Versatile VM Universal Biquad Filter Employing

OTAs and Its Application

Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for

the award of the degree of

MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY

In

Electronics and Communication

By

DEVANSHU SAXENA (21MEC004)

Under the guidance of

PROF. DR.M. NIZAMUDDIN

Electronics & Communication Engineering Department

F/O Engineering & Technology, Jamia Millia Islamia New Delhi – 110025

YEAR, 2023
 ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

JAMIA MILLIA ISLAMIA

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the thesis entitled “Versatile VM Biquad Filter

Employing OTA and Its Application ” submitted in partial fulfilment of the
requirements for the award of the degree of Master of Technology in Electronics
and Communication by DEVANSHU SAXENA bearing Roll no. 21MEC004 is
a bonafide record of the candidate’s own work carried out by him under my
supervision and guidance. The candidate has fulfilled all the prescribed
requirements.

DR M. NIZAMUDDIN DR. ANWAR AHAMAD

Electronics and Communication HOD, Electronics and Communication
Engineering Department, Jamia Engineering Department, Jamia
Millia Islamia, New Delhi-110025 Millia Islamia, New Delhi-110025

i
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The success and final outcome of any project require a lot of guidance and

assistance, and I am extremely privileged to have got this all along with the

completion of this report. All thatI have done is only due to such supervision and

assistance.

I wish to express my deep gratitude and sincere thanks to Dr Anwar Ahmad, Head

of Electronics and communication department, Jamia Millia Islamia, for this

project. I owe my deep gratitude to my supervisor Dr M Nizamuddin, Professor,

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Jamia Millia Islamia,

for providing me with this opportunity. His guidance and supervision made me

complete the report duly. Though he had a busy schedule, he still gave me all the

necessary information to develop a good sensor. I thank him for his invaluable

guidance, deep-rooted interest, inspiration & continuous encouragement

throughout the project.

Devanshu Saxena
Roll no-21MEC004
M.Tech(ECE)
Electronics and Communication Engineering
Department, Jamia Millia Islamia
New Delhi-110025

ii
 CONTENTS

LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................................ iv

LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................................. iv

LIST OF

ABBREVIATIONS………………………………………………………………………………………. vii

ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 5

CHAPTER 1- INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................6

1.1 Objectives ........................................................................................................................................... 6

1.2 Motivation……………………………………………………………………………………………….7

CHAPTER 2- LITERATURE SURVEY ............................................................................................... 8

CHAPTER 3- ACTIVE BUILDING BLOCKS………………………………………………………….10

3.1 Operational Transconductance of Amplifier ...………………………………………………………...10

3.2 OTA Application……………………………………………………………………………………….12

CHAPTER 4- DESIGN BIQUAD FILTER USING OTAs ……………………………………………13

4.1 Analog Filter…………………………………………………………………………………………....13

4.2 Proposed Voltage Mode Filter Configuration………………………………………………………… 14

CHAPTER 5- AN APPLICATION OF DESIGNED FILTER………………………………………....16

5.1 Electronic Oscillator……………………………………………………………………………………16

5.2 VM/CM Third Order Quadrature Sinusoidal Oscillator………………………………………………. 18

CHAPTER 6- SIMULATION RESULT…………………………………………………………………. 20

6.1 Pspice Results……………………………………………………………………………………………20

6.2 Frequency Responses of Designed Filter……………………………………………………………….20

6.3 TOQSO Simulation Results…………………………………………………………………………….21

6.4 Noise Performance……………………………………………………………………………………...23

CHAPTER 7- CONCLUSION……………………………………………………………………………24

REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………………………………….25

iii
 LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 3.1 Symbolic presentation of OTA……………………………………………………………..11
Figure 4.1 proposed voltage mode filter configuration…………………………………………………14
Figure 5.1 Application of filter circuit as mixed mode TOQSO………………………………………..18
Figure 5.2 VM/CM TOQSO using OTAs………………………………………………………………18
Figure 6.1 CMOS implementation of OTA……………………………………………………………. 20
Figure 6.2 Voltage gain responses of different filters with respect to frequency……………………….21
Figure 6.3 Electronic tunability of Q with constant pole frequency…………………………………….21
Figure 6.4 (a) Quadrature voltage outputs and (b) frequency spectra proposed VM TOQSO………….22
Figure 6.5 (a) Quadrature current outputs, (b) frequency spectra of CM TOQSO……………………...23

LIST OF TABLE
Table 6.1 Aspect ratios of NMOS and PMOS of Figure 6.1……………………………………………20

iv
 ABSTRACT
This paper introduces a versatile configuration that uses operational
transconductance amplifiers (OTAs) to realize a voltage mode (VM) filter. The
proposed filter structure enables the independent control of parameters such as
pole frequency (ω) and pole quality factor (Q) in an orthogonal manner, while
also allowing for electronic adjustment of ω and bandwidth (BW). If an additional
capacitor is added to the circuit, the filter circuit can be used as a VM and current
mode (CM) third-order harmonic oscillator with two quadrature outputs. The
presented mixed-mode third-order oscillator allows for the autonomous
electronic control of both the frequency of oscillation (FO) and the condition of
oscillation (CO). To verify the validity of the implemented circuits, SPICE
simulations were conducted utilizing 0.18µm CMOS technology. The suggested
circuits are well-suited for integration into a monolithic integrated circuit, as they
utilize exclusively grounded capacitors.

5
 Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

In the realm of analog design, filters and oscillators that utilize a range of active
building blocks have numerous applications such as in modulators, demodulators,
phase locked loops, and crossover networks for high-fidelity loudspeakers.
Recently, there has been a growing interest in the design and development of
voltage-mode (VM) active filters that incorporate various active devices (ABBs)
like current conveyors, current-controlled current conveyor trans-conductance
amplifiers, current feedback operational amplifiers, voltage differencing
transconductance amplifiers, modified current conveyor transconductance
amplifiers, OTAs, and others. This paper focuses on OTA-based filter circuits.
To give the proposed work a suitable context, this paper presents the current status
of VM filters that rely on OTAs. Quadrature sinusoidal oscillators are commonly
used in various applications such as consumer electronic equipment, test
equipment, mixers, modulators, and in wireless systems Compared to second-
order sinusoidal oscillators, third-order oscillators provide higher Q-factor, lower
harmonic distortions and high accuracy of waveforms. Resistorless realization of
filters and sinusoidal oscillators facilitates electronic tunability of the
characterizing parameters (cut-off frequency, bandwidth, CO and FO).
1.1 Objectives
This paper introduces a novel resistorless VM filter configuration capable of
implementing LPF, BPF, BRF, and HPF without any changes to the structure.
The filter parameters - pole frequency (ω), bandwidth (BW), and pole quality
factor (Q) can be electronically adjusted in an orthogonal manner. Additionally,
the same topology can be used to derive a VM/CM TOQSO by introducing an
additional capacitor in the circuit. This mixed-mode TOQSO has autonomous
electronic control of CO and FO via transconductance of independent OTAs.

6
PSPICE simulations were conducted using 0.18µm TSMC technology to validate
the functionality of the presented design.
1.2 Motivation
In recent years, there has been growing interest in designing and developing
mixed mode active filters using a variety of active building blocks including
current conveyors (CCs), current feedback operational amplifiers(CFOAs),
voltage differencing transconductance amplifiers(VDTAs) and operational
transconductance amplifier(OTAs).
The conventional scheme for the realization of universal filter in which number
of OTAs are more with passive component. Six-OTAs-based biquadratic filter
structure has been reported in [4] in which ω and Q can be set independently and
also electronically. Resistorless realization of filters and sinusoidal oscillators
facilitates electronic tunability of the characterizing parameters (cut-off
frequency, bandwidth, CO and FO), and thus, can be utilized to compensate for
process tolerance. OTAs are usually known to provide (i) electronic tuning (since
its gm is controllable through its bias current) (ii) higher operational frequency
range and are suitable for integration in, both, bipolar and MOS technologies (due
to complete absence of resistors). This makes them the preferred choice for
implementation of resistor-less analog filters and oscillators whose characterizing
parameters can be controlled electronically by changing the bias currents of
different OTAs.

7
 CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
A simple generalized scheme for the realisation of universal filter has been
discussed in [2], in which three floating admittances along with a voltage buffer
have been used. Two different circuits were implemented using this scheme in
which one of the circuit utilizes three OTAs, two floating capacitors and one
buffer whereas, another circuit were implemented using three OTAs, two
capacitors and one voltage buffer. In [3], two OTAs (one of the OTA has multiple
output) based multifunction filter structure was reported, capable to obtain all five
second-order generic filter functions with suitable choice(s) of four input signals.
Six-OTAs-based biquadratic filter structure has been reported in [4] in which ω
and Q can be set independently and also electronically. In reference [5],
Kumngern, Knobnob, and Dehjan presented a universal biquadratic filter with
six-OTAs and two grounded capacitors, which has high impedance input
terminal. In [6], a VM biquad filter with nine-OTAs and three capacitors was
introduced, capable of realizing all standard filter functions, and with separate
electronic control of ω and Q. Kumngern and Junnapiya reported another VM
universal biquadratic filter in [7] that requires only three OTAs and two
capacitors (one floating and one grounded) and provides all second-order generic
filter functions without passive component matching constraints. Ref. [8]
presented a single-ended OTA-based filter circuit with four inputs and one output,
requiring two capacitors and two resistors. A VM biquadratic universal filter
configuration with six OTAs and all grounded passive components was reported
in [9], while [10] presented another VM second-order universal filter with five
OTAs and three passive components (two capacitors and one resistor) that does
not require matching conditions to obtain all five filter functions. A filter
configuration based on two OTAs, two floating capacitors, and one buffer,
capable of providing all five standard filter functions with proper selection(s) of
input signals, was reported in [11]. A programmable VM biquad filter with

8
minimum components was introduced in [12], consisting of two first-order filter
sections with three OTAs, one floating capacitor, one grounded capacitor, and
one grounded resistor to derive all five filter functions. Reference [13] discussed
a single-output OTA-based VM universal filter with five inputs, employing six
OTAs and two capacitors, that can provide all five standard second-order filter
functions without passive component matching constraints. In [14], Psychalinos,
Kasimis, and Khateb presented a universal second-order filter that employs six
OTAs and two grounded capacitors. Additionally, in reference [15], a VM filter
structure was introduced that employs five single-ended OTAs and two grounded
capacitors. This topology has a single output and five inputs, and it can achieve
all five filter functions through the use of orthogonal electronic control of
resonant angular frequency and quality factor.

Quadrature sinusoidal oscillators are commonly used in various applications such

as consumer electronic equipment, test equipment, mixers, modulators, and in
wireless systems [16]. Compared to second-order sinusoidal oscillators, third-
order oscillators provide higher Q-factor, lower harmonic distortions and high
accuracy of waveforms [17]. Numerous studies in the literature [17]-[44] have
reported TOQSOs utilizing different ABBs.

9
 CHAPTER 3

ACTIVE BUILDING BLOCKS

Active building blocks in electronics refer to electronic components that are

capable of amplifying, filtering, or processing electrical signals. These
components require a power supply to operate and can be used to create more
complex circuits. Some examples of active building blocks include

 Operational Amplifier
 Current Conveyor
 Current Feedback Operational Amplifier (CFOA)
 Operational Transconductance Amplifier (OTA)
 Current Differencing Transconductance Amplifier (CDTA)
 Integrated circuit, etc

These active building blocks are often combined with passive components such
as resistors, capacitors, and inductors to create more complex circuits. The proper
selection and combination of these components are essential for achieving the
desired performance and functionality of electronic circuits.

3.1 Operational Transconductance Amplifier (OTA)

OTA stands for Operational Transconductance Amplifier, which is an integrated

circuit that provides high voltage gain, high input impedance, and low output
impedance. The OTA is essentially a voltage-controlled current source where the
output current is proportional to the input voltage. This makes it a useful building
block for various analog signal processing circuits such as amplifiers, filters,
oscillators, and modulators. Figure 3.1 depicts the symbol of an ideal OTA, the
OTA consists of a differential input stage, a transconductance amplifier, and an
output stage. The differential input stage converts the input voltage to a
differential current, which is then amplified by the transconductance amplifier.

10
The output stage converts the amplified differential current back into a voltage
output. The transconductance amplifier in an OTA is usually implemented using
a pair of matched transistors operating in the saturation region. The
transconductance of the amplifier is determined by the bias current and the
transconductance parameter of the transistor. The output stage is usually a current
mirror or a current buffer circuit that provides a low output impedance and a high
voltage swing.

V1
+ Iout
V2 gm
_

Figure 3.1 Symbolic presentation of OTA

Iout = gm (V1 - V2)

where gm is the transconductance gain of the OTA.

3.1.1 Advantage of OTAs

 OTAs are widely used in analog signal processing circuits due to their high
gain, low noise, and low distortion characteristics. They are commonly
used in active filters, voltage-controlled oscillators, and mixers. They are
also used in communication systems, audio processing, and
instrumentation.
 OTAs are usually known to provide (i) electronic tuning (since its gm is
controllable through its bias current) (ii) higher operational frequency
range and are suitable for integration in, both, bipolar and MOS
technologies (due to complete absence of resistors ).

11
3.2 OTA Application

 Analog-to-digital converters (ADC)

 Digital-to-analog converters (DAC)
 Oscillators
 Mixers
 Automatic gain control amplifiers (AGCA)
 Voltage-controlled amplifier (VCA)
 Current-feedback amplifier (CFB)
 Operational amplifiers (as a core amplifier)
 Active filters/voltage-controlled filters (VCF)
 LED driver circuits
 On chip amplifier are normally OTAs

3.2.1 OTA vs OP Amp

OTAs differ from operational amplifiers because the key output parameter
for OTAs is current, while it's voltage for an operational amplifier. An
OTA is essentially called a voltage-controlled current source, whereas an
operational amplifier is a voltage-controlled voltage source. OTAs have
very high input as well as output resistance, whereas operational amplifiers
have low output resistance. This is a result of the high resistance at the
output that controls the output voltage and can be specifically selected to
prevent the OTA from going into saturation, even with relatively high
differential input voltages.

12
 CHAPTER 4
DESIGN BIQUAD FILTER USING OTAs

4.1 Analog biquadratic filter

An analog biquadratic filter is a type of electronic filter that uses two poles and
two zeros in its transfer function. It is also known as a second-order active filter
or a two-pole two-zero (2P2Z) filter. The biquadratic filter is called so because
its transfer function can be expressed as a quadratic equation in the Laplace
domain. This means that it has a transfer function of the form:

H(s) = (b0 + b1s + b2s^2)/(1 + a1s + a2s^2)

where s is the complex frequency variable and b0, b1, b2, a1, and a2 are the filter
coefficients. Biquadratic filters are commonly used in audio processing
applications, such as equalizers, where they are used to shape the frequency
response of an audio signal. They are also used in instrumentation applications,
such as in the design of signal conditioning circuits for sensors.

4.1.1 Universal Analog Biquadratic Filter (UAF)

A Universal Analog biquadratic filter (UAF) is a type of analog biquadratic filter

that has a transfer function which can be programmed to provide various filter
responses. The UAF is designed to be versatile and flexible, allowing the user to
select the filter response, corner frequency, and Q-factor (quality factor) of the
filter. The UAF can be configured as a low-pass, high-pass, band-pass, or band-
reject filter, with a selectable cutoff frequency and Q-factor. The UAF can also
be used as a notch filter or an all-pass filter by selecting appropriate filter
parameters. In summary, the Universal Analog biquadratic filter is a versatile and
flexible type of analog filter that can be programmed to provide various filter
responses. It is a powerful tool for signal processing applications where filter
requirements may change or where multiple filter responses are needed.

13
4.2 Proposed Biquadratic filter using OTAs

Figure 2 displays the VM filter configuration being suggested, which utilizes four
single-ended OTAs and two capacitors that are grounded.

Figure 4.1 proposed voltage mode filter configuration

Assuming ideal OTAs, a straightforward analysis of the circuit given in Figure 2

yields the following expressions for the output voltage V 0 (s) in terms of three
input voltages, respectively,

s2 C1C2 g 4 Vin1 (s)  sC2 g1g 2 Vin2 (s)

  g1g 2 g3  sC1g3g 4  Vin3 (s)
Vout (s)  (1)
D(s)

Where D(s)  s2 C1C2 g1  sC1g3g4  g1g 2 g3 (2)

From equation (1), four different second order filter functions in voltage mode
can be derived, by suitable selection(s) of input voltages.

(a) HPF: if Vin2 = Vin3 = 0, and Vin1 = Vin

14
 Vout (s) s 2 C1C2 g 4

Vin (s) D(s)

(b) BPF: if Vin1 = Vin3 = 0, and Vin2 = Vin

Vout (s)  sC2 g1g 2 

 
Vin (s)  D(s) 

(c) LPF: if Vin1 = 0, and Vin3 = -Vin2 = Vin; (for g1g2 = g3g4)

Vout (s)  g1g 2 g3 

 
Vin (s)  D(s) 
(d) BRF: if Vin1 = -Vin2 = Vin3 = Vin ;(for g1g2 = g3g4)
Vout (s)  s2 C1C2 g 4  g1g 2 g3 
 
Vin (s)  D(s) 

It is evident from the preceding equations that selecting the appropriate input
voltages allows for the implementation of four distinct second-order filter
functions. The filter parameters of the presented circuit, namely, ω, BW and Q
(derived by using (2)) are given by:

g 2 g3 g1 C2 g 2 g g
3 4

C1 C2
Q
g4 C1g3
and BW  C g (3)
2 1

The proposed filter circuit, as indicated by Equation (3), demonstrates the ability
to electronically adjust various filter parameters. Specifically, the circuit allows
for independent control of ω and BW, with ω being adjustable through g2 and BW
being controllable with two degrees of freedom via g4 or g1. Additionally, the
circuit enables non-interacting control of Q and ω, where Q can be electronically
adjusted by g1 or g4 while maintaining a constant ω value

15
 CHAPTER 5
AN APPLICATION OF DESIGNED FILTER
5.1 Electronic Oscillator
An oscillator is an electronic circuit that generates a periodic signal, such as a sine
wave, square wave, or triangle wave. The signal can be used for a variety of
applications, such as in timing circuits, signal generators, and frequency
synthesizers. The basic function of an oscillator is to convert DC power into an
AC signal with a specific frequency and waveform. The oscillator circuit consists
of active and passive components, including transistors, diodes, resistors,
capacitors, and inductors. The operation of an oscillator circuit is based on
positive feedback, which means that a portion of the output signal is fed back to
the input of the circuit, reinforcing the signal and causing it to oscillate. The
feedback can be provided by various means, such as a LC resonant circuit, a
transformer, or a delay line. The frequency of the output signal is determined by
the resonant frequency of the feedback circuit and the characteristics of the active
components. For example, in a LC oscillator circuit, the frequency is determined
by the values of the inductor and capacitor, as well as the characteristics of the
transistor or amplifier used in the circuit. There are different types of oscillators,
each with its own characteristics and applications. Some of the most common
types include:
 Relaxation oscillator: This type of oscillator uses a nonlinear component,
such as a capacitor or an inductor, to generate a periodic signal. The signal
is typically a sawtooth or triangular waveform.
 LC oscillator: This type of oscillator uses a tuned LC (inductor-capacitor)
circuit to generate a sinusoidal waveform. The LC circuit acts as a resonant
circuit, which can be tuned to a specific frequency.
 Crystal oscillator: This type of oscillator uses a piezoelectric crystal to
generate a sinusoidal waveform. The crystal has a natural resonant

16
 frequency, and the oscillator circuit is designed to amplify the crystal's
output signal.
 RC oscillator: In this type of oscillator, a capacitor and a resistor are used
to generate a periodic signal. The resistor and capacitor form a timing
circuit, which sets the frequency of the oscillator.
 Voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO): This type of oscillator's frequency is
controlled by a varying input voltage. VCOs are often used in frequency
synthesizers and phase-locked loops. The choice of oscillator type depends
on the specific application requirements, such as frequency stability, power
consumption, and output signal purity

5.1.1 Frequency of Oscillation – The Barkhausen criterion

According to the Barkhausen criterion, an oscillator circuit will oscillate at a
specific frequency if the total phase shift around the feedback loop is an integer
multiple of 360 degrees, and the loop gain is greater than or equal to 1.
In other words, the feedback circuit must provide enough positive feedback to
overcome losses in the circuit and maintain the oscillations at a constant
amplitude. Mathematically, the Barkhausen criterion can be expressed as:
G(jω)*β(jω) = 1, where G(jω) is the transfer function of the active device (such
as a transistor or operational amplifier), β(jω) is the transfer function of the
feedback network, and jω is the complex frequency of the oscillation.

The Barkhausen criterion can be used to analyze the stability and frequency of
oscillators, and to design new oscillator circuits. If the criterion is not satisfied,
the oscillator may not start oscillating or may generate spurious oscillations at
different frequencies.

5.2 VM/CM Third Order Quadrature Sinusoidal Oscillator

17
As an application, a TOQSO has been derived from the filter circuit presented in
Figure 2, with the addition of an extra grounded capacitor (C 3), and connecting
all input voltages to the ground (Vin1 = Vin2 = Vin3 = 0) which has been displayed
in Figure 5.1

Figure 5.1 Application of filter circuit as mixed mode TOQSO

The implementation of TOQSO circuit based on Figure 3 has been displayed in
Figure 5.2

Figure 5.2 VM/CM TOQSO using OTAs

The characteristic equation of the TOQSO derived from Figure 5.2 is given by:
s3C1 C2 C3  s2C1 C2 g1  sC1g3g 4  g1g 2 g3  0 (1)
Applying s = jω on equation (1) and comparing real and imaginary parts which
yields FO of TOQSO and the Routh-Hurwitz's criterion on equation (1) gives the
CO of TOQSO are obtained as:

18
 CO : C1 g 4  C3g 2  0 ,

g 2 g3 (2)
FO : 
C1C2

From equation (2), it can be observed that the CO of the TOQSO can be adjusted
electronically through g4 without disturbing FO, which can also be tuned
independently through g3. On the other hand, CO can also be adjusted through C3
and FO can independently be tuned by C2. CO adjustment through capacitor can
be beneficial in measurement and instrumentation applications. The presented
TOQSO have also current quadrature outputs, available at high impedance nodes.

The output voltages and output currents relationships at steady-state for the
TOQSO derived from Figure. 5.2 are given by

V01 ( j) g 2  j90

 e (3)
V02 ( j) C1
V02 ( j) g3
 e  j90 (4)
V03 ( j) C2

I02 ( j) g 4  j90

 e (5)
I01 ( j) C1
From equations (3) - (5), it can be seen that V01 is 90º apart from V02, which is
also 90º apart from V03 and for current outputs I01 and I02 are in quadrature.

19
 CHAPTER 6
SIMULATION RESULT
6.1 PSPICE Result
PSPICE simulations were conducted using TSMC 0.18µm CMOS technology
parameters to verify the feasibility of the suggested mixed-mode filter setup and
VM/CM TOQSOs. The proposed functions were simulated using the CMOS
OTA [45] depicted in Figure 6.1, with the aspect ratios of the MOSFETs obtained
from [34].

Figure 6.1 CMOS implementation of OTA

The DC power supplies used were ±0.9V and the bias voltage was taken as –0.36
V. The aspect ratios used for MOSFETs are shown in Table 1.

Table 6.1 Aspect ratios of NMOS and PMOS of Figure 6.1

MOS transistor Aspect ratio (W/L)
M1, M2 3.6/.36
M3, M4, M5, M8, M10 1.44/.36
M6, M7, M9 2.88/.36
M9 5.4/.36

6.2 Frequency Response of Designed Filter

The filters were designed for a frequency of 31.8 MHz and Q = 1. The design
utilized identical transconductance g1 = g2 = g3 = g4 = 2mʊ, along with equal

20
Valued at 10 pF. Figure 6.1 shows the gain responses for the four various filter
functions. Upon analysis of Figure 6.1, it was discovered that the frequency of
the simulated filters is 31.69 MHz, which is slightly lower than the intended
frequency of 31.8 MHz.
The electronic tunability of Q for constant frequency has been presented in Figure
6.2 in which BPF response has been simulated for different values of g4. The
power dissipation has been evaluated using PSPICE simulation tools and found
to be 2mW.

Figure 6.2 Voltage gain responses of different filters with respect

to frequency

Figure 6.3 Electronic tunability of Q with constant pole frequency

6.3 TOQSO Simulation Result

We have also simulated TOQSO for the nominal frequency of 31.8 MHz using
equal valued capacitors C1 = C2 = C3 = 10pF. The CO was tuned by adjusting the
value of g4. The other transconductance values were taken as g1 = g2 = g3 =2mS.

21
Figure 6.4 depicts the transient responses of VM type oscillator and frequency
spectrum of voltage outputs. Similarly, in Figure 6.5, current mode outputs and
the corresponding frequency spectrum have been displayed. The simulated
frequency of TOQSO has been obtained as 31.35 MHz which is very close to the
designed value. The simulated total harmonic distortion (%THD) for both output
voltages and power dissipation for proposed TOQSO were found as 0.629%,
0.541% and 4.36mW respectively.

(a)

(b)

Figure 6.4 (a) Quadrature voltage outputs and (b) frequency spectra
proposed VM TOQSO
Same as output current I01 which is 900 apart I02 in quadrature form.

22
 (a)

(b)
Figure 6.5 (a) Quadrature current outputs, (b) frequency spectra of CM
TOQSO

6.4 Noise Performance

We have carried out the noise analysis with Cadence Virtuoso simulation tool
with respect to variation in Vbias of various OTAs in the range of 0.36–0.9V
corresponding to a variation in the transconductance between 2 µA/V to 275
µA/V for the design frequency of 31.4 MHz.

23
 CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSION
In this project work. I did design a new filter setup that employs four OTAs and
two grounded capacitors, making it suitable for implementation in a monolithic
integrated circuit. The presented filter design provides all the standard functions
of a second-order generic filter. The suggested circuit also enables orthogonal
control of the natural frequency(w) and Q, as well as electronic adjustment of ω
and BW. To illustrate the filter's potential application, a TOQSO circuit is
presented, which involves the simple addition of a grounded capacitor for
grounded input voltages, without disrupting the filter's design. The resulting
TOQSO circuit offers separate electronic tuning of both FO and CO. The
proposed filter and TOQSO configurations are verified using PSPICE and a
CMOS OTA with TSMC 0.18µm parameters. Sample experimental results using
OTA IC LM13700 are also provided to support the proposed circuit's validity

24
 REFERENCE
[1] R. Senani, D. R. Bhaskar, A. K. Singh: Current conveyors: variants,
applications and hardware implementations (Vol. 560). Switzerland: Springer
International Publishing, 2015.
[2] I. A. Khan, M. T. Ahmed, and N. Minhaj, “A simple realisation scheme
for OTA-C universal biquadratic filter," International Journal of Electronics,
vol. 72, no. 3, pp. 419-429, 1992.
[3] J.-W. Horng, "Voltage-mode universal biquadratic filter using two
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