Repeater:

 Work on physical layer

 Signal can travel just 200 meter, after 200 meter signal become weak, so after 200
meter we have placed repeater we again strengthen the signals. It regenerate strength,
so can by this signal can travel long distance.
 Repeater is 2 port device, means we can connect two devices.
 It perform forwarding. If A has to send message to B, Repeater forward signals from A
to B.

 It perform no filtering.
 It’s collision domain is ‘n’

Hub:
 It works on physical layer, means it is also purely hardware.
 It is a multiport multiport repeater
  If any problem occur in wire, then repeater will not tell about occurance of problem in
wire, but Hib has extra functionality, because it Is a dedicated device
 It perform Forwarding
 It has no filtering, If A has to send message to B, then wo msg B ko to jaye ga hi, sath m
wo msg C or D ko b jaye ga, yaha pa koi b filtering ni h, kio k yha pa koi software to h ni,
bs hardware hi h, to is k pass koi logic to available ni hogi
 Collision domain is possible in Hub also, if A send Message, at Same time B send
message, At same time C send message, Hub has no buffer so collision will occur.

Switch
 It works in data link (layer 2) layer.

 Bridge connect 2 LAN’s with each other

 Switch is multiport bridge, means it connect more LAN networks together.

 It is full duplex link. Means all links can send data to all links, if data is sent from A to
Switch, than data can also be travel from switch to A parallely. So that’s why in this
collision is zero.
 Its collision domain is zero
  Its traffic is minimum

Sr. Hub Switch

No
1. Hub is a physical layer
device i.e. layer 1.
2. A Hub works on the basis of
broadcasting.
3. A Hub is a multiport
repeater in which a signal
introduced at the input of
any port appears at the
output of the all available
ports.(no filtering)
4. Hub is not an intelligent
device that may include
amplifier on repeater.
5. At least single network is
required to connect.
6. Hub is cheaper as
compared to switch and
router.
7 Collision domain is n
Switch is a data link layer device i.e. layer
2.
Switch works on the basis of MAC
address.
A Switch is a tele-communication device
which receives a message from any device
connected to it and then transmits the
message only to the device for which the
message is intended.(filtering)
A Switch is an intelligent device as it
passes on the message to the selective
device by inspecting the address.
At least single network is required to
connect.
Switch is an expensive device than hub.
Collision domain is zero

Bridge:
 It works on data link layer
 It connects two different LANs. For example, at one side if we use Token ring, on the
other side we can use token bus


 It perform Forwarding. When data is send data packet has Mac address of source and
destionation, when packet arrive to bridge it can decide on which host data has to send
by seeing destination address. As it works on data link layer, it is combination of
hardware and software.
  If data is to send from M2 to M6. So when packet arrive it checks if Mac address is
available on the other side, if yes then it will forward the packet.
 It also perform filtering. If M2 has to send data to M3, the packet arrive at bridge, it
checks if mac address is available on the other side, as in this case the is ‘no’, so in this
case onstead of forwarding it will perform filtering,
 It is check by use of this table maintained by bridge:

 It has two types of bridges, static and dynamic.

 Static bridges are those in which MAC address remain same. Agr Mac address change ho
jye to bridge ko pta ni chla ga
 Dynamic bridges ma mac Adress change hna ki capacity rkhi jati h, is m continuous
leanrning ho ri hti, dynamic will take time initially to make table because at first table is
empty in this case. When one host send data to other than on base of that it start
updating it’s table. In real life using dynamic bridges is better.
 No collision can occur in bridge, because it use store and forward methodology. It has
buffer
 Bridge use Bridge Data Unit protocol. It is use to avoid loops, kio k multiple paths hte, to
wo loop m phuns skte, to us sa bchne k liya ya protocol use hta

Router:
Works in both data link and network layer. Network layer ki bt krte to mtlb ya IP address ko b consider
krta h

it works In internet, means it works in WAN

It is forwarding

It also use filtering

In this multiple routers can be connected.

Agr router decide ni kr pata k data ko kaha bhjna, to wo fload kr dete, means wo data ko hr direction m
bhj dta

In this there is no collision, because it use store and forward.

In this it use Routing table, to decide where to send data