Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal 20 (2017) 1466–1474

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Engineering Science and Technology,

an International Journal
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jestch

Full Length Article

Modified SOGI based shunt active power filter to tackle various grid
voltage abnormalities
Kalpeshkumar Patil, Hiren H. Patel ⇑
Sarvajanik College of Engineering & Technology, Athwalines, Surat 395001, India

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Shunt Active Power Filters (SAPF) have been effectively used to compensate the harmonics generated by
Received 29 June 2017 the non-linear loads. The SAPF’s performance depends on the accurate generation of reference current,
Revised 13 September 2017 which is dependent greatly on the template of supply voltage. When the grid voltage (or its template)
Accepted 21 October 2017
is characterized by different abnormalities like presence of harmonics, imbalance, dc-offset etc., some
Available online 13 November 2017
of the conventional techniques of frequency estimation may fail to correctly estimate the frequency.
This ultimately affects the reference current generation and hence, the SAPF operation, ultimately leading
Keywords:
to high distortion of the grid currents. The paper presents modified dual second-order generalized inte-
Shunt active power filter
Phase-locked loop
grator (MDSOGI) based SAPF to ensure effective compensation of harmonics, even when the grid voltage
Dc-offset is characterized by all the abnormalities mentioned above. It is highlighted with one case that when the
Second order generalized integrator sensed voltage is having dc-offset, DSOGI-SAPF results into the source current with THD, dc-offset and
Frequency-locked loop harmonic with values 5.82%, 0.8% and 4.5%, respectively. For the same case, the proposed technique yields
grid current which is free of dc-offset and 2nd harmonic and has THD = 3.57%. The dynamic performance
of the MDSOGI-SAPF is validated and its superior performance over DSOGI-SAPF is illustrated even with
experimental results.
Ó 2017 Karabuk University. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC
BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

1. Introduction
The concern about the generation of harmonic components due
to increased use of power electronics based application in modern
power systems have been widely discussed. The penetration of
these harmonic current signals generated by the nonlinear loads
and other power-electronics equipment into the electrical utility
leads to power losses, heating of electrical equipment, saturation
of magnetic components, supply voltage distortion at the point of
interface, mal-operation of protective devices, etc. Traditionally,
passive filters were very popular to limit the injection of harmonics
Abbreviations: SAPF, shunt active power filter; DSOGI, dual second order
generalized integrators; DFT, discrete Fourier transform; VSI, voltage source
inverter; PD, phase detector; ANF, adaptive notch filter; TD, time domain; DSC,
delay signal cancellation; SDFT, sliding discrete Fourier transform; CCF, complex
coefficient filter; RDFT, recursive discrete Fourier transform; CFN, cross feedback
network; PLL, phase-locked loop; FLL, frequency-locked loop; OSG, orthogonal
signal generation; PSC, positive sequence components; GI, generalized integrators;
IM, induction motor; SOGI, second order generalized integrators; RCG, reference
current generation; THD, total harmonic distortion; PCC, point of common coupling.
⇑ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: hiren.patel@scet.ac.in (H.H. Patel).
Peer review under responsibility of Karabuk University.
into the utility. However, to deal with the harmonics, the power
electronic converters known as active power filter (APF) is an
attractive alternative to passive filters [1–4], as they are smaller,
fast, free from problem of resonance, and adaptive in nature.
APFs can be categorized as shunt, series or hybrid filters. Of
these, the shunt APF (SAPF) configuration is the most popular solu-
tion [5–9]. The performance of the SAPF is greatly dependent on
how precisely the reference compensating current is computed.
The task of generating this reference compensation current is chal-
lenging, especially when the system operates in a weak grid or
micro-grid, which is very likely to have distorted supply voltage,
harmonics, unbalanced load, imbalance in supply voltage etc [8–
13]. Under such case for computing reference compensation cur-
rent, it is must to compute the fundamental positive sequence
components (PSCs) of grid voltage accurately. The accuracy of the
fundamental PSCs depends on the accurate information derived
about the phase, frequency and amplitude of grid voltage.
Various phase/frequency estimation techniques, which can be
broadly categorized as frequency domain (FD) and time domain
(TD) techniques, have been reported in literature. The FD tech-
niques based on discrete Fourier transform (DFT) have good preci-
sion in detecting different harmonics. However, they are complex

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jestch.2017.10.004
2215-0986/Ó 2017 Karabuk University. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
 K. Patil, H.H. Patel / Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal 20 (2017) 1466–1474 1467

Nomenclature

vsa,vsb, vsc instantaneous phase voltages at input terminals of Vm amplitude of input voltage, V
utility, V RL load resistance, O
isa, isb, isc instantaneous line currents at input terminals of utility, Vdc dc-link voltage, V
A kdc dc-loop gain
iLa, iLb, iLc instantaneous load currents at PCC, A c FLL loop gain
iCa, iCb, iCc instantaneous compensating currents at PCC, A Lf Filter inductance connected at PCC, mH
Vao,Vbo, Vco dc-offset in supply voltage, V
k1 SOGI-OSG gain

and require more memory. The computational burden is also delayed-signal-cancellation (dq-DSC) and a notch filter is com-
increased under distorted grid signal [14]. To reduce complexity pared with that of preprocessing tools like ab-DSC, complex coef-
in computation and implementation, recursive discrete Fourier ficient filters and cross-feedback network. The detail study shows
transform (RDFT) and sliding window discrete Fourier transform that the in-loop filtering has more undesirable effect on the perfor-
(SDFT) are suggested in [15]. However, due to variable sampling mance of the PLL than the preprocessing tools. Therefore in-loop
rate, these methods have issues like higher steady state error and filtering is less advisable than the pre-filtering approaches [27].
instability. These drawbacks are further investigated in [16], where To filter the dc-offset before the PLL input, adaptive notch filter
improved SDFT algorithm is presented to deal with the issue. How- (ANF) realized by some alterations in the SOGI-FLL structure, is
ever, it takes at least five cycles to estimate the fundamental fre- reported in [28] for a single-phase system. The ANF as a pre-
quency of grid signal under various grid abnormalities. filtering tool helps in the correct estimation of frequency even
Compared to the FD approaches, the closed loop TD approach when the dc-offset is present. Three such ANFs are required for
based on phase-locked loop (PLL) offers several advantages like three-phase systems [28]. Similar performance can be achieved
simplicity, better capability of disturbance rejection, low sensitiv- by employing modified DSOGI-FLL (MDSOGI-FLL) [29]. The accu-
ity to the variations and distortion in grid voltage etc. Further, it racy with which the frequency is estimated affects the perfor-
has higher accuracy and offers relatively more stable and reliable mance of the power electronic converters.
performance. The performance of the TD technique depends on In this paper, performance of MDSOGI-FLL based SAPF is evalu-
the type of PLL which further is greatly influenced by the configu- ated under grid-voltage abnormalities like, supply voltage imbal-
ration of phase detector (PD) structure it employs. The power- ance and dc-offset. The MDSOGI-FLL presented in the paper
based PLL (p-PLL) employing sinusoidal multiplier as PD is the sim- employs just two modified SOGI (MSOGI) structure for the accurate
plest closed-loop PLL. Unfortunately, it suffers with the double fre- estimation of the frequency and hence, the effective operation of
quency oscillation in the estimated parameters. Various the SAPF. The system configuration of MDSOGI-FLL based SAPF,
modifications have been suggested to overcome aforesaid draw- detailed analysis and the simulation and experimental results are
back of p-PLL [17,18]. Orthogonal-signal-generation (OSG) based included in later sections.
PD in which a fictitious orthogonal signal is generated from the
original single-phase signal is also reported to effectively overcome
2. System configuration
the issue of double-frequency oscillation. However the perfor-
mance is sensitive to distorted grid voltage conditions. The classi-
Fig. 1 shows the system configuration of the MDSOGI-PLL based
fication of PLL based on the different phasedetectors is reported in
SAPF, which is connected at the point of common coupling (PCC) to
[19]. Their performance is evaluated under different grid severity
supply the harmonics generated by the non-linear load. As a non-
for a single-phase system. The PD structure based on generalized
linear load, a three phase uncontrolled rectifier feeding a resistive
integrator (GI) is an attractive solution to accurately estimate
phase/frequency. However, in case of non-sinusoidal input signals
and varying frequency conditions it results into erroneous perfor-
mance [19]. Unlike it, the second-order GI based PLL (SOGI-PLL)
shows accurate performance with the distorted input signals and
is even suitable for variable frequency applications. To compute
the frequency, the SOGI-PLL continuously utilizes the estimated
frequency as a feedback for SOGI block. Unlike it, the frequency-
locked loop (FLL) adaptively obtains the frequency information
avoiding the need of PLL. It further improves the response [19–
21]. The performance can further be improved by employing dual
SOGI-FLL (DSOGI-FLL) for three-phase application, resulting into
better transient response and stability in the presence of grid
abnormalities. However, if input signal has the dc-offset error,
the estimated frequency with DSOGI-FLL is characterized by the
oscillatory response. The presence of the dc-offset in input signal
may be due to erroneous A/D conversion processor, measuring
instruments or due to half wave converters, dc insertion from dis-
tributed generation etc. [22–24]. Band pass filter (BPF) can be
introduced before the PLL input to tackle the dc-offset present in
input signal as suggested in [25]. It rejects the dc-offset effectively
at the cost of slowing down the response. In [26], the performance
of in-loop filtering approach is explained, which employs dq- Fig. 1. System configuration for three-phase SAPF.
1468 K. Patil, H.H. Patel / Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal 20 (2017) 1466–1474

load (RL) is considered. The input current, iLabc of the rectifier is where, v sab0 ¼ ½v sa v sb v s0 T represents the grid voltages in stationary
characterized by the harmonics of the order 6n ± 1 (where n = 1, reference (ab) frame. The two-phase a and b components of grid
2, 3. . .). The SAPF injects compensation currents iCabc at the PCC voltage in ab frame are represented by (3) and (4)
through the coupling inductance Lf making the supply current
(isabc) free from the harmonics. Besides, the non-linear load an
v sa ¼ V m sinðxtÞ þ V aeu þ V aeo ð3Þ
induction motor and a linear resistive load is also considered at
the PCC. In addition, the SAPF also supplies the reactive power
v sb ¼ V m cosðxtÞ þ V beu þ V beo ð4Þ
demand of the load to achieve a unity power factor operation of where, V aeu and V beu terms indicate the error introduced in v a and
the grid (at the PCC). v b , respectively due to the imbalance while V aeo and V beo represent
Semikron’s Voltage Source Inverter (VSI) employing self- the error introduced in v a and v b , respectively due to the dc-offset.
controlled Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBTs) switches S1 These terms can further be derived as (5)–(8)
through S6, is used as the SAPF. The sensor card (LV-25-600) is used     
to sense dc bus capacitor voltage vdc. Load current (iLabc) and the
eþd ed
V aeu ¼ sinðxtÞ  pffiffiffi cosðxtÞ ð5Þ
inverter output currents (iCabc) are sensed through current trans- 6 2 3
formers (CT) and processed through signal conditioning circuits     
before feeding to the dSPACE MicroLabBox-1202.The supply volt- ed eþd
V beu ¼ pffiffiffi sinðxtÞ  cosðxtÞ ð6Þ
age is stepped down through transformers and then fed to dSPACE 2 3 2
MicroLabBox-1202, which controls the VSI to act as the SAPF. The
software implementation of reference current generation (RCG) 1
V aeo ¼ ð2V a0  V b0  V c0 Þ ð7Þ
and PWM hysteresis current control algorithm is implemented in 3
MATLAB/Simulink and fused in the processor of dSPACE pffiffiffi
MiroLabBox-1202 to finally generate the switching signals, which 3
V be0 ¼ ðV b0  V c0 Þ ð8Þ
are applied to the IGBTs of VSI through PWM isolator driver card 2
(Edutech Application Specific kit-30). The system parameters for Thus, the deviations from the ideal supply voltage introduce
the test set-up are mentioned in Table 1. The algorithm is detailed additional terms, represented by (5) and (7) in a component of
in the next section. source voltage and (6) and (8) in b component of the source volt-
age. These a-b components are required for instantaneous active-
3. Reference current generation reactive power calculations to generate reference compensating
current, iC;abc . (9), (10) shows the expressions for computing
In practical situation, the utility voltages vsabc, may deviate from instantaneous active and reactive power using p-q theory [3].
the ideal non-sinusoidal and balanced waveforms. The voltages
p ¼ v s/  iLa þ v sb  iLb ¼ p
þp
~ ð9Þ
under such conditions are expressed by (1)
2 3 2 3
v sa V m sinðxtÞ þ V a0 q ¼ v sb  iLa  v sa  iLb ¼ q
þq
~ ð10Þ
6 7 6 V ð1 þ dÞ sinðxt  2pÞ þ V 7
v sabc¼ 4 v sb 5 ¼ 4 m 3 b0 5 ð1Þ where, p  and p
~ represents the average and oscillating components
v sc V m ð1 þ eÞ sinðxt þ 23pÞ þ V c0 of the instantaneous real power, respectively. Similarly, q  and q
~ rep-
resents the average reactive power and oscillating components of
where, Vsx and Vxo are the phase voltage of the grid and the dc-offset
the instantaneous reactive power, respectively. The average active
in the voltage vsx, respectively for phase x (x = a, b, c) while Vm and x
and reactive power is attributed by the fundamental components
are amplitude and angular-frequency, respectively of the supply
of iLabc in the ab reference frame, i0 La and i0 Lb. Hence, i0 La,p and i0 Lb,p
voltage. Even if dc-offset (Vxo) is not present in actual phase volt-
the components of iLabc, that contributes only to average active
ages, it may get introduced in the computation process due to mea-
power consumed by the load are expressed by (11).
surement or data conversion errors. Non-zero values of d and e
" # 
indicates the imbalance in the supply voltages. 0
iLa;p 1 v sa   
¼ p ð11Þ
Applying Clark’s transformation to the utility voltages as 0
iLb;p v 2
sa þ v 2sb v sb
expressed by (2).
2 3 2 32 3  takes into account the losses in inverter and capacitor and
where q
v sa 1  12
pffiffi
 12
pffiffi 7
v sa
6 7 26 6 7 is computed from (12)
4 v sb 5 ¼ 6 0 3
 23 7 54 v sb 5
34 1 2
ð2Þ  ¼ v sa i0La þ v sb i0Lb þ ploss
p ð12Þ
v s0 pffiffi
2
p1ffiffi
2
p1ffiffi
2
v sc
v sab0 ¼ ½T s ½v sabc  The term ploss represents the active power required to meet the
losses of inverter and capacitor, to regulate the voltage at dc-bus. It
is obtained by processing the difference of the reference and actual
voltage at the dc-bus through proportional-integral (PI) controller.
As the SAPF is intended to supply only the reactive power and
Table 1 harmonic currents, the reference compensating current iC;abc  is
System Parameters.
derived using (13)
Supply voltage 110 V (phase voltage), 50 Hz 0
(RMS) iCabc  ¼ ½iL;abc   ½iLa bc  ð13Þ
Non linear load Three phase bridge rectifier with Resistive Load of RL = 0
where, iL;abc is obtained through ab-abc transformation expressed by
90 O
DC-link capacitor C = 1100 mF (14)
DC-link voltage vdc 300 V 2 3 2 3
0
iLa 1 0 " #
Coupling inductor Filter inductance Lf = 5 mH pffiffi 0
iLa;p
0 6 7 26 1 3 7
Source impedance Rs = 0.02 O, Ls = 1mH ½iL;abc  ¼ 4 i0Lb 5 ¼ 4  2 2 5 ð14Þ
Inverter rating 25 kVA 3 pffiffi 0
iLb;p
0
Induction Motor 5 HP, 110 V (Phase voltage), 1400 rpm, 4-pole, 50 Hz. iLc  12  23
 K. Patil, H.H. Patel / Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal 20 (2017) 1466–1474 1469

The accurate performance of SAPF depends on how accurately

iC;abc  is generated. As observed from the above analysis, computa-
tion of iC;abc  is dependent on v sa and v sb . If these signals deviate
from sinusoidal nature, it affects the estimation of frequency and
hence, the reference current generation. Next section presents
MSOGI structure [29], which helps in extracting the filtered in-
quadrature positive sequence components, v0 a and v0 b, which if
used in place of on v sa and v sb in (11) and (12) can correctly esti-
mate iC;abc . Fig. 2 shows the reference current generation for the
MDSOGI-FLL based SAPF.

4. Estimating of PSC using MDSOGI-FLL structure

In order to generate an accurate reference current even under

conditions when supply (grid voltage) is distorted, the modified
dual SOGI-FLL (MDSOGI-FLL) structure based reference current
generation of Fig. 3 is employed. Fig. 3(a) shows the MDSOGI struc-
ture that derives the sinusoidal ab components of source voltage
from the non-ideal supply voltage. It comprises of two MSOGI.
It estimates filtered in-phase and quadrature components y0 a,
and y0 b of the measured quantity y. Two such structures are used:
one each for grid-voltages and load currents to obtain the in-
quadrature components: v0 sa, and v0 sb for voltages and i0 La and i0 Lb
for currents.
The ab components derived from three-phase ‘abc’ signals using
Clarke’s transformation are no longer sinusoidal under distorted
supply conditions as explained in section-III and may affect the ref-
erence current generation. Hence, the MSOGI acts on these ab com-
ponents to filter out the harmonics and to yield a set of in-
quadrature sinusoidal signals (y” and qy”) at the fundamental fre-
quency. From these set of in-quadrature signals derived with the
two MSOGIs, which are even utilized to estimate the frequency,
the PSC y0 a and y0 b (v0 sa, and v0 sb from grid voltages and i0 La and i0 Lb
from load currents) are derived.
The MSOGI block having dc rejection capability is detailed in
Fig. 3(b), while the frequency estimation is done using the
frequency-locked-loop (FLL) as shown in Fig. 3(c). Performance of
generalized integrator based MSOGI structure shown in Fig. 3(b)
depends on the damping parameter k1, dc-gain kdc and estimated
fundamental frequency x0 .
The modified SOGI-OSGs of Fig. 3(b) can be described by the fol-
lowing transfer functions (15)–(17)
v 0s k1 x0 s2
D0 ðsÞ ¼ ðsÞ ¼ ð15Þ Fig. 3. Extraction of positive sequence components: (a) positive sequence gener-
vs DðsÞ ation (b) MSOGI block (c) FLL block.

qv 0s k1 x02 s
Q 0 ðsÞ ¼ ðsÞ ¼ ð16Þ
vs DðsÞ
It is depicted from (15) and (16) that D’ ðsÞ and Q ’ðsÞ both have a
v dc 0
kdc x ðs þ x 2 02
Þ band pass filtering characteristic and results into the rejection of
V dc ðsÞ ¼ ðsÞ ¼ ð17Þ
v DðsÞ offset in the in-quadrature components. However, proper tuning
of gain parameters k1 and kdc is necessary for it. The parameters
where k1 and kdc shown in Fig. 3 (b) for the MSOGI is selected based on
the roots of the DðsÞ assuming that all the roots have equal real
DðsÞ ¼ s3 þ ðk1 þ kdc Þx0 s2 þ x02 s þ kdc x03 ð18Þ
parts (all three poles have equal natural frequency of oscillation).
These parameters are obtained by comparing DðsÞ represented by
(18) with (19).

ðs þ xn1 Þðs2 þ 2fxn2 s þ x2n2 Þ ¼ 0 ð19Þ

Fig. 2. Reference current calculation block.
To estimate the gain k1 and kdc, xn1 ¼ xn2 = 2p50 rad/s and f =
0.707 is considered. To highlight the improvement in the perfor-
mance of MDSOGI over conventional DSOGI based structure [24],
the transfer functions D(s) and Q(s) for band-pass and low-pass fil-
ter, respectively of a conventional SOGI-OSGs structure [29] are
also reproduced here as (20)–(23). The same values are considered
for xn1 and f for the comparison.
1470 K. Patil, H.H. Patel / Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal 20 (2017) 1466–1474
Fig. 4. Comparison of the frequency response for the transfer function (a) D(s) and
D0 (s) (b) Q(s) and Q0 (s) (c) Vdc (s).
v 0s kx0 s
DðsÞ ¼ ðsÞ ¼ 2
vs s þ kx0 s þ x02
qv 0s kx02
Q ðsÞ ¼ ðsÞ ¼
vs s2 þ kx0 s þ x02
9:2
k¼
ts x0
1 the reference compensating current, leading to a sinusoidal source
where settling time ts ¼ 4:6  s; s ¼
fxn
Fig. 4 represents the frequency response (bode diagram) for
(15)–(17) and (20)–(21) to compare the filtering capabilities of
the SOGI and MSOGI structure. It is observed from Fig. 4
(a) and (b) that D(s) attenuates the low and high frequency compo-
nents and act as a BP filter, while Q(s) exhibits the attenuation of
only high-frequency components. Hence, the dc-offset if any, pre-
sent in the input is not eliminated in qv0s by the conventional SOGI
structure. However, magnitude bode plots of D0 (s) and Q0 (s) lie
below 0 dB, indicating, attenuation of low frequency components
as well the dc component. As a result, unlike SOGI structure, the
MSOGI structure can produce two orthogonal sinusoid signals free
of dc-offset and hence, can correctly estimate frequency x0 . Fig. 4
(c) shows bode plot for (17) that represents the performance of
third generalized integrator. It indicates that the integrator acts
as notch filter for fundamental component. It attenuates higher
order frequencies to certain extent but allows the low order fre-
quencies to pass thereby allowing the accurate estimation of the
dc offset.
5. Simulation and experimental results
The performance of the proposed MDSOGI-FLL based control
scheme for RCG and to compensate the harmonics using VSI based
SAPF is evaluated under different abnormalities of grid voltages.
The simulation results obtained through MATLAB-Simulink soft-
ware and the experimental results on the test-set up shown in
Fig. 1 (parameter mentioned in Table 1) are presented for the
abnormalities like unbalanced supply voltage as well as for the
case when the supply is characterized by the dc offset.
Figs. 5 and 6 shows the response of the SAPF with the DSOGI
and MDSOGI based control algorithms, respectively. Figs. 5
(a) and 6(a) shows sensed supply voltage (after scaling up to the
actual value). It is considered that the phase-a voltage has a dc-
offset of 10% of the fundamental phase-voltage (RMS) due to the
erroneous sensing, signal processing or analog-digital conversion.
Phase-a further experiences a voltage sag of 20% at t = 0.3 s. The
SAPF is turned on at t = 0.2 s.
Figs. 5(b) and 6(b) show, that in-quadrature components vsa
and vsb for both the approaches are of similar nature. The dc-
offset is observed in vsa. In addition, after t = 0.3 s when the supply
voltage is unbalanced, the components vsa and vsb, though sinu-
soidal are distinct in magnitudes. The dc-offset is even present in
v0 sb with the DSOGI structure as observed in Fig. 5(c). The reason
for the presence of dc-offset in v0 sb is the inability of the DSOGI
to attenuate the low frequency component of v0 sb as observed from
the bode-plot of Q(s) in Fig. 4(b). Unlike it, Fig. 6(c) shows that both
v0 sa and v0 sb, obtained with the MDSOGI structure, are not only
identical in magnitude but also free from dc-offset. Similarly,
DSOGI structure can yield sinusoidal i0 La and i0 Lb [Fig. 5(e)] compo-
nents from the non-sinusoidal components iLa and iLb [Fig. 5(d)].
However, i0 Lb also shows the dc-offset. The dc-offset also leads to
the ripple (oscillation) of 100 Hz in the estimated frequency
[Fig. 5(f)]. This ultimately, affects the reference current generation,
leading to offset in the grid current as well. The THD analysis of the
ð20Þ grid current (for phase-a) shown in Fig. 5(g) is displayed as Fig. 5
(h). It shows the presence of dc-component. In addition, the 100
Hz ripple in the estimated frequency results into 2nd harmonic
in the grid current leading to the THD of 5.82%. Fig. 6(e) shows that
ð21Þ
just like v0 sa and v0 sb the i0 La and i0 Lb components obtained through
the MDSOGI structure is free from the dc-offset. The filtering effect
of the ‘dc loop’ shown in Fig. 2(b) helps in removing the oscillations
ð22Þ
in the estimated frequency. Fig. 6(f) shows the ripple-free esti-
mated frequency. As a result, it helps in accurately generating
ð23Þ
current which is free of dc-offset. Fig. 6(e) shows the source current
while the harmonic spectrum for the phase-a source current is
shown in Fig. 6(g). The harmonic spectrum confirms the absence
of the dc component from the source current. Even the second har-
monic is absent. The THD of the current is noted as 3.57% with
MDSOGI structure against the 5.82% observed with the DSOGI
structure.
To illustrate the performance of the proposed structure with a
dynamic load, an induction motor is considered at the PCC. The
supply voltage is similar to that shown in Figs. 5(a) and 6(a). A
step-change in the load torque from 10 Nm to 15 Nm is applied
at t = 0.5 s. The performance is evaluated with both DSOGI-FLL
and MDSOGI-FLL based SAPF. Fig. 7(a-c) show the waveforms of
source current, estimated frequency and the speed in response to
the step-change in the load torque when operating with
MDSOGI-FLL based SAPF. As observed from Fig. 7(b), the occur-
rence of the voltage sag at t = 0.3 s deviates the estimated fre-
quency slightly for MDSOGI-FLL from the actual value, while the
step change in the load torque at t = 0.5 s applied to the induction
motor does not affect the frequency estimation. The harmonic
spectrums of compensated source current for the DSOGI-FLL and
MDSOGI-FLL based SAPF (after t = 0.6 s) are shown in Fig. 7
(d) and (e), respectively. The dc-offset and second harmonic are
observed in Fig. 7(d) but not in Fig. 7(e) indicating the effectiveness
of the MDSOGI-FLL based SAPF over DSOGI-FLL based SAPF.
Experimental results are included in form of Figs. 8 through 10
to justify the superior performance of MDSOGI-FLL based SAPF
 K. Patil, H.H. Patel / Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal 20 (2017) 1466–1474 1471

Fig. 6. Simulation results for MDSOGI-FLL based SAPF.

Fig. 5. Simulation results for DSOGI-FLL based SAPF.

age undergo sag of 20% of fundamental. It shows that, as soon as

over that of DSOGI-FLL based SAPF. Fig. 8 shows the performance of the SAPF is activated, the grid current not only becomes sinusoidal
the DSOGI-FLL based SAPF when operating with unbalanced supply but also remains in phase with the phase voltage resulting into
voltage (without any dc-offset). Fig. 8(a) shows that phase-a volt- unity power factor operation. The components vsa and vsb [Fig. 8
1472 K. Patil, H.H. Patel / Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal 20 (2017) 1466–1474

Fig. 7. Simulation results with induction motor as a dynamic load.

(b)], obtained through Clarke’s transformation on the supply volt-
ages, are not identical. The current components iLa and iLb [Fig. 8(c)]
are also not identical and deviate from sinusoidal conditions. How-
ever, the voltage components v0 sa and v0 sb [Fig. 8(b)], and the cur-
rent components i0 La and i0 Lb [Fig. 8(c)] are sinusoidal and nearly
equal in magnitude, demonstrating the filtering capability of the
SOGI structure. As a result, the frequency is correctly estimated
and shows a constant value (ripple free) as shown in Fig. 8(d).
The harmonic spectrums for the uncompensated source current
and the compensated source currents (i.e. when SAPF is active)
are shown in Fig. 8(e) and (f), respectively. Reduction of THD from
10.7% to 2.47% is observed with the incorporation of the SAPF.
Fig. 9(a) shows the 3-phase unbalanced supply voltage where
the phase-a not only experiences sag (20% of fundamental) but also
has a dc-offset (10% of fundamental). Such offset may be present in
a weak grid. Even if it is not present in the utility voltage, it may

Fig. 8. Experimental results for DSOGI-FLL based SAPF with unbalanced supply voltage having no dc-offset error.
 K. Patil, H.H. Patel / Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal 20 (2017) 1466–1474 1473

Fig. 9. Experimental results for DSOGI-FLL based SAPF when supply voltage s Fig. 10. Experimental results for MDSOGI-FLL based SAPF with voltage sag and dc
unbalanced and has dc-offset in phase-a. offset in phase-a.
1474 K. Patil, H.H. Patel / Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal 20 (2017) 1466–1474
enter into the computation due to the error in sensing and process-
ing the signals. The experimental results shown here consider that
the offset is not in the actual grid signal, but has resulted from
measuring or signal processing errors. Thus, the waveform of
Fig. 9(a) represents the sensed supply voltages. Unlike the earlier
case, the dc-offset is observed in vsa. As a result, the dc-offset is also
observed in v0 sb [Fig. 9(b)]. Fig. 9(c) shows that the offset is also
reflected in the waveforms of iLa and i0 Lb. Hence, unlike the earlier
case, the nature of the estimated frequency x0 is oscillatory in nat-
ure. Fig. 9(d) shows that the estimated frequency is having a ripple
of 100 Hz. The supply current is also characterized by the dc-offset
resulting into a higher THD of the source current. The harmonic
spectrum of source current is shown in Fig. 9(f), which displays
THD of 5.94%. Thus, DSOGI based SAPF is unable to negate the
effect of the dc-offset resulting into the computation of an inaccu-
rate compensating current. This finally leads to a grid current with
a dc-offset and higher THD.
Fig. 10 shows the performance with MDSOGI-FLL based SAPF.
The similar test conditions, as considered for results of Fig. 9, are
maintained. The MDSOGI structure estimates the dc-offset compo-
nent present in the input signal through integral action of the DC
loop shown in Fig. 3. It is illustrated through Fig. 10(b) that the
waveform of v0 sa and v0 sb are sinusoidal, free of dc-offset and iden-
tical in magnitude unlike those observed in Fig. 9(b). Even-though
vsa is characterized by the presence of dc- offset, it is not observed
in either v0 sa or v0 sb.
The same is true for i0 La and i0 Lb [Fig. 10(c)]. Unlike the earlier
case [Fig. 9(d)], the estimated grid- signal frequency shown in
Fig. 10(d) is free from 100 Hz ripple. Hence, MDSOGI-FLL based
SAPF accurately calculates the reference compensating current
resulting into a source current with lower THD [Fig. 10(f)]. Reduc-
tion of THD from 10.9% to 2.09% is observed when the MDSOGI-FLL
based SAPF is activated. Thus, the proposed MDSOGI based SAPF
shows superior performance under all types of grid voltage
abnormalities.
6. Conclusion
The performance of DSOGI-FLL and proposed MDSOGI-FLL
based SAPFs are analyzed under various operating conditions.
The comparison shows that
(i) even when supply voltage is distorted and/or unbalanced,
both SAPF ensure source current with THD < 3% and individ-
ual harmonics with amplitudes less than 1%.
(ii) when the (sensed) grid-voltage is characterized by the dc-
offset, the estimated frequency for DSOGI-FLL based SAPF
shows 100 Hz ripple in estimated frequency, which results
into the grid current with a dc offset and a higher THD. Sec-
ond harmonic is also noticeable with the DSOGI-FLL based
SAPF.
(iii) the MDSOGI-FLL based SAPF results into grid current with
low THD (<5%). Further it is free of dc-offset and second har-
monic due to the correct estimation of frequency under all
operating conditions.
It is observed that with unbalanced grid voltages, the grid-
currents in the three phases are unbalanced. Hence, it requires fur-
ther investigation to operate with combination of series and shunt
active filters to not only generate sinusoidal but balanced grid-
currents under all the abnormal conditions.
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