17 – 1

Chapter 17

17.2.1

Student 1
 17 – 2

Student 2
 17 – 3

17.2.2

Student 1
 17 – 4

Student 2
 17 – 5

17.2.3

Student 1
 17 – 6

17.3.1

For Ho = 4, Ho/He = 4/5 = 0.8 then C = .978(3.92)(0.552) = 2.11

Q = 2.11(100)(43/2) = 1688 m3/s

For Ho = 6, Ho/He = 6/5 = 1.2 then C = 1.125(3.92)(0.552) = 2.43

Q = 2.43(100)(63/2) = 3571 m3/s

17.3.2

17.3.3

P/H = 50/20 = 2.5 so C=3.95

Q = CLH3/2

40,000 = 3.95L(20)3/2, solving gives L = 113.2 ft

Net length L’ = L + 2(NKp + Ka) He = 113.2 + 2KaHe = 113.2 + 2(0.2)(20) = 121.2 ft

neglecting approach velocity head

Considering the approach velocity head L is calculated as 110.24 ft

 17 – 7

17.3.4
 17 – 8

17.3.5

q = 3.95(18)3/2 = 301.6 cfs/ft

P = 2400 – 2350 = 50 ft.

ha = (301.6)2/[2(32.2)(50 + 18)2] = 0.31

Using figure 17.3.2 determine K and n for ha/Ho = 0.31/18 = 0.017, then K = 0.5 and n =
1.86

y/18 = - 0.5(x/Ho)1.86

Final equation for the spillway crest geometry downstream of the spillway crest is
y = - 9(x/18)1.86.

17.3.6

Kp = 0.1
L = L’ – 2(NKp + Ka)Ho = 200 – 2 [(2)(0.01) + 0.2] (7.5)
= 196.7 ft (not accounting for pier widths)
= 192.7 ft (accounting for pier widths)
 17 – 9

17.3.7
 17 – 10

17.3.8

L = 25 ft and Ho = 8 ft and gate seats on the crest with θ = 90o

From Figure 17.3.8, C = 0.69

For D = 2 ft, Q = CDL(2gH)0.5 = 0.69(2)(25)[2(32.2)(7)]0.5 = 732 cfs

For D = 3 ft, Q = CDL(2gH)0.5 = 0.69(3)(25)[2(32.2)(6.5)]0.5 = 1059 cfs

 17 – 11

17.3.9

Discharge coefficients are computed for a range of heads for the discharge rating curve.
As an example:

A Type 3A pier nose shape is selected for the bridge piers. The pier contraction
coefficient Kp can be assumed to be 0.0. The headwall will be 90 o to the direction of
flow with rounded abutments, Ka = 0.1.
17 – 12
 17 – 13

17.3.10
 17 – 14

17.3.11
 17 – 15

17.3.12.

Q = 45000 cfs, vertical upstream face ogee crest, bridge weir width = 24 in = 2 ft,
Kp = 0.05, Ka = 0.10, bridge span (center to center)  25 ft, Ho = 10 ft
He  0.75 ft, P = 40 ft
Using the weir equation, Q  CLH 3/2 e

Q
L
CH 3/2
e
This equation shows that L is minimum when He is at its maximum. Thus, for the
least cost, He = Ho = 10 ft.
P 40 H
  4, e 1
H o 10 Ho
P
For  4 , Co = 3.95 (from Figure 17.3.3)
Ho
Q 45000
Hence, L  3/2
  360.3 ft
CH e 3.95(10) 3 / 2
Also, L'  L  2NK p  K a H e  360.3  2N0.05  0.10(10)  362.3  N
Let the number of piers be 14.
L'  362.3  14 = 376.3
376.3
Span length =  25.1 ft > 25 ft
14  1
Hence N = 15 is taken.
The shape of the ogee crest is determined using equation (17.3.4):
n
y  x 
 K 
Ho  Ho 
ha 0
 0
H o 10
ha
From Figure 17.3.2(b), n = 1.872 for vertical face ogee spillway and  0.
Ho
K = 0.5. Hence,
1.872
x
y  -0.50(10)   0.01671 x 1.872
 
10
The following table gives the data points of the spillway surface profile
downstream of the crest and up to a point at which x = 30 ft.

x (ft) 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 4.0 6.0 10.0 20.0 30.0
y (ft) 0.0 -0.018 -0.067 -0.143 -0.246 -0.373 -0.525 -0.899 -1.921 -4.997 -18.292 -39.075
 17 – 16

17.3.13.

Gate openings: i) D = 5 ft, ii) D = 10 ft.

4 ft  H  18 ft, P = 20 ft, He = 12 ft, L = 100 ft.
For both openings, both orifice flow and weir flow conditions may exist.
i) D = 5 ft:
For 4  H  18, Q = CLH3/2 = C(100)H3/2 = 100CH3/2
For 5 < H  18, Q  CDL 2gH  C(5)(100) 2gH  500C 2gH
ii) D = 10 ft
For 4  H  10, Q = CLH3/2 = C(100)H3/2 = 100CH3/2
For 10 < H  18, Q  CDL 2gH  C(10)(100) 2gH  1000C 2gH
C = 0.68 ( = 90o) from Figure 17.3.8
P 20
For   1.67 , Co = 3.925 from Figure 17.3.3
H o 12
The remaining computation is performed in the following table.

Case Total He D C Q Co He C C Q
head
(ft) (ft) (ft) (cfs) Ho Co (cfs)

i 4 4 5 - 3.925 0.33 0.88 3.454 2763

5 5 5 - 3.925 0.42 0.90 3.533 3950
6 3.5 5 0.68 5105
8 5.5 5 0.68 6399
10 7.5 5 0.68 7472
12 9.5 5 0.68 8410
14 11.5 5 0.68 9253
16 13.5 5 0.68 10025
18 15.5 5 0.68 10742
ii 4 4 10 - 3.925 0.33 0.88 3.454 2763
6 6 10 - 3.925 0.50 0.92 3.611 5307
8 8 10 - 3.925 0.67 0.95 3.729 8438
10 10 10 - 3.925 0.83 0.98 3.847 12165
12 7 10 0.68 14438
14 9 10 0.68 16371
16 11 10 0.68 18099
18 13 10 0.68 19675
 17 – 17

17.3.14

L = 100 ft, Ho = 8 ft, P = 12 ft.

P 12
a) Q  CLH 3/2
e ,   1.5
Ho 8
P
For  1.5 , Co = 3.92 (from Figure 17.3.3)
Ho
At He = Ho, C = Co. Hence,
Q  3.92(100)(8) 3/2  8870 cfs.
H 12
b) He = 12 ft, e   1.5
Ho 8
H C
For e  1.5 ,  1.08
Ho Co
 C 
C  C o    3.92(1.08)  4.234 . Hence,
 Co 
Q = 4.234(100)(12)3/2 = 17600 cfs.
H 4
c) He = 4 ft, e   0.5
Ho 8
H C
For e  0.5 ,  0.92
Ho Co
 C 
C  C o    3.92(0.92)  3.606 . Hence,
 Co 
Q = 3.606(100)(4)3/2 = 2885 cfs.
 17 – 18

17.3.15
 17 – 19

17.3.16

This solution uses a slope of 0.001 and a coefficient of 2.2

n= 0.016
S0 = 0.001 m/m
α= 1.0
C= 2.208
Q= 121.69 m3/s
yc = 4.55 m
yn = 10.85 m
y Q A R R4/3 V αV2/2g E ∆E
4.5500 121.69 18.20 1.389 1.550 6.69 2.279 6.829
5.9112 101.41 23.64 1.494 1.709 4.29 0.938 6.849 0.020
6.3313 81.13 25.33 1.520 1.747 3.20 0.523 6.854 0.006
6.5829 60.85 26.33 1.534 1.769 2.31 0.272 6.855 0.001
6.7374 40.56 26.95 1.542 1.782 1.51 0.115 6.853 -0.002
6.8206 20.28 27.28 1.547 1.788 0.74 0.028 6.849 -0.004
6.8429 4.06 27.37 1.548 1.790 0.15 0.001 6.844 -0.005

Sf Sfave S0 - Sfave ∆x x
0.00738 0
0.00276 0.00507 0.00407 -5.0 -5.0
0.00150 0.00213 0.00113 -5.0 -9.9
0.00077 0.00114 0.00014 -5.0 -14.9
0.00033 0.00055 0.00045 -5.0 -19.9
0.00008 0.00020 0.00080 -5.0 -25.0
0.00000 0.00004 0.00096 -5.0 -29.9
17 – 20
 17 – 21

17.3.17

Ho = 5 ft, Q = 1500 ft3/s, L = 250 ft, crest elevation = 100 ft,

outlet invert elevation = 60 ft.
H 5
Step 1. Assume Rs = 7 ft, then o   0.71
Rs 7
P
Assuming  2 , Co = 2.75 (from Figure 17.3.16)
Rs
Therefore, Q  C o (2R s )H 3/2
o  2.75(2 )(7)(5)
3/2

= 1352 cfs < 1500 cfs

H 5
Let Rs = 7.5 ft, then o   0.67
R s 7.5
Co = 2.85
Q = 2.85(2)(7.5)(5)3/2
= 1502 cfs  1500 cfs
Thus, Rs = 7.5 ft is selected.
Ho
Step 2. The slope of the crest is computed using Table 17.3.3 with  0.67 .
Rs
Hs H P
From Figure 17.3.15 (b),  1.042 for o  0.67 and  2.0
Ho Rs Rs
Hence, Hs = 1.04Ho = 1.04(5) = 5.25 ft
From Figure 17.3.15 (a), ys = Hs – Ho = 5.25 – 5.0 = 0.25 ft
The x-y coordinates of the crest profile for the portion above the weir
H 5.25 
crest  s   0.70  are given below.
 Rs 7.5 

x y
*
 x   y 
x   H s y   H s
Hs Hs  Hs   Hs 
(ft) (ft)
0.000 0.0000 0.000 0.000
0.010 0.0108 0.053 0.057
0.020 0.0191 0.105 0.100
0.030 0.0251 0.158 0.132
0.040 0.0296 0.210 0.155
0.050 0.0330 0.263 0.173
0.060 0.0355 0.315 0.186
0.070 0.0370 0.368 0.194
0.080 0.0378 0.420 0.198
0.090 0.0379 0.473 0.199
0.100 0.0373 0.525 0.196
 17 – 22

0.120 0.0339 0.630 0.178

0.140 0.0281 0.735 0.148
0.160 0.0209 0.840 0.110
0.180 0.0181 0.945 0.095
0.200 0.0146 1.050 0.077

Therefore, xs = 0.473 ft and ys = 0.199 ft are taken. The x-y coordinates of

the crest profile below the weir crest are given below.

y x
*
 y   x 
y   H s x   H s
Hs Hs  Hs   Hs 
(ft) (ft)
0.000 0.120 0.000 1.103
-0.012 0.239 -0.105 1.255
-0.040 0.266 -0.210 1.397
-0.060 0.287 -0.315 1.509
-0.080 0.307 -0.420 1.612
-0.100 0.324 -0.525 1.701
-0.150 0.361 -0.788 1.895
-0.200 0.393 -1.050 2.063
-0.250 0.419 -1.313 2.120
-0.300 0.443 -1.575 2.326
-0.400 0.481 -2.100 2.525
-0.500 0.513 -2.625 2.788
-0.600 0.538 -3.150 2.825
-0.800 0.578 -4.200 3.035
-1.000 0.609 -5.250 3.197
-1.200 0.634 -6.300 3.329
-1.400 0.651 -7.350 3.418
-1.600 0.667 -8.400 3.502
-1.800 0.680 -9.450 3.570
-2.000 0.691 -10.500 3.628
-2.500 0.713 -13.125 3.743

Hs
* These values were obtained by linear interpolation between  0.6
Rs
Hs
and  0.8
Rs

Step 3. R  0.204
Q1/2
 0.204
1500  7.9
1/ 2

1/4
Ha H1/4
a H1/4
a
The shape radius R is computed for different elevations, as shown below.
 17 – 23

Elevation (ft) 100 99 98 97 96 95 94 93 92 91 90

Ha (ft) 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
R (ft) 5.28 5.05 4.86 4.70 4.56 4.44 4.34 4.24 4.16 4.08 4.01

Elevation (ft) 89 88 87 86 85
Ha (ft) 16 17 18 19 20
R (ft) 3.95 3.89 3.84 3.78 3.74

Step 4. Assume the minimum conduit diameter equals 8 ft. Thus, the throat radius
is 4 ft.
1500 
4
 1/ 2
H a  0.204   15.22 ft
 4 
The throat location is 105 – 15.22 = 89.78 ft below the crest.
For 75 % full flow,
Q 1500
V   39.79 ft/s
0.75A 0.75( )(4) 2
d
Also, for 75 % full flow,  0.702 . Hence, d = 0.702(8) = 5.62 ft.
D

4 ft 
d = 5.62 ft

hLf = SfL where Sf is determined from Manning’s equation.

Flow area = 0.75(4)2 = 37.70 ft2.
 5.62  4
cos   0.405
2 4

 66.1o ,   132.2 o
2
 132.2
Wetted perimeter, P = 2R - R  2 (4) -  (4)
180 180
= 15.90 ft.
37.70
Hydraulic radius, R   2.37 ft.
15.90
Assuming the length from the throat transition to the outlet portal as 250 ft
and taking n = 0.014,
1.49
V (2.37) 2 / 3 S1/2
f
0.014
39.79  189.19S1/2
f
Sf = 0.044
 17 – 24

hLf = 0.044(250) = 11 ft.

Apply the energy equation to check outlet invert elevation:
V2
Invert elevation = throat elevation -  h Lf  y (at outlet)
2g

= 89.78 –
39.792  11  5.62
2(32.2)
= 48.6 ft.
The calculated invert elevation is lower than the given one. If the invert
elevation is kept at 60 ft, the flow velocity may be retarded thereby not
allowing enough aeration in the conduit.
 17 – 25

17.3.18

Ho = 10 ft, Q = 2500 cfs.

H o 10
Step 1. Assume Rs = 6.0 ft, then   1.667
Rs 6
P
Assume  2 . Hence, from Figure Co = 1.24.
Rs
Q  C o 2R s H 3/2
o  1.24(2 )(6)(10)
3/2
 1478 cfs (< 2500 cfs).
H o 10
Let Rs = 7.5 ft, then   1.333
R s 7.5
Co = 1.55, Q = 1.55(2)(7.5)(10)3/2 = 2310 cfs (< 2500 cfs).
H 10
Let Rs = 8 ft, then o   1.25
Rs 8
Co = 1.64, Q = 1.64(2)(8)(10)3/2 = 2607 cfs (< 2500 cfs).
Hence, use Rs = 8 ft.
H H
Step 2. From Table 17.3.3, for o = 1.25, s  1.016 .
Rs Ho
Hs Hs  Ho 
Thus,     1.016(1.25)  1.27 .
R s H o  R s
H
 0.0114 , H s  s H o   1.016(10)  10.16 ft.
x
Hs Ho

Thus, x 
x
H s   0.0114(10.16)  0.1158 ft.
Hs
 Q1/2 
Step 3. R  0.204 1/4  , Ha = Ho + crest elevation = 100 + 10 = 110 ft.
 Ha 
 (2500)1/2  10.2
R  0.204 1/4
  1/4
 H a  Ha

Elevation (ft) 100 99 98 97 96 95 94 93 92 91 90

Ha (ft) 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
R (ft) 5.74 5.60 5.48 5.37 5.27 5.18 5.10 5.02 4.95 4.89 4.82

Step 4. Assume conduit diameter = 10 ft. Hence,

25001 / 2   17.32 ft.
4

H a  0.204 
 5 
The throat location = 110 – 17.32 = 92.68 ft.
Assume conduit length of 250 ft from the throat transition to outlet portal.
Q 2500
V   42.44 ft/s
0.75A 0.75 (5) 2
 17 – 26

V 2 42.44
2
  27.97 ft.
2g 2(32.2)
Using the same approach as in the solution to problem 17.3.4, S f = 0.08
hLf = SfL = 0.08(250) = 20 ft.
V2
Invert elevation = throat elevation -  h Lf  y (at outlet)
2g

= 92.68 –
27.972  20  7.02
2(32.2)
= 53.5 ft.
 17 – 27

17.3.19
17 – 28
 17 – 29

17.3.20

Q = 2500 cfs, spillway slope: 2:1, water is lowered vertically 30 ft.

Step 1. Qmax = 2500 cfs
Step 2. Let the width of the spillway be 50 ft. Hence,
2500
q  50 ft3/s/ft
50
Step 3. V  gq  5  3 32.2(50)  5  6.72 ft/s.
3

Step 4. A vertical offset of 1 ft is arbitrarily selected.

q 2 3 (50) 2
Step 5. d c 3   4.27 ft
g 32.2
H = 0.8dc = 0.8(4.27) = 3.42 ft
H = 3.5 ft is used.
Step 6. Pier width = 1.5H = 1.5(3.5) = 5.25 ft
H 3.5
Bottom length of pier block =  0.2H   0.2(3.5)  2.45 ft
2 2
H H
Step 7. Horizontal spacing of the baffle rows =   2H  2(3.5)  7.0 ft
slope 0.5
Step 8. An upstream baffle face which is normal to the chute spillway is chosen.
Step 9. Horizontal chute  2(30) = 60 ft. Therefore, the minimum chute length is
302  (60) 2  67 ft. The chute length is taken as 80 ft to allow for at
least one buried baffle row. Thus 10 rows of baffles are needed.
Step 10. Chute training wall height = 3H = 3(3.5) = 10.5 ft.
Step 11. A riprap of D50 = 6 to 12 inches is selected and extended approximately
30 ft into the flow area.
 17 – 30

17.3.21.

Q = 5000 cfs.
Step 1. Le the discharge per foot be 50 cfs.
Q 5000
Step 2. W    100 ft
q 50
Step 3. The recommended entrance velocity is
V1  3 gq  5  3 32.2(50)  5  6.72 ft
Step 4. A 3 ft vertical offset between the approach channel bed and the bed of the
upstream end of the chute is chosen. The upstream side of the crest of the
chute is made smooth with a radius of curvature of 1 ft (12 in).
Step 5. H = 0.8dc is chosen.
q 2 3 (50) 2
dc  3   4.3 ft. Hence,
g 32.2
H = 0.8(4.3) = 3.4 ft.
Step 6. A baffle pier width of 1.5H (= 1.5(3.4) = 5.1 ft) is selected.
Step 7. A 2:1 slope of the chute is assumed. Hence, the spacing between the rows
of baffles is taken as 2H = 2(3.4) = 6.8 ft.
Step 8. The upstream face of the baffle piers are taken vertical.
Step 9. Eight rows of baffle piers are taken, out of which one row consists of
buried baffle piers and another row is for protection against degradation.
Step 10. The chute training wall height is taken as 3H = 3(3.4) = 10.2 ft.
Step 11. A provision of riprap consisting of 6 to 12 inches stones is placed at the
downstream ends of the training walls to prevent eddies.
Step 12. The top width of the baffles is taken as the min of 0.2H or 9 in:
0.2H = 0.2(3.4) = 0.68 ft = 8 in. Thus, top width is taken as 8 in.
H 3.4
Step 13. Bottom width of the baffles is taken as  0.2H   0.2(3.4)
2 2
= 2.4 ft.
2 2
Step 14. Top length of the baffles is taken as H  (3.4)  2.3 ft.
3 3
Step 15. Spacing of the baffles is taken as 1.5H = 1.5(3.4) = 5.1 ft.
Step 16. Number of baffles in the first row is determined as follows. If N is the
number of baffles, then
[N + (N – 1)] (baffle spacing) = 100 ft
(2N – 1)(5.1) = 100 ft
N = 10.3.
Eight baffles of width 5.1 ft and two baffles, one at each end of row, of
6.65 ft spaced at 5.1 ft give a chute width of 100 ft.
 17 – 31

17.4.1

Using the energy equation Ec + 20 = Eo = yo + Vo 2/2g

where Ec = 3/2(752/32.2)1/3 and Vo = 7500/100yo
Solving yo = 1.8 ft and then Vo = 41.67 ft/s

Assuming uniform flow after the hydraulic jump use Manning’s equation with Q = 7500
cfs, n = 0.025, and So = 0.001 to solve for y2 = 9.79 ft.

Use the momentum equation ] with y2 = 9.79 ft and q = 75 cfs/ft

to solve for y1 = 2.82 ft.

Determine the distance from the depth yo = 1.8 ft to the depth y1 = 2.82 ft using the
energy equation

where Rave = 0.98 ft and Sfave = 0.056

ΔE = [1.8 + (41.67)2/64.4] – [2.82 + (26.59)2]

So Δx = [2.07 + (36.23)2/64.4] – [2.82 + (26.59)2]/[0.09 -0.001] = 272 ft

To compute the hydraulic jump length Fr1 = 2.79,so find L/y2 = 5.1 from Figure 17.4.2
then the length is Lj = 5.1(9.79) = 49.93ft

The length of the stilling basin would be at least 272 + 50 = 322 ft.

Vo = 41.67 ft/s and Fro = 5.47

A type II or III basin would be a better choice which would decrease the length of the
basin.

17.4.2

First compute y2

Q = 400/40 = 10 cfs/ft and y1 = q/30 = 0.333 ft

The Froude number is computed using, , which gives Fr1 = 9.16

Compute y2 using, , which gives y2 = 4.15 ft

 17 – 32

Compute ΔE

V2 = q/y2 = 10/4.15 = 2.409 ft/s

ΔE = y1 – y2 + (V12 - V22)/2g = 0.333 – 4.15 + (302 – 2.4092)/64.4 = 10.07 ft

Compute L

From graph L/y2 = 2.68

L= 2.68y2 2.68(4.15) = 11.12 ft

Compute E1 and E2

E1 = y1 + V12/2g = 0.333 + 302/64.4 = 14.31 ft

E2 = y2 + V22/2g = 4.15 + 2.4092/64.4 = 4.24 ft

Compute E2/E1 = 4.24/14.31 = 0.296

17.4.3

Width of basin

Fr1 = 16/[(9.81)(0.25)]1/2 = 10.21

Using with Fr1 = 10.21 and y1 = 0.25, y2 = 3.49 m

V1 = 16 m/s or 52.5 ft/sec

For Fr1 = 10.21, L/y2 = 4.44 so Ljump = 15.5 ft or 4.84 m

= (3.49 – 0.25)3/[4(0.25)(3.49)] = 9.75 m

 17 – 33

17.4.4

Ho = 10 ft, L = 100 ft; n = 0.025 and S o = 0.001 are assume for the downstream
bed.
A datum of zero elevation is taken.
P 50 P
  5 . For  5 , Cw = 3.95. Hence,
H o 10 Ho
Q  C w LH 3/2
o  3.95(100)(10)
3/ 2
 12490 ft3/s.

O
1

Applying the energy equation between sections 1 and 2:

30 + 50 + Ec = 25 + Eo
80 + Ec = 25 + Eo
2
 12490 
 
3 q 2
3  100 
3
Ec  3   11.78 ft
2 g 2 32.2
Vo2
Hence, 80 + 11.78 = 25 + yo +
2g

yo 
124902  66.78
(100) 2 y o2 (2)(32.2)
242.24
yo   66.78
y o2
y 3o  66.78y o2  242.24  0
This equation may be solved for yo by using Newton’s iteration method. Letting
f(y o )  y 3o  66.78y o2  242.24 , f' (y o )  3y o2  133.56y o

y ok 1  y ok 
 
f y ok
 
f' y ok
By starting with y1o  2.5 ft and after a few iterations, yo = 1.92 ft.
 17 – 34

Manning’s equation is used to determine y2.

2/3
1.49 1.49  100 y 2 
Q o 
AR 2/3S1/2 (100 y 2 )  (0.001)
n 0.025  100  2y 2 
100 y 2 5 / 3
Q 0
100  2y 2 2 / 3
y2 is determined by Newton’s iteration method, by letting

f(y2) = Q 
100y 2 5 / 3 .
100  2y 2 2 / 3
y2 = 13.66 ft.
Applying the conjugate depth relation (the momentum relation) between sections
1 and 2:
y2 1
y1 2
   1 V2  1
1  8Fr2  1   1  8 1  1   1  8 3  1
2  gy 1  2
q2
gy 1


  
12490
q  124.9 ft3/s/ft
100
y 2 1  (124.9) 2  1 
   1  8 3875.78  1
 1 8  1
y1 2  (32.2)y13  2 y13 
  
2
 2y 2  3875.78
  1  1 
 y1  y13
4y 22 y1  4y12 y 2  y13  y13  3875.78
4(13.66) 2 y1  4y12 (13.66)  3875.78
y1 = 4.01 ft.
x is determined using the energy equation between sections O and 1.
 Vo2   V12 
 yo     y1  

 2g   2g 
x 
Sf  So
Q 12490
Vo    65.05 ft/s
A o 100(1.92)
Q 12490
V1    31.15 ft/s
A1 100(4.01)
Vav = 0.5(65.05 + 31.15) = 48.01 ft/s
100(1.92)
Ro   1.85 ft
100  2(1.92)
100(4.01)
R1   3.71 ft
100  2(4.01)
Rav = 0.5(1.85 + 3.71) = 2.78 ft
 17 – 35

n 2 Vav2 (0.025) 2 (48.01) 2

Hence, Sf  4/3
  0.1675
1.49R av 1.49(2.78) 4/3
 (65.05) 2   (31.15) 2 
1.92     4.01  
 2(32.2)   2(32.2) 
x   292 ft
0.1675 - 0.001
V1 31.15
F1    2.74
gy 1 32.2(4.01)
Lj
For F1 = 2.74, ?
y2
For F1 = 2.74, stilling basin IV may be selected.
Lj
Hence,  4.7
y2
Lj = 4.7(13.66) = 64.2 ft
Length of basin = x + Lj = 292 + 64.2 = 356.2 ft  357 ft.

17.4.5

Q = 2000 cfs, L = 50 ft, n = 0.025.

2000
q  40 ft3/s/ft
50
Energy equation between 0 and 1:
1/ 3
3  q2 
1/ 3
Vo2 3  1600 
E c  14  y o  , E c        5.51 ft
2g 2 g  2  32.2 
2
1  40  24.84
5.51  14  y o     y o 
2g  y o  y o2
24.84
yo   19.51  0
y o2
Solving for using Newton’s iteration method, yo = 1.165 ft.

1
2
 17 – 36

y2 is computed using Manning equation.

2/3
1.49 1.49  50 y 2 
Q o 
AR 2/3S1/2 (50 y 2 )  (0.001)1 / 2
n 0.025  50  2y 2 
50y 2 5 / 3
Q  1.885 0
50  2y 2 2 / 3
Using Newton’s iteration method, y2 = 6.89 ft
Applying the conjugate depth relation (the momentum relation) between sections
2 and 3:
y2 1
y1 2
   1 V2  1
1  8Fr2  1   1  8 1  1   1  8 3  1
2  gy 1  2
q2
gy 1


  
6.89 1  (40) 2 
 1 8  1
y1 2  (32.2)y1 3 

y1 = 1.69 ft
x is determined using the energy equation between sections 1 and 2.
 V2   V2 
 y1  1    y 2  2 
x  
2g   2g 
Sf  So
q 40
V1    34.33 ft/s
y1 1.165
q 40
V2    23.67 ft/s
y 2 1.69
Vav = 0.5(34.33 + 23.67) = 29.0 ft/s
50(1.165)
R1   1.113 ft
50  2(1.165)
50(1.69)
R2   1.583 ft
50  2(1.69)
Rav = 0.5(1.113 + 1.583) = 1.348 ft
n 2 Vav2 (0.025) 2 (29.0) 2
Hence, Sf  4/3
  0.1587
2.22R av 2.22(1.35) 4/3
 (34.33) 2   (23.67) 2 
1.165    1.69  
 2(32.2)   2(32.2)   57.55 ft
x 
0.1587 - 0.001
V1 23.67
F1    3.21
gy 1 32.2(1.69)
 17 – 37

Lj
For F1 = 3.21, ?
y2
For F1 = 3.21, stilling basin IV may be selected.
Lj
Hence,  5.4
y2
Lj = 5.4(6.89) = 37.21 ft
Length of basin = x + Lj = 57.55 + 37.21 = 94.76 ft  95 ft.

17.4.6

Q = 7500 cfs, L = 100 ft

Assume a rectangular stilling basin.
Q 7500
q   75 cfs/ft
L 100
For elevation of 0 ft, that is, z = 0 ft, the energy equation from the spillway crest
to just before the jump gives:
V2 V2
z c  y c  c  z 1  y1  1
2g 2g
2
V
zc + Ec = y1 + 1
2g
3  75 
1/ 3 1/ 3
3  q2 
2
V12 q 75
100 + Ec = y1 + ; E c        8.39 ; V1  
2g 2 g  2  32.2  y1 y1
2
 75 
 
100 + 8.39 = y1 +  1 
y
2g
Solving for y1 gives y1 = 0.90 ft
V1 75 75
F    15.48
gy 1 y1 gy 1 0.9 32.2(0.9)
F = 15.48 > 4.5.
Hence, type II or III basin can be used.
q 75
V1    83.3 ft/s > 50 ft/s. Hence use a type II Basin.
y1 0.9
For z1 = 20 ft,
V2
z c  E c  20  y1  1
2g
(75) 2
100 + 8.39 = 20 + y1 +
2gy 12
Solving for y1 gives y1 = 1.0 ft
 17 – 38

V1 75 75
F    13.22
gy 1 y1 gy 1 1.0 32.2(1.0)
F = 13.22 > 4.5.
q 75
V1    75 ft/s > 50 ft/s. Hence use a type II Basin.
y1 1.0
For z1 = 40 ft,
V2
z c  E c  40  y1  1
2g
(75) 2
100 + 8.39 = 40 + y1 +
2gy 12
Solving for y1 gives y1 = 1.14 ft
V1 75 75
F    10.86
gy 1 y1 gy 1 1.14 32.2(1.0)
F = 10.86 > 4.5.
q 75
V1    65.8 ft/s > 50 ft/s. Hence use a type II Basin.
y1 1.14
 17 – 39

17.4.7
 17 – 40

17.4.8.

Q = 30000 cfs, n = 0.030, So = 0.00375, L = 100 ft, Hd = 0.85H,

crest elevation = 3260 ft

Using the energy equation between sections 0 and 1:

3260 + Ec = z + E
1/ 3
3  q2  V12
3260 +    z  y1 
2 g  2g
1/ 3 2
  30000  2   30000 
    
3   100    100 y1 
3260   z  y1 
2  32.2  2(32.2)
 
 
1398.6
z  3281 - y1 
y12
Using the conjugate depth relation:
y2 1
y1 2
  1
 V2  1
1  8Fr2  1   1  8 1  1   1  8 3  1
2  gy 1  2
q2
gy 1


  
y  (300) 2  y1 
   1  22360  1

y2  1  1 8  1  
2  (32.2)y1 3  2
  y1 3

Also, z + y2 = 3218.2 ft
 17 – 41

y1  
Hence, z = 3218.2 – y2 = 3218.2 -  1  22360  1
2  y13 

Using this equation with the above energy equation and solving for y1 gives y1 =
3.83 ft.
1398.6
z = 3281 – 3.83 – = 3181.8 ft
3.83 2
The tailwater rating curve is developed using area-elevation and hydraulic radius-
elevation relationships given in Figure 17.4.14. The tailwater rating curve
computation is given in the following table.

Q (cfs) q (cfs/ft) Ec (ft-lb/ft) y1 (ft) y2 (ft) Elev. (y2 + z)

30000 300 21.14 3.82 36.37 3218.2
25000 250 18.71 3.22 33.16 3215.0
20000 200 16.13 2.60 29.63 3211.4
15000 150 13.31 1.98 25.63 3207.4
10000 100 10.16 1.34 20.91 3202.7
5000 50 6.40 0.68 14.78 3196.6

Q 3 q2 q2 y1  8q 2 

Note: q  , Ec  , 78.2  E c  y1  , y  1   1
2  
2
100 2 g 2gy 12 gy 13 
The computation of the conjugate water depths for various discharge rates is
given in the following table.
1/ 3
3  q2  q2
Note: 71.8     y1 
2 g  2gy 12

Tailwater data Conjugate depth data

Q (cfs) Elev. (ft) Q (cfs) Elev. (ft)
0 3200 30000 3218.2
849 3204 25000 3215.0
2237 3207 20000 3211.4
4521 3210 15000 3207.4
8878 3213 10000 3202.7
12704 3215 5000 3196.6
16958 3217
25062 3220
 17 – 42

17.4.9

Spillway design

Maximum reservoir elevation = 4 ft below road = 5735 – 4 = 5731

Hmax = 5735 – 4 – 5725 = 6 ft. and Ho = 0.85Hmax = 0.85(6) = 5.1 ft

Assume reservoir floor elevation is 5718 ft so that P = 5725 – 5718 = 7 ft.

Other floor elevation could also be assumed.

P/Ho = 7/5.1 = 1.37 which gives Co = 3.91

He/Ho = 6/5.1 = 1.17 then C/Co = 1.02

Cinclined /Cvertical = 1.003

so C = (Cinclined /Cvertical)(C/Co)(Co) = (1.003)(1.02)(3.89) = 3.9

L = Q/CHo3/2 = 12,000/[(3.9)(5.1)3/2] = 267.2 which is the effective length

The number of spans is 267.2/38 = 7.03 so 8 spans will be needed and 7 piers.

The net length is L’ = L + 2(NKp + Ka)Ho = 267.2 + 2[7(0.01) + 0.2](5.1) = 270 ft.

The total length from abutment to abutment is 270 + 7(2) = 284 ft.

Stilling basin design

First determine floor elevation

So we will use a stilling basin that is 284 ft wide.

Rating curve goes to 11,000 cfs so we will need to extrapolate to 12,000 cfs giving a
downstream water surface elevation of 5714.6 ft.

qcrest = Q/L’ = 12000/ 270 = 44.4 cfs/ft

yc = [(qcrest)2/g]1/3 = 3.94 ft the Ec = 3/2yc = 5.92 ft

Energy equation from crest to depth before jump is 5725 + E c = Z + E1,

where E1 = y1 + V12/2g

For the stilling basin q = Q/ Wbasin = 12000/ 284 = 42.25 cfs/ft

V1 = q/y1 = 42.25/y1 and V12/2g = 27.72/y12

 17 – 43

5725 + Ec = Z + E1 which is 5725 + 5.92 = Z + y1 + 27.72/y12

Conjugate depth relationship gives

y2 1

y1 2
 
1  8Fr  1 
2 1 
2 
1 8
V12
gy 1
 1

1  
 2
q2
gy 1

1  8 3  1

  

With q = Q/ Wbasin = 12000/ 284 = 42.25 cfs/ft

From geometry with Z + y2 = 5714.6 ft (the tailwater elevation)

Solving the above equations Z = 5704.9 ft and y1 = 1.05 ft and y2 = 9.7 ft

Determine type of basin

V1 = q/y1 = 42.25/1.05 = 40 ft/s which is less than 60 ft/sec

The Froude number is 6.89 which is greater than 4.5 ft/sec

Based upon the velocity and Froude number use a type III basin

Basin dimensions

L/y2 = 2.53 so that L = 24.5 ft (length of the jump)

0.8y2 = 7.76 ft

h4/y1 = 1.35 so h4 = 1.42 ft and h3/y1 = 1.75 so h3 = 1.84 ft

 17 – 44

Problem 17.4.10

5725 + Ec = Z + E1 = 5704.9 + y1 + V12/2g

20.1 + Ec = y1 + q2/(64.4y12)

Ec = y1 + q2/(64.4y12) – 20.1

See table below for computations of rating curve.

17 – 45
 17 – 46

17.4.11

q = 7500/100 = 75 cfs/ft so Ec = 3/2(752/g)1/3 = 8.38 ft

Using the energy equation Ec + 14 = 8.38 + 14 = yo + V2/2g where V = 75/yo,

solving yo = 2.07 ft.

Assuming uniform flow after the hydraulic jump use Manning’s equation with Q = 7500
cfs, n = 0.025, and So = 0.001 to solve for y2 = 9.79 ft.

Use the momentum equation ] with y2 = 9.79 ft and q = 75 cfs/ft

to solve for y1 = 2.82 ft.

Determine the distance from the depth yo = 2.07 ft to the depth y1 = 2.82 ft using the
energy equation

where Rave = 2.32 ft, Vave = 31.41 ft/s and Sfave = 0.09

ΔE = [2.07 + (36.23)2/64.4] – [2.82 + (26.59)2]

So Δx = [2.07 + (36.23)2/64.4] – [2.82 + (26.59)2]/[0.09 -0.001] = 97.23 ft

To compute the hydraulic jump length Fr1 = 2.79,so find L/y2 = 5.1 from Figure 17.4.2
then the length is Lj = 5.1(9.79) = 49.93ft

The length of the stilling basin would be at least 97.23 + 49.93 = 147.15 ft.

A type III basin would be a better choice which would decrease the length of the basin.
 17 – 47

17.4.12
17 – 48
 17 – 49

17.4.13.

A rectangular