SOLVED SUBJECTIVE EXERCISE CENTRE OF MASS Define centre of mass? The centre of mass of body is the Imaginary point at which the entire mass of the body or system of bodies is supposed to be concentrated, Mathematically ts 9 point about which total mornent of mass venishes i.e. Tm 0 wy Note:-1 Let the distances of the two particles be x, and xy respectively from origin O. Let m, and mg be their masses, Then, the centre of mass of the system at distance x, from O is given by x, = Mt mx Amie 2 Ail) Position of center of mass of two particle Note:-2 system lying on x-axis Fora system of n Particles lies on X-axis Suppose a system having masses m,, my, m3... mM, occupying x-coordinates x4, Xp, %ye...Ky Xam = X-Coordinates of centre of mass of system in = My FM Hy + MEK tee A MK | Kom fie emajet mig beng. my Mp my mq x — ae oH are ens Yan = “arm sei A) 1¢ Yon = mam 1 ton“ snediv ©) Note:-4 Relation between Position Vectors of Particles and Centre of Mass —. oo = im@ty: e f § exit ustaSSS esti‘ COS ‘of mass of th whole body | Le. moment of mass of centre of mass is equal to moment Differentiating with respect to time, we get velocty of centre of mass 1 mv, seal) Vou Cross multiplying, we get M Von = MM, ft ie momentum of centre of mass is equal to momentum of mass ofthe whole body Again differentiating the result, we get acceleration of centre of mass ane (vi) Gon = Cross multiplying we get Max, i.e. force acting on the centre of the mass is equal to force acting on the whole body. tion of centre of mass is given by Note:-5 For a body which is a continuous distribution of matter, the posi on Fy Jean suit A) 1 is Yon = 34 Jv am evil B) 1 a =k dm svene(Viii C) Here dm is mass segment of the body at (x2) Note :- 6 Ifa rocket explodes in its path and fragments flies in all directions. Y4 Parabolic path of the projectile Explosion Path of CM of fragments m XxX ‘As explosion forces aze intemal to the system, they didnot contribute to motion of centre of mass and cante of ‘mass of rocket follows same parabolic trajectory that rocket would have followed if it would not be exploded.6 8 ey \ ‘Ans. Suppose the H nucleus is located at the origin Then Inthe HCI molecule, the separation between the nuclel of the two atoms is about 1.27 A (1A = 10°"7m) location ‘of the CM of the molecule, given that the chlorine atom is about 35.5 times as massive as 2 hydrogen atomn and nearly all the mass of an atom Is concentrated in all its nucleus. INCERT] X= 0, x) 127A m= 1m, = 355 ii ‘ Se eee OG ky =0 xy = 127A, 0) + The position of the CM of HCI molecule is Kon = MPL Mae = 1.235 mange 4.) Three point masses m,, m, and m, are situated atthe vertices ofan equilateral tiangle of side a then what are the coordinates of centre of mass ofthis system. ‘Ans. Assume mass m, lies at the origin of coordinate system as shown in figure, then Coordinates of m, at (0,0) R Coordinates of m, at (2,0) Ba Coordinates of m, at Ge yy +My + MX m, +m, +m, ¢ xO}tm, xa+m,x 3) 2 m, +m, +m, So, vq: = entmalel2) / mnten room(s 7 m,+m, +m,~ ae (a) (2) Define moment of ins fl Ans. (2) Itplays same role in rotational motion as inertia in translational motion. Moment oO (MOMENT OF INERTI | (b) Write its expression for point mass placed at some distance from the axis. (c) White its expression for a rigid body, retticofa politcal kept ai 1 distance r from the axis o! rotation is given by m Vere rap) i Moment of Inertia is a scalar‘quantity and its S.J, unit is Kam®. It is denoted by {1') Its dimensional formula is [ML?). Pr tet atigid body made up of particles m,, m,... m, be rotating about its axis. Let the particular m,,m,~- m,be at the pemendicular distance ofr, ,..r, respectively. Then the moment of Inertia of the rigid body will be equal to the sum of moment of inertia of the particles. aneaus 8 “Thee balls of messes 1,2 and 3 ka repecvely are arenged atthe comers ofan equllatra tianae of sic Im. What willbe the moment of inertia ofthe system about an axis through the centroid and perpendicular to the plane of the triangle ? Ans. Median AD = AB? —BD? NR = VP-(0.5) = 075 1m ms aG= BG=0G= ap = $075 MAL of the system about an axis through centroid G and perpendicular to the plane of the triangle is l= 1x AG? +2 x BG? +3 x CG Bf—asn > osm 3° (14243) x (E078) 6x4x0.75 _ = SREROT = Zig 4. Calculate the moment of inertia of the system about : ahgiesgeaiti Sky {(@) anaxis passing through the point of intersection of the diagonals and A m ‘B perpendicular to the plane of the square. (i) the side AB, and (Gi) the diagonal BD. a a ‘Ans. Here AB = BC = CD = DA= 1m D es 0A = 08 = 0c = 0D = 3YP+F = 5m aoe (i) ML. of the system about an axis through O and perpendicular to the plane of the square. I= 4x (AF +2 x (OB +3 x (OCF +5 x (OD? 2 = (44+2+3+5)x (+) =4x 3 = 7kgm? () M1. ofthe system about the side AB, | T= 3x (BCR +5 x (AD? = 8X14+5x1=8kgm?‘Acolid cylinder of mass 20 kg rotates about its axis with angulor speed 10087, The radius ofthe ofinder alae ‘im. What Is the kinetic energy associated with the rotation of the cylinder? What is the magnitude momentum of the cylinder about Its axis? ‘Ane. Given Mass of the solid cylinder, M = 20 kg ‘Angular speed of the cylinder, = 10061 Radius of the cylinder, R = 0.25m Moment of inertia ofthe cylinder about Its axis 1 ur? re: MR’ 1 p = =x 20x (0.25) 3% 20% (0.25) = 0.625 kgm? Kinetic energy of rotation = Flot 1 o = 5% 0.625 x (100) on. (200) = 3125 Angular momentum, Io = 0.625 x 100 62.5 Js GR) the angular momentum s conserved napster whose moment of inertia is decreased willts rotational kinetic energy be also conserved? ‘Ans. According to the law of conservation of angular momentum, ho, = ha Hof = Ew: or Ij) = 1a(l0%) As 1, 1,03 1, ys pat o ght > pet ‘Thus, the rotational kinetic energy of the system increases on decreasing its moment of inertia. elliptical orbit. Is the angular momentum constant over the entire gravitational force, which is purely radial in nature. As radial the angular momentum of the planet remains unaffected. dy along with the tail so that its moment of inertia -speed « decreases and therefore the cat is able82. A rope of negligible mass is wound round a hollow cylinder of mass 3 kg and radius 40cm, What is angular acceleration Of the cylinder the rope is pulled with a force of 30 N? What is the linear acceleration of the rope? ‘Assume that there is no slipping, INCERT] Ans. Here M=3kg, R = 40cm = 0.40 m, F = 30N Torque, t=F x R= 30 x 0.40 = 12Nm MLL. of the hollow cylinder about its own axis, T= MR? = 3 x (0.40)? = 0.48 kgm? Angular acceleration, tee) eee * @=T~ ggg 725 mds a= Ro = 0.40 x 25 = 10 ms* @ Light thread is wound over a cylinder which is free to rotate about its own axis. A block of mass m is attached atthe free end of the thread as shown and system is released then obtain expression for (i) acceleration with which block falls. (i) Tension in the thread (ii) Torque applied by force of tension on the cylinder (iv) angular acceleration produced in the cylinder. ‘Ans. Consider a cylinder of mass M and radius R. Let a massless string is would over the surface of cylinder. Let a body of mass m is attached to one free end of string. When the body moves downwards, the drum starts rotating about its own axis. If ‘a’ is the acceleration produced in the body; then mg-T=ma i)(m +1/R?) Rim+1/R2) lox Img Ro Rm +1/R2) t-—ing (mR? +1) t=TXR Img R mR? +1 ROLLING MOTION An object is rolling down the inclined plane obtain expression for (@) acceleration of centre of mass down the inclined plane ii) frictional force acting on it. at ‘ Rolling of a Cylinder on a Rough Inclined Plane : Consider a cylinder of mass ‘m’ and radius R rolling over an inclined plane at an angle 8. Let ‘F” be the force of friction acting on the cylinder. If ‘a’ is the accelera- tion produced in the body, then mgsin @—F =ma mel) If, ‘a’ is the angular acceleration of the rotating cylinder about its axis, then, t=FR=la => Also, Put the value in (ii) ‘of the same heights but. different i will STR ns a [NCERT]SS Baty a2 inertia decreases by 50% then her f 12." A dancer during rotation folds her hand, due to which her moment of inertia de inal angular velocity will becomes— (D) remains same (A) double (B) four times (C) half Ans. (A) Sol. 1,0, =1,0, = 1a, =(3)o. = 0, =20, 13. The centre of mass of a body : - (A) Lies always outside the body {B) May lie within, outside on the surface of the body (C) Lies always inside the body (D) Lies always on the surface of the body Ans. (B) velocities of x and av yare V and 3V respectively mutual attraction. If at one time the ly, what will be the velocity of centre of mass of the system? (B) Zero v v yz Oe Ans. (B) + Seb FL = 95 V_ = 05 com - does not shiftGhent ye or false: Be) Rend each statement below carefully and state, with ha te 3 ©). The modutus of elasticity of rubber Is greater than that RT {i) The swetching ofa col-springis determined by ts shear MOC used by the (ii) When @ material is under the tensile stress, the restoring ee toring fore2s are interatomic attraction while under the compressional stress due to the interatomic repulsion. (W) A piece of rubber under an ordinary stress can display 1 5b unloaded it retums to its original length. This shows that the elas are strictly conservative. a (0) Elastic restoring forces are strictly conservative only when Hooke’s ze . Sealy ae (i) In figure shown below, the work done over the path OPEAO ai Ans. (i) Fake. Gi) True, (ii) True, 100% strain; yet when restoring forces (tv) False; elastic hysteresis signifies nonconservative forces. : eee : () False; elastic forces the conservative as long as loading and unloading curves are identical, even if the curys ‘are not linear. (vi) False; some part ofthe work done is used in causing permanent deformation and the rest-disappears as hea, ‘The stress-strain graph for a metal wire is shown in the figure. Up to the point E, the wire returns to its original sate Oalong the curve EPO, when itis gradually unloaded. Point B corresponds to the fracture of the wire, (Upto what point on the curve is Hook's law obeyed? This points sometimes called the Proportional Limit. {@) Which point on the curve corresponds to the ‘elastic limit or yield point on the wire? (Gi) Indicate the elastic and plastic regions of the stress-strain graph, (@) Describe what happens when the wire is loaded up to a stress corresponding to the Point A on the graph, and then unloaded gradually. In particular, explain the dotted curve. (v) What is peculiar about the Portion of the subjected without causing fracture? Ans. ()) Upto the Point P 'Smore ductile? ‘ols the stronger material?‘Ans, (i) A, because slope = Y and (Slope); > (Slope)y. {i) A, because is has a greater plastic range. (iii) B, because it has a lesser plastic range. (iv) Bis stronger as it can bear greater stress before the wire of this material will break. 385. Plot load vs extension curve for a metal. On the graph depict. (i) Yield point (ii) Breaking point (iii) Elastic limt (iv) Crushing point. 36. Can youname the body which is the nearly a perfectly elastic body? Ans. Quartz Fibre 37. Can there be a perfectly elastic or a perfectly plastic body? ‘Ans. No. What is elastic fatigue ? arge force acts within the elastic limit acts upon a body for long time, the body does not retum to its n the deforming force is removed. The body is then said to be in a state of elastic fatigue. @ elastic is the body.As strain produced in steel is much less compared to that of rubber Siac dele conc than rubber. as the least volume elasticity: solid, liquid and gas? aia:aay ALE 11, State and explain Archimede's principle hich ‘Ana. Ifen object i partially or completely rubmerged inside a fluid, experiences upthrust, which s equa to welght of liquld displaced. Thus upthrust = Weight of liquid displaced =viog 12. Explain the laws of floatation with all possibilities of @ body In a liquid. ‘Ane._ (a) Ifthe weight ofthe body is greater than the upward force or upthrust by the fluld when completely submerged, then the body sinks, (p> a) (0) Ifthe weight of the body Is equal to the upthrust when completely submerged then the body floats fully immersed, (p =o) {c) If the weight of the body is less than the upward force when completely submerged then the body floats partly immersed. (p < ) lu os [Wea Uorpeo (WVorpa Yee Bie oe fully immersed partly immersed 13.) Railway tracks are laid on large sized wooden sleepers. Why? ‘Ans. This spreads force due to the weight ofthe train on a larger area hence reduces the pressure considerably. This, in tum, prevents yielding of the ground under the weight of the train. 14.) What is the modulus of rigidity of a ideal fluid ? ‘Ans. Zero. A fluid has no definite shape of its own. 15.) What is the value of surface tension of water at critical temperature? ‘Ans. Zero. 16> Why the passengers are advised to remove the ink from their pens while going up in an. aeroplane? ‘Ane. Atmospheric pressure decreases with height. Since ink inside the pen is filled at the atmospheric pressure existing on the surface of earth, it tends to come out to equalize the pressure., This can spoil the clothes of the passengers, so they are advised to remove the ink from the pen. AT) The dams of water reservoir are made thick near the bottom. Why? ‘Ana. Pressure enerted by aliquid column of depth h = hpg.s0 at bottom side pressure exerted by water is greatest near the bottom. So dams are made thick near the bottom. in place of mercury in a barometer tube? ibstance, it would require a tube about 11 m long. itis difficult to hold such a tube de of iron floats in water. Why? ss lesa than its own weight, so It sinks. On the other hand, the shipIfthe liquid flows over a horizontal ea fu ton nad © called laminar flow, surface in the form of layers of different velocities, quid inlaw pre oe ot enero ter lon sr rir ow State and prove Bernoulli's theorem. _vapenbowpes Bemoul'sxetpe x bosed onthe lof conservation of energy nd apptied 1 en fluids Itstates that, the sum of pressure energy kinetic energy and perential energy pet rit volume of an ie . .non-viscous fuld Ina streamlined irotational few remains conatant at all point during flow 2. pressible, Mathematically, it can be expressed as P+ Lv? «pgh = constant Here, p represen for pressure energy per unt volume 3? for kinetic ener Pe uit ohm 2nd poh for potential energy for per unit volume. coscl: Consier 2 vacous and incompresibe fui owing tadly between th scons A and Bol 2 Pipe of Ferg crmrsection, Let, beth aren of crow-secton a A, v te Sid veloc Pte fd peor, ond Ht vreun height above the ground level Let vp P, and h be the values of the eomesponding quandtis at fm is amount off liquid entering or leaving in At time is given 2s m = ay btp,= av, Ate, .t. Change in K.E. of the fluid = KE, at B-KE. atA ~4m(v$-vf)-pore(t-*f) {im = Qp At = mass entering or leaving in At] Change in PE. ofthe fuid : in PE f he IIPE. ot BPE. at A } <= mala by) =O Ata he-by) 3 -done on the fuid at A Work done by the fui at B aeect : High velocity 72 ” pressure and that on the lower surface increases above ‘Low pressure Pz Motion Low velocity ate Lead serofol. The wing is s0 designed that {As shown in Fig, the cross-section ofthe wing of an aeroplane looks like an itsupper surface is more curved (and hence longer) than the lower surface and rear edge As the aircraft moves, the ait moves faster over the upper surface According to Bemoulli's principle, the air pressure above the upper surfa the atmospheric pressure The ‘an upward lft, called dynamic lift, the aircraft (2) Define Critical Velocity. () Derive expression for it using dimensional analysis {@) The critical velocity of aliquid is that limiting value of ts velocity of flow upto which the flow is streamlined and above which the flow becomes turbulent. (0) The critical velocity v- of aliquid flowing through a tube depends on (@) Coefficient of viscosity of the liquid (n) (ii) Density of the liquid (p) (iii) radius of the tube (r) So u=kn'p'r ‘where kis a dimensionless constant. Writing the above equation in dimensional form, we get peur) = Me Ty Mey Le MeL) = eT) Compare the powers of M, L and T on both sides, we get atb=0 -a-3b+ “a= ‘Onsoiving, we get a=1b=-Le 1| ee (MIT) = IME" TY LT} Ly (MET) = IML Ty ‘Compare powers both sides of M, L, T, we get wil) —atbtceal elll) a-b=2 liv) o atbe2 ul) From Eq. (iii) and (v), we get c=l bel ‘Substitute these values in Eq. (i), we get F = kt? or [Dragging force, F = knvt| where the value of k was found to be 6x experimentally. 11. (2) Define Terminal velocity (©) Derive expression for the terminal velocity as a spherical ball fll ‘Ans. (a) The maximum constant velocity acquired by a body while falling thr velocity. (b) Consider an example of raindrop in the velocity of the body increases. A stage is reached, when the sum of the upthrust and the viscous force. Then, the body begins to fal called terminal velocity. When the body attains terminal velocity v; Upward thrust + force of viscosity = weight of the spherical body. (Gojoe (Se Where, p and o are the mass densities of sphere and the fluid respectively. Is under gravity through a medium. rough a viscous fluid is called its terminal the actual weight of the body becomes just equal to iI with a constant maximum velocity pe 6m = Sar*(-o)s P(p-o'8 a Terminal velocity, v = 2. winter? cosity of the lubricating oil gets increased due to fall in temperature. As a ore various machine parts are jammed. the tangent to it at any point gives - the