Personality Psychology: A Student Centered

Approach 2e
Sage Publications
Jim McMartin

PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY A STUDENT

CENTERED APPROACH 2ND EDITION
MCMARTIN TEST BANK

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CHAPTER 5. IDENTITY AND SELF-ESTEEM (70 items)

1. According to William James, our self-esteem is the ratio of . . .

a. Our successes divided by our pretensions
b. Our achievements divided by the successes we expected
*c. Both of the above
d. Neither of the above

2. Research shows that the more people value those skills that they excel at, . . .
a. The greater their expectations for future successes
*b. The higher their overall self-esteem
c. The more depressed they are over their lack of skills in other areas
d. None of the above

3. Research designed to show that low self-esteem is the root cause of such social problems as
drug use, dropping out of school, and criminal activity has repeatedly found that . . .
a. Low self-esteem is the main cause of these social problems
b. Programs that increase self-esteem help to eliminate these social problems
c. Both of the above
*d. Neither of the above

4. One strength of most measures of self-esteem is that . . .

a. They give equal weight to all items, so they are not biased
b. They are standardized and thus are comparable to each other
 Personality Psychology: A Student Centered
Approach 2e
Sage Publications
Jim McMartin

c. Both of the above

*d. Neither of the above

5. Most research efforts designed to show that self-esteem affects behavior have been _______.
*a. nomothetic
b. idiographic
c. idiosyncratic
d. highly standardized

6. In a typical research effort to show that self-esteem affects behavior, the average level of self-
esteem by the participants is _______.
*a. high
b. average
c. low
d. very low

7. An idiographic study of self-esteem is . . .

a. The most efficient way to study the effects of self-esteem
b. The most accurate way to determine the group average
c. Too idiosyncratic to be of much value
*d. Uncommon

8. Erik Erikson attributed his interest and lifelong work on identity to . . .

a. Wanting to please his mother
*b. His need to solve his own identity crisis
c. Coming to America at an early age
d. His fluency in three languages

9. Erikson’s term for the belief that foreign nations, tribes, and countries are inferior to one’s
own is _______.
*a. pseudospeciation
b. ethnocentrism
c. cultural supremacy
d. none of the above

10. Erikson called his theory of personality psychosocial because . . .

*a. It emphasizes both internal psychological variables as well as external societal pressures
b. Erikson was trained as both a psychoanalyst and as a community organizer
 Personality Psychology: A Student Centered
Approach 2e
Sage Publications
Jim McMartin

c. Freud suggested it to him while Erikson was in an hypnotic trance

d. It is basically a sociological theory

11. In Erikson’s view, successfully forming an identity requires . . .

a. An intrapersonal process of continuity over time
b. An interpersonal process of finding a social niche
*c. Both of the above
d. Neither of the above

12. Erikson’s view is that how an adolescent handles his or her identity crisis depends on how
well he or she previously resolved the earlier psychosocial crises. This means that Erikson’s
theory is _______.
a. idiographic
*b. epigenetic
c. organic
d. telepathic

13. In Erikson’s theory, the ego strength that accrues from successfully resolving the identity
crisis is _______.
a. a lifelong identity
b. occupational stability
*c. fidelity
d. name constancy

14. Research shows that individuals with a strong sense of identity, compared to those with
tentative identities, are better able to . . .
a. Control their feelings
b. Successfully achieve their goals
c. Project a consistent self-image to other people
*d. All of the above

15. In Erikson’s view, the identity crisis begins in _______ and ends in _______.
a. early childhood; adolescence
b. adolescence; adolescence
*c. adolescence; adulthood
d. none of the above
 Personality Psychology: A Student Centered
Approach 2e
Sage Publications
Jim McMartin

16. An individual who is unwilling to resolve his or her identity crisis is at risk for acquiring the
ego pathology Erikson calls _______.
*a. role repudiation
b. inertia
c. inhibition
d. inverse ego orientation

17. An individual whose identity is centered around hating and dehumanizing a social group
different from his or her own is said to have _______.
a. a healthy identity
*b. a toxic social identity
c. an epigenetic personality structure
d. KKK leadership potential

18. Individuals who dehumanize people from social groups different from their own tend to
show . . .
a. Disagreeable personality traits such as psychopathy
b. An automatic emotional aversion to unfamiliar persons
c. A social disconnection from other people
*d. All of the above

19. Erikson views adolescence as a period of psychosocial moratorium. This means it is a time
when . . .
*a. The young person can experiment with different social roles without committing to any
particular one
b. The Gothic lifestyle is especially appealing
c. Social moratoria compete for attention
d. None of the above

20. James Marcia has proposed that there are two essential components to identity formation in
adolescence. These are _______.
a. love and knowledge
*b. crisis and commitment
c. moratorium and foreclosure
d. none of the above

21. Investigations of James Marcia’s classification scheme have often found that the highest
levels of self-esteem are found among those who have arrived at _______.
 Personality Psychology: A Student Centered
Approach 2e
Sage Publications
Jim McMartin

*a. identity achievement

b. identity diffusion
c. foreclosure
d. moratorium

22. A college student is observed to deal with stressful situations by procrastinating, engaging in
wishful thinking, or doing anything to reduce the tension rather than directly deal with the
problem. This student is most likely experiencing the identity solution Marcia calls _______.
a. identity achievement
*b. identity diffusion
c. foreclosure
d. moratorium

23. Among college students who switch from one identity status to another, students are more
likely to change from _______ to _______ than the reverse.
a. foreclosure; identity achievement
b. identity diffusion; identity achievement
*c. both of the above
d. neither of the above

24. The recent findings of identity development in adulthood mean that . . .

a. Erikson’s view of identity needs updating
*b. Our identity is flexible and adaptive
c. Erikson’s psychosocial theory is incomplete
d. None of the above

25. According to Erikson, the psychosocial crisis of young adulthood is _______.

*a. intimacy versus isolation
b. identity achievement versus identity confusion
c. work versus play
d. none of the above

26. Research on gender differences in intimacy during adolescence show that . . .

a. Girls engage in more talking and sharing than boys
b. Boys engage in same-sex intimacy via shared activities and sports
c. Intimacy within opposite-sex friendships emerges late in adolescence
*d. All of the above
 Personality Psychology: A Student Centered
Approach 2e
Sage Publications
Jim McMartin

27. In Erikson’s theory, barriers to intimacy include . . .

a. Having parents who are noncommunicative
b. Having parents who are overly communicative
c. Having parents
*d. None of the above

28. Erikson thought that the greatest psychological danger associated with chronic isolation is . .
.
a. Losing one’s grip on reality
*b. The potential return to identity confusion
c. Falling in love out of desperation
d. Losing touch with one’s closest friends

29. Chronically self-deprecating individuals make establishing psychological intimacy with other
people difficult because . . .
a. Other people are only interested in themselves
*b. Negative affect makes it difficult for other people to enjoy themselves
c. Other people already have their own friends
d. All of the above

30. Research has shown there is a positive correlation between identity and intimacy. This means
...
a. Those who have a firm sense of identity do not need to be intimate with others
b. Those who are intimate with others lack a sense of their own identity
*c. Those who have a firm sense of identity have more intimate relationships
d. Those who lack a sense of identity have the most intimate relationships

31. Carol Gilligan disagreed with Erikson’s proposed sequence on the grounds that . . .
a. While men are organized sequentially, women are organized temporally
*b. A woman’s identity is deeply connected with having intimate relationships
c. Erikson’s view applies to prewar Europeans but not to modern Americans
d. None of the above

32. Erikson proposes that _______ is the ego strength that develops from the successful
resolution of the intimacy-versus-isolation conflict.
*a. love
b. mutuality
c. care
 Personality Psychology: A Student Centered
Approach 2e
Sage Publications
Jim McMartin

d. trust

33. “A voluntary interdependence of the lives of two individuals” is Erikson’s definition of

_______.
a. love
*b. mutuality
c. care
d. trust

34. The research of John Alan Lee concluded that there are three primary types of love. These
are _______.
a. companionate, passionate, and compassionate
b. mania, pragma, and agape
*c. eros, ludus, and storge
d. none of the above

35. Ellen Berscheid’s analysis of the extensive literature on the nature of love leads her to
conclude that there are four basic kinds of love. The only kind of love that does not directly
overlap with the earlier analysis of John Alan Lee is the kind of love Berscheid calls _______.
a. romantic-passionate
b. companionate
c. compassionate
*d. attachment

36. Research on Lee and Berscheid’s models of love has been hampered by . . .
a. A lack of interest in love
*b. A lack of precise measurement instruments that can discriminate one type of love from
another
c. A lack of willing participants to discuss such a personal topic as love
d. A lack of statistical models that may be validly applied to the topic of love

37. Adults who revealed that their romantic relationships usually involved obsession and
jealousy were most likely to have been classified as _______ attached.
a. securely
b. avoidantly
*c. ambivalently
d. un
 Personality Psychology: A Student Centered
Approach 2e
Sage Publications
Jim McMartin

38. Studies of the relationship between an adult’s attachment history and the quality of his or her
present romantic relationship indicate that . . .
a. Avoidantly attached adults tend to not believe in romantic love
b. Ambivalently attached adults fear their behavior could be destructive
*c. Both of the above
d. Neither of the above

39. Research has found an association between attachment styles and Lee’s styles of love.
Specifically, securely attached adults favor the _______.
a. eros style of love
b. agape style of love
*c. both of the above
d. neither of the above

40. Erikson identifies _______ as the core pathology associated with the failure to resolve the
generativity-versus-self-absorption-and-stagnation crisis.
a. absence of self-confidence
b. identity diffusion
c. exclusivity
*d. rejectivity

41. Erikson identifies _______ as the ego strength that develops from the successful resolution of
the generativity-versus-self-absorption-and-stagnation crisis.
*a. care
b. love
c. integrity
d. all of the above

42. Research shows that adults who score high on generativity are likely to . . .
a. Favor an authoritarian parenting style
b. Reveal regrets that they were not more politically involved when they were college students
c. Both of the above
*d. Neither of the above

43. Longitudinal studies show increased generative concerns over the decade of the mid-20s to
the mid-30s _______.
a. for both men and women
*b. for men but not women
 Personality Psychology: A Student Centered
Approach 2e
Sage Publications
Jim McMartin

c. for women but not men

d. none of the above

44. Studies of elderly adults have found that those who score high on measures of generativity
tend to _______.
*a. experience more meaning in their lives
b. live longer
c. be married
d. all of the above

45. Carl Rogers believes that self-alienation begins in childhood and is caused by . . .
*a. Wanting to please our parents rather than expressing our authentic feelings
b. Not deciding which of our “selves” to self-actualize
c. Permissive parenting
d. Permissive preschool teachers

46. The term Carl Rogers uses for self-esteem is _______.

a. conditional positive regard
b. unconditional positive regard
*c. positive self-regard
d. conditions of worth

47. Conditions of worth, in the view of Carl Rogers, develops out of children’s experiences of
_______.
a. unconditional positive regard
*b. conditional positive regard
c. positive self-regard
d. none of the above

48. Carl Rogers held that there is one fundamental human motive: the _______.
a. need to be number one
b. need for social connections
c. need for unconditional positive regard
*d. actualizing tendency

49. The psychological value of high self-esteem is that . . .

a. High self-esteem feels better than low self-esteem
*b. High self-esteem helps us persist after failure
 Personality Psychology: A Student Centered
Approach 2e
Sage Publications
Jim McMartin

c. High self-esteem helps us feel superior to others

d. All of the above

50. Compared to people with high self-esteem, those with low self-esteem tend to be . . .
a. More aware of their defects
b. More certain about their attributes, good ones as well as bad ones
c. Both of the above
*d. Neither of the above

51. In the narrative approach of Dan McAdams, our earliest attachments affect _______.
a. our later attachments
b. our self-concept
*c. our narrative tone
d. our narrative ending

52. Dan McAdams believes that the essential contribution of early childhood to adult identity
consists of _______.
a. narrative tone
b. narrative imagery
*c. both of the above
d. neither of the above

53. In the approach of Dan McAdams, the key concept in the narrative study of lives is _______.
*a. narrative identity
b. narrative tone
c. narrative imagery
d. narration

54. McAdams favors the narrative approach to personality because . . .

a. Human beings are natural storytellers
b. Stories connect disparate elements of our lives
c. Stories, like our lives, change over time
*d. All of the above

55. The research program of Dan McAdams and his colleagues focuses on the _______ stage of
development.
a. identity versus identity diffusion
b. intimacy versus isolation
 Personality Psychology: A Student Centered
Approach 2e
Sage Publications
Jim McMartin

*c. generativity versus stagnation

d. integrity versus despair

56. The research program of Dan McAdams can be described as _______.

a. nomothetic
b. ideographic
*c. both of the above
d. neither of the above

57. The addition of an ought self-concept is the essential contribution of _______.

*a. self-discrepancy theory
b. self-verification theory
c. self-efficacy theory
d. self-ought theory

58. In the view of E. Tory Higgins, a discrepancy between your actual self-concept and your
ought self-concept will make you feel _______.
*a. anxious
b. sad
c. self-satisfied
d. confused

59. Positive therapeutic outcomes are associated with . . .

a. Individuals increasing their identification with their ideal selves
*b. Individuals reducing the discrepancy between their ideal and actual selves
c. Individuals reducing the discrepancy between their conditional and unconditional selves
d. None of the above

60. Self-verification theory assumes that . . .

a. Our need for self-verification is our most important need
*b. Our need for self-verification can sometimes be more important than our desire for positive
feedback
c. Our need for self-verification is primarily unconscious
d. None of the above

61. Studies of self-verification and social identity have shown that . . .

a. These aspects of ourselves are unrelated
b. Self-verification is more important than social identity
 Personality Psychology: A Student Centered
Approach 2e
Sage Publications
Jim McMartin

*c. Individuals who verify an unflattering aspect of social identity are preferred as interaction
partners
d. Individuals who have no social identity do not engage in self-verification procedures

62. When an individual’s personal identity is dominated by his or her social identity, William
Swann and his colleagues call this _______.
*a. identity fusion
b. identity confusion
c. identity fixation
d. collaborative identity syndrome

63. Individuals are more likely to identify with their social group when . . .
a. Their sense of personal agency has been activated
b. Their group has been disrespected
*c. Both of the above
d. Neither of the above

64. The facial recognition module . . .

a. Is hardwired from birth
b. Works without conscious effort
c. Works automatically
*d. All of the above

65. Sociometer theory assumes we all possess a sociometer whose function is to . . .

a. Keep us from doing anything that will cause us to be ostracized by our group
*b. Monitor our social environment for cues in changes in our relational value
c. Help us respect the opinions of people we dislike
d. Measure the real social value of others

66. An individual who sets his sociometer at too high a level is likely to . . .
a. Overvalue the worth of other people
b. Withdraw from social interaction
*c. Act in a conceited or arrogant way
d. None of the above

67. Albert Bandura adopted the term self-efficacy to mean . . .

a. We possess the skills needed to reach our goals
*b. We believe we possess the skills needed to reach our goals
 Personality Psychology: A Student Centered
Approach 2e
Sage Publications
Jim McMartin

c. Both of the above

d. Neither of the above

68. Albert Bandura thought that an important source of self-efficacy is . . .

*a. Prior successful experiences
b. Favorable genetic inheritance
c. The experience–genetics interaction
d. An active fantasy life

69. Research found that women who enrolled and completed a self-defense program . . .
a. Were better able to control thoughts of failure
b. Felt less vulnerable to physical assault
c. Engaged in more public activities
*d. All of the above

70. The body of research on self-efficacy shows that individuals with high self-efficacy . . .
a. Persist longer in the face of obstacles
b. Anticipate successful future outcomes
c. Are more likely to enter risky situations where failure is possible
*d. All of the above