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Mechanics of Fluids SI Edition 5th Edition Potter Solutions Manual Download
Mechanics of Fluids SI Edition 5th Edition Potter Solutions Manual Download
CHAPTER 6
Dimensional Analysis
and Similitude
FE-type Exam Review Problems: Problems 6-1 to 6-6
6.1 (A) The dimensions on the variables are as follows:
L L ML2 ML / T 2 M L
[Wɺ ] [F V ] M 2 3 , [d ] L, [p] , [V ]
T T T L2 LT 2 T
L ML
[d ] L, [l] L, [g] , [ ] T 1 , [ ]
T2 T
Because mass M occurs in only one term, it cannot enter the relationship.
V
A mALm
V p Lp Lp
6.3 (A) Re m Re p . . Vm V p 12 9 108 m/s.
m p Lm
129
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Chapter 6 / Dimensional Analysis and SimilitudeChapter 6 / Dimensional Analysis and Similitude
6
m p m p 1.3110
2
Vm2 Vp l 1
6.5 (C) Frm Fr p . . Vm V p Am 2 0.5 m/s.
lm g m lp g p lp 4
lm
6.6 (A) From Froude’s number Vm V p A
. From the dimensionless force we have:
lp
* * Fm Fp V p2 l 2p 2
Fm Fp or . Fp Fm 10 25 25 156 000 N
V 2l 2 V 2l 2
V 2 l2
m m m p p p m m
130
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Chapter 6 / Dimensional Analysis and SimilitudeChapter 6 / Dimensional Analysis and Similitude
1 p1 gz1 1 V2 p2 gz 2
.
2 V12 V12 2 V2 V 2 2
1 p1 gz1 1 p gz V 2
or 2 1
21 2
V
2 2 2 2 2
2 V1 V1 2 V2 V2 V1
Ns 2 Ns
b) p
kg FT N F
6.8 a) m
ɺ . . .
s m s m L m2 L2
2 2 2
m3 m m3 m4 L4 m2 L2
Nm
e) W N m. FL
f) Wɺ
s
.
FL
T
F
g) N / m.
L
Dimensional Analysis
T e r ℓ
6.9 f1 , , , .
R
2 5 R R R R
2
L
V f (ℓ, , ). V , ℓ L, 3 ,
M M
6.10 .
T L LT
Vℓ
131
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Chapter 6 / Dimensional Analysis and SimilitudeChapter 6 / Dimensional Analysis and Similitude
Vℓ
1 f 1 ( 02 ) Const. C, or Re Const.
L M M
6.11 V f ( , , d). V ,
T T2
, L3
, d L.
1 . 1 f 1 ( 02 ) Const. C, or We = Const.
V 2 d V 2 d
L L
6.12 V f (H , g, m). V T , g T 2 , m M , H L.
gHm 0
1 . 1 C. V gH/ C.
V2
132
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Chapter 6 / Dimensional Analysis and SimilitudeChapter 6 / Dimensional Analysis and Similitude
H L, g T 2 , m M, L3 ,
L L M M
6.13 V f (H , g, m, , ). V , .
T LT
Choose repeating variables H , g, (select ones with simple dimensions-we couldn’t select
V, H, and g since M is not contained in any of those terms):
1 VH a1 g b1 c1 , 2 mH a2 g b2 c2 , 3 H a3 g b3 c3 .
0
V V m
. . .
1
g H gH
2
H 3 3
gH 3/ 2 gH 3
m
V
f1 3 , .
3
gH H gH
Note: The above dimensionless groups are formed by observation, simply combine the
dimensions so that the term is dimensionless. We could have set up equations similar
to those of Eq. 6.2.11 and solved for a1 , b1 , c1 and a2 , b2 , c2 and a3 , b3 , c3 . But the
FD d
, , .
V 2 ℓ 2 Vℓ
1 2 3
ℓ
F d
f 1 ,
D
.
ℓ V 22
ℓ ℓV
1 F ℓ
1
f2 , 3 or D
f , . This is equivalent
We could write 2
2 2 2 d 2 V 2 d dV
2
131
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Chapter 6 / Dimensional Analysis and SimilitudeChapter 6 / Dimensional Analysis and Similitude
D D
T2 T LT L3
1 FD d a 1 b1 V c 1 , 2 ℓd a2 b2 V c2 , 3 d a3 b3 V c3 .
F ℓ Vd
By observation we have 1 D , 2 , 3 .
Vd d
F ℓ Vd
D f1 , .
Vd d
132
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Chapter 6 / Dimensional Analysis and SimilitudeChapter 6 / Dimensional Analysis and Similitude
h f ( ,d, , , g). h L, , 1, g
M M L
6.16 , d L, .
T2 L2 T 2 T2
Select d, , g as repeating variables:
1 hd a1 b1 g c1 , 2 d a2 b2 g c2 , 3 .
,
h
, .
1
d
2
d 2 3
h
f1 2 , . Note: gravity does not enter the answer.
d d
, m M, , R L.
ML 1
6.17 F f (m, , R). F
C C
T2 T
a b c FC FC 2
1 FC m R . C. FC Cm R
m 2 R m 2 R
, y L, I L4 .
M ML
6.18 f (M, y, I). , M
2
LT T2
I My
Given that b 1, 1 Const. C .
yM I
dp L M dp M
6.19 V f ( ,d, . V , , d L, .
dx
dx T LT LT2 2
dp
c
1 V d .
a b
dx
Let’s start with the ratio so that “M” is accounted for. Then the 1 term is, by
He V (dp/dx) d2
nce .
inspection , V
133
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Chapter 6 / Dimensional Analysis and SimilitudeChapter 6 / Dimensional Analysis and Similitude
dp / dx
(dp/dx)d 2
1 Const. VConst .
(dp/dx) d2
M
, H L, g ,
L L
6.20 V f (H , g, ). V .
T T2 L3
0
1 VH a g b c V Const. V Const. gH .
g H
134
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Chapter 6 / Dimensional Analysis and SimilitudeChapter 6 / Dimensional Analysis and Similitude
, H L, , d L.
L M M L
6.21 V f (H , , , g, d ). V , , g
T T2 LT L3
Repeating
1 VH a1 b1 g 1 , 2 H a2 b2 g 2 , 3 dH a3 b3 g 3 . H, , g.
c c c
variables
,
V d
By inspection: , .
1
gH
2
gH 3/ 2 3
H
f ( , ),
V d
or f , .
gH H
1 1 2 3 1
gH 3
6.22 p f (V , d, , L, , ).
L2
p 2 d L, , L L, e L, 3 .
M L M
LT
, V
T
,
T L
Repeating variables: V, d, .
1 pV a db c , 2 V a db c , 3 L V a db c , 4 e V a db c .
1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4
p L e
By inspection: 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 .
V 2 Vd d d
p
L e
1 f1 ( 2 , 3 , 4 ). 2 f1 , , .
V Vd d d
FD V c c c c
1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 .
V 2c2 h r w
Then,
FD V c c c c
f1 , , , , ,
V2 c 2 h r w
135
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Chapter 6 / Dimensional Analysis and SimilitudeChapter 6 / Dimensional Analysis and Similitude
L3 L
6.24 Q f (R, A, e, S, g). Q , R L, A L2 , e L, s 1, g .
T T2
There are only two basic dimensions. Choose two repeating variables, R and g. Then,
1 QR a1 g b1 , 2 AR a2 g b2 , 3 eR a3 g b3 , 4 sR a4 g b4 .
Q A e
1 5/ 2 , 2 2 , 3 , 4 s.
gR R R
Q
f , , s .
A e
f ( , , ).
1
1 1 2 3 4
gR 5 R2 R
136
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Chapter 6 / Dimensional Analysis and SimilitudeChapter 6 / Dimensional Analysis and Similitude
L L M
Vp f (h, g, , ). Vp , h L, g 2 , 2 , 3 .
M
6.25
T T T L
Repeating variables: h, , g. 1 Vp h g , 2 h g . b2 c2
a1 b1 c1 a2
Vp Vp
, . f .
gh 2 gh 2
1 2 1
hg gh
ML L M M
FD 2
, V , , 3 , e L, I 1, d L.
T T LT L
1 FD V d , 2 V d , 3 e V a3 b3 d c3 , 4 I V b4 d c4 .
a1 b1 c1 a2 b2 c2
e a4
1 FD , , 3 , 4 I.
V 2 d 2 2 Vd d
e
f
F
D
, , I .
V d Vd d
2 2 1
M: 1 ab a 1 b
T: 2 b 2c d d 2 b 2c
Hence, e 2 b c
b c
1b 2b2c 2bc gl FD
U
b c
137
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Chapter 6 / Dimensional Analysis and SimilitudeChapter 6 / Dimensional Analysis and Similitude
FD g V l V 2 l2 Vl Re, Fr
V2 2 2
V l
a b c
a b c d ML M M L d
L
6.28 T f ( , , V , D) V D or
3
2
T L LT T
M: 1 a b a 1 b
T : 2 b c c 2 b
L: 1 3a b c d 1 3(1 b) b (2 b) d
b
1b b 2b 2b 2 2 T
d 2 b. T V D V D and Re
VD V2 D 2
138
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Chapter 6 / Dimensional Analysis and SimilitudeChapter 6 / Dimensional Analysis and Similitude
FD , V , s 3 , 3 , , D L, g 2 .
ML L M M M L
2 T L L LT T
T
a2
1 FD V D , 2 s V b2 D c2 , 3 V a3 b3 D c3 , 4 gV a4 b4 D c4 .
a1 b1 c1
s gD
1 FD , , 3 , 4 2 .
V 2 D 2 2 VD V
F gD
f s,
D
, .
V D VD V 2
2 2 1
1 FD , e r
, 3 , 4 , 5 cd .
2
V 2 d 2 2
Vd d d
e r
f
F
D
, , , cd 2 .
V 2 d 2 Vd d d
1
1 M M L
6.31 f g( , , V , d). [ f ] , [ ] , [ ] 3 , [V ] , [d] L.
T LT L T
Repeating variables, V , d, . 1 f V a1 db1 c1 , 2 V a2 d b2 c2
fd
fd
1 , 2
. g1 .
V Vd V Vd
6.32 FL f (V, c, , ℓ c , t, ). Repeating variables: V, , ℓ c .
139
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Chapter 6 / Dimensional Analysis and SimilitudeChapter 6 / Dimensional Analysis and Similitude
ML L L M
[FL ] 2
, [V ] , [c] , [ ] 3 , [ℓ c ] L, [t] L, [ ] 1.
T T T L
1 FL V a1 b1 ℓc c1 , 2 cV a2 b2 ℓc c2 , 3 tV a3 b3 ℓc c3 , 4 V a4 b4 ℓc c4 .
F c t
1 L2 2
, 2 , 3 , 4 .
V ℓ c V ℓc
FL c t
2 2 f1 , , .
V ℓ c V ℓ c
140
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Chapter 6 / Dimensional Analysis and SimilitudeChapter 6 / Dimensional Analysis and Similitude
ML2 1 M M
6.33 T f (d , , , , t). [T ] , [d ]=L, []= , [ ] 3 , [ ] , [t] L.
T2 T L LT
cable density, and the vibration frequency. Repeating variables: V, d, . The terms
are
FD Vd d V
1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5
V d 2 2 L c d
We then have
FD Vd d V
f
2 2 1 , , ,
V d L c d
M 1 M
[p] , [D] L, [h] L, [ ] , [ ] , [d ] L, [d ] L
1 0
LT 2 T L3
p h d1 d0
1 , 2 , 3 , 4 .
2 D 2 D D D
p h d d
f , 1 , 0 . Wɺ force velocity = pD 2 D.
1
2 D 2 D D D
141
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Chapter 6 / Dimensional Analysis and SimilitudeChapter 6 / Dimensional Analysis and Similitude
d d
ɺ 3 5 h , 1 , 0 .
W D f 1
D D D
6.36 T g( f , , d, H, ℓ, N, h, Repeating variables: , d, .
).
2
T f H ℓ h
g1 , , , N, .
2d5 d d d
142
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Chapter 6 / Dimensional Analysis and SimilitudeChapter 6 / Dimensional Analysis and Similitude
L3 L M M M
[Q] , [H] L, [w] L, [g] 2 , [ ] , [ ] 3 , [ ] 2 .
T T LT L T
Q w
1 , 2 , 3 , 4 .
gH 5 H gH 3 gH 2
w
Q
f1 , , .
H
5
gH 2
gH gH 3
6.38 d f (V, Vj , D, , , , a ). Repeating variables: Vj , D, .
[d] L, [V ] , [V ] , [D] L, [ ] , [ ] , [ ] , [ ]
L L M M M M
.
j a
T T T2 L3 LT L3
1 , 2 , 3 2 , 4 , 5 a .
d V
D V V D V D
j j j
d V a
f 1 , , , .
2
D V j V j D V j D
M L2 1 M M
[T ] 2 , [ ] , [H ] L, [h] L, [R] L, [t] L, [ ] , [] 3 .
T T LT L
,
H
, 3 , 4 , 5
T R t
1
2 d 5 h 2
2
h h h
H R t
f ,
T
, , .
d
2 5 1
h h h h
2
143
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Chapter 6 / Dimensional Analysis and SimilitudeChapter 6 / Dimensional Analysis and Similitude
144
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Chapter 6 / Dimensional Analysis and SimilitudeChapter 6 / Dimensional Analysis and Similitude
ℓ
, , 3 , 4 , 5
T e r
1
2 R 5 R 2
2
R R R
T e r ℓ
f1 , , , .
R
2 5 R R R R
2
6.42 y 2 f (V1 , y1 , , g). Neglect viscous wall shear.
2 1 1 1 1
T L3 T2
y2 gy1
2
1 , 2 . ( does not enter the problem).
y1 V1
y2 gy
f 12 .
y1 V1
1 M M L
6.43 f g(d, ℓ, , , V). [ f ] , [d] L, [ℓ] L, [ ] 3 , [ ] , [V ] .
T L LT T
ℓ ℓ
, ,
fd fd
. f , .
V d d V d
1. 2 3 1
V d V
Similitude
Qm Vmℓ m2 2V
p m ( Fp V 2
6.44 , ) mm m ℓ2
2 ,
( m m m
V
Qp Vp ℓ2p p p p p Fp ) p pV p2 ℓ 2p
145
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Chapter 6 / Dimensional Analysis and SimilitudeChapter 6 / Dimensional Analysis and Similitude
Tp p Vp ℓ p Qɺ p p Vp3 ℓ 2p
Vmd m Vpd p Vm dp
6.45 a) Re m Re p . . 7.
m p Vp dm
7
Qm Vm ℓ 2m Vm ℓ2m 1
. Q Q 1.5 7 0.214 m 3 /s.
m p
Qp Vp ℓ p
2 Vp ℓ2p 2
Wɺ m m Vm3 ℓ 2m 1
73 7. Wɺ m 7 200 1400 kW.
ɺ
ℓ
3 2
7 2
Wp p Vp p
146
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Chapter 6 / Dimensional Analysis and SimilitudeChapter 6 / Dimensional Analysis and Similitude
Vm d p m .9
b) Re Re . 7 4.85.
dm p
m p
Vp 1.3
1
Qm 1.5 4.85 2
0.148 m3 /s.
7
1
Wɺm 4.853 2 200 466 kW
7
Vmd m V pd p Vm dp
6.46 a) Re m Re p . . 5.
m p Vp dm
mɺ m m ℓ 2 Vm 1 1
m
5. mɺ m mɺ p 800 / 5 160 kg/s.
mɺ p p ℓ 2p V p 52 5
p m V2
m m2 5 2 . pm 25p p 25 600 15 000 kPa.
p p p Vp
Vm d p m .8
b) Re Re . 5 3.51.
dm p
m p
Vp 1.14
1
mɺ m 800 2
3.51 112 kg/s. pm 600 3.512 7390 kPa.
5
Vmd m V pd p Vm dp
6.47 a) Re m Re p . . 10.
m p Vp dm
2 2
Fm mVm ℓ m 1
102 =1. F F 45 N.
m p
Fp pV p2ℓ 2p 102
Vm dp m 0.804
b) Re Re . 10 7.05.
d
m p
V 1.141
147
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Chapter 6 / Dimensional Analysis and SimilitudeChapter 6 / Dimensional Analysis and Similitude
p m p
p Vp 2 pL2 1
Fp Fm 2 2 45 10
2
90.5 N.
V L 7.05 2
m m m
148
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Chapter 6 / Dimensional Analysis and SimilitudeChapter 6 / Dimensional Analysis and Similitude
Vmℓ m Vp ℓ p ℓ p m
Vm
6.49 Re m Re p . . .
m p Vp ℓm p
V ℓp
Water: m
10 assuming . V 10V 900 km / hr.
m p m p
Vp ℓm
ℓ p m 1.5 10:5
Air: Vm Vp 90 10 13 500 km / hr.
ℓ m p 1 10 6
Neither a water channel nor a wind tunnel is recommended. Full-scale testing in a water
channel is suggested.
6.50 Properties of the atmosphere at 8 km altitude: T = 37ºC +273 = 236 K and pressure = 35.7
kPa, density = 0.526 kg/m3, and viscosity = 1.527 10 N·s/m2.
Properties of air at standard atmosphere: T = 20ºC, p = 101.325 kPa, density = 1.204 kg/m3,
dynamic viscosity = 1.82 10 N·s/m2.
VD VD
Use the Reynolds number to achieve dynamic similarity,
m p
D
Then Vm V p
p D m
p m Dp 0.526 1.82 10 5 10
and Vm V p
200 1.204 1.527 10 5 1 1041 km/hr
m p Dm
T T
To calculate the thrust apply: 2 2 2 2
V D p V D m
V 2 D 2 0.52610412 102
p p p
Then Tp Tm 10 1184N
V D 2 2
1.204 2002 12
m m m
Vmℓ m V ℓ
Re m Re p . Vm / Vp ℓ p / ℓ m 10 if m p .
p p
6.51 .
m p
140
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Chapter 6 / Dimensional Analysis and SimilitudeChapter 6 / Dimensional Analysis and Similitude
Vm 10 50 500 m / s.
This is in the compressibility range so is not recommended. Try a water channel for the
model study. Then
Vm ℓ p m 110 6
10 0.662. Vm 33.1 m/s.
Vp ℓm p 1.5 10 5
141
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Chapter 6 / Dimensional Analysis and SimilitudeChapter 6 / Dimensional Analysis and Similitude
6.52
Re = Re
=
∴ = = 0.75 × 1 × 0.0006 = 0.00045 m = 0.45 mm
p V2 1000
Find oil using Fig. B.2. Then m mm
12 1.11.
p p pV p2 1000 0.9
Vm ℓ m Vp ℓ p ℓ p m ℓp
6.53 Re m Re p . . Vm Vp 0.1.025 10 3 .
m p ℓm p ℓm
ℓp 5 m
If ℓ p 5 cm, then 2000 and V 0.005 m/s.
ℓm 0.0025
We could try ℓ p 50 cm, but Vm 0.05 m/s. Each of these Vm 's is quite small, too small
for easy measurements. Let’s try a wind tunnel. Then,
ℓ p m ℓ p 110 3
V V 0.1.02510 3 0.28 m/s if ℓ 5 cm.
m p
ℓ ℓ 1.8105
p
m p m
Or, if ℓ p 50 cm, Vm 2.8 m/s. This is a much better velocity to work with in the lab.
Vm ℓ p m m 1 1
30 . m . 6.110 9 m 2 /s. Impossible!
V ℓ 30 164 m
p m p p p
2
V 2 V ℓm 1
Fr Fr . . V V
p
6.55 10 1.29 m/s.
m
m p m p
ℓ g ℓ g ℓ 60
m m p p
V p
V 2ℓ2 ℓ 2p
2
(F ) p
142
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Chapter 6 / Dimensional Analysis and SimilitudeChapter 6 / Dimensional Analysis and Similitude
D m
m m m
. (F ) (F ) 60 60 2 10 2.16 10 6 N.
(FD ) p p Vp ℓ p
2 2 D p
Vm2 ℓ2m
D m
Vm 2 Vp 2 Vm ℓm
6.56 Frm Fr p . . .
ℓ m gm ℓpgp Vp ℓp
Qm Vmℓ2m Vm ℓ2m 1 1
a) . Q Q 2 0.00632 m 3 /s.
m p
Qp V p ℓ2p Vp ℓ2p 10 102
143
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Chapter 6 / Dimensional Analysis and SimilitudeChapter 6 / Dimensional Analysis and Similitude
F V2 2
Vp2 ℓ2p
b) m
m m m
ℓ. F F 12 10 10 2 12 000 N.
Fp p Vp ℓ p
2 2 p m
Vm2 ℓ 2m
Vm ℓ m 1
6.57 Neglect viscous effects: Fr Fr . . V p 18.97 m/s.
m p
Vp ℓp 10
F V 2ℓ 2 V 2 ℓ2
p p 2
m
m m m
. Fp Fm 4 10 10 4000 N.
F V ℓ2 2 2 2
p p p p Vm ℓ m
6.58 Neglect viscous effects, and account for wave (gravity) effects.
Vm2
Vp2 V ℓm m Vm / ℓ m
Frm Frp . . m . .
ℓm gm ℓp gp Vp ℓp p Vp / ℓ p
Vm ℓ p 1
m p 600 10 1897 rpm.
Vp ℓ m 10
T V2 3
Vp2 ℓ3p
m mℓ m
m
. Tp Tm 1.2 10 10 3 120 000 N m.
Tp pV p2 ℓ 3p V ℓ m
2 3
m
Vp2 ℓm ℓm ℓp
Vm2
Vm 6
6.59 Fr Fr . . . . 278.
m p
ℓm g m ℓpgp Vp ℓp 100 ℓp ℓm
Re p 30 10 .
p 10 6
144
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Chapter 6 / Dimensional Analysis and SimilitudeChapter 6 / Dimensional Analysis and Similitude
2.63 10 .
ɺ
W pVp3 ℓ 2p 15 3 30 2
p
6.61 This is due to the separated flow downwind of the stacks, a viscous effect. Re is the
10 4
significant parameter. Re p 26.7 10 5 . This is a high-Reynolds-number
1.5 10 5
flow. Let’s assume the flow to be Reynolds number independent, above Re 5 10 5 (see
Fig. 6.4). Then
145
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Chapter 6 / Dimensional Analysis and SimilitudeChapter 6 / Dimensional Analysis and Similitude
Vm4 / 20
Re m 5 105 . Vm 37.5 m/s.
1.5 10 5
20 10
6.62 Re p 13.3 10 6 . This is a high-Reynolds-number flow.
1.5 10 5
V 0.4
For the wind tunnel, let Rem 10 m 5. Vm 3.75 m/s
5
1.510
Vm0.1
For the water channel, let Rem 105 . Vm 1.0 m/s
1106
ɺ 3 2
153 0.42
W m m V m ℓm ɺ 203 10 2
ɺ V 3ℓ 2 203 10 2 . Wp (15 3.2) 153 0.42 71 100 W or 95 hp
W
p p p p
Re m 3 10 , we have
Vm 0.054
Re m 3 105 . Vm 75 m/s, and a study is possible.
1.36 105
Vm Vp
a) M M . . V V 200 m/s.
m p m p
cm cp
Fm V 2 ℓ2
m m 2m 2 . F 2 p 2
10 pp1
V ℓ p p
146
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Chapter 6 / Dimensional Analysis and SimilitudeChapter 6 / Dimensional Analysis and Similitude
20 4000 N.
cp Tp 255.7
b) V V V 200 186 m/s.
p m m
c T 296
m m
m V pℓ p
2 2
1862
F F 10 0.601 202 2080 N.
p m
m Vm2 ℓ2m 200 2
cp Tp 223.3
c) V V V 200 174 m/s.
p m m
c T 296
m m
147
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Chapter 6 / Dimensional Analysis and SimilitudeChapter 6 / Dimensional Analysis and Similitude
p Vp2 ℓ 2p 1742
F F 10 0.338 202 1023 N.
p m
m Vm2 ℓ2m 2002
Vm Vp 273
6.65 Mm M p . . Vm 250 276 m/s.
cm cp 223.3
Vm cm Tm 223.3
. V p 290 262 m/s.
Vp cp Tp 273
p p
pm mV m2 V 2
0.338 o 2622
. p p pm 80 34.6 kPa, abs.
pp p V p2 m Vm2 0.8 o 2902
Vm2 Vp2 Vm ℓm
6.66 a) Frm Frp . . .
ℓm gm ℓp gp Vp ℓp
m Vm ℓ p 1 10
10. m 2000 6320 rpm.
p Vp ℓ m 10 10
Vmℓ m Vp ℓ p Vm ℓp
b) Re m Re p . . 10.
m p Vp ℓm
m Vm ℓ p 1
10 1. m 2000 rpm.
p Vp ℓ m 10
148
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Chapter 6 / Dimensional Analysis and SimilitudeChapter 6 / Dimensional Analysis and Similitude
m
m m m
. Tp Tm 12 10 3 750 N m.
Tp pVp2 ℓ 3m Vm2 ℓ 3m 60 2
m Vm ℓ p Vp ℓ m 15 1
. p m 500 12.5 rpm.
p Vp ℓ m Vm ℓ p 60 10
Vm ℓ m Vp ℓ p ℓp
6.68 Re Re . . V V 10 10 100 m/s.
m p m p
ℓ
m p m
This is too large for a water channel. Undoubtedly this is a high-Re flow. Select a speed of
5 m/s. For this speed,
5 0.1
Re m 6
5 10 5 ,
1 10
149
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Chapter 6 / Dimensional Analysis and SimilitudeChapter 6 / Dimensional Analysis and Similitude
Vm ℓ p 5
m p 1 10 5 motions / second.
Vp ℓ m 10
0 V V ℓ ℓ
*
V ( u ) * *
V ( v ) * *
f 0 *
0 *
0 *
0.
t ℓ x ℓ y
Divide by 0 V /ℓ :
*
V * u v w x y z p
6.71 V* , u , v* , w* , x* , y* , z* , p* , t* tf .
U U U U ℓ ℓ ℓ U 2
* V * tU * * p * h
6.72
V , t , ℓ, p , h . Euler’s equation is then
U ℓ U 2 ℓ
U2 DV* U2 ℓ
*p* g *h*.
*
150
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Chapter 6 / Dimensional Analysis and SimilitudeChapter 6 / Dimensional Analysis and Similitude
ℓ Dt ℓ ℓ
Divide by U 2 /ℓ :
*
DV * * gℓ * * gℓ
*
p 2
h. Parameter = 2
.
Dt U U
6.73 There is no y- or z-component velocity so continuity requires that u/x 0. There is no
151
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Chapter 6 / Dimensional Analysis and SimilitudeChapter 6 / Dimensional Analysis and Similitude
This simplifies to
u 2u
2 .
t y
6.74 The only velocity component is u. Continuity then requires that u/x 0 (replace z with
x and vz with u in the equations written using cylindrical coordinates). The x-component
Navier-Stokes equation is
u u v u 1 p u
2
1 u 1 u 2 2
u
v u g
u
t r
r r x x x
r 2 r r r 2 2 x 2
This simplifies to
u 1 p 2u 1 u
2
t r xr r
a) Let u* u/V , x* x/d, t* tV /d, p* p/ V 2 and r * r/d :
152
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Chapter 6 / Dimensional Analysis and SimilitudeChapter 6 / Dimensional Analysis and Similitude
d t* d x* d 2 r *2 r * r *
The normalized equation is
p* 1 2u* 1 u*
u* Vd
where Re
t* x* Re r *2 r * r *
b) Let u* u/V , x* x/d, t* t /d 2 , p* p/ V 2 and r * r/d :
d 2 t* d x* d 2 r *2 r * r *
The normalized equation is
153
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Chapter 6 / Dimensional Analysis and SimilitudeChapter 6 / Dimensional Analysis and Similitude
*
Re *
*2
* *
where Re
t x r r r
6.75 Assume w 0 and 0. The x-component Navier-Stokes equation is then
z
u u u u 1 p 2 u 2u 2 u
u v w g
t x y z x x
x 2 y 2 z 2
With g x g the simplified equation is
u 2u 2u
u g
x x 2 y 2
Let u u/V , x x/h and y y/h. Then
* * *
2 *
V2 u* V u
2 *
u
u* g
u* 1 1 u2 * 2 *
u V Vh
u* where Fr and Re
u v T x y
6.76 u* , v* , T* , x* , y* , *2 ℓ 22 .
U U T0 ℓ ℓ
UT0 T * UT0 T* K
c T *2T *
p 0 .
ℓ x* ℓ y* ℓ2
154
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Chapter 6 / Dimensional Analysis and SimilitudeChapter 6 / Dimensional Analysis and Similitude
Divide by c pUT0 /ℓ :
T * T * K *2 K 1 1
*
Parameter = .
* , V* , t* , p* , T * , *2 2 , * .
V tU p T 1 1
6.77
0 U ℓ p0 T0 ℓ2 ℓ
Momentum:
* U 2 DV * p0 * * U *2 * U * * *
0 p V ( V ).
ℓ Dt* ℓ ℓ2 3ℓ 2
155
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Chapter 6 / Dimensional Analysis and SimilitudeChapter 6 / Dimensional Analysis and Similitude
Divide by 0U 2 /ℓ :
DV* p0 *2 *
* *p* V * (* V* ) .
Dt *
0U 2 0Uℓ
Energy:
U DT * K U
*c T T *2T * p p** V*
v 0 0 0 0 .
ℓ Dt* ℓ2 ℓ
Divide by 0c vT0U /ℓ :
DT * K p0
* *2T * p** V *.
2
p0 RT0 kRT0 cU 1
.
0U 2
U 2
kU 2
kU 2
kM 2
1
.
0Uℓ Re
K K c p K
.
0 c vUℓ c p c v 0Uℓ Pr Re
p0 RT0 c pcv
K 1.
0 c vT0 c vT0 cv
156
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