Chapter 4

Linear Minimum Mean Square Error Equalizer

4.1 MMSE Equalizer

There are many drawbacks of the Zero-Forcing Equalizer which are arises due
to noise performance. This out-performance is limited by the implementation of
the Linear Minimum Mean Squared Error (LMMSE) filter which can easily select
the equalizer parameters such that the power is related to the ISI and additive noise
at the output section of the equalizer is reduced to a great extent.

4.1.1 Basic Assumption

The below-mentioned postulate is mentioned for the derivation of the LMMSE.

- E {An An+j } = δ(j), indicates the information representations remain

uncorrelated for the time being. .
- The input beacons are uncorrelated with disturbances.

4.1.2 The Derivation about the Equalizer Tap Weights

Examine unique data at the input of the equalizer,

Y(n) = ∑∞
k=−∞ Ak pr (n − k) + N(n) (4.1)

And the equalizer output,

Yeq (n) = ∑M
i=−M wi Y(n − i) (4.2)

The Equalizer product for the sampling times obtained by,

∞
Yeq (n) = ∑M
i=−M wi [∑k=−∞ Ak pr (n − i − k) + N(n − i)] (4.3)
 Linear Minimum Mean Square Error Equalizer

The mean squared error (MSE) provided by,

2
MSE = E {(An − Yeq (n) ) } (4.4)

By applying every equation (4.1) to (4.4), the realization of the MSE can be
produced by,

2
MSE = E {A2n } − 2 ∑M M
i=−M wi E {An Y(n − i)} + E {(∑i=−M wi Y(n − i)) } (4.5)

A supplementary explanation of the previously stated equation is attainable by

the succeeding proceedings:

 𝐸 {𝐴2𝑛 } = 𝜎𝐴2 (through description)

 𝐸 {𝐴𝑛 𝑌(𝑛 − 𝑖)} = 𝜎𝐴2 𝑝𝑟 (−𝑖) (utilizing the original proposals)
 𝐸 {𝑌(𝑛 − 𝑖) 𝑌(𝑛 − 𝑗)} = 𝜎𝐴2 𝛾(𝑖, 𝑗) + 𝜎𝑁2 𝜌(𝑖 − 𝑗) (utilizing the original
proposals)
Where,
- 𝛾(𝑖, 𝑗) = ∑∞
𝑙=−∞ 𝑝𝑟 (𝑙 − 𝑖) 𝑝𝑟 (𝑙 − 𝑗), the auto-correlation of the unequalised

pulse values.
- 𝜌(𝑖 − 𝑗) = , the auto-correlation of the receiver input
noise.
- The Average Signal Power 𝜎𝐴2 .
- The Average Noise Power 𝜎𝑁2 .

By utilizing the delivered concepts to the previously-stated equation (4.5)

converted into a compressed matrix representation:

 The received pulse values are Pr = [pr(M), . . . , pr(0), . . . , pr(−M)]T.

 Γ is a matrix whose (i, j)th element is 𝛾(𝑖, 𝑗) + (𝜎𝑁2 /𝜎𝐴2 ) 𝜌(𝑖 − 𝑗).
 The equalizer tap-weights represents w = [w−M, . . . , w0, . . . , wM ]T.

The final expression for the MSE is,

MSE = σ2A (1 − 2 PrT w + w T Γw) (4.6)

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The derivative of the equation (4.6) with respect to wi and equating it to zero,
yields the synchronous equations which are shown below,

pr = Γw (4.7)

By putting the input white noise to equation (4.7), the converted equation gives

σ2N
pr = (R + I) w (4.8)
σ2A

Where, the auto-correlation matrix of the unequalized pulse values is R plus an

identity matrix is I. From the equation (4.8) the equalizer tap-weights can be
estimated as:

−1
σ2N
w = (R + I) pr (4.9)
σ2A

2
𝜎𝐴
Understanding the fact that = SNR, we can rephrase the above equation
σ2N

(4.9) as:

1 −1
w = (R + I) pr (4.10)
SNR

The settlement within the disturbance and ISI is shown through selecting the
equation (4.10) for the drafting of the LMMSE. The other value of all the Γ matrix
equals zero if the receiver is generating an essentially noise-free condition
(SNR → ∞), and the answer matches the zero-forcing equalizer clarification. The
noise composition is weighed accurately in all the other states.

4.1.3 Residual MSE

Subsequent the equalization, the Remaining mean squared error (MSE) can be
reckoned to accept the expression,

MSE = σ2A (1 − PrT Γpr ) (4.11)

The value of the signal to noise ratio is computed from Eb / No as

2
𝜎𝐴 1 𝐸
𝑆𝑁𝑅 = σ2N
= 8
(𝑁𝑏 ) (4.12)
𝑜

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It shown from the result that the mean square error (MSE) is decreases as
Eb / No is increased from 1 to 75. Also the weights and the MSE for zero noise case
were found to be very close to the Zero forcing equalizer.

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SIMULATION 1

Aim: To Simulate Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE) Equalizer algorithm

using 4th order Butterworth low pass filter channel impulse response.

No of Sample is 16.
Here order of Butterworth filter is four.
Here for Butterworth cut-off frequency is 0.05.
Taken five different values of Eb / No is 1 (0 dB), 2 (3.01 dB), 10 (10 dB), 50 (16.98
dB), 75 (18.75 dB).

It is observed from simulation that MSE (Mean Square Error) is decreasing by

increasing Eb / No values. It is given in tabulated form as:

Table 4.1 MSE for Butterworth LPF

Eb / No MSE
1 0.9184
2 0.8505
10 0.5468
50 0.2094
75 0.1528
Infinity 0.0021

Also from simulation it is observed that by increasing values of Eb / No, Eye opening
has increased.

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Figure4.1 Butterworth 4th order LPF Channel Impulse Response

Figure 4.2 The Equalizer input in form of Eye Diagram

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Figure 4.3 The Equalizer output with Eb/No = 1 in form of Eye diagram

Figure 4.4 The Equalizer output with Eb/No = 2 in form of Eye diagram

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Figure 4.5 The Equalizer output with Eb/No = 10 in form of Eye diagram

Figure 4.6 The Equalizer output with Eb/No = 50 in form of Eye diagram

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Figure 4.7 The Equalizer output with Eb/No = 75 in form of Eye diagram

Figure 4.8 The Equalizer output at noise free condition in form of Eye diagram.

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Figure 4.9 MSE vs Eb / No

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SIMULATION 2

Aim: To Simulate Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE) Equalizer algorithm

using channel impulse response created by Rectangular pulse convolved with first
order low pass filter.

No of Sample is 16.
Bit period for rectangular pulse is 1.
Sampling time in simulation is 0.1.
Time constant is 3.
Taken five different values of Eb / No is 1 (0 dB), 2 (3.01 dB), 10 (10 dB), 50 (16.98
dB), 75 (18.75 dB).

It is observed from simulation that MSE (Mean Square Error) is decreasing by

increasing Eb / No values. It is given in tabulated form as:

Table 4.2 MSE for Rectangular Pulse LPF

Eb / No MSE
1 0.4472
2 0.3186
10 0.1021
50 0.0236
75 0.0159
Infinity 2.2340e-05

Also from simulation it is observed that by increasing values of Eb / No, Eye opening
has increased.

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Figure 4.10 Rectangular Pulse LPF Channel Impulse Response

Figure 4.11 The Equalizer input in form of Eye Diagram

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Figure 4.12 The Equalizer output with Eb/No = 1 in form of Eye diagram

Figure 4.13 The Equalizer output with Eb/No = 2 in form of Eye diagram

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Figure 4.14 The Equalizer output with Eb/No = 10 in form of Eye diagram

Figure 4.15 The Equalizer output with Eb/No = 50 in form of Eye diagram

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Figure 4.16 The Equalizer output with Eb/No = 75 in form of Eye diagram

Figure 4.17 The Equalizer output at noise free condition in form of Eye diagram

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Figure 4.18 MSE vs Eb / No

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SIMULATION 3

Aim: To Simulate Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE) Equalizer algorithm for
QPSK modulation using 4th order Butterworth low pass filter channel impulse
response.

Length of QPSK modulated sequence is 256.

SNR added is 10.
Here order of Butterworth filter is four.
Here for Butterworth filter cut-off frequency is 0.05.
No. of samples is 16.
Taken five different values of Eb / No is 1 (0 dB), 2 (3.01 dB), 10 (10 dB), 50 (16.98
dB), 75 (18.75 dB).

It is observed from simulation that MSE (Mean Square Error) is decreasing by

increasing Eb / No values. It is given in tabulated form as:

Table 4.3 MSE for Butterworth LPF

Eb / No MSE
1 0.9184
2 0.8505
10 0.5468
50 0.2094
75 0.1528
Infinity 0.0021

Also it is observed from simulation figures that by increasing values of Eb / No,

the eye opening has increased and also we will find improvement on constellation
diagram of QPSK with increasing Eb / No.

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Figure 4.19 QPSK sequence generation (with SNR = 10)

Figure 4.20 Butterworth 4th order LPF Channel Impulse Response

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Figure 4.21 The Equalizer input in form of Eye Diagram

Figure 4.22 QPSK Constellation Diagram (CD) at input of Equalizer

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Figure 4.23 The Equalizer output with Eb/No = 1 in form of Eye diagram

Figure 4.24 The Equalizer output with Eb/No = 1 in form of CD for QPSK

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Figure 4.25 The Equalizer output with Eb/No = 2 in form of Eye diagram

Figure 4.26 The Equalizer output with Eb/No = 2 in form of CD for QPSK

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Figure 4.27 The Equalizer output with Eb/No = 10 in form of Eye diagram

Figure 4.28 The Equalizer output with Eb/No = 10 in form of CD for QPSK

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Figure 4.29 The Equalizer output with Eb/No = 50 in form of Eye diagram

Figure 4.30 The Equalizer output with Eb/No = 50 in form of CD for QPSK

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Figure 4.31 The Equalizer output with Eb/No = 75 in form of Eye diagram

Figure 4.32 The Equalizer output with Eb/No = 75 in form of CD for QPSK

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 Linear Minimum Mean Square Error Equalizer

Figure 4.33 The Equalizer output at noise free condition in form of Eye diagram

Figure 4.34 QPSK Constellation Diagram at Output of Equalizer with noise free
condition

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SIMULATION 4

Aim: To Simulate Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE) Equalizer algorithm for
QPSK modulation using channel impulse response created by Rectangular pulse
convolved with first order low pass filter.

Length of QPSK modulated sequence is 256.

SNR added is 10.
Here order of Butterworth filter is four.
Here for Butterworth filter cut-off frequency is 0.05.
No. of samples is 16.
Taken five different values of Eb / No is 1 (0 dB), 2 (3.01 dB), 10 (10 dB), 50 (16.98
dB), 75 (18.75 dB).

It is observed from simulation that MSE (Mean Square Error) is decreasing by

increasing Eb / No values. It is given in tabulated form as:

Table 4.4 MSE for Rectangular Pulse LPF

Eb / No MSE
1 0.4472
2 0.3186
10 0.1021
50 0.0236
75 0.0159
Infinity 2.2340e-05

Also it is observed from simulation figures that by increasing values of Eb / No,

the eye opening has increased and also we will find improvement on constellation
diagram of QPSK with increasing Eb / No.

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Figure 4.35: Rectangular Pulse LPF Channel Impulse Response

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Figure 4.36 The Equalizer input in form of Eye Diagram

Figure 4.37 QPSK Constellation Diagram at input of Equalizer

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Figure 4.38 The Equalizer output with Eb/No = 1 in form of Eye diagram

Figure 4.39 The Equalizer output with Eb/No = 1 in form of CD for QPSK

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Figure 4.40 The Equalizer output with Eb/No = 2 in form of Eye diagram

Figure 4.41 The Equalizer output with Eb/No = 2 in form of CD for QPSK

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Figure 4.42 The Equalizer output with Eb/No = 10 in form of Eye diagram

Figure 4.43 The Equalizer output with Eb/No = 10 in form of CD for QPSK

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Figure 4.44 The Equalizer output with Eb/No = 50 in form of Eye diagram

Figure 4.45 The Equalizer output with Eb/No = 50 in form of CD for QPSK

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Figure 4.46 The Equalizer output with Eb/No = 75 in form of Eye diagram

Figure 4.47 The Equalizer output with Eb/No = 75 in form of CD for QPSK

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Figure 4.48 The Equalizer output at noise free condition in form of Eye diagram

Figure 4.49 QPSK Constellation Diagram at Output of Equalizer with noise free
condition

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SIMULATION 5

Aim: To Simulate Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE) Equalizer algorithm for
American Digital Cellular (IS – 54) modulation scheme Pi/4 DQPSK using 4th order
Chebyshev low pass filter channel impulse response.

Here order of Chebyshev filter is four.

Here for Chebyshev filter cut-off frequency is 0.0625.
Ripple use for Chebyshev filter is 0.05.
No of sample is 16.
Length of Pi/4 DQPSK modulated sequence is 256.
Taken five different values of Eb / No is 1 (0 dB), 2 (3.01 dB), 10 (10 dB), 50 (16.98
dB), 75 (18.75 dB).

Table 4.5 MSE for Chebyshev LPF

Eb / No MSE
1 0.8981
2 0.8150
10 0.4687
50 0.1501
75 0.1054
Infinity 1.9693e-05

I and Q Components: The Quadrature Phase (Q) and In-phase (I) components of
Pi/4 DQPSK can be expressed as [26]:
𝐼(𝑖) = 𝐼(𝑖 − 1) ∗ cos(∆𝜃𝑖 ) − 𝑄(𝑖 − 1) ∗ sin(∆𝜃𝑖 )
𝑄(𝑖) = 𝐼(𝑖 − 1) ∗ sin(∆𝜃𝑖 ) + 𝑄(𝑖 − 1) ∗ cos(∆𝜃𝑖 )

𝑆(𝑖) = 𝑆(𝑖 − 1) ∗ 𝑒 𝑗∆𝜃𝑖

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where, Quadrature phase and in phase components are I(i) and Q(i) and modulated
symbol is S(i). And the phase difference between symbols of I and (I-1) signalling
intervals is ∆(𝜃).

Phase Shift Mapping: The input symbol di = {00, 01, 11, 10} measures the Phase
shift ∆(𝜃𝑖 ). Thus, the information bits that constitute the input symbol are encoded
into one of the 4 possible phase transitions, defined by the following table.

𝑎𝑖1 𝑎𝑖2 ∆𝜃𝑖 = 𝑓(𝑎𝑖1 , 𝑎𝑖2 )

0 0 𝜋/4
0 1 3𝜋/4
1 0 −3𝜋/4
1 1 −𝜋/4

Where 𝑎𝑖1 and 𝑎𝑖2 are information bits that constitutes the input symbol di.

Figure 4.50 Chebyshev 4th order LPF Channel Impulse Response

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Figure 4.51 The Equalizer input in form of Eye Diagram for Pi/4 DQPSK

Figure 4.52 Pi/4 DQPSK Constellation Diagram at input of Equalizer

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Figure 4.53 The Equalizer output with Eb/No = 1 in form of Eye diagram

Figure 4.54 The Equalizer output with Eb/No = 1 in form of CD for Pi/4 DQPSK

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Figure 4.55 The Equalizer output with Eb/No = 2 in form of Eye diagram

Figure 4.56 The Equalizer output with Eb/No = 2 in form of CD for Pi/4 DQPSK 2

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Figure 4.57 The Equalizer output with Eb/No = 10 in form of Eye diagram

Figure4.58 The Equalizer output with Eb/No = 10 in form of CD for Pi/4 DQPSK

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Figure 4.59 The Equalizer output with Eb/No = 50 in form of Eye diagram

Figure 4.60 The Equalizer output with Eb/No = 50 in form of CD for Pi/4 DQPSK

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Figure 4.61 The Equalizer output with Eb/No = 75 in form of Eye diagram

Figure 4.62 The Equalizer output with Eb/No = 75 in form of CD for Pi/4 DQPSK

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Figure 4.63 The Equalizer output at noise free condition in form of Eye diagram

Figure 4.64 Pi/4 DQPSK Constellation Diagram at Output of Equalizer with noise
free condition

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