CGW4U – Disparities and Inequities

THE GLOBAL BURDEN OF DISEASE (GBD)

Country Cambodia
Institute for Health Metrics and evaluation: http://www.healthdata.org/
Select “Projects” and then ‘Global Burden of Disease (GBD)’ and then Country Profiles

Criteria Details

Life expectancy The life expectancy projection for Cambodia from 1990 to 21000 has been
projections on an increasing trend for both genders. For instance, for the female
gender, in 1990, the life expectancy was 59.8; in 2017, it was 72.7, while in
2100, the life expectancy is projected to be 84.1. for the males in Cambodia,
the life expectancy in 1990 was 55.3; in 2017, it was 66.8, while in the year
2100, the life expectancy is projected to be 80.1

Funds spent on 1. Pre-paid Private spending- in 2017 was $1 while it is projected to be $2

health care in 2050
(insurance)
2. Out-of-pocket spending- in 2017 was $53 while it is projected to rise to
$158 in 2050
3. Gov’t Health Spending- in 2017 was $21 while it is projected to be $80 in
2050
4. Development Assistance-in 2017 was $9 while it is projected to rise to
$21

Provision of effective The Cambodian millennial development goals are to reduce child and infant
& essential health mortality, lower the fertility rate, enhance antenatal care and reduce the
services prevalence of HIV/AIDS. However, the maternal mortality remains relatively
high despite progress concerning sub-indicators such as enhancing the
prevention of unwanted pregnancies, abortion services as well deliveries by
expert professionals. Moreover, the public healthcare system in Cambodia
receives high priority from the government as well as international
assistance. As such, the country has witnessed primary and continuous
advancements in the healthcare profile of its citizens since the 1980s with a
progressively increasing life expectancy.
The Universal Health Coverage (UHC) effective coverage index for Cambodia
represents the service coverage across the health needs of the population
and how much the services lead to improved health among the population.
Cambodia’s UHC has been progressively increasing from 30.1 in 1990 to
50.0 in 2010, showing a 2.5% average change. In 2019 the UHC increased
by 1.5% to 57.1. This indicates that half of the population health needs are
covered in the country through effective and essential health services.

Category Disease/ % Conclusions

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Cause Change
(2009 –
2019)

1.
Communicabl
Top causes of death There is a notable reduction in
e, maternal,
and disability (2019) the number of cases of
neonatal, and HIV/AIDS -63.9%
combined communicable, maternal,
nutritional
neonatal, and nutritional. The
diseases
witnessed percentage change
leading to lowered cases is
probably due to the increased
awareness about HIV/AIDS
and the availability of
prevention methods such as
condoms and healthcare
facilities.

2. Non- Lung Cancer 54.6% There is a notable increase in

communicabl the number of cases and
e diseases illnesses related to lung cancer.
This is due to the change in
lifestyle among populations of
Cambodia, such as the current
population engages in eating a
diet high in saturated salts.
Additionally, the population
also engages in smoking which
is a predictor of lung cancer.

3. Injuries Road injuries 4.9% There is an increase in the

number of cases of road
injuries. This can be attributed
to the increase in
infrastructural development
such as roads and vehicles as
well as motorcycles using the
roads.

1. 2. 3.
The ranking Cambodia- Lower Cambodia- stroke Cambodia- Neonatal
compared to other respiratory Infect disorders
Comparison group
nations on top causes
 CGW4U – Disparities and Inequities

of death and Comparison group mean (low-middle SDI)- Comparison group

disability (2019) mean (low-middle SDI)- Ischemic heart disease mean (low-middle SDI)-
neonatal disorders stroke
Democratic Republic of
Democratic Republic of Korea-Ischemic heart The Democratic
Korea-stroke disease Republic of Korea-
Kiribati-diabetes Kiribati- Ischemic heart Kiribati- stroke
disease
Lao People’s Lao People’s
Democratic Republic- Lao People’s Democratic Republic-
stroke Democratic Republic- Ischemic heart disease
Neonatal disorders
Marshall Islands- Marshall Islands-
ischemic heart disease Marshall Islands-stroke diabetes
Micronesia- Ischemic Micronesia-diabetes Micronesia-stroke
heart disease
Myanmar- Neonatal Myanmar-Ischemic
Myanmar-stroke disorders heart diseases
Timor-Leste-stroke Timor-Leste- Ischemic Timor-Leste- Neonatal
heart disease disorders
Vanuatu-ischemic heart
disease Vanuatu-Lower Vanuatu- Diabetes
respiratory heart
disease

Category Risk Factor % Conclusions

Change

Metabolic These risk factors are the

major drivers of death and
Top risk factors High body
disability in Cambodia. This is
driving death and mass index
because these conditions are
disability combined
related to the current change
(2019) 86.7%
in lifestyle among the
populations in Cambodia. For
instance, the populations
engage in lifestyles such as
smoking, lack of exercise
activities that are risk factors
for high blood pressure, kidney
conditions, and high body
index.

Environmenta There is a notable decrease in

l/ the risks of death due to air
Wash -40.6%
pollution and wash, probably
Occupational
due to the enforced air
 CGW4U – Disparities and Inequities

pollution mitigation measures

and introduction of sustainable
measures. However, risks due
to occupational factors are
increasing due to challenges of
the new industries like the
introduction of machines that
pose harm and threat to
workers.

Behavioral The risks of death due to

malnutrition and unsafe sex
Unsafe sex -52.7%
have reduced by a
considerable percentage due to
increased awareness among
the population and the
presence of healthcare advice
to the residents, and
prevention measures such as
the use of condoms.

CORONAVIRUS DISEASE 2019 (COVID-19)

Complete the following chart by following the links, identify the relevant statistics and
provide interpretation.

PART 1

World Health Organization (WTO):

https://worldhealthorg.shinyapps.io/covid/

Criteria Compared to neighboring nations

Total number of cases Cambodia- 1430

(summary)
Thailand-27154

Total deaths (summary) Cambodia-1

Thailand-87

Response Answers and Interpretation

 CGW4U – Disparities and Inequities

1. In the graph, what is The apparent relationship between the number of cases and the
response level indicates a positive relationship. When the
the apparent
response levels and measures increase, there would be a
relationship between significant decrease in the number of cases up to a point where
the case would remain level.
the number of cases
And the response level?

Cancel public events, restrictions on internal movement, public

information campaigns, and contact tracing are the policies with
2. What policies had the the highest level of response. This is because they have the
highest score of 100, indicating that they are the strictest.
the highest level of
Response?

Close public transport, workplace closing, and debt/contract

relief are some of the policies with the lowest response levels.
This is because they have the lowest stringency.

3. What policies had the

Least level of
response?

PART 2

Our World in Data:

https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/daily-cases-covid-region?time=2020-01-21..latest
To acquire these statistics, you will need to hover the cursor over your assigned country on
the world map. Please ensure that you know the location of your assigned country.

Criteria Valu Significance Compared to

 CGW4U – Disparities and Inequities

e neighboring nations

Bi-weekly change in 32% The bi-weekly confirmed Thailand-(-15%)

confirmed COVID-19 cases
cases are the cumulative
Vietnam-(-39%)
number of cases over the
previous weeks. For
Cambodia, the rate of change
is 32% signifying an increase
in the number of cases every
two weeks. As such, the
Cambodian government must
put in place strategies to
control the pandemic.

Bi-weekly confirmed cases 28.77 This indicates the number of Thailand-16.09

per million people
cases after 14 days of tests,
Vietnam-1.12
implying that the pandemic is
within the population and Laos-1.12
spreads at a relatively lower
rate, and needs curtailing.

COVID-19 Containment 49.07 The score of the stringency Thailand-47.22

and Health Index index for Cambodia indicates
Vietnam-63.43
that the country is averagely
This is a composite
strict concerning the policies Laos-16.67
measure based on thirteen
policy response indicators, enacted to guard against the
including school spread of the virus.
closures, workplace
closures, travel bans,
testing policy, contact
tracing, face coverings,
and
vaccine policy rescaled to
a value from 0 to 100 (100
= strictest).