Chemistry Definition (Form 4)

Chapter 2 : Matter and the Atomic Structure

 Matter : is something that has mass and occupies space 占据空间.

: It consists particle that are tiny and discrete 不分离

 Element : is a substance that made up of only one type of atom

 Compound : is a substance that contain 2 or more atom of an element bond by chemical

reaction. 两种不一样的东西结合在一起

 Molecule: A compound that is made up of non-metal atom 非金属的

 Ion : A compound that is made up from a combination of metal and non-metal
非金属和金属的结合

 Melting point : is a constant temperature when a substance change from solid state to
liquid at a specific pressure 在固定的气压下
 Freezing point : is a constant temperature when a substance change from liquid state to
solid at a specific pressure.

 Proton number*: the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

 Nucleon number* : the total number of proton and neutron in the nucleus
 Isotopes **: are atoms of the same element with the same proton number but
different neutron number.

Chapter 3 : The Mole Concept, Chemical Formula and Equation

 Molar mass : is the mass of one mole of substance

 Molar volume : is the volume that occupied by 1mol of gas
 Empirical formula* : is the chemical formula that shown the simplest ratio of the
number of atoms of each element in a compound.
 Molecular formula* : is the chemical formula that shown the actual number of the
atom of each element found in a molecule of a compound.

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Chapter 4 : The Periodic Table

 Group* : is the vertical columns 垂直 in the Periodic Table of Element.

 Period* : is the horizontal rows 横向 in the Periodic Table of Element.

Chapter 5 : Chemical Bond

 Compound : are formed when two or more element are combined (简易版)
 Chemical bond: are formed when electron transfer or electron sharing take places

 Ionic bond* : are formed by the transfer of electron between metal atom and non-
metal atom 金属和非金属互相 transfer （一个给，一个收）
 Covalent bond* : are formed when non-metal atom share their electron to achieve a
stable duplet or octet electron arrangement.
只有非金属在 share (我给你一个,你给我一个）

 Hydrogen bond : are attraction force between hydrogen atom, H that has bonded with
atom that high electronegativity ( nitrogen,N , oxygen,O , fluorine,F ) with N.O.F of
another molecule.
 Dative bond: is a type of covalent bond where the electron pair that is shared comes
from one atom only. (其中一个 atom 付出罢了，另一个不用付出)
 Metallic bond : are electrostatic attraction force between the sea of electron and the
positively –charged metal ion.

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Chapter 6 : Acid, Base and Salt

 Acid*: is defined as chemical substances ionize in water and produce hydrogen, H ion.
 Monoprotic acid: is the acid that produce one hydrogen ion, H per acid molecule
 Diprotic acid: is the acid that produces two 2 hydrogen ion, H per acid molecule.
 Triprotic acid: is the acid that produce three 3 hydrogen ion, H per acid molecule

 Base*: is a substance that reacts with acids to produce salt and water.
 Alkali*: is defined as chemical substance that ionize in water to produce hydroxide ion
: is a base that is soluble in water.

 pH : is a logarithmic measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions in an aqueous

solution.
 Concentration (gdm^-3) : is the mass of the solute found in 1dm^3 solution.
 Concentration (moldm^-3) / Molarity : is the number of moles of solute found in
1dm^3 solution
 Standard solution: is a solution with known concentration
 Neutralisation * : is a reaction between an acid and an alkali (base) to produce salt and
water
 Titration method : is a quantitative analysis method to determine the volume of acid
needed to completely neutralize a given volume of alkali and vice versa.

 Qualitative analysis: is a technique to identify the ions in given salt.

 Salt : is an ionic compound formed when the hydrogen ion,H from the acid is replaced
with the metal ion or the ammonium ion, NH.
 Soluble salt : are salt that dissolve in water at room temperature
 Non-soluble salt : are salt that do not dissolve in water at room temperature

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Chapter 7: Rate of Reaction

 Rate of reaction: is the changes in the quantity of the reactant or product per unit time

 Average rate of reaction: is the average value for the rate of reaction that occurs in a
particular time interval 是在特定时间间隔内发生的反应速率的平均值
 Instantaneous rate of reaction: is the rate of reaction at a particular point of time.

 Activation Energy: is the minimum energy in the system of reaction that the reacting
particles must possess to start a chemical reaction

 Effective Collision: is the collision with the correct orientation and able to overcome
the activation energy of the reaction system

 Catalyst: are chemical substances that alter 改变 the rate of reaction without
undergoing any chemical changes at the end of the reaction.
是在反应结束时不发生任何化学变化而改变反应速率的化学物质。

Chapter 8 : Manufactured Substance in Industry

 Alloy* : is a mixture of two or more element where the main element is metal
 Ceramic 陶瓷 : is a solid made up of inorganic and non-metallic substance

 Composite material 复合材料* : is a material made from combining two or more

non-homogeneous substance, that is matrix substance and strengthening substance
together. 是由两种或两种以上非均质物质即基体物质和强化物质组合而成的材料。

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Chemistry definition (Form 5)
Chapter 1: Redox Equilibrium

 Redox reaction* : is a chemical reaction where oxidation and reduction occur

simultaneously

 Oxidising agent: is a substance that oxide another substance

 Reducing agent: is a substance that reduce another substance
 Oxidation number: is the charge of the element in a compound if the transfer of
electron occurs in an atom to form chemical bond with other atoms.

 Electrochemical series: is a series of metals that are arranged according to the standard
electrode potential in the order of most negative to most positive.

 Electrode potential*: is the potential difference produced when an equilibrium is

established between metal M and the aqueous solution containing metal M^n+ ions in a
half cell.

 Voltaic cell: is the set up that apply redox reaction to convert chemical energy to
electrical energy.

 Electrolytes :are substance that can conduct electricity in either the molten state or
aqueous solution undergoes chemical change. (有 free moving ion)
 Non electrolytes: are substances that cannot conduct electricity in all state.
(没有 free moving ion)
 Conductors: are substance that can conduct electricity in solid or molten state ,
but do not undergo chemical changes. (和 electrolyte 不一样)

 Electrolysis: is a process whereby compound in the molten state or an aqueous solution

decompose into their constituent elements by passing electricity through them
 Rusting of iron: is a metal corrosion that occurs to iron.
 Corrosion of metal: is a redox reaction where the metal is oxidized spontaneously when
the metal atom release electron to form metal ions.

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 Chapter 2: Carbon Compound

 Carbon compound* : is the compound that contain carbon as their constituent element

 Inorganic compound: are from non-living materials and also usually contain anion(-)

 Organic compound*: are from living thing (such as plant/animal) that contain carbon

atom bond covalently with the other element such as hydrogen.

 Non-hydrocarbon*: is the organic compound that containing carbon and hydrogen and

other element such as oxygen and nitrogen.

 Hydrocarbon*: is the organic compounds that only contain carbon and hydrogen.
 Saturated hydrocarbon*: that is only contain single bond between carbon atom
 Unsaturated hydrocarbon*: that is contain at least one double bond or triple
bond between carbon atom.

 Fractional distillation: is the fraction of hydrocarbon in petroleum are separated at

different temperatures according to the size of the hydrocarbon.
 Cracking: is the long chain hydrocarbon are cracked into smaller molecule at a high
temperature using a catalyst.

 Molecular formula**: is a chemical formula that shown the type and actual number of
atom of each element in a molecule.
 Structural formula**: is show the type of bond and how the atoms in a molecule are
bonded to each other.

 Fermentation: is the process in which yeast acts on carbohydrate to produce ethanol

and carbon dioxide in the absence of oxygen.
 Isomer**: are molecules that have the same molecular formula but different structural
formula.

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Chapter 3 : Thermochemistry

 Exothermic reaction*: is the chemical reaction that release heat to the surroundings.
 Endothermic reaction*: is the chemical reactions that absorb heat from the
surroundings.
 Heat of reaction ΔH : is the heat change of one mole of reactant that reacts or one mole
of product that is formed.
 Energy level diagram: show the difference in the heat energy content between the
reactant and the product.

 Heat of precipitation*: is the heat change when 1 mole of precipitate is formed from
their ions in an aqueous solution.

 Heat of displacement*: is the heat change when 1 mole of a metal is displaced from its
salt solution by a more electropositive metal.

 Heat of neutralization*: is the heat change when I mole of water is formed from the
reaction between an acid and alkali.

 Heat of combustion*: is the heat released when 1 mole of a substance is completely

burn in excess oxygen.

 Fuel: is the substance that burn in the air to produce heat energy.
 Fuel value: is the amount of heat energy released when 1 gram of fuel is completely
burnt in excess oxygen

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Chapter 4: Polymer

 Polymer*: is a long chain molecule that is made from a combination of many repeating
basic unit, monomer.
 Latex*: is a white fluid obtained from rubber trees when the tree bark is tapped.

 Vulcanisation: is a process of producing rubber that is more elastic and with better
quality through the production of cross-links between polymer chain.
 Synthetic rubber: is a synthetic polymer that is elastic in nature or elastomer polymer.

Chapter 5: Consumer and Industrial Chemistry

 Oils and fats: are esters produced through the reaction between fatty acid and glycerol
 Saturated fats : is contain saturated fatty acid
: and only have a single covalent bond in the carbon chain.
 Unsaturated fats: is contain unsaturated fatty acid
: and have at least one double bond in the carbon chain.

 Soap: is the sodium or potassium salt of long chain fatty acids.

 Detergent: is the sodium salt of sulphonic acids.
 Hard Water: is the water that contain a lot of magnesium ion, Mg2+ and calcium ion,
Ca2+

 Food additives: are natural or synthetic ingredient added to food to prevent damage or
to improve the appearance, taste or texture.

 Medicine: are chemical used to help with the treatment or prevention of diseases.
 Traditional Medicine: are obtained from herbal plants or animals and are not chemically
proceed.

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  Cosmetic: are materials or products that are used externally to cleanse, protect or
enhance one’s appearances. : 是用于外部清洁、保护或美化外表的材料或产品。

 Nanoscience: is a study on processing of substance at nanoscale that are between 1

nanometer to 100 nanometer. 是对 1 纳米至 100 纳米之间的纳米级物质加工的研
究

 Nanotechnology: is a development of substance or gadget using the properties of

nanoparticles. 是利用纳米粒子的特性开发的物质

 Graphene 石墨烯: is an extraordinary material with various distinctive characteristic

that can be attributed to its physical properties.
是一种非凡的材料，具有各种独特的特性，可归因于其物理特性

 Green technology: is a technology or application developed to minimize the negative

effects of harmful human activities. 是一种技术旨在最大限度内减少有害人类活动的
负面影响。
 Wastewater: is a liquid waste that consists of human waste, food waste, oil and
chemicals.

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