Naming Compounds With

Functional Groups

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❑ Various functional groups have unique suffixes that
designate the functional group.
❑ The functional group takes precedence in numbering the
carbon chain.

alcohols “ol” Amides “amide”

Aldehydes “al” Amines “amine” or amino as a prefix
Ketones “one” Ethers Ethoxy as prefix
Acids “oic” halohydrocarbons Fluoro, bromo, chloro or
iodo
Esters “oate”

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 Methanol
Alkanol (alcohol)
(methyl alcohol)

Alkoxy alkane Methoxyethane

Alkyl1 alkyl2 ether (ethyl methyl alcohol)

Aldehyde Asetaldehyde
(alkanal) (ethanal)

Ketone (Alkanone) Propanon

(Dimethyl ketone)

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 Alkanoat Ethanoat acid
(carboxylic acid) (acetic acid)

Ester
Methyl propanoat
(Alkyl Alkanoat)

Chloromethane
Haloalkane (methyl cloride)
(Alkyl Halide)

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Functional groups: special groups of atoms attached
to a hydrocarbon skeleton; the most common sites of
chemical reactivity.

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Alcohols and Ethers

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•Alcohols and Ethers (CnH2n+2O)
An alcohol contains the
hydroxyl (-OH) functional group.

In an ether, an oxygen atom is

bonded to two carbon atoms.
–C–O–C– .
R’–O–R or R–O–R
R=alkyl group and R’=different
alkyl group

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•Alcohols & phenols: contain the hydroxyl
group (-OH)

alcohols: at least 1 H on a hydrocarbon is replaced by OH

phenols: at least 1 H on an aromatic ring is replaced by OH

2-propanol 3-methyl-1-butanol

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•Alcohols: contain the hydroxyl group (-OH)

alcohols: at least 1 H on a hydrocarbon is replaced by OH

phenols: at least 1 H on an aromatic ring is replaced by OH

1,2-butanediol

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 Suffix = “ol”
Alcohols
1- Propanol

2- Propanol

2-methyl-2-propanol

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 •ethers: compounds in which an O atom
is bonded to 2 organic groups: -C-O-C-
methoxymethane methoxypropane Ethoxyethane
(dimethyl ether) (methyl propyl ether) (diethylether)

methoxybenzene Ethoxybutane
(methyl phenyl ether) (ethylbutyl ether)

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 Aldehydes and Ketones

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•Aldehydes or Alkanals
Suffix = “al”
Propanal
Note that the aldeyhde group is
always on an end carbon or carbon 1

3-methylbutanal

2,3-dimethylpentanal

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•Ketones or Alkanones
Suffix = “one”

Propanone
(also known as acetone)

Butanone
(also known as ethyl methyl ketone)

2-Pentanone
(note the number is necessary
Because the C=O could be on carbon
2 or carbon 3)

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 Carboxylic Acids and Esters

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•Carboxylic Acids and Esters

Carboxylic acids contain the

carboxyl group, which is a
carbonyl group attached to a
hydroxyl group.
O
║
— C—OH
An ester contains the carboxyl
group between carbon atoms.

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•Carboxylic acids: compounds that contain the
carboxyl group
Note that the acid group (called a
“carboxyl”) is always on an end
carbon or carbon 1

butanoic acid 3-methylpentanoic acid

ethanoic acid
benzoic acid

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•Esters Suffix = “oate”
Ethyl butanoate

Butyl ethanoate
There are two branches. The branch
with the carbonyl gets the suffix

Ethyl etanoate

Methyl propanoate
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 Amines – Amides
Aniline

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Amines
In amines, the functional
group is a nitrogen atom.
|
—N — Suffix = “amide”

Amides
In amides, the hydroxyl
group of a carboxylic acid
is replaced by a nitrogen butanamide
group.
Note that the amide group is always on
an end carbon or carbon 1
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•amines: derivatives of ammonia (NH3) in which
1 or more H atoms are replaced by organic
groups (alkyl or aryl groups)

ammonia methylamine trimethylamine

2-aminobutane 1-amino-3-propylcyclohexane

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•Amines
Suffix = “amine”
Or prefix = “amino”
Propylamine or 1-aminopropane

2-propylamine or 2-aminopropane

2-methyl-2-propylamine or

2-methyl -2- aminopropane

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•*aniline: the simplest aromatic amine

aniline

3,5-dichloroaniline

Naming it “aniline” make this carbon #1

by definition

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•Learning Check
Classify each of the following as: alcohol, ether,
aldehyde, ketone, carboxylic acid, ester, amine
or amide.
1) CH3─CH2─CH2─OH
2) CH3─O─CH2─CH3
3) CH3─CH2─NH2

O O
║ ║
4) CH3─C─OH 5) CH3─C─O─CH3

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Which of the following is an aldehyde?

O O

H3CH2CH2C CH3 H3CH2CH2C H

A B
O

H3CH2CH2C CH3
O
H3CH2CH2C OH
D
C

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Which of the following is an ester?

O O

H3CH2CH2C CH3 H3CH2CH2C NH2

A B
O O

H3CH2CH2C
O CH3 H3CH2CH2C OH
D
C

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Which of the following is an amide?
O O

CH2CH3
H3CH2CH2C CH3 H3CH2CH2C N
H
A B
O O

H2N CH3 H3CH2CH2C OH

D
C

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Evi Elfrida | SLHS 2021-2022