DSEHOLIC｜全港最齊免費試題

DSEHOLIC｜全港最齊免費試題
DSEHOLIC｜全港最齊免費試題
DSEHOLIC｜全港最齊免費試題
DSEHOLIC｜全港最齊免費試題
DSEHOLIC｜全港最齊免費試題
DSEHOLIC｜全港最齊免費試題
DSEHOLIC｜全港最齊免費試題
DSEHOLIC｜全港最齊免費試題
DSEHOLIC｜全港最齊免費試題
DSEHOLIC｜全港最齊免費試題
HKCEE Running Answer Texts
1999 History

3. (a) The livelihood of people under Bolshevik rule was difficult while that

under Fascist rule was rich. In Source D, people were hungry and the

village was deserted under Bolshevism (1919), but people were joyful

for harvestry under Fascism (1923).

(b) The purpose of the cartoon shown in Source D was to glorify Fascism

by negatively portraying the poor conditions in a village under the

influence of communism and positively describing the rich harvesting

under the Fascist rule.

(c) In reflecting the features of Fascism, the usefulness of Source D is

shown in the following ways: First, the cartoon portrayed anti

-Communism, as shown in the poverty under Bolshevism. Second, the

harvestry under the Fascist rule showed its emphasis on economic

self-sufficiency. However, the limitations of Source D are the omission

of negative features of Fascism, such as one-party rule, which means

that Il Duce and the Fascist Party totally controlled people’s lives and

activities, and the glorification of war, which means that war should be

encouraged to enhance the national strength and greatness.

4. (a) The man sitting on the sofa is the United States. The first clue was that

the face of the man was portrayed as an U.S. dollar coin. Second, the

text under the cartoon shows “Marshall Plan” which was an American

economic aid to European countries after the Second World War.

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(b) Source E represents a biased view on the effect of the Marshall Plan.

The cartoon was created by the Soviet Union which was hostile

towards the United States during the Cold War period. Therefore, the

cartoon could not provide an accurate description on the United States.

Also, the Marshall Plan helped to promote economic recovery in

postwar Europe, as shown by the speedy economic growth of Western

Europe after the 1950 and the rise of West Germany becoming a major

economic power after the 1960s.

9. (a) (The Washington Conference)

Japan, as a victorious country, raised its international status after the

First World War. Japan was able to takeover Shandong that was

originally taken by Germany, and also got the islands in the Pacific

Ocean. The Japanese gains aroused the suspicions of the United States.

At the same time, an American-Japanese naval race was developing in

the Pacific, which needed to be dealt with properly. In 1921, the

United States called for the Washington Conference in order to stop

the naval race, strengthen the new order in East Asia and the Pacific,

and to improve the relationships with Japan. This conference was able

to keep peace in the region in a short run, but it might be insufficient to

keep a lasting peace.

There were nine countries participated in the Washington Conference

in 1921, and they concluded three treaties: Four-Power Pact was

concluded by the United States, Britain, Japan and France with the aim

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of replacing the Anglo-Japanese Alliance. This helped to build a

friendly relationship with Japan but confirmed Japan’s status as a

world power. The treaty also agreed to settle disputes in the Pacific by

negotiation, which helped to maintain the regional peace.

In the conference, the U.S., Britain, Japan, France and Italy concluded

Five-Power Pact. They agreed to suspend the building of battleship for

10 years, to fix the building of capital ships at a ratio of 5 (US): 5

(Britain): 3 (Japan): 1.75 (France): 1.75 (Italy), and to ensure that no

new naval bases were to be built by the U.S., Britain and Japan in the

Pacific. This treaty was able to ease the tension amongst the Powers by

disarmament.

Finally, the U.S., Britain, Japan, France, Italy, the Netherlands,

Belgium, Portugal and China concluded the Nine-Power Pact. They

agreed to respect China’s sovereignty and independence, to maintain

an Open Door Policy in China which means equal trading

opportunities for all powers and to withdraw Japanese troops from

Shandong. This showed that Japan was willing to cooperate to settle

the international dispute left in the Paris Peace Conference and Japan’s

territorial expansion was temporarily ceased.

In sum, the Washington Conference contributed to the maintenance of

world peace. It improved American-Japanese relations, used

Four-Power Pact to replace the Anglo-Japanese Alliance which

hindered the Japanese aggression, and agreed not to build battleships

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and to fix the ratio of the building of capital ships. Hence, the tension

was eased which made the conflicts less possible.

However, there were some limitations on the treaties. For example, the

Five-Power Pact limited the ratio of building capital ships, but without

imposing any restrictions on building other kinds of battleships and

armies. Additionally, there was no enforcement on how to deal with

the violation of these treaties. In the 1920s, the rather steady

international circumstance encouraged the countries to comply with the

treaties. But after the Great Depression in 1929, the countries ignored

the treaties, and deteriorated the political situation.

Moreover, many Japanese were unhappy with the conference. The

Japanese military leaders disagreed with the disarmament, and they

were angry with their government which made a compromise in the

Washington Conference to return Shandong to China. The leaders

thought these are humiliations. They were angry with the democratic

government and wanted a stronger government to get back what they

had lost. These directly led to the rise of militarism and the adoption of

the expansionist policies in the 1930s, which threatened world peace

severely.

In conclusion, effort has been made to keep peace in the Washington

Conference but the effort became useless due to the limitations of the

conference and the changing international circumstance in the 1930s.

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1999 History

As a result, countries could continue their armament race in the late

1930’s which threatened world peace.

9 (b) (The League of Nations)

After the First World War, Woodrow Wilson supported the

establishment of a peace-keeping organization. Under his influence,

the League of Nations was founded in 1920. However, it failed to keep

peace efficiently.

The League of Nations could only solve the disputes amongst small

nations. In 1920, it settled a dispute between Finland and Sweden over

the Aaland Islands. It also settled the boundary problems between

Poland and Germany. It stopped Greece from attacking Bulgaria. By

sending a commission of representatives from various powers to the

Albanian region, the league successfully settled the dispute between

Yugoslavia and Albania.

In the first decade after the First World War, the League of Nations did

work well in keeping peace. However, after the Great Depression, the

League of Nations did nothing to stop the aggression from ambitious

powers. In the 1930s, it could not stopped the Japanese invasion of

Manchuria, the Italian expansion in Abyssinia (1936) and Albania

(1938), the German expansion in Austria, and the Sudetenland (1938),

Czechoslovakia and Poland (1939), the Soviet expansion in Poland,

Baltic states, and Finland (1939). The League of Nations could do

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1999 History

nothing to prevent Hitler’s violation of the Versailles Treaty, like the

remilitarization of Rhineland in 1936, and the League also could not

cease the intervention of Italy, Germany and the Soviet Union in the

Spanish Civil War. Hence, the League of Nations did very little to

maintain peace in this period.

There are some reasons to explain why the League of Nations failed to

maintain peace. The lack of support from the great powers was one of

the main reasons. The U.S. adopted isolationism and refused to join the

League after its establishment. The Soviet Union did not join until

1934 because it was a communist state which was not welcomed by

non-communist states. Germany joined it in 1926 but withdrew in

1933 when Hitler started its expansion. Amongst the four permanent

members, Japan and Italy withdrew in the 1930s because they wanted

to practice their expansionist policy. In other words, Britain and France

were the only two powers leading the League of Nations, but they had

different views on how to maintain peace and they were under

economic difficulties after the war. Hence, they could not

wholeheartedly support the League of Nations. Therefore, the

aggressors could start their expansion without restriction and it led to

the outbreak of the Second World War.

In addition, there are some weaknesses on the internal system of the

League of Nations. For example, a unanimous agreement of every

issue had to be made before taking any action. However, the members

of the League were not wholehearted in maintaining peace. They

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strived for their own interests in the League and hence made a

unanimous agreement impossible. The League also had no military

force and economic resources to implement the decision made. It could

only condemn the aggressive actions of ambitious powers or imposed

economic sanction. For example, when Italy invaded Abyssinia in

1935, France continued the trading relations with Italy even though it

was a leading member in the organization. Finally, the League could

do nothing to the withdrawal of members. The League of Nations had

no real power to maintain collective peace. Most of the nations used

their own way to settle their disputes.

In conclusion, as the first international organization to maintain

collective peace, the League of Nations made the first step to achieve

the goal of building up an international organ to solve problems among

countries. However, the lack of real authority and the lack of support

from powerful nations undermined its effectiveness in maintaining

peace.

9 (b) (The United Nations)

The outbreak of the Second World War proved the failure of the

League of Nations in maintaining collective security. In 1941, Britain

and the U.S. signed the Atlantic Charter and proposed the

establishment of a new peace-keeping organization to replace the

League of Nations. The United Nations was finally founded in October

1945, and worked for maintaining peace effectively.

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HKCEE Running Answer Texts
1999 History

Both the League of Nations and the United Nations focused on

maintaining peace and improving the living standards of human by

international cooperation. Learned from the lesson of the League of

Nations, the United Nations was constituted by a more feasible

structure which provided the institution real power to access their

authority effectively. For example, the Security Council was founded

to deal with disputes, and different organs were set up to handle

different things so that problems could be solved efficiently. All

decisions on important matters had to be made by two-thirds of the

majority of the member-states presented. In minor incidents, decisions

were made by simple majority. The United Nations also set up its own

military force to settle international disputes.

Apart from the changes in structure, the United Nations got the support

from most of the countries in the world which enhanced its

representativeness. For example, in 60’s all the five permanent

members were the strongest states in the world, especially the United

States and the Soviet Union. Under their support, 190 members have

been recruited and no country withdrew from the League of Nations in

60’s.

After its establishment, the League of Nations was able to solve most

of the major international disputes.

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1999 History

First, Persia had been jointly occupied by Britain, the United States

and the Soviet Union. In 1946, Britain and the United States withdrew

their armies from Persia, but the Soviet troops refused to do so. Finally,

the United Nations intervened in the event and forced the Soviets

leaving the Persian region.

Second, when the South Korea was almost collapsed, the United

Nations intervened to prevent a communist takeover in Korea. The

United Nations forces, consisting mainly of the American troops, were

sent to help the South Koreans to defend the communist invaders. The

intervention was successful and an armistice was signed.

Third, the United Nations arranged a truce between Jews and Arabs

since they had quarrels over Palestine. After a war broke out in 1948,

both sides agreed to stop violent attacks with the mediation of the

United Nations.

Also, Egypt’s nationalization on the Suez Canal affected French and

British trade. French and Britain then encouraged Israel attacking

Egypt. To solve the struggle over the Suez Canal, the United States

intervened and suggested cease-fire. Britain and France at last agreed

to withdraw their armies from supporting Israel.

Finally, the United Nations helped to settle a civil war broken out in

Congo in 1960. The United Nations sent troops to help the government

of Congo to suppress the rebels in there, and restore peace and order.

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1999 History

Also, the United Nations helped a number of colonies and trust

territories to gain independence.

However, all the five permanent members of the Security Council had

veto power in the United Nations, it affected the effectiveness of

maintaining peace due to the different viewpoints and ideologies of the

permanent members. For example, the Soviet invasion of Yugoslavia

(1956) and Czechoslovakia (1968), and the outbreak of the Vietnam

War (1965-75) showed that the United Nations could not stop disputes

created by its permanent members. To sum up, the United Nations has

successfully remedied the weaknesses of the League of Nations. Until

the beginning of this century, the United Nations is able to exercise its

power to maintain peace, as shown in a way that another world war is

not yet possibly emerged.

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一九九九年香港中學會考

歷史科評卷參考

甲部 (歷史資料題)

1. (a) 理想中的日本政府應具備的條件 [3分]

L1 直接抄錄引文，沒有夾雜不切題的資料：
例：— “我們決不能採行民主，但亦不應保存君主專制”；
— “建立一個既配合我國傳統，又與時代精神吻合的
政府”。 (最多2分)

L2 嘗試用自己的文字表達：
例：— 避免走向民主或君主專制的極端。 (最多3分)

(b) 明治憲法是否具備了上述條件 [6 分]

相信大部分考生會持肯定的答案；如果考生持否定答案，會較
難提出理據。

L1 從資料中指出一些相關的憲法特徵，但未能把這些特徵與
(a)題答案所示的“條件”連繫起來。 (最多3分)

L2 能引用相關的特徵，並把這些特徵與(a)題答案所示的“條
件”連繫起來：
例： — 有限的選民數目(可見沒有採行民主)；
— 　議院由選舉產生(可見沒有保存君主專制)。 (最多6分)

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2. (a) 歌曲作者的期望 [2分]

任何兩個期望：
例: — 德意志應高於世界上一切 / 富強；
— 團結；
— 權利；
— 自由。

(b) 導致歌曲作者抱有上述期望的歷史背景 [4分]

L1 指出在 1841 年(歌曲寫作的時期)德意志的情況與歌曲作

者的期望相去甚遠，但沒有把德意志的情況與歌曲作者的
期望連繫起來：
例: — 德意志處於分裂狀態；
— 德意志諸邦受專制政府統治。
(最多2分)
L2 能清晰地把德意志的情況與歌曲作者的期望連繫起來：
例：— 德意志分裂為 39 個邦國(這可解釋歌曲作者因何
渴望德意志統一)；
— 德意志諸邦受奧地利的專制統治 / 控制(這可解
釋歌曲作者因何期望德意志能取得自由)。 (最多4分)

(c) 上述期望於 1841-1922 年間是否得以實現 [6 分]

L1 答案未能涵蓋整個指定年代，引用德國歷史上的重大事件
時顯得含糊不清，同時未能把這些事件與上述期望連繫起
來。 (最多3分)

L2 答案完備，能清晰地引用德國歷史上的重大事件，並能把
事件與期望連繫起來：

例：— 德意志應高於世界上一切 / 富強：

• 德國於威廉二世統治時崛起為強國，並擁有
一個龐大的殖民帝國(因而期望得以實現)。
• 第一次世界大戰中挫敗受辱 / 凡爾賽和約對
德國的箝制(因而期望未能實現)。

— 團結：
• 1871 年完成統一；統一局面持續至第二次世
界大戰結束。

— 權利 / 自由：
• 1871 年德國憲法；
• 根據 1919 年的威瑪憲法，一個自由 / 民主
政府得以建立。 (最多6分)

[註 ： ① 若答案只談及一個期望，其得分不應多於 3 分；
② 若答案能具體談及兩個期望，但未能涵蓋整個指
定時期，其得分不應多於 4 分。]

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3. (a) 法西斯統治下的人民，它們的生活與那些在布爾什維克統治下的
人民有什麼分別 [3 分]

L1 只是描述漫畫，沒有嘗試比較：
例: — 在布爾什維克統治下，社會陷於混亂；在法西斯
治下，人們辛勤工作。 (最多2分)

L2 能分辨兩者不同之處，並引用資料中相關的線索為證：
例：— 布 爾 什 維 克 統 治 帶 來 貧 困 / 飢 餓 ， 但 法 西 斯 統
治則帶來富足 / 豐收。 (最多3分)

(b) 漫畫的目的 [3分]

L1 只能從表面理解漫畫的目的，(例如：目的是描述 / 比較
布爾什維克統治與法西斯統治下人民的生活狀況)。 (最多1分)

L2 能察覺漫畫的宣傳作用：醜化布爾什維克統治下的生活，
並美化法西斯統治下的生活，以提高法西斯主義的號召力
/爭取人民對法西斯統治的支持。 (最多3分)

(c) 資料D在反映法西斯主義的特徵上的用處與局限 [2/3 分 或 3/2

分]
(最多3分)
用處： 反映法西斯主義之反共產主義的特徵/強調經濟上自給
自足。

局限

L1 考生能指出漫畫遺漏了法西斯主義的其他重要特徵(例
如：一黨專政、領袖崇拜、頌揚戰爭)。 (最多2分)

L2 除上述特徵外，考生能從漫畫的出處(該漫畫刊登於法西
斯統治期間的意大利)，指出其帶有偏見及具有宣傳的作 (最多3分)
用。

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4. (a) 國家 [1 分]

美國

線索 [2 分]

任何兩項線索：

例: — 美元硬幣；
— 鷹代表美國；
— 漫畫標題中“美國貸款”的字眼；
— 漫畫標題所提及的“馬歇爾計劃”，是美國對歐洲提供
經濟援助的一個計劃。

(b) 漫畫是否對馬歇爾計劃的影響存有偏見 [5 分]

L1 考生未能察覺漫畫存有偏見，因而毫不置疑地認同漫畫對
馬歇爾計劃的影響的描述：
例: — “馬歇爾計劃並沒有給歐洲資本主義國家帶來多
大的欣喜”；
— 接受馬歇爾計劃援助的人均屈膝下跪(有被奴役
的意思)；
— 美國處於主宰的地位(像主人般坐在沙發上)。 (最多2分)

L2 考生察覺漫畫存有偏見，並能從漫畫中引用相關線索及運
用歷史知識來支持其答案：
例：— 指出漫畫的出處是冷戰時期的蘇聯；
— 指出漫畫抹煞了馬歇爾計劃的正面影響(例如該
計劃如何有助於大戰後歐洲的經濟復蘇)。 (最多5分)

[註： 資料/知識 2/3 或 3/2 分]

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乙部 (論述題)

5. (a) 政治與經濟方面的不滿如何導致美國革命 (1776) [15 分]

考生應討論英國對其美洲殖民地的政策如何引發政治及經濟上的不滿，並導致日
後的美國革命。答案可包括“沒有代表就不交稅”的問題、限制美洲殖民地貿易活
動的有關法例，以及導致革命爆發的各項相關事件。

(b) 政治與經濟方面的不滿如何導致法國大革命 (1789) [15 分]

考生應指出法國君主的專制統治及社會上的各種不平等狀況，如何導致人民對政
治及經濟的不滿。此外，考生須說明這些不滿情緒如何受啟蒙運動思想的激發，
促成三級議會的召開，繼而引發一連串事件，最終導致 1789 年革命的發生。

6. (a) 農業革命與工業革命的影響 [20 分]

考生應引用相關的事例，說明這兩個革命如何影響所選取的國家的社會、經濟與
政治發展。答案應集中討論傳統貴族階層與地主階級的角色的轉變、都市化的進
程、中產階級與工人階級的興起、新思想的出現(例如自由主義、民主、社會主
義)、代議政制的日趨普及等。

(b) 哪一個革命的影響較大 [10 分]

考生可選擇農業革命或工業革命，但答案必須言之成理。比較的重點可放在兩個
革命影響的深廣程度，或其短期及長遠影響。

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7. (a) 中國於 1861-1919 年間為了自強而作出的嘗試 [15 分]

考生應說明上述時期中國為求自強所作的各種嘗試。答案可包括各次改革及革命
運動，例如自強運動、百日維新、義和團起事、晚清改革、辛亥革命及五四運
動。若答案只局限於清末改革運動，其得分不應多於 10 分。

(b) 中國到了 1919 年是否因該等嘗試而變得較為強大 [15 分]

考生可根據下列指標來量度該等嘗試的成效：
• 軍力；
• 經濟力量；
• 國際地位；
• 政治及社會穩定。

8. 涉及俄國的兩場戰爭 [15+15分]

考生的選擇可包括：
• 俄土戰爭；
• 日俄戰爭；
• 第一次世界大戰；
• 俄國內戰；
• 第二次世界大戰；
• 冷戰。

(a) 俄國參加該兩場戰爭的原因 [15分]

參戰的原因可包括：
• 擴張領土 / 影響力的意欲；
• 履行對盟國提供支援的承諾；
• 政府欲藉著對外戰爭轉移國內的不滿情緒；
• 政治權力鬥爭；
• 　國抗敵。

(b) 戰爭對俄國的影響 [15分]

考生可討論戰爭對俄國的政治、經濟、社會及外交各方面的影響。

99-CE-HIST 1−6

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 只限教師參閱 FOR TEACHERS’ USE ONLY

9. 所選取的國際會議 / 國際組織在維持和平方面的成就 [10+20分]

(a) 柏林會議 / 華盛頓會議 [10/10分]

• 柏林會議 (1878)

考生應舉例說明柏林會議如何成功地解決近東問題，並達致一項為列強及巴爾
幹地區各族裔所能接受的協定。

• 華盛頓會議 (1921-22)

考生應舉例說明華盛頓會議如何有效地遏止各海軍強國間的軍備競賽及化解列
強在中國的領土紛爭。

[註： 若答案屬一面倒，只談及成功或失敗之處，其得分不應多於6分。]

(b) 國際聯盟 / 聯合國 [20/20分]

考生應引用相關事例來說明所選取的國際組織在避免 / 阻止侵略以及國內 / 國
際間衝突的成效。

[註： 若答案屬一面倒，只談及成功或失敗之處，其得分不應多於13分。]

98-CE-HIST 1−7

只限教師參閱 FOR TEACHERS’ USE ONLY

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