Solution Manual for Nutrition An Applied Approach 4th Edition

Thompson Manore 0321910397 9780321910394

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MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the
question.

1) What element makes protein different from carbohydrate and fat?

A) hydrogen B) carbon C) oxygen D) nitrogen
Answer: D

2) What dictates the structure of a protein molecule synthesized by the body?

A) the body's need for a protein
B) the combination of proteins consumed in the diet
C) the number of essential amino acids available
D) the DNA inside the nucleus of the cell
Answer: D

3) Which of the following is NOT a component of an amino acid molecule?

A) an acid group B) an amine group C) a central carbon D) a fatty acid
group
Answer: D

4) Which part of an individual amino acid distinguishes it from other amino acids?
A) acid group B) amine group C) side chain D) central carbon
Answer: C

5) The part of the protein molecule that contains nitrogen is the

A) hydrogen group. B) amine group. C) acid group. D) side
chain. Answer: B

6) In phenylketonuria (PKU), which amino acid becomes conditionally essential?

A) tyrosine B) alanine C) cysteine D) phenylalanine
Answer: A

7) A polypeptide consist of how many strings of amino acids?

A) two B) ten or more C) more than four D) nine
Answer: B

8) The distinctive spiral shape of a protein is known as its structure.

A) secondary B) tertiary C) primary D) quaternary
Answer: A

9) A complete protein
A) contains all 20 amino acids. B) has not been denatured.
C) contains all 9 essential amino acids. D) is composed of only di- and tripeptides.

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 Answer: C

10) The process of transferring the amine group from one amino acid to another is called
A) transamination. B) gene expression. C) alteration. D) deamination.
Answer: A

11) Two amino acids are joined together by a peptide bond to form a dipeptide. What is the by-product of
this process?
A) hydrochloric acid B) carbon dioxide C) ammonia D) water
Answer: D

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12) Which of the following foods is a source of complete protein?
A) broccoli B) apple C) whole grain bread D) chicken
Answer: D

13) Egg whites stiffen when they are whipped. The change that occurs in the protein is called
A) deamination. B) transcription. C) translocation. D)
denaturation. Answer: D

14) In what structure of the mammalian cell are proteins synthesized?

A) nucleus B) cell membrane C) ribosome D) mitochondria
Answer: C

15) MOST of the proteins in the body are synthesized from

A) fifteen fatty acids. B) ten fatty acids.

C) nine amino acids. D) twenty amino

acids. Answer: D

16) The process through which messenger RNA (mRNA) copies genetic information from DNA and carries it
to the ribosome is called
A) translation. B) denaturation. C) deamination. D)
transcription. Answer: D

17) Which of the following is the MOST complete protein from a plant source?
A) apples B) soybeans C) green beans D) bread
Answer: B

18) Of the 20 amino acids used by the human body, how many are considered nonessential?
A) none B) 9 C) 11 D) 20
Answer: C

19) Which of the following is a type of protein that is stored in a gland and secreted to an organ to restore the
body to normal conditions?
A) antibody B) buffer C) enzyme D) hormone
Answer: D

20) In the body, protein buffers are very important in

A) maintaining acid-base balance in the body. B) defending the body against bacteria and
toxins.
C) maintaining and repairing body tissue. D) accelerating chemical reactions in the body.
Answer: A

21) Which of the following is NOT a major function of protein in the human body?
A) synthesis of hormones B) growth and maintenance of new tissue
C) providing energy to the body D) maintaining fluid balance
Answer: C

22) Which of the following is an amino-acid containing hormone?

A) insulin B) adrenal hormones C) estrogen D) progesterone
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Answer: A

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23) Which of the following proteins are fundamental to the immune system?
A) transport proteins B) antibodies C) enzymes D) buffers
Answer: B

24) Proteases are

A) defense proteins that attack foreign bacteria, viruses, and toxins.
B) protein messengers that are released from storage in response to an alteration in the body's
homeostasis.
C) enzymes that break down protein in the small intestine.
D) transport proteins that move substances throughout the body.
Answer: C

25) Conduction of nerve signals and contraction of muscles depends on the proper balance of
A) buffers. B) glucose. C) nitrogen. D) electrolytes.
Answer: D

26) Which of the following statements about the role of hydrochloric acid (HCl) is FALSE?
A) HCl untangles the strands of protein and breaks the peptide bonds.
B) HCl converts pepsinogen into pepsin.
C) HCl inhibits the digestion of fat so it does not compete with protein digestion.
D) HCl denatures protein to allow digestive enzymes to break down the protein.
Answer: C

27) Significant chemical digestion of protein begins in the

A) gallbladder. B) mouth. C) pancreas. D) stomach.
Answer: D

28) The process of combining two incomplete proteins to make a complete protein is called
A) protein harmonizing. B) amino acid sequencing
method. C) mutual supplementation. D) the protein-
combining method.
Answer: C

29) Which of the following individuals is MOST likely to be in positive nitrogen balance?
A) a 30-year-old man with a temperature of 103.7°F
B) a 10-year-old boy with severe burns
C) a 29-year-old woman who is six months pregnant
D) a 20-year-old female who is consuming 500 Calories a day
Answer: C

30) To conserve body protein for its vital functions and not use it to provide energy, you
should A) eat adequate amounts of carbohydrate and fat to conserve protein for other
functions. B) work out in the gym at least three times a week to store additional
protein for later use. C) eat at least twice the recommended RDA for protein to ensure
adequate protein stores. D) eat meat three times a week to ensure adequate protein
storage.
Answer: A

31) Which of the following is NOT typically a nutrient that would be deficient in a vegan diet?
A) vitamin B12 B) vitamin C C) iron D) calcium
Answer: B
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32) The type of vegetarian who eats vegetables, grains, fruits, eggs, and milk but excludes all other types of
animal protein is called a
A) vegan. B) lacto-ovo-vegetarian.
C) lacto-vegetarian. D) pesco-vegetarian.
Answer: B

33) The type of protein-energy malnutrition characterized by a general lack of protein in the diet is called
A) kwashiorkor. B) cystic fibrosis. C) sickle cell anemia. D) marasmus.
Answer: A

34) During the process of protein synthesis, what is the step in which mRNA is decoded into an amino
acid sequence at the cell's ribosome?
A) deamination B) denaturation C) translation D) transcription
Answer: C

35) The absorption of proteins occurs in the

A) small intestine. B) large intestine. C) liver. D) stomach.
Answer: A

36) An acid-base imbalance can result in

A) coma and death. B) an increased rate of absorption in the
stomach.
C) no change in the pH of the blood. D) digestive
problems. Answer: A

37) Which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) The healthy body's primary energy source is carbohydrate and
fat. B) The body stores excess protein primarily for energy
reserves.
C) Eating sufficient carbohydrate and fat will spare body
protein. D) To utilize protein for energy, the amine group is
removed.
Answer: B

38) Which of the following health problems is NOT associated with high protein intakes?
A) increased urea production B) high blood cholesterol
C) kidney disease D) sickle cell anemia
Answer: D

39) Which of the following supplements would you recommend a vegan add to his/her diet?
A) fiber B) vitamin C C) vitamin B12 D) protein
Answer: C

40) A well-planned vegetarian diet reduces the risk for many chronic diseases. For which of the
following conditions does such a diet NOT minimize the risk?
A) obesity B) anemia C) cancer D) heart disease
Answer: B

41) Which of the following is NOT associated with kwashiorkor?

A) fatty liver B) flat belly and abdomen
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 C) loss of hair D) weight loss and muscle wasting
Answer: B

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42) Vegetarian diets are associated with increased consumption of
A) prions. B) carcinogens.
C) antioxidants. D) vitamins B12 and
D. Answer: C

43) Which hormone controls both the production of HCl and the release of pepsin?
A) pepsin B) glucagon C) gastrin D) insulin
Answer: C

44) The enzymes that digest proteins in the small intestine are
A) pepsins. B) pepsinogens.
C) phosphofructokinases. D) proteases.
Answer: D

45) The electrically charged particle that assists in maintaining the body's fluid balance is called a(n)
A) electrolyte. B) hormone. C) enzyme. D) protease.
Answer: A

46) The positively charged electrolyte concentrated inside the cell is potassium, and the positively
charged electrolyte concentrated outside the cell is
A) sodium. B) nitrogen. C) hydrogen. D)
oxygen. Answer: A

47) A deficiency of protein can lead to what condition in which fluid accumulates in the body's tissue spaces?
A) marasmus B) celiac disease C) edema D) acidosis
Answer: C

48) When a protein attracts or releases hydrogen, it acts as a

A) limiter. B) hydrogenater. C) buffer. D) transporter.
Answer: C

49) A substance usually a protein that the body recognizes as a foreign invader, triggering an immune
response is an
A) antibody. B) antigen. C) antibiotic. D)
antihistamine. Answer: B

50) Which of the following is an excellent source of protein that includes foods such as kidney beans, pinto
beans, black beans, soybeans, lentils, and chickpeas?
A) quorn B) quinoa C) legumes D) nuts
Answer: C

51) Which of the following is responsible for helping maintain the body's fluid balance?
A) hormones B) proteases C) transport proteins D) buffers
Answer: C

52) Which of the following processes involves both the synthesis of new proteins and the breakdown of
existing proteins to provide amino acids for building new proteins?
A) turnover B) translation C) transcription D) acidosis
Answer: A

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 53) Which of the following foods, when combined, provide the amino acids to make a complete protein?
A) corn tortilla and butter B) spinach and tomatoes
C) tofu and broccoli with almonds D) banana and pineapple
Answer: C

54) According to the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), which of the following
is/are responsible for 18% of the gases responsible for global warming?
A) livestock production B) vehicles
C) factories D) agriculture
Answer: A

55) Carlos is a healthy 19-year-old college student who is sedentary. He is 5'11" tall and weighs 175 pounds.
How many grams of protein would you recommend he consume each day?
A) 84 grams B) 64 grams C) 75 grams D) 55 grams
Answer: B

56) Which of the following is NOT a reason athletes have higher dietary protein needs than sedentary
individuals?
A) During exercise, additional protein is needed to make glucose to prevent
hypoglycemia. B) During exercise, protein is used as a primary source of energy.
C) During exercise, more protein is needed to carry oxygen in the blood.
D) During exercise, additional protein is needed to repair the tissue damaged during exercise.
Answer: B

TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false.

57) Essential amino acids are more important to the human body than nonessential amino acids.
Answer: True False

58) Under normal physiological conditions, every cell of the body is capable of making each type of protein
needed by the body.
Answer: True False

59) It is necessary to eat animal-based proteins to stay healthy.

Answer: True False

60) The Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for protein meets the needs of strength and endurance
athletes.
Answer: True False

61) A healthy pregnant woman is in positive nitrogen balance.

Answer: True False

62) Because of their increased protein needs, it is unhealthy for athletes to choose to become vegetarians.
Answer: True False

63) Protein-energy malnutrition is seen only in developing countries.

Answer: True False

64) Consuming individual amino acid supplements on an empty stomach enhances absorption.
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Answer: True False

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65) Denaturation results in the loss of the protein's function.
Answer: True False

66) The majority of protein digestion occurs in the mouth.

Answer: True False

67) Sickle cell anemia results from a single change to an amino acid present in hemoglobin.
Answer: True False

68) Enzymes catalyze chemical reactions without being physically altered.

Answer: True False

69) Alkalosis is a condition in which the pH of the blood becomes too basic.
Answer: True False

70) All legumes are complete

proteins.
Answer: True False

71) Most Americans consume sufficient or excess amounts of dietary protein.

Answer: True False

72) Soybeans are good sources of protein, and the protein quality is almost identical to that of meat.
Answer: True False

73) Diets high in protein are associated with low blood cholesterol levels.
Answer: True False

74) Consuming individual amino acid supplements can build muscle and improve strength.
Answer: True False

75) Marasmus is a serious condition resulting from inadequate intakes of protein and energy.
Answer: True False

76) The process in which a protein loses its shape and function when exposed to acids, heat, and heavy
metals is deamination.
Answer: True False

77) Peptide bonds are chemical bonds in which the amine group of one amino acid binds to the acid
group of another amino acid.
Answer: True False

78) A defect in chloride transport proteins causes cystic fibrosis.

Answer: True False

79) To make a complete protein, complementary proteins must be eaten at the same meal.
Answer: True False

80) Complementary proteins provide all twenty essential amino acids.

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Answer: True False

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 81) The majority of athletes can obtain an adequate amount of protein from eating a healthy diet.
Answer: True False

82) Bodybuilders and weight lifters need as much as 2 times more protein than the RDA.
Answer: True False

ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of

paper.

83) Identify and describe the steps involved in protein synthesis and gene expression.
Answer: Answers will vary.

84) What is nitrogen balance? Describe the laboratory procedure used to determine protein status in
individuals.
Answer: Answers will vary.

85) What are three physiological consequences of consuming too much protein?
Answer: Answers will vary.

86) Discuss the health benefits associated with becoming a vegetarian.

Answer: Answers will vary.

87) Compare and contrast marasmus and kwashiorkor.

Answer: Answers will vary.

88) Evaluate the evidence linking livestock production to climate change and land degradation.
Answer: Answers will vary.

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