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    62 views166 pages

    All About History Russian Revolution - 9th Edition - February 2023

    Uploaded by

    Pete Michelle

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 166
    Explore the bloody Bolshevik takeover that stunned the . ~ world / 4 XS ETA OLY (Zama | Welcome to RUSSIAN REVOLUTION “The Russian Revolution was the blediest transfer of power the worl has yet seenand usheredin decades of secrecy suppression and statesponscred persecutions acoss one-sixth ofthe Earths landmass. But what wasthe touchpaper tht it the fuse? What caused agrarian. unchanging Russia to {throw of the shackles of centuries of absolute ule and embrace a adil ‘untested potical ideology? How di the Marist eos the evolcionaries ‘espoused change wien they were punto practice. and what effec dithis. ‘have on Russian society fom the entrenched and hidebound aristocracy at ‘he top ofthe food chain tothe mlions of peasants whese sbour pa for ‘ther laberate ites? Discover the answers to these questions and more as yo explore the causes evens key figuresand outcamecf the ssn Revolution and ean owt changed,net only its homeland butte shape of polis inerraioma relations around the woe forever. Learn how and ‘why Marsa ideas appealeto Russian ineigentsia athe tam ofthe 20th century, discover the notso-hidden pow behind the Tsar's throne and explore the series vents, from crushing mitary defeats torationingand shortagesarhomethat culminated ina popular uprangagainst more than. 300 yeas of Romanov rule and opened the door to decades ftotalitarian ‘communist cootel over tbe world gest country and is ale staes. 4 L FUTURE 4 r RUSSIAN REVOLUTION ice erent pee eggs PRC ea conto) prengisstecent ce SLT Sramoinn erates parece born POO rai we ised eeeertsgicd prdeennitsd 4 Oe eect) pared ee ead Corer! oetem ovotiCa Packing 100 Lenin's bloody transformed Russia ror STU Sys creked 28 The 1905 Revolution Gee ee Em ted By Frat ried Sema’ eee ns - Great War? seas Pa gt) ae aeon Pence yang Rona) Pony Srey Rise and fall of rey eon) Rote enchin ey foetal 4 Nicholas I: Curse 150 Behind the smile of arc the tortured beauty Bee yCa a eRe ame ss pari Pee ren aac Ta nee You probably didn’t know about the eG) eG) The Russian Revolution changed the country forever — 105 years later, here are a few lesser known facts THE 1917 UPRISING WAS RUSSIA'S BIGGEST, BUT NOT ITS FIRST sequences of the 19 aastophie wasn h LENIN WAS BORN TO NOBLE PARENTS Though presented to the nation as the u nt ho STALIN’S EXILE WAS MORE pa A Lane eledalel ee ee ene a ea Setitleseinstimre testetiel meets eet fr) ee eee natn ore a rot ee Cee here erent cea ee ners eet Ses est ents STALIN MIGHT HAVE WORKED FOR THE TSAR’S SECRET POLICE Russian Revolution STAFF y y \ ~ TURNOVER WAS ~~! : = 7 ae SHOCKINGLY . = = HIG & Faces of the Revolution Riemer tes Pete eee eo players of the Russian he in rm ct) ° ule was b : oe candal and fatal = Thank jealous = ee ey Peet ad Sree pe avase pee Pieeminerir cy Coe ee eters Perec Peete essed eed C e ied 7 eres pee eet ee : Perit eee ee eee a Sueno oes patience St iaoedaucnienta neta ATR einen rains corn THE REVOLUTION eS A PROPAGANDA IASTERCLASS @ In orld REVOLUTION DIDN’T RTHROW THE TSAR kilognams oes THE CLOCK STOPPED AT bias ae Cel 4 NOT ONLY THE ROMANOVS WERE EXECUTED BRITISH FORCES FOUGHT THE BOLSHEVIKS | NOT ALL OF THE ROMANOVS WERE TRADITIONAL een CON STILL MARKS Peel THE RUSSIAN arated REVOLUTION _ Causes The maelstrom of social, political and military change that set Russia on the path to the world’s bloodiest revolution SEP SOOEgn bab lus eeu eu tel SRM Pec a eae arbres Katorga camp Pome te a tee) eer ou En Rng CRs es coma) reeves ean PM See oem cult Deane cory Russia at the beginning of the 20th century Nicholas II's Russia was rich with opportunities and plagued by despair — but the clash of modern expectations and reality set in motion a chain of events that led to revolution in The Tear rule as an ator rere by buremicracy in incl officals to carryout the ble onthe gold standart tract fore thorty ofthe Russian investment, But this was a mised blessing eho i inher the the woke 3 spring continents and encomp: the Eathslandmas xh of ith the ‘men and an the west. Jed to subtropical C ‘Cena Asan Khana al farms 1 depend used thousand ny destitute. Disease and an by loyalty othe Romano Russia at the beginning of the 20th century cific in tas ssa was to rk a8 ofthe interior and dozens of ‘woe tn on for any sayin how th january (NS) 1905, a “Russia's rapid industrial development after 1900 meant that an essentially 18th-century agrarian country had to absorb 20th-century technologies” Communism in context The rise of communism in Europe and thence around the globe was energised with the philosophy of Karl Marx and social and political upheaval hh concept of elletvisaton in society isas od as clsation self, Ceased distribution of food and ether necestes oflife was common, according to many researches, among the hunters and ‘gatherers who lived millennia aga. nf, socal scientsts have fered othe phenomenon as “primitive communis, perhaps raising to another devel the simple idea of sharing ‘While medern communism i taced tothe ‘mic:9th century and the widespread publeation ‘ofthe pital theories of German plesopher Kar! Mar, the dea ofthe common welfare isl is ‘ot unique to Marx. During the th century BCE the Greek philosopher Pythagoras championed a society that disavoted private property beleving "Mat ovmersip fostered soc inustice as seme prospered while others aufered. Ancient Spartans considered themsaves as equals thei land was "Marx believed that industrialised societies In the 400s the Bohemian Taber sect concluded. “As in the own of Taboc thee Is no ‘ming or thin, but alts eld in common, so shall everything be common to al, and no one ‘own anything fr himself alone. Whoever does so ‘commmitsa deny sin’ In 534, Anabapists sezed the city of Munster, Germany, in thet attempt to vioenely propagate cammoristc principles, inceling the confiscation of property for the veld. In England, the posi War Diggers declared commen ownership of property and ‘alle the wore a ‘common treasury’ In the 1705, "Engi immigrants to America known 38 Snakes Sought to develop a utopian sec. n erature St Thomas Mae's sariea Lp, published in the rmi-16th century. along wath Edward Bellamy Locking Backward an News ram Nowbereby lam Morris both published in the late 15th contury, provided discourse on utopian themes with capitalist economic components were fertile ground for revolution.” lived into equal pots thet currency was ton rather than gold or sve, and the welfare ef the slate was aways superiot to that ofthe individual aly Chisian tenets suggest communisti¢ tendencies with regand tothe sale of personal property, ving money tothe poor and ‘istrivtion of commodities according to nda equiemert. The 6th century fliers of the Persian prophet and religous reermer Mazda beleved inthe communal ownership of property and socal welfare inkiatives, wile the scenes and Zandi are also among other ancient peoples who ascribed te such princes, 20 French pilosopber Victor dupa is sometimes ‘considered the father of modern communism, In 17, appeoximately 70 years pric othe publication ‘fT Comat Manjesto by Max and Friedrich "Engels ¢Hupay published Png fora Phiosepheca! Carnmunty wich describes society n cemmtines vith shared means of preduction and mutual benefit rom the werk of othe. In theory. pure communism espouses sal esquality based upon equal bereft derived fom the Labour of al people. Raditribution of wealth allows {he poor to achieve a sand of living in parity ‘ith the upper classes, which are actualy brought down and eventualy disappear. Ceeralised ownership ofthe means of production fsa key cornponent of state ownership fal property and product. with distibutin according to need, ‘Communist theory may be sid to have roe inthe ideal of sccilism, an economic and soc system based on equality. with government ovmership of the means of production. However, workersin a socialist society ear wages and spend thelr money vnthour any direct government iron despite there being potential eticions on personal ownership and entrepreneurship. ‘Marx is recognised as the ost inlet proponent of communism. He emphasised that TLSTEHLSISNTII SN cares eee 5 SSN al history i rooted in dass: : 4th centr, Barope Mtn RO oa behind the nations induscalisaton, fodimir Lenin was. 22 SS es notsetie Trews oncttoae rect seat follower af Marx who pt theory into practice wile tena nd rigours ot Moyne ch the Mesenansn cant eer Be ed Cased he it henetcan of rode communism he en the own of Monge Sevan ° Fetiers oct oe gay sot fhlsognet ad ateaicin ety soca engteer Prono ne tos inn oso sonar Sra nda ee ence Pesan cdg {teeny Piha hong lee es ‘tecmtry BE lvercem cura soe ecko fev estes Soesenty eres! workers had never developed lass-conscousness in industrialised natens becase the weakhy porided the proktarat with a ving standard Just adequate enough to suppress revohrionary fervor Contrary 0 Marx who believed tht the proletariat would anquire class consciousness spomtanecuely and on its own inate, Lenin Died communists had to educate the masses and raise ther awarenes ofthe inegualty of ‘aka society, urging them to rise up as they did in Russa in 117 Mare envisioned a “tatcrship of the prletaria a society in which all power esied with the working class. Lenin however, considered the existence of a poltial pat the Communist Party, essential in government, acting 2s the instrument ofthe proletariat Tn ister years, Lenin wamed against the rowing power of Communist Party Secretary Josep Sain, fearing thatthe tre communist rule ofthe party an people was susceptible to the emergence ofa songman who would corrupe the govermene imo attaliarian regime While Sain recognised that industasation| ane increased productivity were necessities he revered Lenins New Eeonomic Pic and ‘mandated colectivsation of farms. Leni had employed tertor as a means ofconttl before him, but Stalin cured on fellow communists in leody purges of those he deemed distoya He also used famine asa weapon, suppressing peasant discontent under collectvisaton Salis Is characterised by is narnesake’s ruhissnes, as well as his establishment of. toaliarian dictators. promotion of further css conflict inges on the coming of a workers’ revolution that destroys systems" en began n 69 sn (ncues ponte Syste adel reined soe oe, ‘Seto copat aa soning ca Thre fovedas seater ‘hegentopnere Marc aries Nest tery forma, [Soom mo crises oeramiy Interac! We Ae ost ec ues ofthe Cth ‘olor toe Shay 8 the spread of commauism around the wes and hardline economic polos. Stalin further embraced the thecry of socialism in one county after the fale of revelitons beyond Russia. Stalin dd net consider such inward stergthening of communism {nthe Soviet Union tobe in confi with the eater Marxist belie thar communism must be fstablshed around the word Among those whom Stain targeted in his rise to abecite power was nis od party cemrade Leon Trotsky atehiteet of the Ret Army and Defining moment esto 21 February 1848 Nan Marxand Fede Ens push TR Comma Manta hgh intetl po ppb ng ke Sesh the ng Ch xpd ad Mea sea ses ‘wonton Reon, he lng ces me 3 ‘enmonit vation The pana hae nosing ee Communism in context A woman's point of view Ket eta ei Ege ot tela) worry aposrane nd wt who mentee fore waning ova Sfomd es one eat of Croce ahve hve et us setyetetsontmincese ec mete epost oe Trg sige rnd darren tray yr taretsponby repens swung cscinuowese oe Siocon rdsaaton SJomel stessercet mse tx may Shar bones mes suns ee Iter aaths pate ew Erma Doon tg ing red ‘rs dedinieh anges then tne he Sr tice Degane stony Naya ne Inmselfa uadtonal Maixst are opposed Sallis theory of "Socialism in one country’ His ideal of “permanent revolution” dictated that wekers and peasants rust necessarily form an aliance to grasp ‘concmic and politcal pover since the bougenise ‘of industrialised capitalist natons would never Poduce any revcitionary momentum, He also ‘opposed the extensive Stalinist banemscrcy ors a then cere, elec. a finaly assasinsted by Salins mavement Defining moment ‘ion 25 October/7 November 1917 "eek ee pr mst ei sg thet get pi: Base ‘her Deng sce patti andeconcme ‘falas Lain plement bs own not rary asaken eoorryrvur among the pel an aps ares posh forte to3 pity arr coma ater tan» Selon nd yee Sicha Man had ee a Wester Europe @ Pa (© Das Kapital ‘rc ahespnica woatse ‘thors tine. Additonal Lens awakening Se ar on ‘She mnor rele. ee ‘senor barton Pd wt (Bloody Sunday ” Statins sucenion @ ‘pos mourn aus Sens stain whom he ‘many dah ost His abences a the front also mean. ‘hata cqve, coed ound the German Tsarina andthe mystchalec meddle Rasputin, were in ‘fective contol ofthe government, further fueling the amorphous discontent "AS 1916 chew tots miserable conchsion, moe than adocen regiments mutnid, eth skies repotted to be deserting in thei theusands ‘every single day. The Tsar appeared incapable of ‘controling ether the amr the goveramert, and ‘eves the lagely unlamented rauderof Rasputin, ‘cared litle suggesting instead that Rusia was descending no a ta of near anarchy, With Chnstmas approaching the Russian miiary effort siced othe nor, wh an afensive panned by the ath Army (Nerhem Fre) of ega| joint, not be Fossans were crack the Geman un ing to have anctherilkadvised + General Radko war of allanes and hat lauren an cflersve cue to pressure from the other Entente members. The so-called Christmas Bate’ of ate Decerber 116 wire a casein point. The order to attack che Genman 8 Army on the Riga fren as fiver in oder to atact German reser foes, hereby weiving the pressure on the French at Verdun (Brus had suflered in the same way ‘wth is summer offensive, when bis attack wert in ‘aul than hed warsed because of allan appeals to sista the Austrians in Trentino, ‘The Sth Army had been hel up near Rigs for snore than a yest since Octeber 1915 cigaing itself in thereafter and frying a 30-ilometrelong ‘all the gandilequently-dutbed German Wall ‘constrict largely from wood! and san wich lay waiting forthe Russie The wall was ait ‘oss the Thepurvs(ce Tes Swamp), 40 vasa Potential migtmate fr any force brave, Supt. enough oy to ake. Mld-December sw fall sn temperature to an exe watering ox eye fzeing) 25°C however enabled the now fraen samp to be cessed andthe German fortfiatons couk pow be assaued Determined to surprise thelr enemy, the Russians planned te attack for 23 December bliving, Grave of Russia’s Imperial Army ‘As 1916 drew to its miserable conclusion, more aces a dozen regiments mutinied” 46 that so dose to Crista, the Germans would be off guard The ulate objecive was eka or Mia. arall and toad junction southwest of Riga Jn cergal Latvia The main asau force would be ‘Siberian Rifle Cops whieh indoded two Latvian rie xigades ‘The attack duly began eal that monning. AS well asthe surprise ofthe season there was aso ro artillery suppor. which woul! have gen the (Germans advanced warning ofan impending attack Dy comparison, the received wisdom on the Wester Front itated a frontal assault proceeded by aug, usalynetlectve,tarage ‘edly for the Russians, after ll this planning the antack salled asthe Germans fed n enforcement and everything that could go wrong diThe 1th Serian Regiment used tatack. a misiny supported by several ether units and then, wath the offensive faring the Germans councerattacked ‘further Russian tack on Gina Day ell took 3 frie il der now. as Machine Gun ul onthe northern sie ofthe swamp bt the ‘commande filed to andcipte his soca, 0 the victory could not be exploited. By 29 December. the Russian attemgx onthe German Wall bd petered ca; anole indecisve bate and ancther of what might have been fr the Russians. ‘The fllowirg month saw an 8th Ary couneeratac, ad in the coswentional manner, with an atiery barrage preceding an infantry attack Latvians and Siberans defended thei postions for ‘nee days, but Russian attempts to courtertack fled, she Germans recovered 80 per eat ofthe _gokind they had low. although Machine Gun ill remained in Rusan hands Wath temperatures dropping further to 36°: the fightin stopped, with both ses tery a fozen stondstil The Larva fle gies sere around 3000 of the Russi esses of some 15000. the heavy casualties fostering futher escort against Russian gonerals andthe Ts, who was nominally incharge of this debacle Sberians who had refused to fight were punished. some paying wth their ves, others roma. carted off to bere, Meanie, suppor forthe Bolsheviks rose The Christmas Bates fought over the winter of 11617 were almost mieroccem of the Easter Front asa while with the to combatants fighting ‘oan exhausted stand We they considered what to do next the states increasingly viewed the Eastern Fronc as asiesbow co what was going on further west or both sides, however i erained tant. Jus the fact it was there, and unrescve, rant the Germans could not transfer ge numbers of toops vest ‘After the intial optimism and enthusiasm for war, mathe by aninensty of hated toward al ings German and a lve of Mother Russia and sar. the nation was fas tacking towards Revolution, cil war ad the Bolshevik consolation of pee, That sonous autumn cf 1914 wren everything appeared Possible seemed an awully ag way off now The Ioyalist days, when the German embassy in Saint esersarg va nashed andthe German sounding cy was enamee Petograd, seemed oherwory In those days there had been no defearism (ure at the ume ofthe Russo Jgpanese War of 905) jus a steady determination to fight and able in ulimate victor, wi the sidlining of anything that might Interfere Former Prime Minster Count Semel Wire had been one of the few prescient souls predicting ‘hat war would inevitably bring revlusion. With the fale ofthe Chsumas Bates, plotters led Ike crows atound carton. ‘The Russians may have been falling militarily, bot itwould be wrong view thet eft a simpy inept, with callus leaders and general sending ‘equipped cannorefoder tos collective death ass ften been depicted, Winston Churchill Showed an understanding of the ssn psyche “Withee ito their ov county the Ress) cam bald thelr oom” Which was particu rue nce the Germans went beyond the railay cornmunigarions which they rele en fo supply and mot The Lard Chamber. Lord Sandhurst view that Russia. this ime was, "good fet nothing worse was quit wide ofthe mak. ‘The inspired common senve of Bush isa.case In point. His sume 916 cffesive showed tactical nous that often ovelooed. The offensive was covet a much lage fo than previous Russian attacks, with offensves staged in many pages up and doom tbe frct to confuse the ene. This was in stark contrast to previous attacks, which targeted “That glorious autumn of 1914, when everythin: appeared possible, seemed an awfully long way off now” SWEDEN GERMANY 3S BERLIN VIENNA STOCKHOLM TRIA-HUNGARY Grave of Ru. o PETROGRAD a’s Imperial Army °o Eastern Front 1914-1918 FARTHEST RUSSIAN ADVANCE 1914 FRONT AT TIME OF RUSSIAN REVOLUTION FARTHEST AUSTRO-GERMAN Al ‘STATE BORDERS /ANGE 1918 ° MINSK WARSAW RUSSIA ° KHARKOV @ BUDAPEST ‘ODESSA ° KRONSTADT @ SEVASTOPOL 2UMANIA °, RUMANIA So SERBIA BULGARIA ©) soFIA BELGRADE Russia's front line Tree eee ge ret the only surprise was that it was not decided quickly Prana -smallaess wth massed forces tempts were made having aeady practi te Gert pole fred on stk ‘atid the aloo nal Grave of Russia’s Imperial Army minster of war and future prime minister ho not favoured with the commodity essential to all great generals: luck" 49 50 an end t the fighting and the Russian population, ‘Sele war were easly swayed by tis Given these circumstances, ts surpising Rusia managed one more attack on the Galician Front ‘hen nase nunched the gest hy Offensive or KerenstyCiersiv, ast has also been dubbed (Coenmencingon 1Juy this encompassed the ten day be of ast Galea. asthe Russians moved tours uw im todays western Ukraine Early sucess began with an unusually heavy bombardment, wh inroads made against the ‘Austo Hungarians, but not agaist the more reset Germans. Russian esses mounted, casing

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