, in succession, the
offices of censor, tribune, and consul.
C) military service and election to, in succession, the offices of quaestor, aedile,
praetor, and consul.
D) military service culminating in a generalship, and election to, in succession, the
offices of quaestor, censor, and, finally, consul or pontifex maximus.

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24. How did the office of tribune differ from most other political offices?
A) It was established to serve and protect the plebeian order, not all of society.
B) Former slaves who had served in the military could stand for election as tribunes.
C) It was the only official position in the Roman republic that had been retained from
the era of the Roman monarchy.
D) Senators were eligible to be elected to the post.

25. What was the most common reason for men to seek public office in the early Roman
republic?
A) To increase their wealth through government contracts
B) To achieve status and glory through service to the republic
C) To benefit from the patron-client system
D) To move their families into the elite ranks of the nobles

26. What specific function did the Roman Senate fulfill during the years of the Roman
republic?
A) It drafted and passed legislation.
B) It advised and consulted with the highest republican officials.
C) It appointed consuls and tribunals.
D) It had formal veto power over the decisions of the assemblies.

27. What was the most important of the Roman assemblies, in which plebeians
outnumbered patricians?
A) The Tribal Assembly
B) The Centuriate Assembly
C) The Plebeian Assembly
D) The Roman Assembly

28. What did the term plebiscites originally refer to?

A) The geographical location of the Plebeian Assembly
B) Resolutions passed by the Plebeian Assembly
C) The powers invested in the three Roman assemblies
D) Resolutions approved by a direct popular vote of all Roman citizens

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29. Which statement most accurately describes the complex Roman legal system during the
republic?
A) It was led by a supreme court that served as the ultimate arbiter on questions of
law.
B) It evolved in response to protracted conflicts over power.
C) It changed significantly in the second century B.C.E. when state-appointed judges
replaced juries in determining guilt and innocence in criminal trials.
D) Its power was derived from the emperors, who presided over all major trials.

30. Concerns about national security and a desire for wealth led the Romans to
A) undertake expansionist campaigns against their neighbors.
B) arrange foreign marriages in the hope of creating ties with their neighbors.
C) negotiate defensive treaties with all of Rome's major trading partners.
D) establish temples to all the major gods of the most powerful foreign nations.

31. What was the main consequence of Rome's defeat of the town of Veii in 396 B.C.E.?
A) The startled Carthaginians began a campaign against Rome the following year.
B) Latin became the most common language on the Italian peninsula.
C) Rome granted Roman citizenship to everyone in Veii's territories.
D) The incorporation of Veii and its dominions doubled the size of Rome's territory.

32. To consolidate its power on the Italian peninsula, republican Rome often required
conquered neighboring peoples to
A) pay only moderate taxes.
B) become Roman citizens and serve in the Roman army.
C) provide military aid in times of war.
D) swear an oath of loyalty to Rome or else withdraw by crossing the Alps.

33. Where and when was the bloodiest loss in all of Roman military history, one that
resulted in the deaths of more than thirty thousand Romans?
A) At Messana in Sicily in 241 B.C.E., during the First Punic War
B) At Carthage in 146 B.C.E., during the Third Punic War
C) At Cannae in 216 B.C.E., during the Second Punic War
D) At Zama in 202 B.C.E., during the Second Punic War

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34. What triggered the First Punic War between Rome and Carthage?
A) A dispute over Sicily, where Rome wished to prevent Carthaginian troops from
being too close to Roman territory
B) The march of Hannibal over the Alps and into the heart of Italy
C) A dispute over the establishment of Roman trading outposts in North Africa, which
had historically been part of the Carthaginian sphere of influence
D) Roman outrage at Carthaginian practices of child sacrifice

35. How did a Hellenistic king increase Roman power in 133 B.C.E.?
A) By offering his daughter as bride to the then-consul Scipio Africanus
B) By bequeathing his entire Asia Minor kingdom to Rome
C) By sending numerous legions to aid Rome in the Punic Wars against Carthage
D) By quelling the rebellious Greeks while Rome fought the Punic Wars

36. In mid-second century B.C.E., Cato wrote The Origins, which was
A) a religious epic about the creation of the world and the origins of the gods.
B) a political attack on the Senate for betraying republican ideals.
C) the first history of Rome written in Latin.
D) a defense of his family's rise to political power through hard work and public
service.

37. Why did Romans such as Cato in the second century B.C.E. distrust the influence of
Greek ideas and culture on Rome?
A) They despised Alexander the Great and his legacy of conquest and brutality.
B) They scorned Greek culture as inferior to Roman culture.
C) They feared that Romans would adopt the Greek deities, who had nothing in
common with Roman deities.
D) They believed that adopting Greek ways would weaken Roman power.

38. Why did so many farmers sink into debt or lose their land in the latter years of the
Roman republic?
A) The small-scale farmers who made up the bulk of the army were taken away from
their land and livestock by military campaigns for so long that their farms failed.
B) As Roman political leaders increasingly depended on military conquest to maintain
their power, they raised taxes on farmers in order to support the army.
C) The devastation of a prolonged drought and damage to the land from wars and
foreign armies left farmers unable to grow crops.
D) Farmers hoped for easily gotten spoils while in military service and resisted
returning to their farms.

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39. How did many of the landless poor in the Roman countryside seek to better their
condition in the second century B.C.E.?
A) They emigrated abroad, taking advantages of the opportunities opened up by
Roman conquests throughout the Mediterranean.
B) They attacked the landed estates of the wealthy patricians in the countryside and
burned down houses and crops.
C) They left the countryside altogether and resettled in Rome.
D) They helped lead slave revolts in an effort to topple the republic.

40. How did the Roman elites who profited from Rome's expansion undermine traditional
Roman values?
A) By marrying wealthy foreign women and adopting their cultural norms
B) By using governmental posts in the provinces to extort fortunes from the local
inhabitants
C) By creating private armies of mercenary soldiers that staged raids beyond Rome's
borders
D) By building new temples to foreign gods to bring in wealth from believers

41. What did Gaius Gracchus propose in order to root out corruption among provincial
governors?
A) A system of electing governors locally for limited terms
B) The use of equites as jurors in trials of senators accused of corruption, a proposal
that led to political influence for the businessmen of this class
C) A system of spies who would report on the activities of senators holding offices in
the provinces
D) A provincial civil service that was based entirely on merit and abilities and open to
any qualified Roman citizen

42. How were the violent deaths of Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus a turning point in the
history of the Roman republic?
A) Their deaths broke with the traditional taboo against political violence and
introduced factions into Roman politics.
B) Their deaths saw the end of the democratic reforms enacted during the republic,
which had given commoners the majority say in political life.
C) Their murder at the hands of senators convinced other senators that a strong, sole
ruler was needed to prevent civil war.
D) Their murders made the landless commoners realize that they too could dictate
policy through the threat of violence.

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43. How did Gaius Marius's military conquests and election as consul represent a turning
point in the Roman republic?
A) He was the first consul to have openly supported the Gracchus brothers in their
quest for land reform.
B) He came from the equites class and not the patrician class, and his armies were
more loyal to him than to the republic.
C) He was the first politician to urge the assassination of rival politicians.
D) He gave the plunder from his conquests to Julius Caesar, who used it to seize
power.

44. What was the cause of the Social War that took place between 91 and 87 B.C.E.?
A) Rome's Italian allies demanded unrestricted Roman citizenship.
B) The Senate wanted to purge the social order of marriages between Romans and
foreigners.
C) Rome's Italian allies wanted to sever their ties with Rome and establish
independent states.
D) The patricians in Rome tried to undermine the tribunes and bar the plebeians from
the assemblies.

45. What enraged the Roman consul Sulla just before his campaign against King
Mithridates VI in Asia Minor?
A) His archrival Marius arranged a plebiscite that transferred the command of the
campaign to himself.
B) The Senate denied him the extra troops and money he thought necessary to wage a
successful campaign against Mithridates.
C) The priests of Jupiter declared that the omens were unfavorable and forbade Sulla
to depart.
D) The other consul, Marius, was put in charge of a more important and potentially
more lucrative campaign in Gaul.

46. What did the Roman generals Sulla (c. 138–78 B.C.E.), Pompey (106–48 B.C.E.), and
Julius Caesar (100–44 B.C.E.) have in common?
A) Respect for Rome's republican traditions of loyal public service and
incorruptibility, despite the temptations created by the plunder of war
B) An interest in destroying any remaining distinctions between patricians and
plebeians in the army
C) A willingness to embroil Rome in civil wars to secure their own personal wealth
and power
D) The ability to bring Romans together through the power of their oratory and their
personal example

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47. How did the general and politician Gnaeus Pompey shatter Roman tradition?
A) By appealing to the urban poor, whose numbers were swelling in Rome
B) By inflicting massive defeats upon Rome's enemies abroad
C) By demanding and receiving a consulship long before he had reached the legal age
D) By providing support for Sulla

48. The First Triumvirate of Pompey, Crassus, and Caesar formed in 60 B.C.E. when
A) the three men joined forces for an assault on Egypt.
B) Spartacus's slave army threatened to overrun Rome.
C) the Senate's challenge to Pompey forced him into a coalition with his two greatest
rivals.
D) the Senate recognized that the empire had grown too large for only two consuls.

49. What factor enabled Julius Caesar to triumph in the civil war that lasted from 49 to 45
B.C.E.?
A) His love affair with Cleopatra ensured him the support of the Ptolemaic army in
Egypt, which proved indispensable in defeating Pompey.
B) He wielded immense popular support, and his army remained loyal even in the
most difficult of times.
C) He succeeded in engineering the deaths of his two leading rivals, Crassus and
Pompey.
D) His daughter, Julia, who was placed in an arranged marriage with Caesar's rival
Pompey, turned against her husband and had him assassinated.

50. Although Julius Caesar had won the civil war by 45 B.C.E. and appointed himself
dictator, he preserved the appearance of traditional republican offices and elections
A) as a safeguard against the recurrence of civil war after his death.
B) because he always intended to restore faithful adherence to Roman traditions.
C) to dispel the fears of the Roman public that he would remain dictator for life.
D) in order to make his rule palatable by maintaining the forms of the Roman republic.

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Answer Key
1. B
2. B
3. B
4. B
5. D
6. A
7. B
8. A
9. D
10. B
11. B
12. C
13. D
14. A
15. C
16. C
17. D
18. C
19. C
20. C
21. D
22. A
23. C
24. A
25. B
26. B
27. A
28. B
29. B
30. A
31. D
32. C
33. C
34. A
35. B
36. C
37. D
38. A
39. C
40. B
41. B
42. A
43. B
44. A

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45. A
46. C
47. C
48. C
49. B
50. D

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