Production Optimization Using Prosper Software 1692203101

Production Optimization
Using Prosper Software

Mohamed Aly Abd El-Moniem
Reservoir Engineering Team Lead
Amal Petroleum Company
Thursday, 10 November 2022
10/11/2022 Production Optimization Using Prosper 1

Biography
• Mohamed Aly Abd El-Moniem is Reservoir Engineering Team Lead
at Amal Petroleum Company in Egypt.
• He has an experience of 14 years of reservoir engineering.
• He Graduated from The Middle Management Program Embedded
within the Modernization Project of Egypt’s Oil and Gas Sector under
the supervision of the Egyptian Ministry of Petroleum and Mineral
Resources.
• He holds B.Sc. and M.Sc. degrees from Cairo University and currently
he is working on his PhD thesis studying the compositional gradient
in the petroleum reservoirs.
• Abd El-Moniem’s current interests include reservoir simulation,
history matching, PVT Modeling, compositional gradient in massive
complex reservoirs, and wellbore modeling and is also interested in
the multiphase flow and pressure drop calculations in the tubing.

Publications
• Comprehensive investigation and evaluation for the different multiphase
flow correlations in gas wells. “Article in Egyptian Journal of Petroleum”
• Expert Solution for Effects of Input Parameters on Multiphase Flow
Correlations. “Article in Journal of Engineering Research”
• Heavy Oil Production, Review Paper. “Article in Emirates Journal for Engineering
Research”
• Effects of Production, PVT, and Pipe Roughness on Multiphase Flow
Correlations in gas wells. “Article in Journal of Petroleum Exploration and Production
Technology”

Publications
• Effect of Data Errors on Multiphase Flow Correlations
“SPE Paper 192171-MS Presented in ATS&E 2018, 23-26 April, Dhahran, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.”
• Maximizing Oil Production by Using Your Available Limited Resources
“SPE Paper 192183-MS Presented in ATS&E 2018, 23-26 April, Dhahran, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. “
• Expert Solution of Multiphase Flow Correlations
“Paper Presented in 9th Mediterranean Offshore Conference and Exhibition MOC 2018, 17-29 April,
Alexandria, Egypt.”

Publications
• Guidelines for Selection of Multiphase Flow Correlations for Gas Wells
• Development an Expert System for Selection of Multiphase Flow
Correlations “Article in Journal of Petroleum Exploration and Production Technology “
• Proper Selection of Multiphase Flow Correlations
“SPE Paper 175805-MS Presented in NATC 2015, 14-16 September, Cairo, Egypt.”
• Re-Evaluation and Validation of Multiphase Flow Correlations

Agenda
• Production Optimization
• The concept of Nodal Analysis
• Inflow Performance
• Outflow Performance
• Case Histories
• Analyzing Multi-Well Systems
• Examples

Instructional Objectives
• Explain production optimization
• Explain nodal analysis
• List the common applications of nodal analysis
• Define inflow and outflow
• Explain the effect of reservoir and completion parameters on production
system behavior


• Balance between Production rate / Deliverability and demand.
• Production Optimization includes a good understanding about Production

Systems and Reservoir Fluid.
• Production Optimization refers to the various activities of measuring,

analyzing, modelling, prioritizing, and implementing actions to enhance
productivity of a field: reservoir/well/surface.
• Production Optimization is a fundamental practice to ensure recovery of

developed reserves while maximizing returns.
• Production Optimization, along with
Reservoir Management, is a central
part of a company’s field development
and deliverability strategy.
• Key factor in production optimization
is the capability to mitigate formation
damage during well construction and
production routine operations.
Formation damage mitigation can be
accomplished assuring that
operational details are achieved before
reaching the pay zone to the last
production parameters recorded.
• Production optimization allows to
increase productivity from
existing field
Production Optimization Activities
• Near-wellbore profile management
Gas–water coning and fingering, near-wellbore conformance management
• Removal of near-wellbore damage
Matrix stimulation or acidizing
• Maximize the productivity index
 hydraulic fracturing
 maximum-reservoir-contact well with multilateral completion
• Prevention of organic and inorganic solid deposition in the near-wellbore/completion/pipeline
• Well integrity
Prevention and remediation of casing and cement failure
• Design of well completion
 optimization of artificial lift performance at field and well level
 sand control management
• Efficiency of oil and gas transport
• Design of surface facilities and fluid handling capacity
• Production system debottlenecking

Production System
Production System includes:
Reservoir {Inflow Performance Relationship)
Wellbore (Completions, Tubing)
Surface Facilities (Flow lines. Separator, Pipelines)
Production system can be very simple to complex

 Simple — Reservoir, completion, tubing, surface facilities
 Complex: Artificial lift system, water injection and multiple wells

Production System
• Movement or Transport of reservoir fluid from reservoir to surface
requires energy to overcome the frictional losses or the pressure
drop
The pressure drop of the fluid at any time would be the initial
pressure minus the final pressure

The System
Separator
Choke
Flowline
All of the energy driving flow Well Performance is about Why… to the separator?
through this system is supplied by understanding how to optimize
the “system”. A constant pressure is
the reservoir.
maintained on the separator by a
The greater the difference The system is comprised of back pressure regulator.
between the reservoir pressure components.
So, the system has a pressure
and the separator pressure, the Wellbore Each component can be boundary at the separator.
greater the potential flow rate. individually modeled.
Production from the well will not
The components can be affect the separator pressure.
connected to create a “system”
model.
Reservoir
Completion

NODAL ANALYSIS
Psep
ΔP flowline Pwf
GAS
Pwh Flowline
OIL
+WATER
Q
Separator
IS A METHODOLOGY TO ANALYZE
Tubing THE PRODUCTION SYSTEM AS AN
UNIT TO CALCULATE ITS CAPACITY
WITH THE OBJECTIVE OF:
ΔPtubing
• DESIGNING EACH COMPONENT OF THE
PRODUCTION SYSTEM
• DETECTING PRODUCTION IMPEDIMENTS

Reservoir
• CALCULATING THE EFFECT OF CHANGING
ONE OR MORE COMPONENTS ON THE
Pr, IPR, K
CAPACITY OF THE PRODUCTION SYSTEM
10/11/2022 Production Optimization Using Prosper

ΔPres ΔP = f(Q) 15
POSSIBLE PRESSURE LOSSES IN A PRODUCTION SYSTEM
p8= Pwh-Psep
gas
Pwh-Pds = p5 p6= Pds-Psep
Pwh Pds Flowline Separator

Psep
Surface choke
Tank
Pdv
Safety valve
p4= Puv-Pdv Puv
p1=Pr-Pwfs Loss in porous medium
Well p2=Pwfs-Pwf Loss across the completion
p3=Pur-Pdr ” ” restriction
p4=Puv-Pdv ” ” safety valve
Restriction Pdr p5=Pwh-Pds ” ” choke
p6=Pds-Psep ” in flow line
p7=Pwf-Pwh
p3= Pur-Pdr Pur
p8=Pwh-Psep
Total loss in tubing
Total loss in flowline
Reservoir Pwf Pwfs Pr Pe
p1=Pr-Pwfs
Pwfs-Pwf = p2
Pressure Losses in Well System
P4 = (Pwh - Psep)
Gas
Sales line
Pwh Psep Liquid
Stock tank
P1 = Pr - Pwfs = Loss in reservoir

P3 = Pwf - Pwh P2 = Pwfs - Pwf = Loss across completion
P3 = Pwf - Pwh = Loss in tubing
P4 = Pwh - Psep = Loss in flowline
PT = Pr - Psep = Total pressure loss
Pwf Pwfs Pr Pe
P1 = (Pr - Pwfs)

P2 = (Pwfs - Pwf)
Adapted from Mach et al, SPE 8025, 1979.
System Pressure Drop
greatest pressure - reservoir
P drop is due to - skin ??
skin and in the - perfs
- tubing
production
- wellhead
Pres tubing - choke
- flowline
Pbhfp - manifold
- separator
- stock tank
Pressure (psi)
Pftp
Pflowline
Psep inlet
Pst tank
Produced Fluids Moving Through The System

Similarly, Temperature In The Production System
Sales / Stock Tank

Separator
Reservoir
Flowline
Tubing
Choke
Tresv
Tftt
Tups ck
Tmanifold
Tds ck Tsep
Tst

Nodal Analysis

Nodal Analysis
• “Nodal” analysis refers to the fact that we have to choose a point or
“node” in the system at which we evaluate the pressure.
• This point is referred to as the solution point or solution node.

Applications of Nodal Analysis
• Estimation of reservoir parameters
Skin
Permeability
Reservoir pressure
• Evaluation of potential stimulation treatments
• Evaluation of artificial lift

Applications of Nodal Analysis
• Selecting tubing size.
• Selecting Flowline size.
• Gravel pack design.
• Surface choke sizing.
• Analyzing an existing system for abnormal flow restrictions (production
impediments).
• Artificial lift system design.
• Well stimulation evaluation.
• Analyzing effects of perforating density.
• Predicting the effect of depletion on production capacity.
• Allocating injection gas among gas lift wells.
• Analyzing
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a multiwell producing system.
Production Optimization Using Prosper 23
Nodal Analysis
• The Inflow Performance Relationship
(IPR) is defined as the
functional relationship between the (2) Outflow from node
NODE PRESSURE, Pnode

inflow production rate and
the inflowing pressure at node .
• The Outflow Performance

Relationship (OPR) is defined as the
functional relationship between the NODE PRESSURE
outflow production rate and the
outflowing pressure at node. (1) Inflow to node
• The interaction of IPR and OPR is the SYSTEM FLOW CAPACITY

Working Point of the system.
FLOW RATE, Q

Sources of Information
• K-permeability
Well test data, e.g…, DST or Buildup analysis
• h-net productive thickness
Log evaluation
• rw- wellbore radius
Bit size, caliper log, etc…
• re –Drainage radius
Not critical, well test
• Bo, µo, µg, z
PVT lab report or correlations

Inflow Performance

Inflow Performance Curve 3500
Inflow (Reservoir) Curve
• The inflow from the reservoir to the wellbore 3000
Flowing bottomhole pressure, psi

It is the measure of the capability of the
reservoir to flow fluids to the wellbore 2500
• The Inflow Performance Relationship (IPR) for 2000

a well is the relationship between the flow
rate of the well q and the flowing pressure of 1500
the well Pwf.
1000
• In single phase flow this is a straight line but
when gas is moving in the reservoir, at a
pressure below the bubble point, this in not a 500
linear relationship.
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
Production rate, STB/D
Well re
rw
Pe
P̄ P̄
PDD
Pwf
Pwf

Flow Models
LINEAR
RADIAL
Radial Flow
re
r
dr
h
pe pwf pe
h
rw re
IPR Different Parameters
For the inflow system, the lower the pressure at
The inflow portion of the system can be
the bottom of the well, the more liquid can be
described by providing information for
pulled into the well.
various categories below:
The pressure at the bottom of the well is the
• Rock
flowing bottom hole pressure, Pwf [= FBHP]
• Fluid
• Pressure Reservoir Rock
• Drive Mechanism is described by:
Mineralogy - the kind of rock, fines, etc.
Porosity - the space that holds reservoir fluids
Permeability - the measure of how easily a
known fluid will flow through the pore space
IPR Different Parameters
Pressures Reservoir Fluid
important measures are: is described as:
Pwf - pressure at the bottom of the well Oil, Gas, Water, Condensate
Pres - average pressure in the reservoir each has specific properties at a given P&T
which provides the energy to the system ratios of each are important and change over
Drawdown - difference between Pres and Pwf time; ratios (as well as the properties) will
affect inflow performance
Skin - catch-all measure of the impedance to
the flow caused by effects near the well
Pwf and Pres need to relate to the same depth: the
‘bottom of the well’.
Pwf
The depth is often defined as the “datum” at the top or
Pr mid point of the producing interval.
Above this depth will require extrapolation of the
outflow part of the system.
Reservoir Drive Mechanisms
Reservoir
In the long term, inflow is heavily influenced by the reservoir drive mechanism.
• Solution gas drive
• Gas cap drive
• Water drive
• Gravity drive
In addition to these, compaction of the rock can be a drive mechanism.
There are usually multiple drive mechanisms at work in a real reservoir.

Solution Gas Drive
Gas breaks out of solution and expanding gas
maintains pressure in reservoir somewhat
Over time:
• GOR (gas to oil ratio) increasing (may become
gas cap drive)
• Rapid decline in reservoir pressure
• Water increase not significant

Gas Cap Drive
Gas in gas cap is expanding as pressure
depletes, maintaining pressure somewhat
(later stages of solution gas drive)
Over time:
GOR increases slowly as gas is pulled into the
producing well
Reservoir pressure decreases somewhat
Water production increase not significant

Water Drive
Large aquifer volume expands providing
pressure for relatively small oil volume. Can
be supplemented (or imitated) with water
injection.
Over time:
Reservoir pressure decreases slowly (if at all)
GOR remains fairly constant
Water increase very significant as water is
pulled into well

Gravity Drainage Drive
- Usually for heavy oils with very little or no
gas. Oil literally is produced as the density of
the oil drops and oil moves under force of
gravity. Normally accompanied by artificial
lift. Can also be supplemented with water
injection.
Over time:
Reservoir pressure remains low.
GOR very low if at all.

Inflow Performance Relationship
Remember, the lower the flowing pressure at the bottom of the well, the higher the flow rate.
There are many ways to describe (mathematically model) this behavior. In general, the relationship
between the flowing bottom hole pressure and the amount of the primary phase coming into the
wellbore is the wells inflow performance relationship (IPR).
For oil wells, the rate of liquid entering the well
For gas wells, the rate of gas entering the well
Inflow Performance
Pwf = fn(Q)
Pwf
10/11/2022 Rate Using Prosper

Production Optimization 38
Inflow Performance Relationship
Two points on the curve are normally all that is necessary to define an IPR relationship.
The two points (boundary conditions) are:
Reservoir Pressure: Rate = 0
AOF (absolute open flow): Pwf = 0

Pres
Pwf
AOF
Rate
Normally, Pres and one other point are given.

Factors affecting inflow performance
• Fluid properties
 Oil
 Viscosity, Gas oil ratio, bubble point
 Formation volume factor, density
 Gas
 Viscosity, Z factor, Compressibility
• Inflow correlation used e.g. Oil-Darcy, Vogel, Gas-Jones, Darcy
• Well geometry i.e. Vertical or Horizontal
• Formation Properties
 Reservoir Pressure
 Permeability
 Skin (Includes deviation, perforation, damage etc)
 Net pay height

The Radial Diffusivity Equation
1  k p p
(  r r )  c
r r t
pressure : radius : time
• Homogeneous reservoir
• Isotropic Permeability
• Radial Flow

Darcy’s Law
L
Area A
q q
p1 p p2
k dp kAdp
v q  vA  
 dx dx
 = fluid viscosity
Reservoir Capabilities
• Darcy’s Law
• Liquid flow in Laminar Flow through a permeable medium is described by
Darcy’s Law
7.08 X 10 k h p  p w f 
3
q
  re  
 o Bo  ln    0.75  s 
 
  w r 
Reservoir Capabilities
s = Skin Factor (dimensionless)
 k   ra 
s    1 ln  
 ka   rw 

Productivity Index
• A common indicator of liquid reservoir behavior is
PI or productivity index
• Productivity Index (PI or J) expresses the ability of
a
reservoir to deliver fluids to the wellbore.
q
J STB / D / psi 
p  p wf
Productivity Index in Terms of Darcy’s Law
3
7.08 X 10 k h
J
  re  
o Bo  ln    0.75  s 
  rw  

Calculating Flowrate
• Using PI, we can calculate flowrate, q, quickly and easily from
q  J (p  pwf )

Straight-Line IPR Relationship
Valid for single phase liquid flow
pR (k, , Bo = constant)
p wf
 p Pwf > Pb
pwf1
q omax
q1 q
qo1 qo1 qo max qo1  qo 2
PI  J    tan   
p p  pwf 1 p pwf 2  pwf 1
Straight-Line IPR Relationship
P.I. - Straight Line IPR
Works fine for water wells and undersaturated oil zones.
Useful for simple estimates of changes near a Pwf (small incremental changes) or at very small drawdowns.
Useful (if not particularly accurate) for making comparison between zones.
(“Hey, what’s the PI?”)
Not a very good representation of the liquid part of multi-phase flow.
Doesn’t take gas flow into account so PI over predicts liquid production at lower pressures in oil/gas
systems.

Multiphase Flow
• Bubblepoint pressure (pb)
• Pressure at which first bubble of gas is released from reservoir oils

Inflow Performance Relationship (Pwf < Pb)
1. Gas saturation increase (decrease in Kro)
2. Oil viscosity increase
3. Oil formation volume factor
4. Formation damage or stimulation around the wellbore
• (changes in the skin factor, S)
5. Turbulence increase

For 2-phase flow (liquid and gas), gas expands as it approaches the wellbore.
This gas partially blocks the pore throats open to liquid flow.
Since the plot is in terms of liquid flow, the effect is a downward curvature of the IPR.
In other words, a decreasing PI at lower pressures.
Pr
Pwf
AOF
Rate
Vogel Curve
1
0.8
0.6
pwf/pr
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
q/qmax

Inflow Performance Relationship (Pwf < Pb)
pR
Straight Line IPR
Pressure
pb
Curved IPR
Flow Rate
Two-phase flow

Vogel’s IPR
• IPR Curve - Vogel plotted the data using the following dimensionless variables
p wf q
and
p qmax

Vogel’s IPR
• Mathematical model for Vogel’s curve
 q  
2
 pwf   pwf 
   1  0.2    0.8   
 qmax    p   p  

Vogel’s IPR
• Mathematical relationship between Vogel (qmax) and Darcy (AOF)
AOF J  p
qmax  
1.8 1.8

Finding Vogel qmax
1
0.8
0.6
pwf/pr
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
10/11/2022 q/qUsing
Production Optimization max Prosper 58
Predicting Present Time IPR’s for Oil Wells
Undersaturated Reservoirs (Pr > Pb)
q-qb
= 1 – 0.2( Pwf ) – 0.8( Pwf )2
q=J (Pr–Pwf) qmax- qb Pb Pb
Pr
qb=J(Pr –Pb) VOGEL METHOD

dq
Pb J=
dpwf
Pwf
1.8( qmax- qb)

J=
Pb
Constant J Vogel
00 qb qmax
FLOW RATE
Combination Darcy/Vogel
pb
Pressure
pwf
J pb
qb
1.8 qmax
O
10/11/2022 O Production OptimizationqUsing Prosper

Rate 60
Combination Darcy/Vogel
• How to find qmax:
qb  J p  pb 
for p  pb , Darcy's law applies : q  J p  pwf 

  pwf  pwf 
2

for p  pb then : q  qb  qmax  qb  1  0.2 p  0.8  p  
  b  b  
J pb
qmax  qb 
1. 8

Fetkovich Method for IPR Determination
qo = C(Pr2 – Pwf2) n
qo = producing rate,
Pr = average reservoir pressure,
Pwf = bottom hole flowing pressure,
C = flow coefficient ,and
n = exponent depending on well characteristics.
At least two tests are required to evaluate C and n.
A plot of Pr2 – Pwf2 versus qo on log – log scales will result in straight line
having a slope of 1/n and an intercept of qo=C for Pr2 – Pwf2 = 1.
Procedure for Fetkovich Method
EXAMPLE
log104 - log103 1. Plot values of Pr2-Pwf2/103 versus q on log-log
slope = scales, using the data from the multirate test.
log4000 – log150
2. Draw the best straight line through the points.
3. Calculate the slope of the straight line, by
calculating the change in flow rate for one cycle
in the vertical log scale.
4. Calculate n=1/slope.
5. Calculate C by substituting a known value of q
150 4000 and Pwf in the Fetkovich equation.
6. Generate the IPR curve by assuming values
FLOW RATE, STB/D of Pwf and calculating the flow rate from the
Fetkovich equation.

Jones, Blount and Glaze Method for IPR
Determination
Analyzes effects of turbulence or Non Darcy Flow on well performance
p r  p wf
 A  Bqo 
qo
Coefficients:
   re  
141.2o * Bo * Ln 0.472*   S

   rw  
A
ko *h
2.310 14 * b * Bo * o
 2
B
h2 *rw
β : high velocity coeficient depending

on reservoir rock
Velocity Coefficient, b
1.88  1010
b  1.47 0.53 Unconsolidated Sand
k 
2.33  10 10
Consolidated Sand
b 1.201
k

Jones, Blount and Glaze Method for IPR
Determination
2.5
2.0
pr  pwf
 A B qo 
pr  pwf
qo
qo
1.5
B (slope)
Minimum two tests are required

1.0
A (intercept)
10/11/2022
0.5 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Production Optimization Using Prosper
900
66
Qo, STB/day
Note that the pressure varies radially from the well, starting at the
Pwf and rising out into the reservoir to the Pres.
Pr
Pressure
Pwf
Radius

Effect of Skin Factor

Effect of Pressure Depletion

Effect of Perforating Density on Inflow

ideal well model
skin effect
turbulence effect
PVT properties and two-phase

flow effect
Actual IPR
Outflow Performance

The outflow system takes energy from the
inflow system and uses that energy (plus
This curve is known by many names
artificial lift, if any) to get the total fluid rate
to the surface. Several names are:
For the outflow system, the higher the • VLP
pressure at the bottom of the well, the more
• Tubing Performance Curve
liquid can be pushed from the well (in order
to overcome friction). •Intake Performance Curve
•Outflow curve
Pwf
Rate

Another convenient view of the outflow is on a depth vs pressure graph.
These are the pressures in the tubing.
Pftp Pressure
This curve is known as:

• Production Pressure model
Depth
•Gradient curve
•[Pressure] Traverse
Pwf

‘Gradient’ refers to the change in pressure / the change in depth.
Pressure
The gradient typically gets smaller as gas

expands near the top of the well.
Depth
.2 psi/ft Sometimes friction here increases very

rapidly and the gradient gets higher.
.45
psi/ft
0.433 psi/ft ==> SG = 1.0 ==> 8.33 ppg

Actually, the VLP is simply a display of the pressures from a series of gradient calculations.
Pressure
ID 2.441”
Water Cut 40%
GOR 1000
Depth
Bottomhole
depth
Pwf
VLP curve
Rate
Single Phase Flow
FLUID VELOCITY
Is the flow rate (q) divided by the pipe cross sectional area (A)
through which the fluid flows at the pressure and temperature
conditions of the pipe element
v
q A
P,T
v=q/A
Tubing Performance (Outflow Performance)
• Just as we optimise the Inflow performance of flow from the reservoir to
the wellbore, we also need to optimise the Outflow performance from
the bottom of the well to surface
• Tubing performance is the term used to describe Outflow performance.
It is also called Vertical Lift Performance
• Tubing Performance looks at optimising/minimising pressure losses at
lowest life cycle cost. By minimising pressure drop, we maximise
production.

Tubing Curve 3500
Tubing Curve
3000
• Total Pressure Loss Due to

2500
Elevation (Hydrostatic)
Separator 2000
Friction
Acceleration 1500
• Out-flow 1000
From the Wellbore up all
the way to the separator 500
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
10/11/2022 Production Optimization Using Prosper Production rate, STB/D 79
Factors Affecting Outflow Performance
• Fluid properties
Oil
Viscosity, Gas oil ratio, bubble point
Formation volume factor, density
Gas
Viscosity, Z factor, Compressibility
• Outflow correlation used e.g. Oil-Duns & Ross, Gray
• Friction

Factors Affecting Outflow Performance
• Completion Properties
Tubing Size
Tubing Restrictions
Tubing Roughness
Depends on:
 Tubing size and depth of well
 API Gravity and viscosity of the oil
 Flow rate and flowing Temperature and pressure
 Wellhead Pressure

Fundamentals of Fluid Flow in Pipes
Three components of pressure drop in tubing:
• Gravity
– Affected by oil & gas gravity, water cut, GOR, flow regime
• Friction
– Affected by fluid velocity, flow regime, and wall roughness
• Acceleration
– Ignorable for all systems except gas with large depressurization

Fundamentals of Fluid Flow in Pipes
FLOW GEOMETRY
dP/dZ
GENERAL ENERGY EQUATION

ΔP ΔP ΔP ΔP
( )T=( ) acceleration + ( ) elevation + ( ) friction
ΔL ΔL ΔL ΔL

Pressure Loss Components
dP g f m  m vm
 m vm dvm 2
  m sin   
dZ tot g c 2 gc d g c dZ
Elevation
Friction
Acceleration
Gravity Term
ΔP ρm
( )elevation =
ΔL 144
• Correcting weight of fluid

• Dominant term
• Single phase simple
• Multiphase complex

Friction Term
ΔP ρm vm 2
( )friction = f
ΔL 2gd
• Increases with rate

• Proportional to velocity
• Proportional to relative roughness
• Laminar vs turbulent flow
• Effect of viscosity
• Effect of mixture density
• Sensitive to gas volumes

Acceleration Term
ΔP ρm Δ( vm 2)
( )acc =
ΔL 2g ΔL
• Expansion of fluid as pressure decreases

• Smallest term
• Often ignored
• Need to account in high rate

Multi-phase flow terminology
• Phases
– gas, liquid (or solid)
• Hold-up
– proportion of cross-section of pipe occupied by liquid phase
• Slip velocity
– Actual velocity of fluid particles relative to pipe walls
• Superficial velocity
– speed fluid would have if it occupied whole cross-section of pipe

Mixture Velocity, V (Two-phase flow)
L
qg v
A
qL
Pipe element with liquid and gas travelling at the same velocity, V
v = (qL+qg) / A

Superficial Gas Velocity, VSG
Ag
L
qg v
Ap
qL
AL
vSG = qg / Ap
It is the velocity that the gas phase would exhibit if it flowed through the total cross sectional area
of the pipe alone.
Superficial Liquid Velocity, VSL
Ag
L
qg v
Ap
qL
AL
vSL = qL / Ap
It is the velocity that the liquid phase would exhibit if it flowed through the total cross
sectional area of the pipe alone.
Vm= Vsl + Vsg
No-Slip Liquid Holdup (Input Liquid
Content), λ
Ag
L
qg v
Ap
qL
P,T
AL
Ratio of the volume of liquid in a pipe element that would exist if the gas and the liquid
traveled at the same velocity (no slippage) divided by the volume of the pipe element.
λ = AL /AP = qL / (qL + qg)

No-Slip Liquid Holdup (Input Liquid
Content), λ
Ag
L
qg v
Ap
qL
P,T
AL
Ratio of the volume of liquid in a pipe element that would exist if the gas and the liquid traveled at the
same velocity (no slippage) divided by the volume of the pipe element.
λ = AL /AP = qL / (qL + qg)

However, the gas velocity is higher than the liquid velocity and as a consequence the volume of liquid in the pipe
element increases.
This phenomenon is known as “slippage between phases” , and the volumen fraction occuppied by the liquid in the
pipe element under this conditions is known as“Hold-Up Factor” (HL), and is dependent on flow pattern, gas and
liquid properties, pipe diameter and pipe inclination.
Liquid Holdup
VL
HL 
Vg VL  V g
 m  H L  L  1  H L  g
Holdup is the fraction of the total volume

VL
in the pipe occupied by liquid.
Once the holdup is known, the mixture

density is readily determined from the gas
and liquid densities.
Flow in a well (or flowline)
• Single phase flow
– Dry gas wells with no water
– Water producers & injectors
• Multiphase flow
– Most oil wells have gas and liquid phases
– Flow regimes
• Describe how phases exist and move in well or pipe
• Differ with rate, ratio of phases and deviation from vertical
• Different flow regimes can occur at different points in well or flowline because
of different local pressure & temperature
– Transition between regimes is often drawn as a 2D flow regime map

Vertical Flow Parameters
Temperature Pressure
slug
flow
chum
flow
Depth
bubble Approximate
flow linear
temperature
profile
Single-
phase
oil
p > pBP
oil
Two-Phase Vertical Flow
Analysis and Calculations are Complex
1 Flow regime (gas distribution)
Mist Flow 2 Proportion gas vs liquid changes
Annular 3 Gas tends to rise faster than liquid

Decreasing Pressure
(slippage)
Flow
Factors affecting Pvert.
1 Mass flow rate:
Churn Flow Oil Rate
Gas Rate (GLR)
Water Rate (CUT)
Plug OR 2 Physical properties PVT
Viscosity
Slug Flow Surface tension
3 Conduit Configuration Size
Bubble Flow Roughness
Concentric?
Single Phase 4 Pressure
Liquid Flow
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Production Optimization Using Prosper 97
Multi-phase flow upward in vertical pipes

Flow Regimes
• Flow regime or Flow Pattern : is a qualitative description of the phase
distribution in a pipe.
• 4 regimes are generally agreed upon:
1. BUBBLE FLOW: dispersed bubbles of gas in a continuous liquid phase
2. SLUG FLOW: at higher rates, the bubbles coalesce into larger bubbles, which eventually fill
up the entire pipe section. Between the large gas bubbles are slugs of liquid that contain
smaller bubbles of gas entrained in the liquid.
3. CHURN FLOW: with further increase in gas rate, the larger gas bubbles become unstable
and collapse, resulting in a highly turbulent pattern. Both phases are dispersed. Churn flow
is characterized by oscillatory up-and-down motions of liquid.
4. ANNULAR FLOW: at higher rates, gas becomes the continuous phase, with liquid flowing in
an annulus coating the surface of the pipe and with liquid droplets entrained in the gas
phase.

Flow Regime (Ros)
100
FN
10
FROTH FLOW
BUBBLE FLOW
1
0.5
SLUG FLOW
0.2
PLUG FLOW
HEADING As , Increases, heading
0.1
regime may range up to MIST FLOW
0.05
0.02
0.01
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.7 1 2 3 5 7 10 100 1000
RN = Dimensionless Gas Velocity Number RN
FN = Dimensionless Liquid Velocity Number
Multi-phase flow in horizontal pipes

Tubing Curve
3500
Tubing Curve
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
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Production UsingSTB/D
rate, Prosper 102
CORRELATIONS
• Babson (1934)
• Gilbert (1939 / 1952)
• Poettmann & Carpenter (1952)
• Duns & Ros
• Hagedorn & Brown
• Orkiszewski
• Aziz, Govier and Fogarasi
• Chierici et al
• Fancher & Brown
• Beggs &Brill
• Duckler Flannigan
• Gray
• H.MONA, Asheim
• Hasan and Kabir
Wellbore Correlations for Oil Early Empirical
Models
• Developed primarily from data on high flow rate wells
• Assume equal gas and oil velocities
• Modify Fanning friction factor to agree with multiphase flow data
• Poettman and Carpenter (1952)
• Baxendell and Thomas (1961)
• Fancher and Brown (1963)

Poettman and Carpenter
• Published in 1952
• Based on field data from 49 wells
• 34 flowing wells, 15 gas-lift wells
• Tubing size: 2 3/8” and 2 7/8” OD
• Total liquid rate: 300 - 800 STB/D
• Gas-liquid ratio: 100 - 800 scf/STB

Baxendell and Thomas
• Extended P&C to higher flow rates
• Based on data from light-oil test well in Venezuela
• Tubing size: 2 7/8” and 3 1/2” OD
• Flow rates: 176 - 5082 STB/D
• GOR: 750 scf/STB

Fancher and Brown
• Extended P&C to lower flow rates and higher GLR’s
• Based on data from 8000’ test well producing mostly salt water
• Tubing size: 2 3/8” OD
• Total liquid rate: 75 - 936 bbl/D
• Gas-liquid ratio: 105 - 9433 scf/bbl

Wellbore Correlations for Oil Generalized
Empirical Models
• Based on dimensional analysis by Duns and Ros
• Duns and Ros (1963)
• Hagedorn and Brown (1963)
• Orkiszewski (1967)
• Beggs and Brill (1973)
• Mukherjee and Brill (1983)

Duns and Ros
• Identified 10 dimensionless groups
• Selected 4 as important in multiphase flow based on extensive
experimental data
• Defined “liquid holdup”

Hagedorn and Brown
• Widely accepted throughout industry
• Based on data from 1500’ test “well”
• Tubing size: 1”, 1 1/4”, and 1 1/2” nominal
• Different liquids: water, oil: 10 - 110 cp

Orkiszewski
• Extension of previous work by Griffith and Wallis
• Based on data from 148 pressure gradient surveys
• Pressure gradient based on flow regime
• Oil rate: 175 - 3166 STB/D
• GOR: 185 - 6450 scf/STB

Beggs and Brill
• Based on experimental data from inclined 90’ long acrylic pipe
• Pipe size: 1” and 1 1/2”
• Gas flow rate: 0-300 Mscf/D
• Liquid flow rate: 30-1000 bbl/D
• Inclination: ±90, 85, 75, 55, 35, 20, 15, 10, 5, 0°

Mukherjee and Brill
• Based on data from 1 1/2” ID inclined pipe
• Developed three separate correlations
• Uphill and horizontal flow
• Downhill stratified flow
• Other downhill flow regimes

Wellbore Correlations for Oil Mechanistic
Models
• Attempt to predict pressure drop by incorporating all important
variables and rigorous description of physical processes
• MONA (1986)
• Sylvester & Yao (1987)
• Ansari (1987)

Wellbore Correlations
High GLR Gas Wells
• Cullender and Smith (1956)
• Dry gas only; not recommended
• Fundamental Flow
• Dry gas only
• Fundamental Flow adj
• Adjusts gas density for GLR > 50,000

Wellbore Correlations
Low GLR Gas Wells
• Gray (1974)
• Wet gases, gas condensates
• Ros and Gray (1961)
• Oil well correlations may also be useful
• Duns and Ros (1963)
• Hagedorn and Brown (1963)

Critical Rate To Lift Liquid
• Most gas wells produce some liquids
• Liquids may be
• Vaporized in reservoir gas
• Free liquid in reservoir
• Liquids will accumulate if not lifted to surface
• Accumulated liquids will reduce productivity
• For a given set of conditions, there is a minimum flow rate
to lift liquids

Models for Liquid Transport
• Continuous film model
• Liquid moves up along walls of tubing
• Gas must move fast enough that drag keeps liquid
moving
• Entrained drop model
• Liquid is suspended as drops in the gas stream
• Each droplet has terminal velocity depending on
its size, shape, and density
• Drops are held together by surface tension
• Drops larger than certain size are torn apart by gas
stream
• Can predict terminal velocity for largest drops that
will occur as a function of surface tension, density Continuous film model Entrained drop model
of gas, and density of liquid

Critical Velocity
 
  1 4  L   g
vt  1.912

14

 g 12

Nomenclature
vt = terminal velocity of liquid droplet, ft/sec
L = liquid density, lbm/ft3
g = gas density, lbm/ft3
 = interfacial tension, dynes/cm

Critical Rate
3060 pvt A
qc 
Tz
Nomenclature
A = area open to flow, ft2
p = flowing pressure, psia
qc = critical rate, Mscf/D
T = flowing temperature, ºR
vt = terminal velocity of liquid droplet, ft/sec
z = real gas deviation factor, dimensionless
Effect of Tubing Size

Nodal Analysis
Gas
Sales line
Pwh Psep Liquid
Stock tank

Pwf Pwfs Pr Pe
P1 = (Pr - Pwfs)

System Graph
3500
Inflow (Reservoir) Curve
3000
Tubing Curve
2500
1957.1 psi
2000
1500
1000
500
2111 STB/D
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
rate, Prosper 123
Solution Node At Wellhead
Gas
Sales line
Pwh Psep Liquid
Stock tank

Pwf Pwfs Pr Pe
P1 = (Pr - Pwfs)

System Graph - Wellhead Node
1600
Inflow Curve
1400 Outflow Curve
Flowing wellhead pressure, psi
1200
1000
800
500 psi
600
400
200 2050 STB/D
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
rate, Prosper 125
WELL RESTRICTED BY PIPING SYSTEM AND
Well Restricted by Piping System and Near NEAR WELLBORE SKIN EFFECT
Wellbore Skin Effect
BOTTOM HOLE FLOWING PRESSURE, Pwf

Pr
2 OUTFLOW
1
4
INFLOW
3
0
0
FLOW RATE, Q
Finding optimum tubing size

Outflow Performance
Tubing pressure drop modelling
• Fundamental Well parameters required:
• Deviation survey
– Measured Depths vs. True Vertical Depths
• Completion details
– All restrictions & internal diameter changes
– Wall roughness
– Model down to mid-completion depth except for IPR models with
friction
• Geothermal Gradient
– Rock temperatures from wellhead down to reservoir
– Heat transfer coefficient from tubing to formation
• match to test data when possible
• Typically 3 to 12 BTU/hr/ft2/F (can be as high as ~20)

Simultaneous Effect Of Minimizing Flow
Restrictions In The Reservoir And In The Piping
System

System Analysis (Combination of Inflow Vs.
Outflow)
• IPR & TPR curves can be combined to find the Stabilized Flow Rate
(Point of Natural Flow)
• Wellbore flowing pressure and tubing intake pressure are considered at

the same depth
• At a specific rate when these two pressures are equal, the flow system
is in equilibrium and flow is Stable

System Analysis (Combination of Inflow Vs.
Outflow)
• Flowing bottom hole
pressure (Pwf) = Tubing
Intake pressure(Pwf e)
... the stableflow rate

Production Rate & Tubing Sizing

Production Rate & Wellhead Pressures

Tubing Size in Depleting Reservoir
1“
Pinitial
2 3/8 “
3 1/2 “
Tubing
Intake P5
Pressure
Pwf 4 1/2 “
P10 5“
Q
Case History
• NODAL ANALYSIS FOCUSED GAS LIFT
ON ARTIFICIAL LIFT
BOTTOMHOLE FLOWING PRESSURE, Pwf

Pr
ELECTRICAL SUBMERSIBLE
1 PUMP (ESP)
BUBBLE PRESSURE
Pb
Pwf ESP FAILED DUE TO

2
EXCESSIVE GAS RATE
Pwf<<<<Pb
0
0 PRODUCTION
INCREASE
FLOW RATE, Q
Case History
• NODAL ANALYSIS FOCUSED GAS LIFT
ON ARTIFICIAL LIFT

Pr
IPR IMPROVED BY
REPERFORATION +
STIMULATION JOB
ELECTRICAL SUBMERSIBLE
1 PUMP (ESP)
3 ZERO GAS IN
THE PUMP
Pwf > Pb
BUBBLE PRESSURE
Pb
WELL WITH A
VERY STRONG
SKIN EFFECT 2
0
0 PRODUCTION INCREASE
FLOW RATE, Q
Case History
• NODAL ANALYSIS FOCUSED BEAM PUMPING
ON INFLOW RESERVOIR

Pr
2 WELL STIMULATED WITH
PERFORMANCE 1
STEAM SOAK
VERY SMALL INCREASE

IN PRODUCTION WAS ACHIEVED
0
0
FLOW RATE, Q
Analyzing Multi-well Systems
A change made in any component in the system would affect the producing
capacity of the total system, Some of the changes that could be considered are:
• Working over individual wells
• Placing some wells on artificial lift
• Add new wells
• Shutting in some of the existing wells
• Changes in producing characteristics with time
• Effect of surface line sizes
• Installation of pumps or compressors
• Effect of the final outlet pressure

ANALYZING MULTIWELL SYSTEMS
Analyzing Multiwell Systems
Pwf1
PA System
Q1 Capacity
Well 1
A B
QA=Q1+Q2+Q3
Well 2
Pwf2
Q2 Well 3
Pwf3
Q3
Well Performance Software
The most noteworthy well performance programs on the market today are:
• Prosper (Petroleum Experts)
• WellFlo (Edinburgh Petroleum Services)
• Perform (Dwight’s / IHS Energy Services)
• PipeSim (Schlumberger)
• WEM (P.E. Mosely & Associates)
In addition to these programs, numerous other well performance programs have been developed
for commercial or private use.

Examples

Example-1
• Producer Vertical Well
• Natural Flow
• Rs=400 scf/STB
• API =30
• Gas Sp. Gr. = 0.75
• Salinity =80000 ppm
• Total Depth = 8000 ft
• Well radius = 0.354 ft
• Drainage radius = 2000 ft
• Reservoir Pressure = 3600 psi
• Water saturation = 0.3
• Surface Temperature = 70 F
• Bottomhole Temperature = 200 F

Example-1
• SPOT IPR
• Permeability factor = 0.1
• Crushed Thickness = 1.2 inch
• Compressive strength = 8000 psi
• Horizontal Permeability = 200 md
• Kv/Kh =0.1
• Porosity = 0.25
• Top reservoir Depth = 8000 ft
• Bottom reservoir depth = 8200 ft
• Overall heat coefficient = 8
• W.C. =0%

Example-1
• Casing depth = 8000 ft
• Casing OD = 8.5 inch
• Casing ID = 8.3 inch
• Casing weight = 9 lb/ft
• Tubing depth = 7800 ft
• Tubing ID = 3.992 inch
• Holdup depth = 8250 ft
• Drift = 8 inch

Example-1
• Perforation efficiency = 1
• Under balance pressure = 100 psig
• Overburden pressure gradient = 1 psi/ft
• Water saturation = 0.3
• Residual oil saturation = 0.2
• Critical water saturation = 0.25
• Oil Kr end point = 0.8
• Water Kr end point = 0.8
• Corey exponent for oil and water Kr = 3
• Halliburton gun wireline 2 inch
• Log depth increment = 0.5 ft
• Top node pressure = 200 psig

Example-2
• Rs=320 scf/stb
• API= 41.5
• Gas Sp. Gr. =0.822
• Salinity = 60000 ppm
MD TVD
0 0
3025.08 3025.08
3212.1 3212.1
3307.25 3303.97
3494.26 3490.98
3651.75 3648.47
Example-2
• Natural flow Deviated well
• Downhole equipment
Depth “ft” Tubing ID “in” Casing ID “in”
185 13.375
1975 9.625
3133 3.5
3651.75 7
• Geothermal gradient, Overall heat coefficient = 8

Depth “ft” Temperature “F”
0 45
3651.75 135
Example-2
• Darcy IPR
• Reservoir Pressure = 1333 psig
• W.C. =1%
• Permeability = 800 md
• Thickness = 20 ft
• Drainage = 500 acres
• Dietz shape = 30
• Wellbore radius = 0.5833 ft
• S=4

Example-2
• Matching IPR data
• WHFP =100 psig
• WHFT = 134 F
• WC =1%
• Liquid rate = 5100 bbl/d
• Depth= 1183 ft
• Gauge pressure = 1236 psig
• Reservoir pressure = 1333 psig
• GOR = 320 scf/stb

Example-3
• Design gas lift
• Rs=320 scf/stb
• API= 41.5
• Gas Sp. Gr. =0.822
• Vertical well
Depth “ft” Tubing ID “in” Casing OD “in”
7800 3.9
8000 8
Example-3
• Total depth = 8000 ft
• Darcy IPR
• Reservoir Pressure = 3000 psig Depth “ft” Temperature “F”
• W.C. =60% 0 60
• Permeability = 200 md 8000 250
• Dietz shape = 31.6
• S=5

Example-3
• Maximum gas available =20 mmscfd
• Maximum gas during unloading = 20 mmscfd
• Flowing top node pressure=250 psig
• Unloading top node pressure = 250 psig
• Operating injection pressure = 1000 psig
• Kick-off injection pressure = 1000 psig
• Desired dp across valve =250 psi
• Maximum depth of injection = 7000 ft
• Water cut = 90%
• Minimum spacing = 250 ft
• Static gradient load fluid = 0.6 psi/ft

Example-4
• Design ESP
• Rs=400 scf/stb
• API= 30
• Gas Sp. Gr. =0.75
• Vertical well
Depth “ft” Tubing ID Tubing OD Casing OD “in”
“in” “in”
7800
10/11/2022 3.992 4.5 Optimization Using Prosper
Production 154
Example-4
• Total depth = 8000 ft
• Darcy IPR
• Reservoir Pressure = 4000 psig Depth “ft” Temperature “F”
• W.C. =0% 0 60
• Permeability = 150 md 8000 200
• Dietz shape = 31.6
• S=0

Example-4
• Calculate at Pr =3000 psig and WC = 80%, well ceases to flow
• ESP Design
• Pump MD = 7000 ft
• Operating frequency = 60 hz
• Maximum OD = 6 inches
• Length of cable = 7000 ft
• Gas separator efficiency = 0
• Design rate = 12000 stb/d
• W.c.=80 %
• GOR = 400 scf/stb
• WHFP = 250 psig

Thank You

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Production Optimization

Using Prosper Software

Thursday, 10 November 2022

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• Production Optimization includes a good understanding about Production

• Production Optimization refers to the various activities of measuring,

• Production Optimization is a fundamental practice to ensure recovery of

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Production system can be very simple to complex

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• DETECTING PRODUCTION IMPEDIMENTS

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Pwh Pds Flowline Separator

Reservoir Pwf Pwfs Pr Pe

P1 = Pr - Pwfs = Loss in reservoir

P1 = (Pr - Pwfs)

Produced Fluids Moving Through The System

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Sales / Stock Tank

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• This point is referred to as the solution point or solution node.

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NODE PRESSURE, Pnode

• The Outflow Performance

• The interaction of IPR and OPR is the SYSTEM FLOW CAPACITY

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• The inflow from the reservoir to the wellbore 3000

Flowing bottomhole pressure, psi

• The Inflow Performance Relationship (IPR) for 2000

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important measures are: is described as:

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10/11/2022 Rate Using Prosper

AOF (absolute open flow): Pwf = 0

Normally, Pres and one other point are given.

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s = Skin Factor (dimensionless)

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P.I. - Straight Line IPR

Works fine for water wells and undersaturated oil zones.

Not a very good representation of the liquid part of multi-phase flow.

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