Perspectives On International Relations Power Institutions and Ideas 5th Edition Nau Test Bank 1

Perspectives on International Relations
Power Institutions and Ideas 5th Edition

Nau Test Bank
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Chapter 04: The Origins and End of the Cold War
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Which of the following was not a way in which the United States and the Soviet Union confronted
each other during the Cold War?
a. Diplomatic crises
b. Direct conflict with each other
c. Arms races and the creation of rival alliances
d. Proxy war
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: p. 158
OBJ: 4-2 COG: Knowledge
2. Which level of analysis describes the argument that the Soviet Union behaved aggressively at
the start of the Cold War because Soviet society was aggressive?
a. The individual level of analysis
b. The domestic level of analysis
c. The foreign policy level of analysis
d. The systemic level of analysis
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: p. 159
OBJ: 4-1 COG: Analysis
3. Which of the following arguments presents a realist explanation for the start of the Cold War?
a. The Cold War was a consequence of the security dilemma.
b. The United States and the Soviet Union came to see themselves as enemies rather than
rivals.
c. The United Nations failed as an international institution to establish collective security.
d. Regional institutions cultivated security and economic interdependence, which
transformed political interests and identities.
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: p. 159
4. What was the name of the American policy of preventing Soviet forces from expanding the territory
they occupied?
a. Encirclement
b. Comintern
c. Containment
d. Compellence
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: p. 161
OBJ: 4-3 COG: Comprehension
5. What is meant by the term the iron curtain?

a. A metaphor for the first physical confrontation of the Cold War, in which Stalin
blocked land routes into Berlin
b. A metaphor for the political divisions between the United States and the Soviet
Union that produced no agreement on the unification of Germany
c. A metaphor for the political, ideological, and physical separation of the Soviet
Union and Western countries during the Cold War
d. A metaphor for the competing theories of what started the Cold War—American
aggression or Soviet ideology
6. What term describes the competitive buildup of weapons systems?

a. Deterrence
b. Arms race
c. Balance of terror
d. Mutually assured destruction
7. During which meeting did wartime allies attempt to produce agreement on the unification of Germany
but ultimately failed?
a. The Potsdam Conference
b. The Congress of Vienna
c. The Helsinki Accords
d. The Yalta Conference
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: p. 163
8. What was the aim of the Marshall Plan?
a. To aid former colonies in the third world in gaining their independence
b. To limit offensive nuclear weapon systems
c. To establish spheres of influence for the United States and the Soviet Union in
Europe
d. To rebuild Germany and the rest of Europe after World War II
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: p. 163
9. According to an argument from the realist perspective, how did the Soviet Union interpret the
proposed expansion of the Marshall Plan to include Eastern European states?
a. The United States sought to build economic cooperation in Europe in order to make
Europe more peaceful.
b. The United States sought to politically and economically dominate states necessary to the
Soviet Union’s security.
c. The United States sought to expand its capitalist and democratic values.
d. The United States sought to take advantage of the United Nations and other international
institutions to ensure collective security.
10. In October 1944, Winston Churchill and Josef Stalin proposed a relative breakdown of how much
influence the Soviet Union and the western Allies would have in post–World War II Europe. This is an
example of which of the following concepts?
a. Decolonization
b. Spheres of influence
c. Détente
d. Extended deterrence
11. What does the balance of terror refer to?

a. The nuclear deterrence strategy that called for the dominance of offensive over
defensive weapons
b. A situation in which two or more countries use the threat of nuclear weapons to
deter conflicts
c. Conflicts in peripheral areas in which nuclear powers tested each other’s military
capabilities and resolve
d. The combination of nuclear land-, sea-, and air-based retaliatory weapons
12. Which term refers to conflicts in peripheral areas in which nuclear powers tested each other’s military
capabilities and resolve?
a. Wars of attrition
b. Hot wars
c. Proxy wars
d. National wars of liberation
13. Which alliance system was led by the Soviet Union and opposed NATO?
a. The Helsinki Accords
b. The Warsaw Pact
c. The Baruch Plan
d. The Potsdam Conference
14. SEATO was a treaty organization developed during the 1950s that included the United States and all
but which of the following countries?
a. Pakistan
b. Iran
c. France
d. Thailand
15. Which of the following describes the concept of extended deterrence?

a. A few nuclear weapons are kept in order to retaliate and inflict unacceptable
damage on an adversary.
b. Many nuclear weapons are kept in order to deter both conventional and limited
nuclear attacks.
c. Nuclear weapons are kept to deter an attack on the territory of an allied country.
d. Nuclear land-, sea-, and air-based retaliatory weapons are kept to defend a country.
16. What type of nuclear weapon is used to destroy industries and cities?
a. Counterforce weapons
b. Countervalue weapons
c. First-strike weapons
d. Second-strike weapons
17. What does escalation dominance accomplish?

a. It destroys the nuclear capabilities of an adversary.
b. It prevents an adversary from escalating their threats and forces them to compromise.
c. It establishes nuclear capabilities on land, at sea, and in the air.
d. It prevents new states from acquiring nuclear capabilities.
18. In exchange for the removal of Soviet nuclear-capable missiles from Cuba, U.S. President John F.
Kennedy agreed to which of the following?
a. The withdrawal of NATO forces from Berlin and a pledge not to invade Cuba
b. The withdrawal of Jupiter missiles from Turkey and a pledge not to invade Cuba
c. Diplomatic recognition of Fidel Castro’s regime and the withdrawal of NATO forces from
Berlin
d. The installation of a “hotline” between Washington, D.C., and Moscow and negotiations
on nuclear disarmament
19. What determines whether an argument about the role of Marxism-Leninism in Soviet expansion is
from the identity or critical theory perspective?
a. It depends on whether Soviet leaders were acting on their belief system or whether the
underlying historical dialectic described by Marxism-Leninism drove the expansion of
communism.
b. It depends on whether or not Soviet leaders actually believed in Marxism-Leninism.
c. It depends on whether communism is a better economic system than capitalism.
d. It depends on whether or not the United States acted on a basis of its own belief system.
20. Arguing that the Truman Doctrine demonstrated the United States’ commitment to spreading and
defending democratic values is an example of an argument from which perspective?
a. The realist perspective
b. The liberal perspective
c. The identity perspective
d. The critical theory perspective
21. What did the policy of rollback entail?

a. Awarding independence to former colonies in the third world
b. Building up defensive systems and reducing offensive weapons
c. Liberating Eastern European countries from Soviet control
d. Defining the Cold War in ideological terms
22. Arguing that an emerging global consciousness led to a decrease in military confrontation and an
increase in global interdependence is an example of an argument from which perspective?
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: pp. 185–186
23. Which perspective would most likely highlight Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev’s New
Thinking as leading to the end of the Cold War?
24. Which level of analysis describes the argument that through interaction, the United States and
the Soviet Union came to see each other as enemies, not rivals?
a. The individual level of analysis
b. The domestic level of analysis
c. The foreign policy level of analysis
d. The systemic level of analysis
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: p. 202
25. Which of the following states was not a permanent member of the UN Security Council when the
United Nations was founded?
a. The Soviet Union
b. The United States
c. Japan
d. Great Britain
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: p. 190
26. Which of the following differences between U.S. presidents Franklin D. Roosevelt and Harry
S. Truman would be highlighted by the liberal perspective?
a. How they conducted diplomacy
b. Their personal worldview or ideology
c. Their stance on the utility of military force
d. Whether or not they had access to nuclear weapons
27. Which perspective would most likely argue that NATO’s purpose was to back up political and
economic integration in Western Europe?
28. Which of the following was not one of the “baskets” of agreements that were part of the Helsinki
Accords?
a. Human rights
b. Environmental regulation
c. Trade
d. Arms control
29. Which perspective emphasizes the information revolution as a key event leading to the end of the Cold
War?
MULTIPLE RESPONSE
30. Which of the following are key points of the long telegram?
a. The United States will win by spreading democracy.
b. Marxism expresses Russian insecurity.
c. The United States is confrontational.
d. The Soviet Union leads a worldwide communist effort.
ANS: B, D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: p. 156
31. Which two massive military alliances resulted from the use of the logic of force by the United
States and the Soviet Union to checkmate and contain one another?
a. The Warsaw Pact
b. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization
c. The Potsdam Conference
d. The Helsinki Accords
ANS: A, B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: p. 157
32. The revisionist interpretation of the Cold War—that American aggression caused Soviet
insecurity—is most likely argued by which of the following perspectives? (Choose all that
apply.)
ANS: A, D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: p. 164
33. Which of the following was a result of the National Security Council document NSC-68, drafted by
the U.S. White House in 1950? (Choose all that apply.)
a. The defense budget increased in one year from $13.5 billion to $48.2 billion.
b. The United States was given authority to occupy West Germany.
c. The number of U.S. troops in Europe increased from 80,000 in 1950 to 427,000 in 1953.
d. NATO was established as an institution to reinforce political ties among Western allies.
ANS: A, C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: p. 166
34. In 1949, what two major events occurred, leading to the escalation of the Cold War? (Choose all that
apply.)
a. The assassination of U.S. President John F. Kennedy
b. Communist victory in the Chinese Civil War
c. The testing of the Soviet Union’s first nuclear weapon
d. The drafting of Kennan’s long telegram
ANS: B, C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: p. 162 | p. 166
35. Which of the following events contributed to the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962? (Choose all that
apply.)
a. The United States launched an invasion of Cuba, known as the Bay of Pigs invasion, in
1961, increasing tensions between the United States and Cuba’s ally, the Soviet Union.
b. The United States had a substantial superiority of nuclear weapons over the Soviet Union.
c. The United States removed Jupiter missiles from Turkey.
d. The United States built the Berlin Wall in 1961 to keep East German citizens from
entering West Germany.
ANS: A, B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: p. 171
36. In 1956 and 1968, the Soviet Union deployed forces in which two Warsaw Pact states? (Choose all
that apply.)
a. Hungary
b. East Germany
c. Czechoslovakia
d. Poland
ANS: A, C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: p. 173
37. What developments led some analysts to conclude that America was in decline in the 1970s and
1980s? (Choose all that apply.)
a. The successful negotiation for the release of hostages from Iran in 1979
b. The projection of Soviet power beyond Eurasia
c. Domestic problems like economic hardship, racial tensions, and political scandals
d. Technological development in the United States lagged behind that of the Soviet Union
ANS: B, C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: p. 176
38. Which of the following strategies did U.S. President Ronald Reagan use to build American
power after fears of American decline in the 1970s? (Choose all that apply.)
a. Programs to build space-based defense systems
b. The deregulation and restructuring of the American economy
c. Programs to build up arsenals of offensive nuclear weapons
d. New taxes to fund U.S. military exercises abroad
ANS: A, B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: p. 177
39. The identity perspective highlights which of the following as reasons for the end of the Cold War?
(Choose all that apply.)
a. Convergence of ideas
b. Change of ideas
c. Divergence of ideas
d. Triumph of ideas
ANS: A, B, D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: p. 184
40. Which of the following was an outcome of the European Economic Community? (Choose all that
apply.)
a. It created a common policy in agriculture, which managed prices above market levels.
b. It pooled research and development activities to exploit peaceful uses of nuclear power.
c. It established common external tariffs and eliminated internal tariffs.
d. It created a common foreign and security policy.
ANS: A, C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: p. 193
TRUE/FALSE
41. The liberal perspective argues that Soviet behavior was determined by strategic and
geopolitical factors.
ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: p. 159

42. The Warsaw Pact included the Soviet Union, East Germany, Poland, and Yugoslavia, among other
Eastern European countries.
ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: p. 167

43. Minimum deterrence is a strategy that relies on a few nuclear weapons to retaliate and inflict
unacceptable damage on the adversary.
ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: p. 167

44. The United States employed a strategy of maximum deterrence during the Cold War to defend the
territories of its allies in Europe.

45. According to the realist perspective, one major cause of the Cold War was that Stalin feared
democratic systems in Eastern Europe would undermine the communist system in the Soviet Union.

46. The Korean War is an example of a proxy war.

47. Rollback refers to a theory held by the superpowers that if one country in a developing region went
over to the other side, other countries in the region would follow.

48. The difference between the policies of Sovietization and Finlandization was whether a state
could keep its domestic system while aligning with Moscow on foreign policy.

49. While deterrence under mutual assured destruction depended on offensive measures, U.S. President
Ronald Reagan’s policies and plans, such as the Strategic Defense Initiative, suggested that defensive
systems might be built up and offensive weapons built down.

50. European integration began with the creation of the European Coal and Steel Community, an
economic institution that integrated the coal and steel industries of France and Germany.
ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: p. 193

51. The Organisation for European Economic Co-operation became the Organisation for Economic Co-
operation and Development in 1961 when the United States and Canada joined.
ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: pp. 193–194

52. The Truman Doctrine cast the Cold War in terms of a struggle between two alternative
ideologies (or ways of life).

COMPLETION
53. The long telegram outlines the policy of ________.
ANS: containment
PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: p. 156 OBJ: 4-2

COG: Comprehension
54. Winston Churchill referred to post–World War II Europe as being divided by ________ extending
“from Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic.”
ANS: an Iron Curtain

PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: p. 162 OBJ: 4-2
COG: Knowledge
55. The argument that the United States provoked the Cold War is called a ________ interpretation
because it reverses a traditional argument (in this case, that the Soviet Union provoked the Cold War).
ANS: revisionist

COG: Comprehension
56. The ________ was a proxy war, begun in 1950, that globalized the Cold War alliances.
ANS: Korean War

COG: Knowledge
57. ________ is the use of threat to stop an attack before it occurs.
ANS: Deterrence

COG: Comprehension
58. The strategy of ________ relies on many nuclear weapons to deter both conventional and limited
nuclear attacks.
ANS: maximum deterrence

COG: Comprehension
59. In theory, ________ capability will deter a first strike by ensuring that enough nuclear weapons
survive the first strike to inflict an unacceptable amount of damage in retaliation.
ANS: second-strike
PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: pp. 168–169 OBJ: 4-3

COG: Comprehension
60. The ________ refers to the combination of land-, sea-, and air-based retaliatory weapons.
ANS: nuclear triad

COG: Comprehension
61. After World War II, the process of ________ created more than fifty new states in Africa, Asia, and
the Middle East.
ANS: decolonization
COG: Comprehension
62. The Soviet Union supported ________ in recently decolonized developing countries, a type of
proxy war against Western colonialism.
ANS: national wars of liberation

COG: Comprehension
63. The ________, led by India, Yugoslavia, and Egypt, was a coalition that stressed neutrality in the
Cold War.
ANS: nonaligned movement

COG: Comprehension
64. In 1979, the Soviet Union invaded ________.
ANS: Afghanistan

COG: Knowledge
65. U.S. President Ronald Reagan proposed the nuclear strategy of ________, which focused on building
up defensive systems and reducing offensive weapons.
ANS: mutual assured protection

COG: Comprehension
66. The identity perspective stresses three main origins of the Cold War: ________ in the Soviet Union,
American democracy, and how the United States and Soviet Union came to see each other as enemies.
ANS: Marxist-Leninism

COG: Comprehension
67. ________ refers to Mikhail Gorbachev’s ideas of domestic reform known as glasnost and perestroika.
ANS: New Thinking

COG: Comprehension
68. ________ is a scholarly inquiry dedicated to the study of the potential for international peace. It
emphasized collective and common-humanity approaches rather than balance of power.
ANS: Peace research studies

COG: Comprehension
69. The ________, proposed by the United States in 1946, sought to create a UN agency to control and
manage nuclear weapons cooperatively.
ANS: Baruch Plan

COG: Knowledge
70. The ________ phase of the Cold War began in the 1960s when the West initiated diplomatic
overtures to the Soviet Union.
ANS: détente

COG: Comprehension
SHORT ANSWER
71. In the long telegram, how did George F. Kennan analyze Soviet motives and strategy, and how did he
recommend the United States deal with the Soviet Union?
ANS:
Varies. In the long telegram, George F. Kennan emphasized six key points. First, he argued that the
Soviet Union is confrontational and that it expected conflict with the capitalist West. Second, he
argued that the Soviet Union’s modern communist ideology was an expression of a traditional sense of
Russian insecurity. Third, he argued that the Soviet Union will expand its power. Fourth, he argued
that the Soviet Union led a worldwide communist movement and coordinated the work of communist
parties and “front organizations” in order countries. Fifth, he argued that the United States must
contain the Soviet Union and let communism fail; containment involved resistance to Soviet power,
not overreaction to its ideology. Sixth, he argued that the United States will win against the Soviet
Union by improving its own society, rather than by spreading freedom.

COG: Comprehension
72. What is the difference between the American policies of containment and rollback?
ANS:
Varies. Containment involves drawing a line around the periphery of the territories held by the Soviet
Union and checking any Soviet aggression outside that line, either by deterring them with military
alliances or by using force. Rollback involves liberating territories held by the Soviet Union. (It was
originally used by John Foster Dulles with regard to Eastern Europe.)
PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: p. 161 | p. 182

OBJ: 4-3 COG: Application
73. After decolonization, how did the Soviet Union and the United States become involved in newly
independent states?
ANS:
Varies. After World War II, decolonization created over fifty new states in the Middle East, Africa,
and Asia. Both the Soviet Union and the United States stepped into the power vacuum left by the
departing colonial powers. They intervened militarily in many states (the United States in Korea,
Vietnam, and throughout Latin America; the Soviet Union in Cuba, Afghanistan, and throughout
Africa) and competed to establish friendly governments. In many cases, involvement in newly
independent states took the form of a proxy war; the United States would back “freedom fighters”
against communist revolutions, while the Soviet Union would back “wars of national liberation”
against Western colonialism.

COG: Comprehension
74. In the 1980s, what developments allowed the United States to recover after it seemed that American
power was declining?
ANS:
Varies. After his election in 1980, U.S. President Ronald Reagan launched a massive military and
economic buildup. In the military sphere, defense expenditures rose and the United States deployed
intermediate-range nuclear forces to Europe and initiated the Strategic Defense Initiative. In the
economic sphere, deregulation and restructuring led to an economic comeback.
PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: pp. 176–177 OBJ: 4-2

COG: Knowledge
75. According to the identity perspective, how did Mikhail Gorbachev’s New Thinking lead to the end of
the Cold War?
ANS:
Varies. Gorbachev’s New Thinking involved domestic reform known as glasnost (which opened up
political debate) and perestroika (which restructured and modernized the bureaucracy and economy).
In addition, Gorbachev began to entertain new ideas about security structures in Europe as a result of
the influence of peace research studies and other transnational and intergovernmental contacts that
developed after the Helsinki Accords.
PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: p. 186 OBJ: 4-2

COG: Application
76. According to the liberal perspective, what role did the Helsinki Accords play in the policy of détente?
ANS:
Varies. The Helsinki Accords encouraged diplomatic interactions and economic interdependence
between the superpowers and were the peak of détente. They involved thirty-five nations from both
East and West, meeting under the auspices of the UN Conference on Security and Cooperation in
Europe (the future OSCE). They adopted three “baskets” of agreements (involving arms control, trade,
and human rights). Following the Helsinki Accords, the SALT II agreements limited offensive
weapons, trade restrictions between the United States and Soviet Union were relaxed, and human
rights monitoring began to open up communist systems.
PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: p. 196 | p. 198

OBJ: 4-1 COG: Application
77. According to the identity perspective, how did ideas change so that the Cold War could come to an
end?
ANS:
Varies. According to the identity perspective, there are three possible ways in which ideas changed to
bring the Cold War to an end. First, the identities of the United States and the Soviet Union may have
converged. The United States became more community-oriented, and the Soviet Union became more
individual-oriented, allowing them to meet in the center. Second, Soviet ideas may have changed.
Gorbachev’s New Thinking (based on peace research studies and transnational and intergovernmental
contacts with the West) reformulated foreign policy choices, and the Soviet Union became less
confrontational and threatening. Third, American ideas may have won against communism. Upon
coming to office in 1981, U.S. President Ronald Reagan took an aggressive ideological approach and
instituted rollback (or the liberation of communist-held states) as his objective, rather than
containment.
PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: pp. 186–188 OBJ: 4-1

COG: Application

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Power Institutions and Ideas 5th Edition

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Chapter 04: The Origins and End of the Cold War

5. What is meant by the term the iron curtain?

6. What term describes the competitive buildup of weapons systems?

11. What does the balance of terror refer to?

15. Which of the following describes the concept of extended deterrence?

17. What does escalation dominance accomplish?

21. What did the policy of rollback entail?

ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: p. 159

ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: p. 167

ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: p. 167

ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: p. 168

ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: p. 171

46. The Korean War is an example of a proxy war.

ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: p. 166

ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: p. 182

ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: p. 183

ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: p. 177

ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: p. 193

ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: pp. 193–194

ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: p. 181

53. The long telegram outlines the policy of ________.

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: p. 156 OBJ: 4-2

ANS: an Iron Curtain

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: p. 164 OBJ: 4-2

ANS: Korean War

PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: p. 167 OBJ: 4-4

57. ________ is the use of threat to stop an attack before it occurs.

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: p. 167 OBJ: 4-3

ANS: maximum deterrence

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: p. 167 OBJ: 4-3

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: pp. 168–169 OBJ: 4-3

ANS: nuclear triad

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: p. 169 OBJ: 4-5

ANS: national wars of liberation

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: p. 173 OBJ: 4-4

ANS: nonaligned movement

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: p. 174 OBJ: 4-4

64. In 1979, the Soviet Union invaded ________.

PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: p. 175 OBJ: 4-4

ANS: mutual assured protection

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: p. 177 OBJ: 4-5

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: p. 180 OBJ: 4-1

ANS: New Thinking

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: p. 186 OBJ: 4-2

ANS: Peace research studies

ANS: Baruch Plan

PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: p. 191 OBJ: 4-2

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: p. 196 OBJ: 4-2

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: pp. 156–157 OBJ: 4-2

PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: p. 161 | p. 182

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: pp. 173–175 OBJ: 4-4

PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: pp. 176–177 OBJ: 4-2

PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: p. 186 OBJ: 4-2

PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: p. 196 | p. 198

PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: pp. 186–188 OBJ: 4-1

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