Snake venoms have evolved over millions of years for prey capture and defense from

predators and rivals. Snake venoms, in particular, have evolved a wide diversity of
peptides and proteins that induce harmful inflammatory and neurotoxic effects
including severe pain and paralysis, hemotoxic effects, such as hemorrhage and
coagulopathy, and cytotoxic/myotoxic effects, such as inflammation and necrosis 1.

One research paper on this topic is titled “Multifunctional Toxins in Snake Venoms
and Therapeutic Implications: From Pain to Hemorrhage and Necrosis” by Nicholas
R. Casewell et al1. This paper discusses the multifunctional features of the peptides
and proteins found in snake venoms, as well as their evolutionary histories. The
authors aim to identify novel modes of action and improve snakebite treatments.

I hope this helps! Let me know if you have any other questions.

Antivenom is a biological product that neutralizes the venom of venomous animals

such as snakes. Antivenom is made by injecting a small amount of venom into an
animal such as a horse or sheep. The animal’s immune system produces antibodies
against the venom, which are then harvested from the animal’s blood and purified to
create antivenom1.

One research paper on this topic is titled “Multifunctional Toxins in Snake Venoms
and Therapeutic Implications: From Pain to Hemorrhage and Necrosis” by Nicholas
R. Casewell et al1. This paper discusses the multifunctional features of the peptides
and proteins found in snake venoms, as well as their evolutionary histories. The
authors aim to identify novel modes of action and improve snakebite treatments. Such
studies have revealed surprising cross-reactivity of antivenoms against distinct, non-
targeted, snake species1.

I hope this helps! Let me know if you have any other questions.