1.

**Types of Networks:**

- LAN (Local Area Network): Covers a small geographic area, like a single building or campus.

- WAN (Wide Area Network): Spans larger distances, often connecting multiple LANs.

- MAN (Metropolitan Area Network): Covers a city or large campus.

- PAN (Personal Area Network): Connects devices within an individual's personal space.

2. **Network Topologies:**

- Bus Topology: All devices share a single communication line.

- Star Topology: All devices connect to a central hub or switch.

- Ring Topology: Devices are connected in a circular manner.

- Mesh Topology: Every device is connected to every other device.

3. **Protocols:**

- TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol): The fundamental protocol suite of the
internet.

- HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol): Used for transmitting web pages over the internet.

- FTP (File Transfer Protocol): Used for transferring files between a client and a server.

- SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol): Used for sending emails.

- POP3 (Post Office Protocol 3) and IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol): Used for receiving
emails.

4. **Networking Devices:**

- Router: For connecting different networks and directing traffic between them.

- Switch: Connects devices within the same network, forwarding data to the intended recipient.

- Hub: Passively broadcasts data to all devices on a network.

- Firewall: A security device that filters and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic.

5. **IP Addressing:**

- IPv4 (Internet Protocol version 4): Most widely used version of IP addresses.

- IPv6 (Internet Protocol version 6): Developed to address the limitations of IPv4 and provide a
larger address space.
6. **Subnetting:**

- Dividing a larger network into smaller subnetworks for better organization and management.

7. **Network Security:**

- Encryption: Protects data by converting it into a code that can only be read with the right
decryption key.

- VPN (Virtual Private Network): Provides secure communication over a public network by creating
an encrypted "tunnel."

- Firewall: A hardware or software barrier that filters incoming and outgoing network traffic based
on predefined security rules.

8. **Network Troubleshooting:**

- Ping: A utility to test the reachability of a host on a network.

- Traceroute: Shows the route and transit times of packets across an IP network.

- Wireshark: A network protocol analyzer for capturing and analyzing packets on a network.

1. **Types of Networks:**

- LAN (Local Area Network): Covers a small geographic area, like a single building or campus.

- WAN (Wide Area Network): Spans larger distances, often connecting multiple LANs.

- MAN (Metropolitan Area Network): Covers a city or large campus.

- PAN (Personal Area Network): Connects devices within an individual's personal space.

2. **Network Topologies:**

- Bus Topology: All devices share a single communication line.

- Star Topology: All devices connect to a central hub or switch.

- Ring Topology: Devices are connected in a circular manner.

- Mesh Topology: Every device is connected to every other device.

3. **Protocols:**

- TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol): The fundamental protocol suite of the
internet.

- HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol): Used for transmitting web pages over the internet.

- FTP (File Transfer Protocol): Used for transferring files between a client and a server.
 - SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol): Used for sending emails.

- POP3 (Post Office Protocol 3) and IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol): Used for receiving
emails.

4. **Networking Devices:**

- Router: For connecting different networks and directing traffic between them.

- Switch: Connects devices within the same network, forwarding data to the intended recipient.

- Hub: Passively broadcasts data to all devices on a network.

- Firewall: A security device that filters and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic.

5. **IP Addressing:**

- IPv4 (Internet Protocol version 4): Most widely used version of IP addresses.

- IPv6 (Internet Protocol version 6): Developed to address the limitations of IPv4 and provide a
larger address space.

6. **Subnetting:**

- Dividing a larger network into smaller subnetworks for better organization and management.

7. **Network Security:**

- Encryption: Protects data by converting it into a code that can only be read with the right
decryption key.

- VPN (Virtual Private Network): Provides secure communication over a public network by creating
an encrypted "tunnel."

- Firewall: A hardware or software barrier that filters incoming and outgoing network traffic based
on predefined security rules.

8. **Network Troubleshooting:**

- Ping: A utility to test the reachability of a host on a network.

- Traceroute: Shows the route and transit times of packets across an IP network.

- Wireshark: A network protocol analyzer for capturing and analyzing packets on a network.

1. **Types of Networks:**

- LAN (Local Area Network): Covers a small geographic area, like a single building or campus.
 - WAN (Wide Area Network): Spans larger distances, often connecting multiple LANs.

- MAN (Metropolitan Area Network): Covers a city or large campus.

- PAN (Personal Area Network): Connects devices within an individual's personal space.

2. **Network Topologies:**

- Bus Topology: All devices share a single communication line.

- Star Topology: All devices connect to a central hub or switch.

- Ring Topology: Devices are connected in a circular manner.

- Mesh Topology: Every device is connected to every other device.

3. **Protocols:**

- TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol): The fundamental protocol suite of the
internet.

- HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol): Used for transmitting web pages over the internet.

- FTP (File Transfer Protocol): Used for transferring files between a client and a server.

- SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol): Used for sending emails.

- POP3 (Post Office Protocol 3) and IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol): Used for receiving
emails.

4. **Networking Devices:**

- Router: For connecting different networks and directing traffic between them.

- Switch: Connects devices within the same network, forwarding data to the intended recipient.

- Hub: Passively broadcasts data to all devices on a network.

- Firewall: A security device that filters and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic.

5. **IP Addressing:**

- IPv4 (Internet Protocol version 4): Most widely used version of IP addresses.

- IPv6 (Internet Protocol version 6): Developed to address the limitations of IPv4 and provide a
larger address space.

6. **Subnetting:**

- Dividing a larger network into smaller subnetworks for better organization and management.
7. **Network Security:**

- Encryption: Protects data by converting it into a code that can only be read with the right
decryption key.

- VPN (Virtual Private Network): Provides secure communication over a public network by creating
an encrypted "tunnel."

- Firewall: A hardware or software barrier that filters incoming and outgoing network traffic based
on predefined security rules.

8. **Network Troubleshooting:**

- Ping: A utility to test the reachability of a host on a network.

- Traceroute: Shows the route and transit times of packets across an IP network.

- Wireshark: A network protocol analyzer for capturing and analyzing packets on a network.

1. **Types of Networks:**

- LAN (Local Area Network): Covers a small geographic area, like a single building or campus.

- WAN (Wide Area Network): Spans larger distances, often connecting multiple LANs.

- MAN (Metropolitan Area Network): Covers a city or large campus.

- PAN (Personal Area Network): Connects devices within an individual's personal space.

2. **Network Topologies:**

- Bus Topology: All devices share a single communication line.

- Star Topology: All devices connect to a central hub or switch.

- Ring Topology: Devices are connected in a circular manner.

- Mesh Topology: Every device is connected to every other device.

3. **Protocols:**

- TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol): The fundamental protocol suite of the
internet.

- HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol): Used for transmitting web pages over the internet.

- FTP (File Transfer Protocol): Used for transferring files between a client and a server.

- SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol): Used for sending emails.

 - POP3 (Post Office Protocol 3) and IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol): Used for receiving
emails.

4. **Networking Devices:**

- Router: For connecting different networks and directing traffic between them.

- Switch: Connects devices within the same network, forwarding data to the intended recipient.

- Hub: Passively broadcasts data to all devices on a network.

- Firewall: A security device that filters and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic.

5. **IP Addressing:**

- IPv4 (Internet Protocol version 4): Most widely used version of IP addresses.

- IPv6 (Internet Protocol version 6): Developed to address the limitations of IPv4 and provide a
larger address space.

6. **Subnetting:**

- Dividing a larger network into smaller subnetworks for better organization and management.

7. **Network Security:**

- Encryption: Protects data by converting it into a code that can only be read with the right
decryption key.

- VPN (Virtual Private Network): Provides secure communication over a public network by creating
an encrypted "tunnel."

- Firewall: A hardware or software barrier that filters incoming and outgoing network traffic based
on predefined security rules.

8. **Network Troubleshooting:**

- Ping: A utility to test the reachability of a host on a network.

- Traceroute: Shows the route and transit times of packets across an IP network.

- Wireshark: A network protocol analyzer for capturing and analyzing packets on a network.