1) Tension

Tension can be summarized as the outward forces acted upon the ends of a rope or a
cable. The formula for Tension is the mass times gravity added to mass times acceleration.
This can be simplified into T = ma + mg.
In the picture provided, a single wire is used to carry the white object. The wire is then
supported by two pins, one on the left and one on the right. For this definition, we will
specify the tension on wire into two parts. T1 would be the tension between the left pin and
the object. T2 would be the tension between the right pin and the object. T3 would then be
the tension between the two pins. Assuming that the body is in static motion, the
summation of forces would be equal to zero. Using Pythagorean theorem, or by using a
ruler and protractor, the dimensions of the wires could be solved, and the internal tension
forces could be determined.

2) Static friction
Static Friction is the force which resists outside forces. This may be due to the roughness
between the surfaces and the adhesion due to the chemical bonding between materials.
Static Friction is called as such because this friction is only applicable in its static state. The
moment the object moves, it would be in a dynamic state and is no longer applicable for
static friction. The formula for maximum static friction is the product of the normal force
and the coefficient of static friction. This could be simplified as F=μN. Normal force is the
force acted upon perpendicular to the surface. If an incline is present, the use of
trigonometric functions may be used.
To properly displace the sofa, the force exerted by the person must be higher than the
frictional force. In the picture provided, the sofa is placed on an even surface perpendicular
to the gravitational axis. This would mean that no use of trigonometric functions is
necessary to determine the normal force. The only force acted upon the surface is weight
and could be computed by multiplying the mass of the sofa and the acceleration due to
gravity, or 9.81 meters per second squared. The normal force multiplied by the coefficient
of static friction could then be used to solve for the maximum static friction. With this
knowledge, the minimum force needed to displace the sofa could then be obtained.

3) Projectile Motion
Projectile motion occurs when an object, also called a projectile, would be thrown into
the air. The projectile would then have a path, or trajectory. Different factors could be
present in these actions. Factors such as initial velocity, final velocity, initial displacement,
final displacement, time, and acceleration would be included. The formulas used in
projectile motion can be attributed to the horizontal and vertical distances and velocities.
With these formulas, various relationships and equations may be derived. Horizontal
distance is the product of horizontal velocity multiplied by time, or x = (Vx)(t). Vertical
distance is the product of the initial velocity along the y-axis and time subtracted by one-
half of the acceleration due to gravity and time squared, or y = (Vyo)(t) –(1/2)(g)(t^2).
Horizontal velocity is then equal to the initial horizontal velocity. Vertical velocity can then
be solved by subtracting the initial velocity in the y-axis with gravity multiplied by time. It
can be noticed how important gravity is to projectile motion. The effect of gravity increases
due to time.
In the figure presented, the ball is tossed from the owner’s hand onto the mouth of the
dog. The initial distance between the mouth of the dog and the hand must first be
determined. The height from the floor of the dog’s mouth and the owner’s hand must also
be determined. Using the different formulas in projectile motion, the maximum height and
time of flight may be determined, among other factors.

References:
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/physics/chapter/4-5-normal-tension-and-other-
examples-of-forces/
https://byjus.com/physics/tension-force/
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/forces-newtons-laws/inclined-planes-
friction/a/what-is-friction
https://study.com/academy/lesson/static-friction-definition-formula-examples.html
https://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/vectors/Lesson-2/What-is-a-Projectile
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/physics/chapter/3-4-projectile-motion/
https://byjus.com/projectile-motion-formula/