Our Social World Condensed An Introduction To Sociology 5th Edition Ballantine Test Bank 1

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Ballantine, Our Social World: Condensed, 5e

SAGE Publishing, 2018
Test Bank for Our Social World Condensed An

Introduction to Sociology 5th Edition Ballantine
Roberts Korgen 1506362028 9781506362021
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Chapter 5: Interaction, Groups, and Organizations: Connections

That Work
Test Bank
Multiple Choice
1. When Stanley Milgram set out to understand the distance between individuals in
society, he found that we need to go through an average of ______ individuals before
accessing a previously unacquainted target.
a. three
b. six
c. eight
d. 10
Ans: b
Learning Objective: 5.1: Demonstrate the impact social networks can have on the lives
of individuals.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Networks and Connections in Our Social World
Difficulty Level: Easy
2. Our social networks include all of the following EXCEPT:

a. private interactions.
b. small groups.
c. global organizations.
d. singing by yourself in the shower.
Ans: d
of individuals.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
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Answer Location: Networks at the Micro, Meso, and Macro Levels

Difficulty Level: Medium
3. Through our social networks, we are linked to all of the following EXCEPT:
a. religious organizations.
b. political subcultures.
c. the United Nations.
d. your sense of smell
Ans: d
of individuals.
4. ______ govern social contexts to let us know what is the right and proper behavior in
social interaction.
a. Norms
b. Sanctions
c. Statuses
d. Ethnomethodologies
Ans: a
Learning Objective: 5.2: Provide examples of how verbal and nonverbal interaction
guides our behavior.
Answer Location: Elements of Social Interaction
5. ______ is interaction using facial expressions, the head, eye contact, body posture,
gestures, touch, walk, status symbols, and personal space.
a. Nonverbal communication
b. Exchange
c. Ethnomethodology
d. Presentations of self
Ans: a
6. Andrew meets his girlfriend in an airport terminal coffee shop after being apart for the
past 3 months. They will most likely communicate within ______.
a. culturally sensitive distance
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b. public distance
c. intimate distance
d. personal distance
Ans: c
7. Nicole addresses an introductory sociology course as a guest lecturer. She is most

likely to address the class while standing at a ______.
a. social distance
b. personal distance
c. intimate distance
d. public distance
Ans: d
8. Cindy just changed her major from psychology to sociology and is trying to make
friends in her sociology class. One day, Jack, a fellow sociology major, says,
“Psychology is only for people interested in studying rats.” Cindy laughs, even though
she disagrees with him and did not think the joke was funny. According to
dramaturgists, Cindy is performing ______ behavior.
a. self-hate
b. side-stage
c. backstage
d. front-stage
Ans: d
Answer Location: Symbolic Interaction Theory
9. Maria interviews Eric for an entry-level position at the firm where she works.
According to Edward Hall, the two will most likely sit at a(n) ______ distance from one
another.
a. intimate
b. social
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c. public
d. personal
Ans: b
10. Sue is in biology class. Her professor explains a theory that she does not
understand. The professor asks if there are any questions, and no one raises their
hand. Sue is reluctant to raise her hand because she feels uncomfortable. This is an
example of the ______.
a. rational choice theory
b. status inconstancy principle
c. rationalization principle
d. social construction of reality
Ans: d
11. Reciprocity, or a mutual offering of favors, is a motivator for interaction according to

______.
a. linguistic relativity theory
b. rational choice theory
c. ethnomethodology
d. dramaturgy
Ans: b
Answer Location: Rational Choice Theory
12. After experiencing combat, many veterans experience internal disorder, conflict, and
a sense of normlessness because of the chaos created by war. Émile Durkheim would
say that they are feeling ______.
a. anomie
b. altruism
c. egotism
d. latent emotions
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Ans: a
Answer Location: Group Solidarity, Anomie, and Suicide
13. Isabella is a good student; she attends sociology class, does well in her other
studies, and would never break a campus rule. Unfortunately, her brother Craig is
addicted to drugs, steals from their mother, and lives on the streets. One day, Craig
calls Isabella and asks her to let him stay in her dorm. Isabella knows that visitors are
not allowed in the dormitory, but she wants to help her brother. According to role
theorists, Isabella is feeling ______.
a. role conflict
b. role strain
c. role reversal
d. all of these
Ans: a
Answer Location: Role Strain and Role Conflict
14. Most of the time, we engage in ______ behavior, the behavior safest with casual
acquaintances because it is scripted.
a. backstage
b. front-stage
c. onstage
d. unstaged
Ans: b
15. ______ refer to our social positions, and ______ refer to the expectations
associated with a social position.
a. Master statuses; status sets
b. Status sets; master statuses
c. Roles; statuses
d. Statuses; roles
Ans: d
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Answer Location: Relationship Between Status and Role
16. Which of the following is an ascribed status?

a. physician
b. daughter
c. employee
d. friend
Ans: b
of individuals.
Answer Location: Social Status: Individuals’ Link to Groups
17. Which of the following is an achieved status?

a. grandson
b. Latino
c. woman
d. parent
Ans: d
of individuals.
18. Lee promised his brother Kirby that he would watch the Cincinnati Bengals’s football
game with him at home. However, Lee’s friend Sue won tickets on a local radio station,
and she wants Lee to come to the game with her. Because Lee is torn between his role
as Sue’s friend and Kirby’s brother, Lee is experiencing ______.
a. role conflict
b. role strain
c. role confusion
d. status inconsistency
Ans: a
of individuals.
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19. Carolina’s daughter wants to go to a local concert that will keep her out past curfew.
Although Carolina feels that as a good mom, she should be her daughter’s friend and
consider her daughter’s wishes, she also believes that a good mother should provide
structure by maintaining rules. Carolina is experiencing ______.
a. role confusion
b. role conflict
c. role strain
d. status inconsistency
Ans: c
of individuals.
20. Which of the following is a characteristic of a group?

a. members pursuing individual goals
b. inability to recruit new members
c. freedom of expected behaviors
d. members engaging in structured interaction patterns
Ans: d
Learning Objective: 5.3: Describe the needs primary and secondary groups meet for
members of society and the overall society.
Answer Location: Groups in Our Social World: The Micro-Meso Connection
21. According to the text, the belief that minorities (sexual, racial, religious, etc.) are
detrimental to workplace efficiency is false because:
a. on average, immigrants work harder than nonimmigrants.
b. employers can pay immigrants less and therefore increase profit.
c. diversity increases productivity and problem solving.
d. minorities do not experience role strain.
Ans: c
Learning Objective: 5.5: Explain why networking with people from different cultures has
become increasingly important.
Answer Location: Diversity and Equity in Organizations
22. Durkheim’s concept of anomie refers to a ______.

a. state of normlessness
b. social fact
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c. small, premodern society held together by kinship ties

d. large, modern society with a specialized division of labor
Ans: a
of individuals
23. According to Durkheim’s discussion of suicide, anomic suicide refers to:

a. suicide caused by an individual experiencing disorder and turmoil and lacking clear
norms and guidelines for social behavior.
b. suicide caused by feeling little social bond to the group or society.
c. suicide caused by such a strong bond and group obligation that the individual is
willing to die for the group.
d. suicide caused by depression due to downward mobility.
Ans: a
of individuals.
24. According to Durkheim, the key finding of his study on suicide is that suicide can be
predicted by the:
a. level of cohesion in the individual’s social network.
b. degree to which an individual was integrated into the group.
c. number of social groups the individual belonged to.
d. individual’s religious affiliation.
Ans: b
of individuals.
25. Krista’s group of college friends is considered a(n) ______ group because they have
a strong sense of loyalty to one another, they care deeply about each other, and they
receive intrinsic value from belonging.
a. out-
b. secondary
c. primary
d. reference
Ans: c
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Answer Location: Types of Groups
26. Roman’s fellow factory workers are considered a(n) ______ group because they are
a large, task-oriented group that focuses on achieving a specific goal.
a. out-
b. primary
c. secondary
d. reference
Ans: c
27. All of the following are problematic by-products of bureaucracies EXCEPT:

a. alienation.
b. goal displacement.
c. oligarchy.
d. increased efficiency.
Ans: d
Learning Objective: 5.4: Show how the characteristics of bureaucracy apply to formal
organizations.
Answer Location: Modern Organizations and Their Evolution
28. Which of the following traits is NOT characteristic of in-groups?

a. a desire to incorporate members of an out-group
b. hostility or rejection of out-group members
c. strong feelings of superiority
d. feelings of prejudice and ethnocentrism
Ans: a
29. The main purpose of a bureaucracy is to:
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a. encourage development of secondary groups.

b. limit the role of primary groups in socialization.
c. maximize efficiency.
d. develop anomie.
Ans: c
organizations.
30. All of the following are characteristics of ideal-type bureaucracy EXCEPT:

a. an emphasis on democratic decision-making.
b. a division of labor based on technical competence.
c. an administrative hierarchy.
d. formal rules and regulations.
Ans: a
organizations.
31. After working at a local fast-food restaurant for two years, Chris becomes
uninvolved and unconnected to his job. He finds his job boring and feels he will not be
promoted to a better position. Chris is most likely experiencing ______.
a. McDonaldization
b. oligarchy
c. goal displacement
d. alienation
Ans: d
organizations.
Answer Location: Issues in Bureaucracies
32. The iron law of oligarchy states that:

a. pay and working conditions are highly influential in workers’ productivity.
b. workers are objectified in the process of creating a product that they do not see
completed or from which they do not gain profits.
c. the original motives or goals of an organization are displaced by new, secondary
goals.
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d. power becomes concentrated in the hands of a small group of leaders in

organizations.
Ans: d
organizations.
33. ______ refer to new approaches that have developed to deal with some of the
dysfunctions of bureaucracy.
a. Alternative organization structures
b. Informal institutions
c. Secondary groups
d. Informal structures
Ans: a
organizations.
34. Which of the following is an example of individuals and macro-level organizations

interacting?
a. a father who joins the parent-teacher association
b. a cat handler who shows her Devon rex cats at a state Cat Fanciers’ Association
show
c. women around the globe receiving training and education from the United Nations
d. a fan attending a regional football league game
Ans: c
Answer Location: National and Global Networks: The Macro Level
35. To correct some of the dysfunctions caused by bureaucracy, the Sociology

Company makes all decisions as a group, emphasizes cooperation, and uses personal
appeals to ensure that everyone participates in problem-solving. The Sociology
Company is a(n) ______ organization.
a. informal
b. secondary
c. democratic-collective
d. oligarchic
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Ans: c
organizations.
True/False
1. Global organizations, such as the United Nations, are linked to individuals through
social networks.
Ans: T
of individuals.
2. Because norms govern social behavior, social interaction is rarely misinterpreted.

Ans: F
3. Using the turn signal to let the drivers around you know that you are turning left is an
example of obeying a social norm.
Ans: T
4. Researchers find that words make up less than 35% of the emotional content of a
message.
Ans: T
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5. In the context of foreign language acquisition, nonverbal messages are the easiest
part to master.
Ans: F
6. The amount of personal space an individual needs to feel comfortable varies by

cultural setting.
Ans: T
7. Personal distance is used for first-time business relations, such as a job interview.
Ans: F
8. Touching, embracing, and kissing are indicators of personal distance.

Ans: F
9. Social distance is the distance most public figures use for addressing others,
especially in formal settings.
Ans: F
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10. Because personal space is decided culturally, men and women in the same culture
have similar personal-space norms.
Ans: F
11. According to rational choice theory, interactions generally involve expectations of

reciprocity.
Ans: T
Answer Location: Rational Choice Theory
12. The A-OK sign is an insult in Japan.

Ans: F
13. According to dramaturgy, we only perform a small portion of our interactions in front
of audiences.
Ans: F
14. At home or with close friends with whom we are more intimate, we engage in front-
stage behavior.
Ans: F
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15. The “real you” is most evident when you engage in backstage behavior.
Ans: T
16. “Father” is a social status.

Ans: T
17. Gender and ethnicity are examples of achieved statuses.

Ans: F
18. Being a guitarist in a band is an achieved status.

Ans: T
19. Others assign one to a master status, so it is unlikely to affect an individual’s self-
concept.
Ans: F
20. Michael enjoys being the most popular boy in his high school. All of his popular
friends are on the soccer team, but Michael does not like soccer because he does not
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like running. Despite his dislike for soccer, he tries out for the school team.
Dramaturgists would categorize his behavior as impression management.
Ans: T
21. Within a group, individuals may hold both formal and informal statuses.
Ans: T
Answer Location: Relationship Between Status and Role
22. Role strain is the tension between roles within one status.
Ans: T
23. Grandma Elly feels role conflict because she wants to be a good grandma and give
her grandson, Jackson, a cookie but knows that a good grandma would not ruin her
grandson’s appetite with sweets. Grandma Elly is experiencing role conflict.
Ans: F
24. Role conflict differs from role strain in that conflict is between the roles within one
status.
Ans: F
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25. In the United States, status is stable and does not change over time.
Ans: F
26. Durkheim found that personal despair always motivates suicide.

Ans: F
of individuals.
27. Working toward accomplishing a goal or a task often motivates secondary groups.
Ans: T
28. Ben has a new job and admires his new boss, Ray, because he is intelligent,
aggressive, honest, and (most importantly) successful. Ray is most likely part of Ben’s
reference group.
Ans: T
29. The feelings we often have for members of out-groups can result in prejudice and
ethnocentrism.
Ans: T
30. Individuals require organizations for human interaction and to meet their needs.
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Ans: T
organizations.
Answer Location: Formal Organizations and Modern Life
31. Weber used the term ideal-type bureaucracy to describe a bureaucracy that would
not experience the typical dysfunctions associated with bureaucracy.
Ans: F
organizations.
Answer Location: Characteristics of Bureaucracy
32. It is easy for individuals to maintain morals and values when working in an
extremely large organization.
Ans: F
organizations.
33. Because of the success of affirmative-action policies, minorities are equally

promoted within bureaucratic organizations.
Ans: F
organizations.
34. Goal displacement is a common problem in bureaucracies.

Ans: T
organizations.
35. An example of goal displacement is the case of Pedro Espada Jr. who pleads guilty
to charges of stealing money from health care clinics he ran in the Bronx.
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Ans: T
organizations.
36. Some companies pay millions in taxes to move their physical headquarters from one
nation to another, an advantage to being a global business.
Ans: F
Difficulty Level: Hard
Essay
1. List and briefly discuss two links from your micro-level networks.
Ans: Varies. One link might be another student in a class. We might interact every class
or even become Facebook friends. Another link might be an individual at my church. We
would likely interact once or twice a week.
of individuals.
Cognitive Domain: Application
2. Dan is on a first date with a woman. They do not know each other, and Dan, an adept
sociology student, wonders which of the four social distances to maintain while at the art
exhibit. Which distance should Dan use? Why?
Ans: Varies. Personal distance. This is the distance we use when we are having
informal interactions with acquaintances.
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
3. Compare and contrast ascribed, achieved, and master statuses. Provide an example
of each.
Ans: Varies. An ascribed status is one that you are born with, such as race or class. An
achieved status is one that is achieved such as teacher or doctor. A master status is the
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status that is central to one’s identity. For many women, it may be that they are a
woman. For men, their profession might define them.
4. Compare and contrast role strain and role conflict. Provide an example of each.
Ans: Varies. Role strain refers to the competing demands within one role such as
teacher. The teacher may need to do many things at a time and those responsibilities
can cause strain. Role conflict is the conflict between two roles such as that of teacher
and mother.
5. Compare and contrast egoistic, anomic, and altruistic suicide as Durkheim described
them.
Ans: Varies. Egoistic suicide happens when an individual feels little bonds to his or her
family and society. Anomic suicide happens when individuals feel a sense of
normlessness. Altruistic suicide happens when individuals are too attached to their
society and are willing to die for them.
of individuals.
6. Name at least three ways primary groups differ from secondary groups and then
provide an example of each type.
Ans: Varies. Primary groups differ from secondary groups because: you keep in touch
with people in them on a regular basis; they provide a sense of belonging; and they are
intrinsically rewarding. An example of a primary group might be family and an example
of a secondary group might be someone’s coworkers.
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Instructor Resource
7. List and briefly discuss two advantages and two disadvantages of McDonaldization.
In your opinion, do you think McDonaldization is a good or a bad process?
Ans: Varies. Two advantages of McDonaldization might be that you know that no matter
where you go, a product or service is going to be identical and you know how much it
will likely cost. Two disadvantages of McDonaldization might be that smaller businesses
do not stand a chance, and that we become disenchanted with the world.
organizations.
Answer Location: Sociology Around the World
8. List and briefly discuss the characteristics of Weber’s ideal-type bureaucracy.

Ans: Varies. There is a clear division of labor, there is a distinct hierarchy, formal rules,
there is an emphasis on rationality, and impersonal relationships.
organizations.
9. Briefly describe the informal structure of an organization of which you are a member
(e.g., your school, workplace, or religious organization).
Ans: Varies. Informal structure of college might be working with other students to study
for a test or to get ready for a class. This is not required but springs up to meet the
needs of the institution.
organizations.
10. What are the different ways people use their social networks? Detail at least two
ways individuals develop their micro-level networks, and contrast this with at least two
ways individuals develop their meso-level networks.
Ans: Varies. People develop their micro-level networks because of the associations they
have in their lives. Two examples might be work and a religious organization to which
someone belongs. These develop as a result of day-to-day interactions. A micro-level
network such as education or religion might lead a person to develop a meso-level
network such as belonging to a political party or being part of a national social
movement.
of individuals.
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Answer Location: Groups in Our Social World: The Micro-Meso Connection

11. Using either yourself or someone you know as an example, describe a status set of
an individual using at least five statuses. Which of these statuses are ascribed, and
which are achieved? Does this individual have a master status? Describe some
corresponding roles for each of the statuses. How might this individual experience role
strain? What about role conflict?
Ans: Varies. I have the status of student, wife, daughter, woman, and working class.
The statuses of wife, daughter, and woman are ascribed. Working class is also ascribed
because I was born working class. The status of student is achieved. My role as a
student is to get good grades. My role as a wife is to make sure that I put in the correct
labor to maintain a happy union. My role as a daughter is to take care of my mother and
provide my mother and sisters with emotional stability and love. Being a student can
provide strain when I have many things to accomplish. Being a student a wife can cause
conflict when I have to prioritize the corresponding roles of student to the detriment of
the corresponding roles associated with wife.
12. List and discuss at least four problems in bureaucracies that were presented in the
text. How would you address these problems? What would the ideal organizational
structure for macro-level groups look like in the United States?
Ans: Varies. The first problem is that authority rests with someone who has a particular
title rather than expertise. This might lead to confusion and anger; and cause the
organization to run less efficiently than it would if the person with expertise had
authority. The second problem is that people within bureaucracies are rewarded
externally with bonuses or raises. This might lead to someone feeling burned out if their
job is not internally rewarding and lead to a less effective workplace. Third, the needs of
the organization of prioritized over people’s needs. This might also lead to anger and a
less effective product or service. Fourth, they may cause alienation which occurs when
a worker feels unappreciated or unwanted.
organizations.
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Ballantine, Our Social World: Condensed, 5e

Test Bank for Our Social World Condensed An

Chapter 5: Interaction, Groups, and Organizations: Connections

2. Our social networks include all of the following EXCEPT:

Answer Location: Networks at the Micro, Meso, and Macro Levels

7. Nicole addresses an introductory sociology course as a guest lecturer. She is most

11. Reciprocity, or a mutual offering of favors, is a motivator for interaction according to

16. Which of the following is an ascribed status?

17. Which of the following is an achieved status?

20. Which of the following is a characteristic of a group?

22. Durkheim’s concept of anomie refers to a ______.

c. small, premodern society held together by kinship ties

23. According to Durkheim’s discussion of suicide, anomic suicide refers to:

27. All of the following are problematic by-products of bureaucracies EXCEPT:

28. Which of the following traits is NOT characteristic of in-groups?

29. The main purpose of a bureaucracy is to:

a. encourage development of secondary groups.

30. All of the following are characteristics of ideal-type bureaucracy EXCEPT:

32. The iron law of oligarchy states that:

d. power becomes concentrated in the hands of a small group of leaders in

34. Which of the following is an example of individuals and macro-level organizations

35. To correct some of the dysfunctions caused by bureaucracy, the Sociology

2. Because norms govern social behavior, social interaction is rarely misinterpreted.

6. The amount of personal space an individual needs to feel comfortable varies by

8. Touching, embracing, and kissing are indicators of personal distance.

11. According to rational choice theory, interactions generally involve expectations of

12. The A-OK sign is an insult in Japan.

16. “Father” is a social status.

17. Gender and ethnicity are examples of achieved statuses.

18. Being a guitarist in a band is an achieved status.

26. Durkheim found that personal despair always motivates suicide.

33. Because of the success of affirmative-action policies, minorities are equally

34. Goal displacement is a common problem in bureaucracies.

8. List and briefly discuss the characteristics of Weber’s ideal-type bureaucracy.

Answer Location: Groups in Our Social World: The Micro-Meso Connection

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