Physics An Algebra Based Approach Canadian 1st Edition McFarland Solutions Manual 1

Solution Manual for Physics An Algebra Based
Approach Canadian 1st Edition McFarland Hirsch

OMeara 0176531866 9780176531867
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Chapter 5
Newton’s Laws of Motion
Exercises
r r
5-1 The forces acting on the ball are the force of gravity FG downward and tension T exerted
by the string upward.
r
5-2 The forces acting on the cheeseburger are the force of gravity FG downward and the
r
normal force FN exerted upward by the table.
r
5-3 The forces acting on the man are the force of gravity FG downward and the normal force
r
FN exerted upward by the floor of the elevator.
© Copyright 2016 by Nelson Education Ltd. 5-103

Physics: An Algebra-Based Approach
r
5-4 The forces exerted on the erythrocyte are the force of gravity FG downward, an upward
r r
buoyant force Fbuoyant , and an upward fluid friction force Ff .
r r
5-5 The forces acting on the girder are the force of gravity FG downward and tension T
exerted by the cable upward.
r r
5-6 The forces acting on the puck are the force of gravity FG downward, the normal force FN
r
exerted upward by the ice, and the horizontal friction force Ff exerted by the ice opposite
to the direction of motion.
r
5-7 The only force acting on the falling pen is the force of gravity FG downward.
r r
5-8 The forces exerted on the box are the force of gravity FG downward, the normal force FN
r
exerted upward by the floor, the horizontal friction force Ff exerted by the floor opposite
r
to the direction of motion of the box, and the tension T exerted by the rope at 30° above
the horizontal.
r
5-9 The forces exerted on the stove are the force of gravity FG downward, the normal force
r r
FN perpendicular to the ramp exerted by the ramp, the friction force Ff exerted by the
r
ramp opposite to the direction of motion of the box, and the tension T exerted by the
cable parallel to the ramp (at 20° above the horizontal).
5-104 © Copyright 2016 by Nelson Education Ltd.

Chapter 5—Newton’s Laws of Motion
5-10 (a) With +y upward, FRy =  Fy = Fhand − FG = (19 − 19) N = 0 N
r
(b) FRy =  Fy = − FG = −19 N = − 19 N , and FR = 19 N downward
5-11 (a) With +y downward, FRy =  Fy = FG − Fair = (586 − 492) N = 94 N
r
 FR = 94 N downward
r
(b) FRy =  Fy = FG − Fair = (586 − 586) N = 0 N , and FR = 0 N
5-12 With +x forward and +y downward,
FRx =  Fx = Fpull − Ff = (72 − 69) N = 3 N
FRy =  Fy = FG − FN = (153 − 153) N = 0 N
r
 FR = 3 N horizontally forward
5-13 With +x in the direction of the horizontal air drag force, and +y upward,
FRx =  Fx = Fair = 0.354N
FRy =  Fy = Flift − FG = (3.74 − 3.27) N = 0.47 N
r
FR = FRx2 + FRy2 = (0.354)2 +(0.47)2 N = 0.59 N
r  FRy  −1  0.47 N 
Direction of FR : at tan −1   = tan   = 53 up from horizontal
 FRx   0.354 N 
r
 FR = 0.59 N at 53° up from horizontal

5-14 With +x in the direction of the horizontal component of the force exerted by the ground
on the feet, and +y upward,
FRx =  Fx = Ffeet,x = (6382 N) cos 28.3 = 5619 N
FRy =  Fy = Ffeet,y − FG = (6382 N) sin 28.3 − 538 N = 2488 N
r
FR = FRx2 + FRy2 = (5619)2 +(2488)2 N = 6.15  103 N
r  FRy  −1  2488 N 
Direction of FR : at tan −1   = tan   = 23.9 up from horizontal
 FRx   5619 N 
r
 FR = 6.15 103 N at 23.9° up from horizontal
5-15 With +x eastward and +y northward,
FRx =  Fx = (478 sin 54.0 − 412 sin 27.0) N = 199.7 N
FRy =  Fy = (478 cos54.0 + 412 cos 27.0) N = 648.1 N
r
FR = FRx2 + FRy2 = (199.7)2 +(648.1)2 N = 678 N
r F  −1  199.7 N 
Direction of FR : at tan −1  Rx  = tan   = 17.1 east of north
 FRy  648.1 N 
 
r
 FR = 678 N at 17.1° east of north
5-16 Since the force of gravity and normal force have equal magnitudes, the vertical
component of the resultant force is 0 N.
FRx =  Fx = Fpush + Fpull − Ff = 2 N

With +x eastward,
Substituting given values,

Fpush + (252 − 412) N= 2 N, which gives Fpush = 162 N
5-17 With +x eastward and +y southward,
FRx = (56 N) cos 16= 53.8 N, but FRx =  Fx = T1x + T2x , and T1x = 27 N
Therefore, T2x = (53.8 − 27) N = 26.8 N
FRy = (56 N) sin 16= 15.4 N, but FRy =  Fy = T1y + T2y , and T1y = 0 N
Therefore, T2y = 15.4 N
r
T2 = T2x2 + T2y2 = (26.8)2 +(15.4)2 N = 31 N
r  T2y  −1  15.4 N 
Direction of T2 : at tan −1   = tan   = 30 south of east
 T2x   26.8 N 
5-18 With +x to the right, FRx =  Fx = FBx + FHx + FGx .
Therefore, FRx = (129 cos 72.0 − 111cos 70.1 + 0) N
= (39.86 − 37.78) N (keeping one extra digit)
= 2.08 N (still keeping one extra digit)
With +y upward, FRy =  Fy = FBy + FHy + FGy .
Therefore, FRy = (129 sin 72.0 − 111sin 70.1 − 11.6) N
= (122.7 − 104.4 − 11.6) N (keeping one extra digit)
= 6.7 N (still keeping one extra digit)
r
FR = FRx2 + FRy2 = (2.08) 2 +(6.7) 2 N = 7.0 N (still with one extra digit)
r
Thus, to the correct number of significant digits, FR = 7 N.

5-19 With +x in the direction of the horizontal applied force,
 Fx = max , which gives Fhorizontal = (0.15 kg)(32 m/s 2 ) = 4.8 N
5-20 With +x in the direction of the magnetic force,
 Fx = max , or Fmagnetic = me ax
Fmagnetic 3.20  10−15 N

ax = = −31
= 3.51  1015 m/s2
me 9.11  10 kg
5-21 The only force acting on the ball at all stages of its motion is the downward force of
gravity, which produces a downward acceleration (magnitude 9.8 m/s2) of the ball.
(a) downward (b) 9.8 m/s2 (c) downward (d) downward, 9.8 m/s2, downward
(e) downward, 9.8 m/s2, downward
5-22 Same answers as for Question 5-21. (a) downward (b) 9.8 m/s2 (c) downward
(d) downward, 9.8 m/s2, downward (e) downward, 9.8 m/s2, downward
5-23 (a) Vertical forces on smaller box, with +y upward (  a y > 0):
 Fy = T − msmall g = msmall ay T = msmall ( g + ay ) [1]
Vertical forces on large box, with +y downward (  a y > 0):
 Fy = mlarge g − T = mlarge ay T = mlarge ( g − ay )
Equate expressions for T and rearrange:
g + ay (9.80 + 0.38) m/s 2

mlarge = msmall = (0.75 kg) = 0.81 kg
g − ay (9.80 − 0.38) m/s 2

Using Eqn. [1]:
T = msmall ( g + ay ) = (0.75 kg)((9.80 +0.38) m/s 2 ) = 7.6 N
Therefore, the graph of a versus m is a hyperbola, as shown in the sketch below.
(b) a = FR / m
 a  FR if m = constant
Therefore, the graph of a versus FR is linear, as shown in the sketch below.
r r
5-24 FG = m g = (2.45 kg)(9.80 m/s2 ) = 24.0 N
r
r r FG 0.118 N 1000 g
5-25 FG = m g  m = r = 2
= 0.0120 kg  = 12.0 g
g 9.80 m/s 1 kg

5-26 5.4 107 g  mol−1 1 kg

m= −1
= 8.97  10−17 g  = 8.97  10−20 kg
6.02 10 mol
23
1000 g
r r
FG = m g = (8.97 10−20 kg)(9.80 m/s 2 ) = 8.8 10−19 N
r
r r r FG 13 N
5-27 FG = m g  g = = = 3.7 m/s 2
m 3.5 kg
r
5-28 FG,Venus m gr Venus 8.9 m/s 2
r = r = = 0.91100% = 91%, which means a % decrease of 9%.
FG,Earth m gEarth 9.8 m/s 2
5-29 (a) Choose +x in the direction in which the bird’s head is initially moving.
vx2 − v0x
2
(02 − (6.6) 2 ) m 2 /s 2
vx2 = v0x
2
+ 2ax ( x − x0 )  ax = = = −1.1104 m/s 2
2( x − x0 ) 2(2.0 10−3 ) m
 ax = 1.1104 m/s 2
(b) 1 2( x − x0 ) 2(2.0 10−3 ) m

x = x0 + (v0x + vx )t  t = = = 6.110−4 s
2 v0x + vx (6.6 + 0) m/s
(c)
Ftree m ax a 1.1104 m/s 2
= = x = 2
= 1.1103
FG mg g 9.8 m/s
5-30 km 1000 m 1h m
Driving speed v  50    15 . Time t  3 to 5 s.
h 1 km 3600 s s
v − v0 (15 − 0) m/s
v = v0 + at  a =   (3 to 5) m/s 2
t (3 to 5) s
F = ma  ((1000 to 2000) kg)(3 to 5 m/s 2 )  3  103 N to 10  103 N
r r
5-31 Yes. FR = 0 because v = constant (zero in this case).

r r
5-32 Yes. FR = 0 because v = constant.
r r
5-33 No. FR  0 because v  constant (changing in magnitude).
r r
r r
r r
5-36 No. FR  0 because v  constant (changing in magnitude and direction).
r r
5-37 No. FR  0 because v  constant (changing in direction).
r r
5-39 With +x in the direction of the push,
 Fx = 0, i.e., Fpush − Ff = 0  Ff = Fpush = 35 N
5-40 (a) Consider forces acting on the beam, with +y upward:
T 2.57 104 N
 Fy = 0  T − mg = 0  m = = = 2.62 103 kg
g 9.80 m/s 2

(b) Since the velocity is constant, the acceleration and the resultant force are each
zero, and the same two forces (tension and gravity) must have equal magnitudes
again. Therefore, the magnitude of the tension is 2.57 × 104 N again.
5-41 (a) Consider the two forces (gravity downward and rope tension upward) acting on
the hanging person, with +y upward:
 Fy = 0  T − FG = 0  T = FG = 708 N
(b) There are four forces acting on the other person: gravity downward, normal force
upward, rope tension horizontally to the right, and friction horizontally to the left.
Consider the two horizontal forces, with +x to the right:
 Fx = 0  T − Ff = 0  Ff = T = 708 N
 Fx = 0  T − Ff = 0  Ff = T = 108 N
5-42 (a) For sphere C, with +y upward:
 Fy = 0  Tlowest − FG,C = 0  Tlowest = FG,C = 11 N
(b) For sphere B, with +y upward:
 Fy = 0;  Tmiddle − Tlowest − FG,B = 0;  Tmiddle = Tlowest + FG,B = (11 + 15) N = 26 N
(c) For sphere A, with +y upward:
 Fy = 0;  Thighest − Tmiddle − FG,A = 0;  Thighest = Tmiddle + FG,A = (26 + 21) N = 47 N
5-43 Consider the vertical forces acting on the molecule, with +y upward:
 Fy = 0  Fbuoy + Ffluid friction − mg = 0
4.11013 g  mol−1 1 kg
mass m of molecule =  = 6.8110−14 kg
6.02 1023 mol−1 1000 g

Therefore, Ffluid friction = mg − Fbuoy
= ( 6.8110−14 kg )( 9.80 m/s 2 ) − ( 5.13 10−13 N )
= 1.5 10−13 N
5-44 (a) Forces acting on the weight (W), with +y upward:
 Fy = T − mW g = mW aWy = 0  T = mW g = (13.6 kg)(9.80 m/s2 ) = 133 N
(b) Forces acting on the metal bar (B), with +y downward:
 Fy = −T + mB g + 2 Fhand = mB aBy = 0
T − mB g (133.3 N) − (2.3 kg)(9.80 m/s 2 )

 Fhand = = = 55.4 N
2 2
(c) Forces acting on the weight (W), with +y upward:
 Fy = T − mW g = mW aWy
T = mW ( g + aWy ) = (13.6 kg)((9.80 +0.50) m/s 2 ) = 1.40 10 2 N
Forces acting on the metal bar (B), with +y downward:
 Fy = −T + mB g + 2 Fhand = mB aBy
T + mB (aBy − g ) (1.40 102 N) + (2.3 kg)((0.50 − 9.80) m/s 2 )

 Fhand = = = 59.3 N
2 2
5-45 With +y upward,  Fy = may  Fair − mg = may
Fair 567 N
 ay = −g = − 9.8 m/s 2 = −1.3 m/s 2
m 67 kg
The acceleration is 1.3 m/s 2 downward.
r r
5-46 (a) Since v is constant, a = 0, and therefore the resultant force on the crate
r
is FR = 0.

Since the force of gravity is 2.07 × 103 N downward, the force exerted on the
crate by the forklift must be 2.07 × 103 N upward .
(b) The upward force on the crate is perpendicular to the surfaces in contact between
the forklift and crate, and is therefore a normal force.
5-47 (a) With +y downward,  Fy = may  mg − Fbuoy = may
 Fbuoy = m( g − ay ) = (315 kg) ( 9.80 − 0.24 ) m/s 2  = 3.01103 N
(b) With the new mass written as m2 , m2 g − Fbuoy = may = 0

3.01103 N
Fbuoy
 m2 = = = 307 kg
g 9.80 m/s 2
 mass thrown overboard is (315 − 307) kg = 8 kg
5-48 With +y upward,  Fy = may gives: FN − mg = may
 FN = m( g + ay ) = (55.3 kg)[(9.80 + 1.08) m/s 2 ] = 602 N
5-49 (a) The scale would read 602 N (i.e., FN).
With +y upward,  Fy = may gives: FN − mg = may
 FN = m( g + ay ) = (55.3 kg)[(9.80 − 1.08) m/s 2 ] = 482 N

(b)
Therefore, the scale would read 482 N.
Again, FN − mg = may , but now ay = − 9.80 m/s 2
FN = m( g + ay ) = (55.3 kg)[(9.80 − 9.80) m/s 2 ] = 0 N

(c)
The scale would read 0 N.
(d) Since most people think of scales as measuring “weight,” then if a scale measures
zero, then most people would think of this as a “weightless” situation. However,

the force of gravity on the person still has a magnitude of mg. Therefore, no, the
force of gravity on the person is not zero.

r r
For constant v upward or downward, a = 0 and  Fy = FN − mg = 0
(e)  FN = mg = (55.3 kg)(9.80 m/s 2 ) = 542 N (which is the scale reading)
5-50 For each person, the normal force will have, on average, the same magnitude as the force
of gravity acting on the person. Including children and adults, assume that the average
mass is m ≈ 40 kg, and therefore the average magnitude of the normal force on one
person is FN = mg ≈ (40 kg)(9.8 m/s2) ≈ 4 × 102 N. The world’s population is
approximately 7 × 109, and thus the total magnitude of normal forces is approximately
(4 × 102 N)(7 × 109) ≈ 3 × 1012 N.
5-51 (a) With +y downward, vy = v0y + ayt gives:
vy − v0 y (0 − 13) m/s
ay = = = −4.3 103 m/s 2
t 3.0 10−3 s
r
 a = 4.3 103 m/s 2 upward
r r
(b) FR = ma = (0.65 kg)(4.3 103 m/s 2 upward) = 2.8 103 N upward
Most of this force is exerted by the brick.
2.8 103 N 2.8 103 N

(c) = = 5.1
mg (56 kg)(9.8 m/s 2 )
5-52 (a) FR = ma = (2.110−7 kg)(1.0 103 m/s 2 ) = 2.110−4 N

r r
(b) Forces: mg down and FN up. The ground exerts the upward force.
r r
(c) After leaving ground, FR = mg = (2.110−7 kg)(9.8 m/s 2 down) = 2.110−6 N down

(d) Velocity vy when leaving ground (with +y upward):
vy = v0y + ayt = (0 m/s) + (1.0 103 m/s 2 )(1.2 10−3 s) = 1.2 m/s
For flight upward in air, with v0y now 1.2 m/s, use vy2 = v0y
2
+ 2ay ( y − y0 ):
(0 m/s) 2 = (1.2 m/s) 2 + 2(−9.8 m/s 2 )( y − 0), which gives y = 0.073 m.
5-53 (a) With +x horizontally in the direction of the stove’s motion:
 Fx = Fman − Ff = max = 0  Ff = Fman = 85 N
With +y upward:  Fy = FN − FG = may = 0  FN = FG = 447 N
(b) Magnitude of force exerted by floor on stove:

r
Ffloor = Ff2 + FN2 = (85) 2 +(447) 2 N = 455 N
r
Direction of Ffloor : at an angle of tan −1  (447 N)/(85 N) = 79 up from horizontal
5-54 (a) Forces acting on box 1, with +y upward:
 Fy = T1 − FG1 = m1a1y = 0  T1 = FG1 = 2.5 N
(b) Forces acting on box 2, with +x to the right and +y upward:
 Fx = T2 − Ff = m2 a2x = 0  T2 = Ff = 1.8 N
 Fy = FN − FG 2 = m2 a2y = 0  FN = FG 2 = 6.7 N
(c) Forces acting at point A, with +x to the right and +y upward:
 Fx = T3x − T2 = mA aAx = 0  T3x = T2 = 1.8 N
 Fy = T3y − T1 = mA aAy = 0  T3y = T1 = 2.5 N

r
T3 = T3x2 + T3y2 = (1.8) 2 +(2.5) 2 N = 3.1 N
r
Direction of T3:  = tan −1 (2.5 /1.8) = 54
5-55 Forces acting on the sign, with +x to the right and + y upward:

 Fx = T2 cos 30.0 − T1 cos 45.0 = max = 0

cos 45.0
 T2 = T1 = 0.8165 T1
cos 30.0
 Fy = T2 sin 30.0 + T1 sin 45.0 − FG = may = 0
 (0.8165 T1 ) sin 30.0 + T1 sin 45.0 − 55.7 N = 0
55.7 N
T1 = = 49.9 N
(0.8165) sin 30.0 + sin 45.0
and T2 = 0.8165 T1 = 40.8 N

5-56 (a) Horizontal forces acting on the two-sled system, with +x in the forward direction,
and “1” denoting the front sled and “2” the rear sled:
 Fx = Tfront − Ff 1 − Ff 2 = (m1 + m2 )ax
Tfront − Ff 1 − Ff 2 (29 − 9 − 8) N
 ax = = = 0.98 m/s 2
m1 + m2 (6.7 + 5.6) kg
(b) Horizontal forces acting on the rear sled, with +x in the forward
direction :  Fx = Tconnecting − Ff 2 = m2 ax
 Tconnecting = m2 ax + Ff 2 = (5.6 kg)(0.98 m/s 2 ) + 8 N = 13 N
(c) Vertical forces acting on the front sled, with +y upward :
 Fy = FN1 − m1 g = m1ay = 0
 FN1 = m1 g = (6.7 kg)(9.8 m/s 2 ) = 66 N
5-57 (a) Horizontal forces acting on the three-cart system, with +x in the forward
direction, and “1” denoting the front cart, “2” the middle cart, and “3” the
last cart:  Fx = Tfront cos  = (m1 + m2 + m3 )ax
Tfront cos  (35.3 N) cos 21.0

 ax = = = 0.744 m/s 2
m1 + m2 + m3 (15.0 + 13.2 + 16.1) kg
(b) Horizontal forces acting on the middle and rear carts considered together :
 Fx = Tmiddle = (m2 + m3 )ax
 Tmiddle = (13.2 + 16.1 kg)(0.744 m/s 2 ) = 21.8 N
Horizontal forces acting on the rear cart:  Fx = Tlast = m3ax
 Tlast = (16.1 kg)(0.744 m/s 2 ) = 12.0 N

5-58 (a) Vertical forces on smaller box, with +y upward (  ay > 0):
 Fy = T − msmall g = msmall ay T = msmall ( g + ay ) [1]
Vertical forces on larger box, with +y downward (  ay > 0):
 Fy = mlarge g − T = mlarge ay T = mlarge ( g − ay )
Equate expressions for T and rearrange:
g + ay (9.80 + 0.38) m/s 2

mlarge = msmall = (0.75 kg) = 0.81 kg
g − ay (9.80 − 0.38) m/s 2
(b) Using Eqn. [1]:
T = msmall ( g + ay ) = (0.75 kg)((9.80 + 0.38) m/s 2 ) = 7.6 N
5-59 (a) Vertical forces on block 1, with +y downward:
 Fy = m1 g − T = m1a1y and  T = m1 g − m1a1y [1]
Horizontal forces on block 2, with +x to the right:
 Fx = T = m2 a2x [2]
Equate expressions for T in [1] and [2] and write a1y = a2x = a :
m1 g (3.7 kg)(9.8 m/s 2 )

m1 g − m1a = m2 a  a = = = 5.7 m/s 2
m1 + m2 (3.7 + 2.7) kg
(b) Using [2]: T = m2 a = (2.7 kg)(5.7 m/s2 ) = 15 N
5-60 (a) As in previous question for block 1:
T = m1 g − m1a1y [1]
Adding friction for block 2:
 Fx = T − Ff = m2 a2x T = m2 a2x + Ff [2]

Equate expressions for T in [1] and [2] and write a1y = a2x = a :
m1 g − Ff (3.7 kg)(9.8 m/s 2 ) − 5.7 N

m1 g − m1a = m2 a + Ff  a = = = 4.8 m/s 2
m1 + m2 (3.7 + 2.7) kg
(b) Using [2]: T = m2 a + Ff = (2.7 kg)(4.8 m/s 2 ) + 5.7 N = 19 N
5-61 (a) Vertical forces acting on the table, with +y upward:
 Fy = FN − mg − (35 N) sin 37.0 = may = 0
 FN = mg + (35 N) sin 37.0
= (25 kg)(9.8 m/s 2 ) + (35 N) sin 37.0 = 2.7  10 2 N
(b) Horizontal forces acting on the table, with +x to the right:
 Fx = Ff − (35 N) cos 37.0 = max = 0
 Ff = (35 N) cos 37.0 = 28 N
5-62 (a) Vertical forces acting on the sleigh (including newspapers), with +y upward:
 Fy = FN − FG + (6.73 N) sin 25.0 = may = 0
 FN = FG − (6.73 N) sin 25.0 = 35.6 N − (6.73 N) sin 25.0 = 32.8 N

r
 FN = 32.8 N upward
(b) Horizontal forces acting on the sleigh, with +x in direction of sleigh’s motion:
 Fx = (6.73 N) cos 25.0 − Ff = max = 0  Ff = (6.73 N) cos 25.0 = 6.10 N

r
 Ff = 6.10 N in opposite direction to sleigh’s motion

5-63 (a) Similar to previous question, for vertical forces:
 Fy = FN − FG − (8.25 N) sin15.2 = may = 0
 FN = FG + (8.25 N) sin15.2 = 35.6 N+ (8.25 N) sin15.2 = 37.8 N

r
 FN = 37.8 N upward
(b) For horizontal forces:
 Fx = (8.25 N) cos 15.2 − Ff = max = 0  Ff = (8.25 N) cos 15.2 = 7.96 N

r
 Ff = 7.96 N in opposite direction to sleigh’s motion
Magnitude of force exerted on sleigh by ground:

r
Fground = Ff2 + FN2 = (7.96) 2 +(37.8) 2 N = 38.6 N
r
Direction of Fground : at an angle of tan −1 (7.96 / 37.8) = 11.9 from vertical
(c)
5-64 (a) Vertical forces acting on the chair, with +y upward:
 Fy = FN − mg + (91 N) sin15 = may = 0
FN + (91 N) sin15 221 N + (91 N) sin15

m = = =25.0 kg
g 9.80 m/s 2
(b) Horizontal forces acting on the chair, with + x in the direction of chair’s motion:
 Fx = (91 N) cos 15 − Ff = max
 Ff = (91 N) cos 15 − max = (91 N) cos 15 − (25.0 kg)(0.076 m/s 2 ) = 86 N
5-65 (a) Horizontal forces acting on the car, with +x in the direction of motion of the car:
 Fx = (72.7 N) sin 69.3 − Ff = max
(72.7 N) sin 69.3 − Ff (72.7 N) sin 69.3 − 12.7 N

 ax = = = 1.51 m/s 2
m 36.7 kg

(b) Vertical forces acting on the car, with +y upward:
 Fy = FN − mg − (72.7 N) cos 69.3 = may = 0
 FN = mg + (72.7 N) cos 69.3
= (36.7 kg)(9.80 m/s 2 ) + (72.7 N) cos 69.3 = 385 N
(c) x = x0 + v0x t + 12 ax t 2
x0 = 0 m, and v0x = 0 m/s,  x = 12 ax t 2 = 12 (1.51 m/s 2 )(1.50 s) 2 = 1.70 m
5-66 (a) Vertical forces acting on the box, with +y upward:
 Fy = FN − mg + F sin  = may = 0
 FN = mg − F sin 
(b) Horizontal forces acting on the box, with +x in the direction of the box’s motion:
 Fx = F cos  − Ff = max = 0  Ff = F cos 
5-67 Choose +x parallel to the incline (downward).
 Fx = mg sin 36 = max  ax = g sin 36 = (9.80 m/s 2 )sin 36 = 5.8 m/s 2
5-68 Choose +x downward along the hill. Let θ = the angle between the hill and the horizontal.
 ax  −1  1.5 m/s 
2
 Fx = mg sin  = max   = sin   = sin 
−1
2 
= 8.8
 g   9.8 m/s 
5-69 Choose +x downward along the incline:
 Fx = mg sin  = max  ax = g sin 

5-70 (a) gravitational force toward Jupiter, exerted by Jupiter on the Sun
(b) downward normal force, exerted by the book on the table
(c) force exerted by the pan on the chef, directed toward the oven
(d) forward force exerted by the water on the canoeist (and paddle)
(e) upward gravitational force exerted by the apple on Earth
(f) downward force (friction) exerted by the hailstone on the air
5-71 (a) Choose +x in the direction of the acceleration, that is, forward.
Consider acting forces acting in the x-direction on the second car.

r
 Fx = F12 = m2 ax , where F12 is the force exerted by the first car on the second car
 F12 = (3.1 104 kg)(0.33 m/s 2 ) = 1.0 10 4 N

r
 F12 = 1.0  104 N forward
r r
Force exerted by the second car on the first is F21 = − F12 = 1.0 104 N
(b) backward.
(c) Forces acting in the x-direction on the first and second cars considered together:
r
 Fx = FE1 = (m1 + m2 )ax , where FE1 is the force exerted by the engine on the
first car
 FE1 = (2 (3.110 4 kg))(0.33 m/s 2 ) = 2.0 10 4 N

r
 FE1 = 2.0 104 N forward
5-72 The flyboard (and the two hand attachments) force water downward as water jets and, by
Newton’s third law of motion, the water exerts an upward force on the board and person.

5-73 (a) Choose +x in the direction of the horizontal acceleration. Forces acting in the
x-direction on the two books considered together:
Fapplied 0.58 N
 Fx = Fapplied = (m1 + m2 )ax  m2 = − m1 = − 1.0 kg = 1.8 kg
ax 0.21 m/s
Forces acting in the x-direction on the second book:

r
 Fx = F12 = m2 ax , where F12 is the force exerted by the first book on the
second book
(b)  F12 = (1.76 kg)(0.21 m/s 2 ) = 0.37 N
5-74 (a) With +x in the direction of the skater’s acceleration:
vx − v0x (0.75 − 0) m/s

vx = v0x + ax t  ax = = = 1.0 m/s 2
t 0.75 s
(b) Force acting horizontally on the skater:
 Fx = Fboards = max = (56 kg)(1.0 m/s2 ) = 56 N
(c) Force exerted by the skater on the boards is 56 N in magnitude.
5-75 (a) electrical force (b) gravity (c) electrical force (d) gravity (e) electrical force
(f) electrical force (g) nuclear strong force
CHAPTER REVIEW
Multiple-Choice Questions
5-76 For an object travelling upward after leaving the thrower’s hand, the only force acting on
it is the force of gravity (ans. (a)).

r r r r r
5-77 Since v = constant, a = 0, and  F = F = 0.  the magnitude of F downward must equal
R G
r r
the sum of the magnitudes of the two upward forces, F and F (ans. (b)).
B ff
5-78 The correct forces are gravity and air resistance (ans. (e)).
r
5-79 FG = mg  (70 kg)(9.8 m/s 2 )  7 102 N (ans. (c))
r r
5-80 Choose +x forward and +y upward. Since v = constant, a = 0, and ax = ay = 0.
Ff
 Fx = max = 0  F cos 20 − Ff = 0  F =  Ff
cos 20
 Fy = may = 0  F sin 20 + FN − FG = 0  FN = FG − F sin 20  FG
 F  Ff and FN  FG (ans. (d))
5-81 Action-reaction forces are of the same type (gravity, in this case), and act in opposite
directions on the two objects in question (Earth and the can) (ans. (d)).
5-82 The force exerted by any object A on another object B is always the same magnitude as
the force exerted by B on A (ans. (c)).
5-83 same situation as previous question (ans. (b))

Review Questions and Problems
5-84 Choose +x eastward and +y northward.
FRx =  Fx = (7.8 sin 25.7) N = 3.38 N
FRy =  Fy = (75.3 − 67.2 − 7.8cos 25.7) N = 1.07 N

r
FR = FRx2 + FRy2 = (3.38) 2 +(1.07) 2 N = 3.5 N
r
Direction of FR : at an angle of tan −1 (3.38 N) / (1.07 N))  = 72 east of north
5-85 Either a could be plotted versus FR, giving a slope of 1/m (from which m can easily be
calculated), or FR could be plotted versus a, giving a slope of m directly. In the
experiment that produced the data, FR was the independent variable and a was the
dependent variable, and so in the graph shown below a has been plotted versus FR. The
data points are shown as small black squares, and the line has been drawn to represent the
data as a straight line as well as possible. (Indeed, the line on the graph below was
determined as a “best fit” to the data using a procedure called “linear regression,”
available in Excel for example).
a 1
FR = ma  = = slope of graph shown
FR m

The slope can be determined as rise/run between two well-separated points on the straight
line, or from a linear regression procedure. Correct to two significant digits, the slope is
0.28 kg–1.
1
 m= = 3.6 kg
0.28 kg −1
5-86 Vertical forces acting on fish, with +y upward:
 Fy = T − mg = may Tmax − mg = may,max
Tmax 63 N
 ay,max = −g = − 9.80 m/s 2 = 59 m/s 2
m 0.92 kg
5-87 With +x in direction of the runner’s motion:
vx − v0x (8.0 − 0) m/s

vx = v0x + ax t  ax = = = 4.0 m/s 2
t 2.0 s
FRx = max = (63 kg)(4.0 m/s 2 ) = 2.5 102 N
5-88 Forces acting on Q and R considered together, with +y upward:
 Fy = TPQ − (mQ + mR ) g = (mQ + mR )ay = 0
 TPQ = (mQ + mR ) g = ((1.5 + 1.3) kg)(9.80 m/s 2 ) = 27 N
5-89 Consider the forces acting on the washer, with +y upward and +x in the direction of the
horizontal acceleration.
mg
 Fy = (T cos 5.1 − mg ) = may = 0 T =
cos 5.1

 Fx = T sin 5.1 = max
 sin 5.1  mg sin 5.1

 ax = T  = = g tan 5.1 = (9.80 m/s 2 ) tan 5.1 = 0.87 m/s 2
 m  cos 5.1 m
The length of the string and the mass of the washer are not required.
r r r
5-90 v = constant,  a = 0 and FR = 0
5-91  Fx = TQ cos  − TP cos  = (1.5cos 23 − 1.3cos 68)  103 N = 0.893  103 N
 Fy = −TQ sin  − TP sin  = (−1.5sin 23 − 1.3sin 68)  103 N = − 1.79  103 N
Ftotal = (0.893) 2 + (1.79)2 103 N = 2.0 103 N

r
Direction of Ftotal : at an angle of tan −1  (1.79 N) / (0.893 N) = 63 below the +x-axis
5-92 Horizontal forces acting on chair, with +x to the left:
 Fx = ( Fapplied ) sin 71.0 − Ff = max
( Fapplied ) sin 71.0 − Ff (157 N) sin 71.0 − 128 N

 ax = = = 0.92 m/s 2
m 22.3 kg
5-93 With +x parallel to the incline (downward),
 Fx = mg sin 14 − Ff = max = 0
 Ff = mg sin 14 = (84 kg)(9.8 m/s 2 ) sin 14 = 2.0 102 N
5-94 (a) Consider the forces acting on the two hamburgers together, with +x in the
direction of the applied force.
Fapplied 5.38 10−2 N

 Fx = Fapplied = mtotal ax , and  ax = = = 0.213 m/s 2
mtotal (0.113 + 0.139) kg

(b) The magnitude of the force acting on the 0.113 kg hamburger is:
F113 = m113ax = (0.113 kg)(0.213 m/s 2 ) = 2.4110−2 N
5-95 The electrical force is responsible for both the force of friction and the normal force.
Applying Your Knowledge
5-96 With +x in the direction of the force exerted by the club on the ball:
vx − v0x (65 − 0) m/s

vx = v0x + ax t  ax = = = 6.5 104 m/s 2
t 1.0 10−3 s
Fclub = mball ax = (0.045 kg)(6.5 10 4 m/s 2 ) = 2.9 103 N
km 1000 m 1h m
5-97 Driving speed v = 100   = 28 . Time t  3 to 5 s.
h 1 km 3600 s s
With +x in the direction of the car’s motion:
vx − v0x (0 − 28) m/s

vx = v0x + ax t  ax =   −(6 to 9) m/s 2
t (3 to 5) s
( )
Fav,x = m ax  ( (50 to 90) kg ) (6 to 9) m/s 2  (3 to 8) 10 2 N
1
5-98 (a) With +y downward, use y = y0 + v0yt + ayt 2 with v0y = 0 m/s.
2
2( y − y0 ) 2 ( (3.10 − 0) m )
This gives ay = 2
= 2
= 1.55 m/s 2
t (2.00 s)
(b)  Fy = may gives: mg − Ff = may
( )
or Ff = m( g − ay ) = (35.7 kg) (9.80 − 1.55) m/s 2 = 295 N

5-99 With +x toward the right, and +y upward,
Fx = max = 0  Fhip,x − (145 N) cos 83 = 0
This gives Fhip,x = (145 N) cos 83 = 17.7 N
Fy = may = 0  Fhip,y + (145 N) sin 83 − (17 kg)(9.8 m/s 2 )= 0
 Fhip,y = (17 kg)(9.8 m/s 2 ) − (145 N) sin 83= 22.7 N
Fhip = Fhip,x 2 + Fhip,y 2 = (17.7) 2 + (22.7) 2 N = 29 N

r
Fhip is directed upward and to the right, at an angle of
 22.7 N 
tan −1   = 52 above the horizontal
 17.7 N 
5-100 First situation: FR = ma [1]
a
Second situation: FR = ( m + 2.0 kg)   [2]
2
a
Equate right-hand sides of [1] and [2]: ma = (m + 2.0 kg)  
2
ma (2.0 kg)a m
 ma = + , and dividing by a gives m = + 1.0 kg
2 2 2
m m
m − = 1.0 kg, from which = 1.0 kg, and m = 2.0 kg
2 2
5-101 Same method as in previous question: FR = ma [1]
FR = (m + 2.0 kg)(0.37a) [2]
 ma = (m + 2.0 kg)(0.37a), giving ma = 0.37ma + (0.74 kg)a
Dividing by a : m = 0.37m + (0.74 kg), or (m − 0.37m) = 0.74 kg
 0.63m = 0.74 kg, from which m = 1.2 kg

5-102 (a)
(b) The table of values for the graph of a versus 1/m is given below:
1/m (kg–1) 1.75 0.909 0.625 0.500 0.400 0.313

a (m/s2) 5.0 2.4 1.9 1.3 1.2 0.9
1
Newton’s second law of motion, FR = ma , can be rearranged as a = FR   ,
m
which is of the form y = mx for a straight line. Therefore, if FR is constant, a
graph of a versus 1/m will be linear with a slope of FR .
The data points on the graph are shown as small black squares, and the line has
been drawn to represent the data as a straight line as well as possible. (Indeed, the
line on this graph was determined as a “best fit” to the data using a procedure
called “linear regression,” available in Excel for example).

The slope can be determined as rise/run between two well-separated points on the
straight line, or from a linear regression procedure. Correct to two significant
FR = 2.8 N.
digits, the slope is
5-103 (a) With +y downward: vy2 = v0y

2
+ 2ay ( y − y0 )
vy = v0y
2
+ 2ay ( y − y0 ) = (0 m/s) 2 + 2(9.80 m/s 2 )((0.92 − 0) m) = 4.2 m/s
(Keeping an extra digit: vy = 4.25 m/s)
(b) While hitting the floor, still with +y downward :

2
vy,floor = v0y,floor
2
+ 2ay,floor ( yfloor − y0,floor )
2
vy,floor − v0y,floor
2
((0) 2 − (4.25) 2 ) m 2 /s 2
 ay,floor = = = −25.8 m/s 2
2( yfloor − y0,floor ) 2(0.35 m)
FRy =  Fy = Fy,floor + mg = may,floor
 Fy,floor = may − mg = m(ay − g ) = (72 kg)(( −25.8 − 9.8) m/s 2 ) = −2.6 103 N
 The floor exerts an upward force of magnitude 2.6 103 N on Tiny.
r r
5-104 (a) Let T12 = tension in cable between boxes 1 and 2, and T23 = tension in cable
between boxes 2 and 3.
Forces acting on box 1, with +y upward:
FRy =  Fy = T12 − m1 g = m1a1y [1]
Horizontal forces acting on box 2, with +x to the right:
FRx =  Fx = T23 − T12 = m2 a2x [2]
Forces acting on box 3, with +y downward:
FRy =  Fy = m3 g − T23 = m3 a3y [3]

Write a1y = a2x = a3y = a, then add Eqns. [1], [2], and [3], giving:
(m3 − m1 ) g
m3 g − m1 g = (m1 + m2 + m3 )a  a =
m1 + m2 + m3
=
( (41 − 26) kg ) (9.80 m/s 2 )
= 1.4 m/s 2
(26 + 38 + 41) kg
(b) ( )
[1] gives T12 = m1 (a + g ) = (26 kg) (1.4 + 9.8) m/s 2 = 2.9  102 N
( )
[3] gives T23 = m3 ( g − a) = (41 kg) (9.8 − 1.4) m/s 2 = 3.4  102 N
5-105 Choose +y upward. Fy = may = 0  2T sin15 − mg = 0
mg (75 kg)(9.8 m/s 2 )

T = = = 1.4 103 N
2sin15 2sin15
mm 1h 1m
5-106 speed v = 1.2   = 3.33 10−7 m/s
h 3600 s 1000 mm
Ffluid friction = fv = (1.88 10−8 N  s/m)(3.33 10−7 m/s) = 6.27  10−15 N
With +y downward,  Fy = mg − Fbuoy − Ffluid friction = may
Fbuoy + Ffluid friction (4.0 10−14 + 6.27 10−15 ) N

 ay = g − = 9.8 m/s −
2
−14
= 5.4 m/s 2
m 1.06 10 kg
r
 a = 5.4 m/s 2 downward
5-107 As the rocket is firing in a direction perpendicular to the original direction of motion, its
motion is similar to projectile motion, since there is constant acceleration in one direction
and constant velocity in the perpendicular direction. Therefore, the rocket follows a
parabolic curved path between B and C, as shown in the figure below.

5-108 Consider the forces acting on the climber, with +y upward and +x toward the right. The
force exerted by the cliff on the climber’s feet has two components: a normal force
perpendicular to the cliff and a friction force parallel to the cliff.
 Fx = FN − T sin 27.0 = max = 0  FN = T sin 27.0 = (634 N) sin 27.0 = 287.8 N
 Fy = (T cos 27.0 − mg + Ff ) = may = 0
 Ff = mg − T cos 27.0 = (67.5 kg)(9.80 m/s 2 ) − (634 N) cos 27.0 = 96.60 N
r
Fcliff = FN2 + Ff2 = (287.8) 2 + (96.60) 2 N = 304 N
r
Direction of Fcliff : upward and to the right, at an angle
 96.60 N 
of tan −1   = 18.6 above the horizontal
 287.8 N 

5-109 Consider the forces on the girl and toboggan, with +x parallel to the incline (downward):
 Fx = mg sin18 = max
 ax = g sin18 = (9.80 m/s 2 ) sin18 = 3.03 m/s 2
vx = v0x + ax t = (0 m/s) + (3.03 m/s 2 )(2.6 s) = 7.9 m/s
5-110 Choose +x upward along the ramp, and let θ = the angle between the ramp and the
horizontal.
When the man is exerting his maximum possible force, Fmax ,
 Fx = Fmax − mg sin  max = max =0
F  −1  88 N 
  max = sin −1  max  = sin  2 
= 23
 mg   (23 kg)(9.8 m/s ) 
5-111 (a) For box 1, choose +x upward along the incline, and for box 2, choose +y
vertically downward.
Forces acting on box 1 in x-direction:  Fx = T − m1 g sin 35.7 = m1a1x [1]
Forces acting on box 2 in y -direction:  Fy = m2 g − T = m2 a2y [2]
Write a1x = a2y = a, and add [1] and [2]:
m2 g − m1 g sin 35.7 = (m1 + m2 )a
(m2 − m1 sin 35.7) g  (3.22 − 5.12sin 35.7) kg  (9.80 m/s )

2
a = = = 0.27 m/s 2
m1 + m2 (5.12 + 3.22) kg
a  0,  box 1 slides up the incline.
(b) a = 0.27 m/s 2 (from part (a))
(c) From [2], T = m2 ( g − a) = (3.22 kg) (9.80 − 0.27) m/s 2  = 30.7 N

5-112 (a) Choose +x parallel to the incline (upward), and +y perpendicular to the incline
(upward). Consider forces acting on the wagon:
 Fx = Fgirl − mg cos 75.7 = max
 Fgirl = m( g cos 75.7 + ax ) = (7.38 kg) (9.80 cos 75.7 + 0.0645) m/s 2 
= 18.3 N
 Fy = FN − mg sin 75.7 = may = 0
(b)  FN = mg sin 75.7 = (7.38 kg)(9.80 m/s 2 )sin 75.7 = 70.1 N
5-113
Use subscripts “D” for donkey and “S” for sled. Assume that a horizontal rope (having
tension of magnitude T ) connects the donkey and the sled, and that the donkey is trying
to pull the sled toward the left. The free-body diagrams for the donkey and the sled are
shown in the drawing above. The donkey pushes back on the ground, and by Newton’s
third law of motion, the ground pushes forward on the donkey with a friction force
having a magnitude of Ff D. As long as Ff D > T, the donkey will be able to move forward.
In order for the sled to move forward, T must be larger than the friction force Ff S acting
on the sled. With +x horizontal in the forward direction, that is, toward the left:
For the donkey: FDx = Ff D − T = mD ax

For the sled: FSx = T − Ff S − T = mSax
Adding the above equations, that is, considering the donkey and sled together as one
“object,” Fx = Ff D − Ff S = (mD + mS )ax
Therefore, the donkey and sled can move forward as long as Ff D > Ff S, even though the
magnitude of the tension is the same on the donkey as it is on the sled.
5-114 (a) With +x eastward: x = x0 + v0x t + 12 ax t 2

2 x 2(0.55 m)
v0x = 0 m/s, and choose x0 = 0 m.  ax = 2
= 2
= 0.764 m/s 2
t (1.2 s)
vx = v0x + ax t = (0 m/s) + (0.764 m/s 2 )(1.2 s) = 0.92 m/s
(b) Force exerted horizontally by the dock on the paddle (and hence on boy
and boat):
r
 Fx = Fdock = max = (95 kg)(0.764 m/s 2 ) = 73 N, and  Fdock = 73 N east
r
(c) Force exerted by paddle on dock: Fpaddle = 73 N west
5-115 (a), (b), and (c) The magnitude of the force of gravity on the chocolate bar is:
FG = mg = (0.055 kg)(9.8 m/s2) = 0.54 N
This force is balanced by the force (0.54 N in magnitude) exerted on the chocolate bar by
the spring scale, regardless of the scale’s orientation, and therefore the scale reading in
each case is 0.54 N. (The scale itself is supported by a force of magnitude 0.54 N exerted
on the other end of the scale.)
5-116 (a) Choose +x horizontal (forward) and +y upward.
v 2 = vx2 + vy2 = (9.2 m/s) 2 + (3.5 m/s) 2  = 97 m 2 /s 2

(b) Fair = kv 2 = (0.25 kg/m)(97 m2 /s 2 ) = 24 kg  m/s 2 = 24 N
r  3.5 m/s 
(c) Direction of v : at an angle of tan −1   = 21 above horizontal
 9.2 m/s 
r
 the direction of Fair is at 21 below horizontal (with −x- and − y -components)
Keeping one extra digit in values so far, Fair, x = − (24.2 N) cos 20.8 = −22.6 N
Fair, y = − (24.2 N)sin 20.8 = −8.59 N
 to two significant digits, Fair, x = −23 N (i.e., 23 N horizontal, backward)
and Fair, y = −8.6 N (i.e., 8.6 N downward)
(d) FRx =  Fx = Fair, x = −22.6 N
FRy =  Fy = Fair, y − mg = −8.59 N − (55 kg)(9.8 m/s 2 ) = − 548 N
FR = FRx2 + FRy2 = (−22.6) 2 + (−548) 2 N = 5.5 10 2 N
r  548 N 
Direction of FR : at an angle of tan −1   = 88 below horizontal
 22.6 N 
5-117 Choose +x to the right, +y downward, and y0 = 0 m at the point where electrons
enter the region of electric force. Time t1 spent in the region of electric force:
t1 = d1/vx = (3.00 10−2 m)/(2.25 107 m/s) = 1.333 10−9 s
Acceleration of electrons due to electric force:
Felectric 3.20 10−15 N

a1y = = = 3.513  1015 m/s 2
me 9.1110−31 kg

When electrons leave the region of electric force:
v1y = v0 y + a1yt1 = (0 m/s) + (3.513 1015 m/s 2 )(1.333 10 −9 s) = 4.683 106 m/s
1 1
y1 = y0 + v0 yt1 + a1yt12 = a1yt12 (since y0 = 0 m, and v0 y = 0 m/s)
2 2
1
 y1 = (3.513 1015 m/s 2 )(1.333 10−9 s) 2 = 3.12110 −3 m
2
Time t2 spent travelling from the end of the electric-force region to the screen:
t2 = d 2 /vx = (0.130 m)/(2.25 107 m/s) = 5.778 10−9 s
Position below axis when electrons hit screen:
y2 = y1 + v1yt2 + 12 a2yt22 = y1 + v1yt2 (since a2y = 0 m/s 2 )
 y2 = (3.12110−3 m) + (4.683 106 m/s)(5.778 10 −9 s) = 3.02  10−2 m
5-118 (a) For each block, magnitude of acceleration a = 0 m/s2.
For block #1, choose +x parallel to 37° incline, upward and rightward.
Fx = m1ax gives T − m1 g sin 37 = 0 and T = m1 g sin 37 [1]
For block #2, choose +x parallel to 53° incline, downward and rightward.
Fx = m2 ax gives m2 g sin 53 − T = 0 and T = m2 g sin 53 [2]
From [1] and [2]: m1 g sin 37 = m2 g sin 53
sin 53 sin 53

 m1 = m2 = (2.7 kg) = 3.6 kg
sin 37 sin 37
(b) Using the same coordinate systems as in part (a):
Block #1: Fx = m1ax gives T − m1 g sin 37 = m1ax , T = m1 g sin 37 + m1ax [3]
Block #2: Fx = m2 ax gives m2 g sin 53 − T = m2 ax , T = m2 g sin 53 − m2 ax [4]

Equating expressions for T from [3] and [4], and solving for ax:
m1 g sin 37 + m1ax = m2 g sin 53 − m2 ax
(m2 sin 53 − m1 sin 37) g

ax =
m1 + m2
[(2.7 kg) sin 53 − (2.7 kg) sin 37](9.8 m/s 2 )

= = 0.96 m/s 2
(2.7 + 2.7) kg
5-119 (a) As box A moves downward 1 cm, the two vertical portions of the rope around the
pulley above A must each move downward 1 cm as well. This means that the
horizontal portion of the rope attached to B must move 2 cm.
(b) From one-dimensional kinematics, x = x0 + v0t + 12 at 2 . Choose x0 = 0 ; we are
given that v0 = 0 , and therefore x = 12 at 2 . Comparing the accelerations of A and
B for the same time t, we will have a  x . Since we determined in part (a) that
box B moves twice as far as box A (i.e., xB = 2 xA ), then aB = 2aA , or aB / aA = 2.
(c) Consider box A and the wire and pulley directly above it as a single unit. Since
the pulley has negligible mass, the mass of this unit is mA = 2.0 kg. The forces
acting on it are gravity downward, and twice the rope tension upward. Choosing
+y downward:
Fy = mA aAy , giving mA g − 2T = mA aAy [1]
For box B, the only force providing acceleration is rope tension. Choosing +x to
the left:
Fx = mB aBx , giving T = mB aBx [2]

From part (b), aBx = 2aAy . Substituting into [2] gives: T = 2mB aAy .
Substitute for T in [1]: mA g − 2(2mBaAy ) = mA aAy  mA g = (mA + 4mB )aAy
mA 2.0 kg
Thus, aAy = g= (9.8 m/s 2 ) = 3.3 m/s 2
mA + 4mB [2.0 + 4(1.0)] kg

Physics An Algebra Based Approach Canadian 1st Edition McFarland Solutions Manual 1

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Physics An Algebra Based Approach Canadian 1st Edition McFarland Solutions Manual 1

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Solution Manual for Physics An Algebra Based

Approach Canadian 1st Edition McFarland Hirsch

Newton’s Laws of Motion

by the string upward.

© Copyright 2016 by Nelson Education Ltd. 5-103

exerted by the cable upward.

to the direction of motion.

cable parallel to the ramp (at 20° above the horizontal).

5-104 © Copyright 2016 by Nelson Education Ltd.

5-10 (a) With +y upward, FRy =  Fy = Fhand − FG = (19 − 19) N = 0 N

5-11 (a) With +y downward, FRy =  Fy = FG − Fair = (586 − 492) N = 94 N

5-12 With +x forward and +y downward,

FRx =  Fx = Fpull − Ff = (72 − 69) N = 3 N

FRy =  Fy = FG − FN = (153 − 153) N = 0 N

FRx =  Fx = Fair = 0.354N

FRy =  Fy = Flift − FG = (3.74 − 3.27) N = 0.47 N

© Copyright 2016 by Nelson Education Ltd. 5-105

on the feet, and +y upward,

FRx =  Fx = Ffeet,x = (6382 N) cos 28.3 = 5619 N

FRy =  Fy = Ffeet,y − FG = (6382 N) sin 28.3 − 538 N = 2488 N

5-15 With +x eastward and +y northward,

FRx =  Fx = (478 sin 54.0 − 412 sin 27.0) N = 199.7 N

FRy =  Fy = (478 cos54.0 + 412 cos 27.0) N = 648.1 N

component of the resultant force is 0 N.

FRx =  Fx = Fpush + Fpull − Ff = 2 N

Substituting given values,

5-106 © Copyright 2016 by Nelson Education Ltd.

Fpush + (252 − 412) N= 2 N, which gives Fpush = 162 N

5-17 With +x eastward and +y southward,

Therefore, T2x = (53.8 − 27) N = 26.8 N

Therefore, T2y = 15.4 N

5-18 With +x to the right, FRx =  Fx = FBx + FHx + FGx .

Therefore, FRx = (129 cos 72.0 − 111cos 70.1 + 0) N

= (39.86 − 37.78) N (keeping one extra digit)

= 2.08 N (still keeping one extra digit)

With +y upward, FRy =  Fy = FBy + FHy + FGy .

Therefore, FRy = (129 sin 72.0 − 111sin 70.1 − 11.6) N

= (122.7 − 104.4 − 11.6) N (keeping one extra digit)

= 6.7 N (still keeping one extra digit)

© Copyright 2016 by Nelson Education Ltd. 5-107

5-19 With +x in the direction of the horizontal applied force,

 Fx = max , which gives Fhorizontal = (0.15 kg)(32 m/s 2 ) = 4.8 N

5-20 With +x in the direction of the magnetic force,

Fmagnetic 3.20  10−15 N

(e) downward, 9.8 m/s2, downward

 Fy = T − msmall g = msmall ay T = msmall ( g + ay ) [1]

Vertical forces on large box, with +y downward (  a y > 0):

 Fy = mlarge g − T = mlarge ay T = mlarge ( g − ay )

Equate expressions for T and rearrange:

g + ay (9.80 + 0.38) m/s 2

5-108 © Copyright 2016 by Nelson Education Ltd.

Using Eqn. [1]:

T = msmall ( g + ay ) = (0.75 kg)((9.80 +0.38) m/s 2 ) = 7.6 N

Therefore, the graph of a versus m is a hyperbola, as shown in the sketch below.

Therefore, the graph of a versus FR is linear, as shown in the sketch below.

© Copyright 2016 by Nelson Education Ltd. 5-109

5-26 5.4 107 g  mol−1 1 kg

(b) 1 2( x − x0 ) 2(2.0 10−3 ) m

F = ma  ((1000 to 2000) kg)(3 to 5 m/s 2 )  3  103 N to 10  103 N

5-110 © Copyright 2016 by Nelson Education Ltd.

5-39 With +x in the direction of the push,

 Fx = 0, i.e., Fpush − Ff = 0  Ff = Fpush = 35 N

5-40 (a) Consider forces acting on the beam, with +y upward: