Our Social World Introduction To Sociology 6th Edition Ballantine Test Bank 1

Ballantine, Our Social World, Fifth Edition
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Test Bank for Our Social World Introduction to

Sociology 6th Edition Ballantine Roberts Korgen
1506362079 9781506362076
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Chapter 5 – Interaction, Groups, and Organizations: Connections That Work
Multiple Choice
1. When Stanley Milgram set out to understand the distance between individuals in society, he
found that we need to go through an average of ______ individuals before accessing a previously
unacquainted target.
a. three
b. six
c. eight
d. 10
Ans: B
Learning Objective: 5.1 Demonstrate the impact social networks can have on the lives of
individuals.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Networks and Connections in Our Social World
Difficulty Level: Easy
2. Our social networks include all of the following EXCEPT this:

a. private interactions
b. small groups
c. global organizations
d. singing by yourself in the shower
Ans: D
individuals.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Networks at the Micro, Meso, and Macro Levels
Difficulty Level: Medium
3. Through our social networks, we are linked to all of the following EXCEPT this:
a. religious organizations
b. political subcultures
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c. the United Nations

d. your sense of smell
Ans: D
individuals.
4. ______ govern social contexts to let us know what is the right and proper behavior in social
interaction.
a. Norms
b. Sanctions
c. Statuses
d. Ethnomethodologies
Ans: A
Learning Objective: 5.2 Provide examples of how verbal and nonverbal interaction guides our
behavior.
Answer Location: Elements of Social Interaction
5. ______ is interaction using facial expressions, the head, eye contact, body posture, gestures,
touch, walk, status symbols, and personal space.
a. Nonverbal communication
b. Exchange
c. Ethnomethodology
d. Presentations of self
Ans: A
behavior.
6. Andrew meets his girlfriend in an airport terminal coffee shop after being apart for the past 3
months. They will most likely communicate within ______.
a. culturally sensitive distance
b. public distance
c. intimate distance
d. personal distance
Ans: C
behavior.
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7. Nicole addresses an introductory sociology course as a guest lecturer. She is most likely to
address the class while standing at a ______.
a. social distance
b. personal distance
c. intimate distance
d. public distance
Ans: D
behavior.
8. Cindy just changed her major from psychology to sociology and is trying to make friends in
her sociology class. One day, Jack, a fellow sociology major, says, “Psychology is only for
people interested in studying rats.” Cindy laughs, even though she disagrees with him and did
not think the joke was funny. According to dramaturgists, Cindy is performing ______ behavior.
a. self-hate
b. side-stage
c. backstage
d. front-stage
Ans: D
behavior.
Answer Location: Symbolic Interaction Theory
9. Maria interviews Eric for an entry-level position at the firm where she works. According to
Edward Hall, the two will most likely sit at a(n) ______ distance from one another.
a. intimate
b. social
c. public
d. personal
Ans: B
behavior.
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10. Sue is in biology class. Her professor explains a theory that she doesn’t understand. The
professor asks if there are any questions, and no one raises their hand. Sue is reluctant to raise
her hand because she feels uncomfortable. This is an example of the ______.
a. rational choice theory
b. status inconstancy principle
c. rationalization principle
d. social construction of reality
Ans: D
behavior.
11. Reciprocity, or a mutual offering of favors, is a motivator for interaction according to

______.
a. linguistic relativity theory
b. rational choice theory
c. ethnomethodology
d. dramaturgy
Ans: B
behavior.
Answer Location: Rational Choice Theory
12. Which of the following theories would be most likely to argue that people take the
underlying rules of interaction for granted?
a. ethnomethodology
b. dramaturgy
c. rational choice theory
d. conflict theory
Ans: A
behavior.
Answer Location: Theoretical Perspectives on the Interaction Process
Difficulty Level: Hard
13. After experiencing combat, many veterans experience internal disorder, conflict, and a sense
of normlessness because of the chaos created by war. Émile Durkheim would say that they are
feeling ______.
a. anomie
b. altruism
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c. egotism
d. latent emotions
Ans: A
behavior.
Answer Location: Group Solidarity, Anomie, and Suicide
14. Isabella is a good student; she attends sociology class, does well in her other studies, and
would never break a campus rule. Unfortunately, her brother Craig is addicted to drugs, steals
from their mother, and lives on the streets. One day, Craig calls Isabella and asks her to let him
stay in her dorm. Isabella knows that visitors are not allowed in the dormitory, but she wants to
help her brother. According to role theorists, Isabella is feeling ______.
a. role conflict
b. role strain
c. role reversal
d. all of these
Ans: A
behavior.
Answer Location: Role Strain and Role Conflict
15. Most of the time, we engage in ______ behavior, the behavior safest with casual
acquaintances because it is scripted.
a. backstage
b. front-stage
c. on-stage
d. unstaged
Ans: B
behavior.
16. ______ refer to our social positions, and ______ refer to the expectations associated with a
social position.
a. Master statuses; status sets
b. Status sets; master statuses
c. Roles; statuses
d. Statuses; roles
Ans: D
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behavior.
Answer Location: Relationship Between Status and Role
17. Which of the following is an ascribed status?

a. physician
b. daughter
c. employee
d. friend
Ans: B
individuals.
Answer Location: Social Status: Individuals’ Link to Groups
18. Which of the following is an achieved status?

a. grandson
b. Latino
c. woman
d. parent
Ans: D
individuals.
19. Lee promised his brother Kirby that he would watch the Cincinnati Bengals’s football game
with him at home. However, Lee’s friend Sue won tickets on a local radio station, and she wants
Lee to come to the game with her. Because Lee is torn between his role as Sue’s friend and
Kirby’s brother, Lee is experiencing ______.
a. role conflict
b. role strain
c. role confusion
d. status inconsistency
Ans: A
individuals.
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20. Carolina’s daughter wants to go to a local concert that will keep her out past curfew.
Although Carolina feels that as a good mom, she should be her daughter’s friend and consider
her daughter’s wishes, she also believes that a good mother should provide structure by
maintaining rules. Carolina is experiencing ______.
a. role confusion
b. role conflict
c. role strain
d. status inconsistency
Ans: C
individuals.
21. Which of the following is a characteristic of a group?

a. members pursue individual goals
b. inability to recruit new members
c. freedom of expected behaviors
d. members engaging in structured interaction patterns
Ans: D
Learning Objective: 5.3 Describe the needs primary and secondary groups meet for members of
society and the overall society.
Answer Location: Groups in Our Social World: The Micro-Meso Connection
22. According to the text, the belief that minorities (sexual, racial, religious, etc.) are detrimental
to workplace efficiency is false because
a. on average, immigrants work harder than nonimmigrants
b. employers can pay immigrants less and therefore increase profit
c. diversity increases productivity and problem solving
d. minorities do not experience role strain
Ans: C
Learning Objective: 5.5 Explain why networking with people from different cultures has become
increasingly important.
Answer Location: Diversity and Equity in Organizations
23. Durkheim’s concept of anomie refers to a ______.

a. state of normlessness
b. social fact
c. small, premodern society held together by kinship ties
d. large, modern society with a specialized division of labor
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Ans: A
individuals
24. According to Durkheim’s discussion of suicide, anomic suicide refers to

a. suicide caused by an individual experiencing disorder and turmoil and lacking clear norms and
guidelines for social behavior
b. suicide caused by feeling little social bond to the group or society
c. suicide caused by such a strong bond and group obligation that the individual is willing to die
for the group
d. suicide caused by depression due to downward mobility
Ans: A
individuals
25. According to Durkheim, the key finding of his study on suicide is that suicide can be
predicted by the
a. level of cohesion in the individual’s social network
b. degree to which an individual was integrated into the group
c. number of social groups the individual belonged to
d. individual’s religious affiliation
Ans: B
individuals.
26. Krista’s group of college friends is considered a(n) ______ group because they have a strong
sense of loyalty to one another, they care deeply about each other, and they receive intrinsic
value from belonging.
a. out-
b. secondary
c. primary
d. reference
Ans: C
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Answer Location: Types of Groups

27. Roman’s fellow factory workers are considered a(n) ______ group because they are a large,
task-oriented group that focuses on achieving a specific goal.
a. out-
b. primary
c. secondary
d. reference
Ans: C
28. All of the following are problematic by-products of bureaucracies EXCEPT this:
a. alienation
b. goal displacement
c. oligarchy
d. increased efficiency
Ans: D
Learning Objective: 5.4 Show how the characteristics of bureaucracy apply to formal
organizations.
Answer Location: Modern Organizations and Their Evolution
29. Which of the following traits is NOT characteristic of in-groups?

a. a desire to incorporate members of an out-group
b. hostility or rejection of out-group members
c. strong feelings of superiority
d. feelings of prejudice and ethnocentrism
Ans: A
society and the overall society
30. The main purpose of a bureaucracy is to

a. encourage development of secondary groups
b. limit the role of primary groups in socialization
c. maximize efficiency
d. develop anomie
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Ans: C
organizations.
31. All of the following are characteristics of ideal-type bureaucracy EXCEPT this:
a. an emphasis on democratic decision making
b. a division of labor based on technical competence
c. an administrative hierarchy
d. formal rules and regulations
Ans: A
organizations.
32. After working at a local fast-food restaurant for two years, Chris becomes uninvolved and
unconnected to his job. He finds his job boring and feels he will not be promoted to a better
position. Chris is most likely experiencing ______.
a. McDonaldization
b. oligarchy
c. goal displacement
d. alienation
Ans: D
organizations.
Answer Location: Issues in Bureaucracies
33. The iron law of oligarchy states that

a. pay and working conditions are highly influential in workers’ productivity.
b. workers are objectified in the process of creating a product that they do not see completed or
from which they do not gain profits
c. the original motives or goals of an organization are displaced by new, secondary goals
d. power becomes concentrated in the hands of a small group of leaders in organizations
Ans: D
organizations.
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34. ______ refer to new approaches that have developed to deal with some of the dysfunctions of
bureaucracy.
a. Alternative organization structures
b. Informal institutions
c. Secondary groups
d. Informal structures
Ans: A
organizations.
35. Which of the following is an example of individuals and macro-level organizations

interacting?
a. a father who joins the parent–teacher association
b. a cat handler who shows her Devon rex cats at a state Cat Fanciers’ Association show
c. women around the globe receiving training and education from the United Nations
d. a fan attending a regional football league game
Ans: C
Answer Location: National and Global Networks: The Macro Level
36. To correct some of the dysfunctions caused by bureaucracy, the Sociology Company makes
all decisions as a group, emphasizes cooperation, and uses personal appeals to ensure that
everyone participates in problem solving. The Sociology Company is a(n) ______ organization.
a. informal
b. secondary
c. democratic-collective
d. oligarchic
Ans: C
organizations.
True/False
1. Global organizations, such as the United Nations, are linked to individuals through social
networks.
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Ans: T
individuals.
2. Because norms govern social behavior, social interaction is rarely misinterpreted.

Ans: F
behavior.
3. Using the turn signal to let the drivers around you know that you are turning left is an example
of obeying a social norm.
Ans: T
behavior.
4. Researchers find that words make up less than 35% of the emotional content of a message.
Ans: T
behavior.
5. In the context of foreign language acquisition, nonverbal messages are the easiest part to
master.
Ans: F
behavior.
6. The amount of personal space an individual needs to feel comfortable varies by cultural
setting.
Ans: T
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behavior.
7. Personal distance is used for first-time business relations, such as a job interview.
Ans: F
behavior.
8. Touching, embracing, and kissing are indicators of personal distance.

Ans: F
behavior.
9. Social distance is the distance most public figures use for addressing others, especially in
formal settings.
Ans: F
behavior.
10. Because personal space is decided culturally, men and women in the same culture have
similar personal-space norms.
Ans: F
behavior.
11. Ethnomethodology and dramaturgy draw from symbolic interaction theory.

Ans: T
behavior.
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12. According to rational choice theory, interactions generally involve expectations of

reciprocity.
Ans: T
behavior.
Answer Location: Rational Choice Theory
13. The A-OK sign is an insult in Japan.

Ans: F
behavior.
14. According to dramaturgy, we only perform a small portion of our interactions in front of
audiences.
Ans: F
behavior.
15. At home or with close friends with whom we are more intimate, we engage in front-stage
behavior.
Ans: F
behavior.
16. The “real you” is most evident when you engage in backstage behavior.
Ans: T
behavior.
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17. “Father” is a social status.

Ans: T
behavior.
18. Gender and ethnicity are examples of achieved statuses.

Ans: F
behavior.
19. Being a guitarist in a band is an achieved status.

Ans: T
20. Others assign one to a master status, so it is unlikely to affect an individual’s self-concept.
Ans: F
21. Michael enjoys being the most popular boy in his high school. All of his popular friends are
on the soccer team, but Michael doesn’t like soccer because he doesn’t like running. Despite his
dislike for soccer, he tries out for the school team. Dramaturgists would categorize his behavior
as impression management.
Ans: T
behavior.
22. Within a group, individuals may hold both formal and informal statuses.
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Ans: T
Answer Location: Relationship Between Status and Role
23. Role strain is the tension between roles within one status.
Ans: T
24. Grandma Elly feels role conflict because she wants to be a good grandma and give her
grandson, Jackson, a cookie but knows that a good grandma wouldn’t ruin her grandson’s
appetite with sweets. Grandma Elly is experiencing role conflict.
Ans: F
25. Role conflict differs from role strain in that conflict is between the roles within one status.
Ans: F
26. In the United States, status is stable and does not change over time.
Ans: F
27. Durkheim found that personal despair always motivates suicide.

Ans: F
individuals.
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28. Working toward accomplishing a goal or a task often motivates secondary groups.
Ans: T
29. Ben has a new job and admires his new boss, Ray, because he is intelligent, aggressive,
honest, and (most importantly) successful. Ray is most likely part of Ben’s reference group.
Ans: T
30. The feelings we often have for members of out-groups can result in prejudice and
ethnocentrism.
Ans: T
31. Individuals require organizations for human interaction and to meet their needs.
Ans: T
organizations.
Answer Location: Formal Organizations and Modern Life
32. Weber used the term ideal-type bureaucracy to describe a bureaucracy that would not
experience the typical dysfunctions associated with bureaucracy.
Ans: F
organizations.
Answer Location: Characteristics of Bureaucracy
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33. It is easy for individuals to maintain morals and values when working in an extremely large
organization.
Ans: F
organizations.
34. Because of the success of affirmative-action policies, minorities are equally promoted within
bureaucratic organizations.
Ans: F
Learning Objective: Learning Objective: 5.4 Show how the characteristics of bureaucracy apply
to formal organizations.
35. Goal displacement is a common problem in bureaucracies.

Ans: T
organizations.
36. An example of goal displacement is the case of Pedro Espada Jr., who plead guilty to charges
of stealing money from health care clinics he ran in the Bronx.
Ans: T
organizations.
37. Some companies pay millions in taxes to move their physical headquarters from one nation
to another, an advantage to being a global business.
Ans: F
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Essay
1. List and briefly discuss two links from your micro-level networks.
Ans: Varies
individuals.
Cognitive Domain: Application
2. Dan is on a first date with a woman. They do not know each other, and Dan, an adept
sociology student, wonders which of the four social distances to maintain while at the art exhibit.
Which distance should Dan use? Why?
Ans: Varies
behavior.
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Question Type: Medium
3. Describe a norm that an ethnomethodologist could violate to learn something about social
interaction. In your description, state why this norm is a good example to violate and what the
ethnomethodologist might learn from the violation.
Ans: Varies
behavior.
4. Compare and contrast ascribed, achieved, and master statuses. Provide an example of each.
Ans: Varies
5. Compare and contrast role strain and role conflict. Provide an example of each.
Ans: Varies
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6. Compare and contrast egoistic, anomic, and altruistic suicide as Durkheim described them.
Ans: Varies
individuals.
7. Name at least three ways primary groups differ from secondary groups and then provide an
example of each type.
Ans: Varies
8. List and briefly discuss two advantages and two disadvantages of McDonaldization. In your
opinion, do you think McDonaldization is a good or a bad process?
Ans: Varies
organizations.
Answer Location: Sociology Around the World
9. List and briefly discuss the characteristics of Weber’s ideal-type bureaucracy.

Ans: Varies
organizations.
10. Briefly describe the informal structure of an organization of which you are a member (e.g.,
your school, workplace, or religious organization).
Ans: Varies
organizations.
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Test Bank
11. What are the different ways people use their social networks? Detail at least two ways
individuals develop their micro-level networks, and contrast this with at least two ways
individuals develop their meso-level networks.
Ans: Varies
individuals.
Answer Location: Groups in Our Social World: The Micro-Meso Connection
12. After getting her bachelor's degree in sociology, Megan wants to go to law school to study
international law, but she wants to take a year off from studying. Her options for the next year
are to go to Japan to teach English to Japanese children or work at the McDonald’s back in her
hometown. Using evidence from the text, which should she choose?
Ans: Varies
individuals.
13. Explain the importance and characteristics of interaction from a rational choice theory,
ethnomethodological, and dramaturgical perspective. Include the key assumptions of each
theory. Also, detail the motivation of interpersonal interaction from each of the three
perspectives, and integrate at least one critique of each theory in your discussion.
Ans: Varies
behavior.
Answer Location: Theoretical Perspectives on the Interaction Process
14. Using either yourself or someone you know as an example, describe a status set of an
individual using at least five statuses. Which of these statuses are ascribed, and which are
achieved? Does this individual have a master status? Describe some corresponding roles for each
of the statuses. How might this individual experience role strain? What about role conflict?
Ans: Varies
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15. List and discuss at least four problems in bureaucracies that were presented in the text. How
would you address these problems? What would the ideal organizational structure for macro-
level groups look like in the United States?
Ans: Varies
organizations.
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Ballantine, Our Social World, Fifth Edition

Test Bank for Our Social World Introduction to

Chapter 5 – Interaction, Groups, and Organizations: Connections That Work

2. Our social networks include all of the following EXCEPT this:

c. the United Nations

Answer Location: Elements of Social Interaction

11. Reciprocity, or a mutual offering of favors, is a motivator for interaction according to

17. Which of the following is an ascribed status?

18. Which of the following is an achieved status?

21. Which of the following is a characteristic of a group?

23. Durkheim’s concept of anomie refers to a ______.

24. According to Durkheim’s discussion of suicide, anomic suicide refers to

Answer Location: Types of Groups

29. Which of the following traits is NOT characteristic of in-groups?

30. The main purpose of a bureaucracy is to

33. The iron law of oligarchy states that

35. Which of the following is an example of individuals and macro-level organizations

2. Because norms govern social behavior, social interaction is rarely misinterpreted.

8. Touching, embracing, and kissing are indicators of personal distance.

11. Ethnomethodology and dramaturgy draw from symbolic interaction theory.

Answer Location: Symbolic Interaction Theory

12. According to rational choice theory, interactions generally involve expectations of

13. The A-OK sign is an insult in Japan.

17. “Father” is a social status.

18. Gender and ethnicity are examples of achieved statuses.

19. Being a guitarist in a band is an achieved status.

27. Durkheim found that personal despair always motivates suicide.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Difficulty Level: Medium

35. Goal displacement is a common problem in bureaucracies.

Difficulty Level: Medium

9. List and briefly discuss the characteristics of Weber’s ideal-type bureaucracy.

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