SHS

PHYSICAL SCIENCE
Quarter 2 – Module 2
The Laws of Physics are Universal

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Physical Science – Grade 11/12
Quarter 2 – Module 2: The Laws of Physics are Universal

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Regional Director: Gilbert T. Sadsad

Assistant Regional Director: Jessie L. Amin

Development Team of the Module

Writers: Agnes P. Rabelas and Jose Angelo S. Nate

Editors/Reviewers: Jocelyn Navera, Brenly Mendoza, Kristina Nieves, Aster Malto,

Jeanine Cristobal and Kenneth De la Fuente

Layout Artist: Jose Gamas Jr.

Language Editor: Diana Desuyo

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1) Compare and contrast the Aristotelian and Galilean conceptions of vertical motion,
horizontal motion and projectile motion. (S11/12PS-IVc-46)

2) Explain how Galileo inferred that objects in a vacuum fall with uniform acceleration,
and that force is not necessary to sustain horizontal motion. (S11/12PS-IVc-47)

3) Explain the subtle distinction between Newton’s 1st Law of Motion (Law of Inertia)
and Galileo’s assertion that force is not necessary to sustain horizontal motion.
(S11/12PS-IVd-51)

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 Self-Learning Module for Senior High School Learners
Every day, we wonder about motions going on in our
surroundings. What’s behind the motion of a freely falling body
and why does it behave in such a manner as to fall in a particular
direction? What might cause one object to remain at rest and
another object to accelerate? From everyday experiences you
know that a force is needed to change the motion of a body.
Somehow, you have developed a basic understanding of the concept of force and motion
as you consider the forces that act on the body and the mass of the body.

In this module, you will investigate what causes change in motion. This module
contains three lessons:

Lesson 1 - Aristotelian and Galilean Concepts of Motion

Lesson 2 - Galileo’s Uniform Acceleration
Lesson 3 - Galileo’s Assertion on Horizontal Motion and Newton’s Law of Inertia

Knowing the three laws of planetary motion is very

essential in understanding the nature of motion.
Hence, this knowledge will give us how Aristotle and
Galileo analyze motion and ascertains its true nature.
Read on and accomplish the tasks prepared for you in
this module.

At the end of the module, you should be able to:

1. describe Aristotelian and Galilean concepts of vertical motion, horizontal motion

and projectile motion;

2. compare and contrast the Aristotelian and Galilean conceptions of vertical motion,
horizontal motion, and projectile motion;

3. explain how Galileo inferred that objects in vacuum fall with uniform acceleration
and that force is not necessary to sustain horizontal motion; and

4. explain the subtle distinction between Newton’s first law of motion (Law of Inertia)
and Galileo’s assertion that force is not necessary to sustain horizontal motion:

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Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answer on a separate
sheet of paper.
1. According to Aristotle, which of the following elements would a rock go back to
if thrown upward?
a. earth c. air
b. fire d. water

2. According to Aristotle, which of the following objects shows projectile

motion?
a. a fired cannon ball c. a leaf falling from a tree
b. a coin tossed in the air d. the rain falling from the sky

3. Which of the following agrees with Galileo’s view of motion?

a. Smoke rises because the sky is its natural place.
b. A feather will be as fast as an iron ball if dropped in a vacuum.
c. If a 10-kg boulder is dropped to the sea, it will stop midway.
d. Planets revolve around the sun because of a Prime Mover.

4. A box sliding on the floor slowly stops. Why is this so?

a. There was a force that impeded the sliding box.
b. The boxes are usually made of earth, so the box, being a heavy element, stops.
c. The resistive force from the floor is equal to the applied force.
d. The applied force from the pusher disappeared.

5. Galileo proved that all falling objects fall with the same _________.
a. energy c. velocity
b. acceleration d. speed

6. At what position of the inclined plane did Galileo find the greatest acceleration
of the rolling ball?
a. when the plane is inclined at 30° c. when the plane is inclined at 60°
b. when the plane is inclined at 45° d. when the plane is inclined at 90°

7. Three objects A, B, and C with mass 5 kg, 8 kg, and 15 kg, respectively, were
dropped simultaneously from the same height. Neglecting air resistance,
which object will reach the ground first?
a. Object A will reach the ground first.
b. Object B will reach the ground first.
c. Object C will reach the ground first.
d. The three objects will reach the ground at the same time.

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8. What property of matter tends to resist a change in an object’s state of
motion?
a. force c. mass
b. volume d. inertia

9. A ball is rolling to the right on a friction-free surface. If the ball is pushed to the
right, what will happen to its motion?
a. The ball will decrease its speed.
b. The ball will increase its speed.
c. The ball will change the direction of movement without changing speed.
d. Its motion will remain constant.

10. All statements below are similarities of Galileo’s assertion on horizontal motion
and Newton’s 1st law of motion except _________.
a. Force is required to change the state of motion of an object.
b. All objects have inertia that tends to increase or decrease its speed.
c. No force is needed in order to keep an object moving in a straight line with constant
speed.
d. Inertia is the property of an object that keeps it from changing its state of motion.

Hi! How did you find the test?

Please check your answers at the answer key section and see
how you did. Don’t worry if you got a low score, this just
means that there are more things that you can learn from
this module. So, hop on!
Let play!

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Lesson 1 – Aristotelian and Galilean Concepts of Motion

During the time of Galileo, the prevailing thought was an extension of ancient
Greek thought mostly influenced by the writings of Aristotle. Aristotle wrote extensively
on many subjects, one of which was physics. While a studying at the University of Pisa,
Galileo learned of Aristotle’s theory on motion. Later, he formulated his thought
experiment regarding motion.

Activity 1: “Picture Analysis”

Photo credits: https://kayejhanani.wordpress.com Photo credits: https://images.app.goo.gl/236bzYXCNtz39biKA

Image 1 Image 2

Guide Questions:
1. In Image 1, describe the motion of the cart pulled by the horse and the motion of an
arrow by a stretched bow? What are the commonalties and differences between the
two scenarios?
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2. Describe the motion of the smoke in Image 2?

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3. Compare the motion shown in each image?

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4. What kind of motion is presented in image 1? and image 2?
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The activity you answered helps you the basic knowledge

of Aristotelian concepts of motion.

The first lesson will provide a context of on how

Aristotelian conceptions of vertical motion,
horizontal motion, and projectile motion

Aristotelian Concept of Motion

Aristotle was an ancient Greek philosopher and scientist born in the city of Stagira,
Chalcidice, on the Northern periphery of classical Greece.
Aristotle used two philosophical terms to define and analyze motion. He defined
motion as the actuality of a potentiality. Potentiality refers to any "possibility" that a thing
can be said to have. In contrast, actuality is the actual change in motion or activity that
represents an exercise or fulfillment of a possibility, when a possibility becomes realistic
in the fullest sense. Aristotle’s definition seems to involve a contradiction. However, St.
Thomas Aquinas emphasized and maintained that this is the only way to define motion.
Aristotle described motion into two kinds: natural and violent motion. Natural
motion can be described as any motion in which any object does naturally. If it is moved,
it will return to its natural state. In addition, solid materials (or liquids) fall as they seek
their natural resting place. Air likes to rise upwards, as do flames, since that is their natural
resting place. Natural motion is either straight up or straight down. Examples of natural
motions include:
A book lying at rest on a table naturally remains at rest.
If you let go of a book it naturally falls toward the earth’s center.
Smoke naturally rises.
The sun naturally rises in the east, crosses the sky, and then sets in the west.

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 Violent motion, on the other hand, is the type of motion which requires an external
push or pull for the object to move. Examples of violent motion include:
Pushing a book along a table
Lifting a book

Image 1 in the previous activity shows violent motion because the cartwheel moves
due to an external pull applied by the horse. The arrow will also move due to the applied
pull by the stretched bow. Image 2, on the other hand, manifests natural motion because
smoke naturally rises.

Aristotle’s Views on Motion

The Greek believed that everything was made of four elements - air, water, fire
and earth. These four elements possess vertical motion; the earth moves down toward
its natural resting place. Water’s natural place is just above earth. Air is another element
in which generally it rises to its natural place in the atmosphere. Fire rises to the
atmosphere which is its natural place. Aristotle also believed that heavy objects fall faster
than lighter ones. He thought that objects fall at a speed proportional to their weights; the
heavier the object, the faster it falls.
Aristotle views horizontal motion of the projectile as the result of the tendency of
any object in motion to remain in motion at constant velocity. Due to the absence
of horizontal forces, a projectile remains in motion with constant horizontal velocity.
Projectile motion is the motion of an object upon which the only force acting is gravity. A
projectile is any object that once thrusted upwards continues in motion by its
own inertia and is pulled downward by force of gravity that manifest horizontal motion.
He also had his view on the projectile motion of an object. He believed that an
impetus is given to an object thrown at a certain angle which is a force or energy that
permits an object to move. The object will continue to move in the same direction until the
impetus is lost and the object falls to the ground and returns to its natural state.

As a summary, Aristotle believed that:

• All objects naturally seek their resting places.

• All motion on the Earth is linear.
• All motion in the heavens (outer space) is curved. The speed at which an
object falls is directly related to the mass of an object. Heavy objects fall
faster than lighter ones.
• Motion continues for as long as a force is applied to an object. Removing
the force stops the object.
.

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 Activity 2: Who is Right?

Photocredits. https://images.app.goo.gl/fg2e8EppoNw13Lhz6 Photocredits: https://images.app.goo.gl/pV5P4X4jXzwLHMUn6

Direction: Read carefully the conversation between Aristotle and Galileo. Your job is to
perform a simple activity to find out who was right among them. Youwill prepare bottle
that are the same size but are made of different materials. Measure the masses of the
given bottle and write the results in the table.
Bottle Materials Mass (grams)
1 Aluminum
2 Glass
3 Plastic

Answer the following questions after you performed the simple activity
1. Who do you think is right? Aristotle or Galileo. Support your answer
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2. If you drop two objects of the same size, but of different masses/weights at the same
time from the same height, which object will hit the ground first? Explain your
answer.
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3. How did Galileo come up with the idea about motion that objects of different masses
dropped simultaneously from same height will reach the ground at the same time?
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Galileo's Conceptions of Motion
Galileo built his concepts of motion from Aristotle’s ideas. These are his ideas on
horizontal and vertical motion:

Horizontal motion. A moving object has the tendency to remain in motion at

constant velocity. A ball rolling on a plane will continue rolling with constant velocity. If
unimpeded and no external force acts on the ball, it will remain in motion with a constant
horizontal velocity. If the Earth is flat and extended infinitely, any moving object will
continue to move indefinitely. This motion, however, is not evident in nature as there are
always external forces acting on all objects.

Vertical motion. Objects fall at the same time regardless of their weight in the
absence of resistance. If an object encounters a resistive force from a fluid equal or
greater than its weight, it will slow down and reach uniform motion until it reaches the
bottom and stop. For example, in the absence of resistance, a piece of paper and a piece
of nail released from the same height will reach the bottom at the same time.

Galileo believed that a projectile is a combination of uniform motion in the

horizontal direction and uniformly accelerated motion in the vertical direction. If it is not
impeded, it will continue to move even without an applied force. However, he began to
challenge Aristotle’s ideas when he did actual experiments. Eventually, he presented his
own description of motion, different from Aristotle’s.

Galilean Conceptions vs. Aristotelian Conceptions

According to Aristotle, motion can either be natural or violent. In natural motion, an

object will move and return to its natural state based on its material or composition. In
violent motion, on the other hand, an external push or pull is required for the object to
move.
In natural motion, the object will move and will return to its natural state based on
the object's material or composition. In contrast, an object moving in a violent motion
requires an external push or pull for the object to move. For projectile motion, he believed
that an object thrown at a certain angle is given an impetus—a force or energy that
permits an object to move. The projectile will continue to move until it loses its impetus.
The object will return to its natural state causing it to stop and fall to the ground.
Galileo disproved Aristotle’s claims and believed that the motion of objects is not simply
due to the composition of objects. He posited that motion can be measured using physical
variables such as time and distance and thus can be described mathematically. Through
his experiments, he was able to prove that:

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 1. an object in uniform motion will travel a distance that is proportional to the time it
will take to travel;
2. a uniformly accelerating object will travel at a speed proportional to some factor
of time; and
3. an object in motion, if unimpeded, will continue to be in motion; an external force
is not necessary to maintain the motion.

Direction: Answer the table below, about similarities and differences between views of
Aristotle and Galileo about motion. Clues are provided inside the box.

-An object in motion, if unimpeded, will continue to be in motion.

-The element Earth moves down towards its natural resting place.

- Bodies need to be pushed or pulled to maintain horizontal motion.

-An object is influenced by the downward force of gravity.

-If two objects of different weight are dropped simultaneously from the same height
both will hit the ground at the same time in the absence of air resistance.

-Projectiles follow a curved path

Contribute to science progress about motion

Aristotle Conception Galileo Conception

Vertical Motion

Horizontal motion

Projectile Motion

Similarities Motion

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Lesson 2 - Galileo’s Uniform Acceleration

Activity 3: Let’s Do our TASK!!!

Directions: Below are some tasks that you can do at home to be able to understand
better the behavior of falling objects.
Task # 1: Hold a book and a piece of paper at the same height, then drop them
simultaneously. Did the objects reach the ground at the same time? If no, which
object reached the ground first?

Task #2: Now, perform the same procedure, but this time, crumple the paper. Did
the objects reach the ground at the same time? If no, which object reached the
ground first?
Task #3. Place two coins on top (near the edge) of a table and release them at
the same time. One coin will be dropped from the table, and the other will be
projected horizontally from the table. Observe the coins as they fall from the
table. Did the coins hit the floor at the same time? If no, which coin hit the floor
first?
Try to guess what behavior of objects each scenario exhibits and observe what
happens to the falling objects. Write your answers and observations following the format
below.

Task Observation Explanation

How Galileo Inferred That Objects in Vacuum Fall with Uniform Acceleration
The viewpoint of Aristotle regarding freely falling objects which prevailed until the
17th century was challenged by Galileo. Galileo disproved Aristotle’s theory by pure
reasoning and logical arguments. In one of his experiments, he used three boxes of equal
weights. The three boxes A, B, and C were placed side to side and made to fall at the

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same time from the same height. Following Aristotle’s theory, the boxes will fall at the
same time. If boxes A and B were glued together and made to fall at the same time as
box C, will they fall faster than box C? Galileo argued that they will still fall and reach the
bottom at the same time. He argued further that B will not pull A faster as B alone was
moving as fast as C. A cannot push down B faster since A alone was moving as fast as
C. This shows that although twice as heavy as C, A and B together was falling as fast as
C and therefore reach the bottom at the same time as C.

Figure 1. When the three boxes are placed side to side and made to fall from the
same height at the same time, they will fall to the bottom at the same time. If box
A was glued to box B and made to fall at the same time as box C, they will still
reach the bottom at the same time.

Galileo proved with his experiments that when objects are dropped simultaneously,
they will reach the ground at the same time regardless of their masses and air resistance.
In another set of experiments, he discovered that objects fall with uniform acceleration.

Galileo was fascinated by the behavior of falling objects. He knew that falling
objects increase their speed as they go down. This change in speed is acceleration.
Galileo used inclined planes to investigate the motion of objects as he did not have
equipment to measure this change.

On his experiment, he had observed the following:

• A ball rolling down an inclined plane increases its speed by the same value after every
second. For example, the speed of a rolling ball was found to increase by 2 m/s every
second. The table below shows the changes in speed:
Time (s) Speed
(m/s)
0 0
1 2
2 4
3 6
4 8
5 10

As the inclined plane becomes steeper, the acceleration of the rolling ball increases.

• When the inclined plane was positioned vertically, the rolling ball reached its maximum
acceleration as if the ball is simply falling.

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 These observations led Galileo to conclude that regardless of the mass of objects,
when air resistance is small enough to be neglected, falling objects would always have
uniform acceleration.

Direction: Answer the following exercises. Write your answer on a separate sheet of
paper.
1. If an object rolls down an inclined plane with an acceleration of 5m/s2, what
would be its speed after five seconds given that it starts at 0m/s at 0s? You may
complete the following table to know your answer.
Time Speed (m/s)
0 0
1
2
3
4
5

2. The acceleration due to gravity has a standard value of 9.8 m/s 2. Two balls are
thrown at the same time. One ball is released from rest, while the other ball is
thrown with an initial velocity of 10 m/s. How will you describe the acceleration of
the two balls?
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LESSON 3 –Galileo’s Assertion on Horizontal Motion and Newton’s
Law of Inertia
Activity 4: Galileo’s Thought Experiment

Direction: Answer the following questions using the illustration above as reference.
A ball is released from position A to run down a bent rail.
1. How will you compare the speed of the ball from (a) AB to BC?; (b) from AB to
BD?; (c) from AB to BE?
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2. Will the ball be able to rise up to the height of A if (a) the rail is bent along ABC?;
(b) the rail is bent along ABD?; (c) the rail is bent along ABE?; and, (d) the rail
is bent along ABF, where BF is horizontal?
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3. What are the forces which influence the behavior of the ball as it runs down the
bent rail?
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Galileo’s Experiments About Motion

For many centuries, nobody was successful in challenging Aristotle’s ideas. After two
thousand years, Galileo was able to challenge Aristotle’s theories about motion. He tested
Aristotle’s ideas through “thought” experiments which he did not actually perform except
in his mind. However, he arrived at conclusions through logical thought. Through his
experiments, and with a clear logic and mathematical knowledge, he showed that a body

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moving along a frictionless horizontal surface does not need an external force to maintain
its uniform speed.
What were Galileo’s contributions to the concept of motion?
Galileo tested his assertions by letting balls run down bent rails. As the ball is
released from position A and allowed to run down the bent rail ABC, the ball rises to
position C, which is nearly the same height as A. The ball is also made to run down the
bent rail ABD and ABE and the ball again rises to nearly the same height as position A.
He observed that as the ball rolls down the rail, its speed increases; as it rolls up, its
speed decreases. Consequently, the ball will only reach nearly the same height as the
original position. This difference in height is due to the friction between the ball and the
rail surface.
He also observed that as the ball runs down the bent rail, its speed increases.
However, as the ball moves up the rail, its speed decreases. This change in speed is due
to gravity.

Figure 2. When the ball rolls down the bent rail AB, it increases its speed because
it is moving with gravity. When the ball rolls up the bent rail BC, it moves against
gravity, decreasing its speed.

When the ball is made to run down the bent rail ABF, where BF is horizontal, the
ball will never be able to rise to nearly the same height as position A. Instead, the ball will
continue to move at constant speed in a straight line.
Galileo showed that there is a natural tendency for objects to continue its state of
motion unless a push or a pull compels it to change that state. If the ball is moving, it will
continue to do so at constant velocity just as it will remain at rest if it was stationary.
Galileo called this natural tendency inertia.
His assertions became the inspiration for Newton’s first law of motion. They both
imply that no force is needed to keep the motion of an object and that the object’s inertia
would keep it from changing its state of motion. Newton’s first law of motion states that
“an object at rest remains at rest and an object in motion remains in motion at constant
speed and constant direction unless acted upon by an external force.”
What is the difference between Galileo’s assertion on horizontal motion and
Newton’s first law of motion?
There is a very subtle difference between Galileo’s assertion and Newton’s first
law of motion. The difference lies in the concept of force. Galileo knew about friction but
did not know about the concept of force. He used the terms “push and pull” to signify

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forces. It was Sir Isaac Newton who defined the concept of force and its relation to
motion. Newton’s first law of motion is also called the Law of Inertia.
How is the first law of motion used in everyday life?
The motion of a ball falling from the sky or a model rocket being launched up into
the atmosphere are examples of the law of inertia. It can also be used to explain the
principle behind safety features used in cars such as seat belts, head rest and air bags.
These safety features are installed to prevent injuries to passengers.
If a speeding car suddenly stops, the driver and the passenger are thrown forward.
This is due to inertia keeping them moving forward. On the other hand, when a car
accelerates, the driver and the passenger tend to move backward because of their
tendency to remain at rest. This could also happen during collision where the passenger
is thrusted forward while the head tends to remain at rest. This could lead to serious head
injuries which can be life threating. This is the reason why cars are now equipped with
these safety features.
Seat belts and air bags are designed to protect the passengers from injuries if they
are thrown forward while head rests are designed to protect passengers if they are thrown
backward. The law requires that the driver and passengers wear seatbelts.

https://images.app.goo.gl/8Z5cLwnE4HSp26mC7 https://images.app.goo.gl/iVgnt414qLQrYJ9M7 https://images.app.goo.gl/XjS4CUdQwbM2ZmDi7

Figure 3. (a) seat belt, (b) head rest, (c) air bag

Direction: Read the questions carefully and provide the answers by writing your
responses in a separate sheet of paper.
1. Explain Newton’s first law of motion as they occur in the following everyday
events. Make sure to use full sentences in your answers.

a. You are riding a skateboard and you suddenly hit something with the front
wheel.
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 b. The magician pulls the tablecloth out from under a table full of dishes.
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c. The difficulty in pushing a dead car.

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d. Pushing a cart on an unpaved road versus pushing a cart on an asphalt

road.
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2. Is inertia good or bad? Briefly explain your answer.

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Directions: Write your thoughts about the following

questions.

Now, I realized that…..

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To strengthen what you have learned from this module, identify instances in your everyday life
where inertia plays a role. Determine whether these are beneficial or harmful effects of inertia.
For the harmful effects of inertia, identify ways by which resulting problems are addressed. You
may use the table to organize your responses.

Beneficial effects of Harmful effects of inertia… How the problem is or can

inertia… be solved…

The following terms used in this module are defined as follows:

Acceleration –is the rate of change of velocity with time.
Impetus- a force or energy that permits an object to move.
Inertia – the natural tendency of an object to resist any change in motion, including
direction
Motion- is an object’s change in position with respect to a reference point/object.
Natural motion-the motion of an object returning to its natural state, could be either
straight up or straight down (for all things on earth) or it could be circular (for celestial
bodies)
Projectile motion – the motion of an object that moves along a curved path under the
influence of gravity alone.
Violent motion- - an impose motion which is the result of an external force (push or pull)
applied on an object

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Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answer on a separate
sheet of paper.
1. Which of the following is an example of a violent motion?
a. a dropped pen falling to the c. water flowing in a river
ground d. a ball kicked from the ground
b. rocks falling from a mountain

2. Which of the following are true about the natural motion of an object
according to Aristotle?
a. An object will return to the ground if it has a similar material with earth.
b. An object will fall to the ground because it is thrown upward.
c. An object will go back to the air if it has a similar material with the air.
d. An object will return to its natural state depending on its composition.

3. Which of the following agrees with Galileo’s view of motion?

a. A flying baseball has both uniform motion and uniformly accelerating motion.
b. A box will stop sliding in a frictionless plane if the applied force is removed.
c. A balloon rises because it is mostly air, and the sky is its natural place.
d. An iron ball will always fall faster than a rubber ball.

4. According to Galileo's view, which will reach the floor of the vacuum chamber
first, a sheet of paper or a bowling ball?
a. The bowling ball will reach the vacuum chamber.
b. The sheet of paper will reach the vacuum chamber.
c. They will reach the floor at the same time.
d. They will not reach the floor and will be sucked in the vacuum.

5. Which of the following statements agrees with Galileo’s concept of falling

objects?
a. Falling objects fall with constant acceleration.
b. Falling objects fall with changing acceleration.
c. Falling objects fall with changing speed.
d. Falling objects fall with constant speed.

6. As Galileo changed the angle of inclination of the planes he used, what

happened to the value of the acceleration of the rolling ball?
a. The acceleration of the rolling ball increased as the steepness of the plane was
increased.
b. Galileo observed that the speed of the rolling ball increased as it went down, and
its acceleration increased as the steepness of the inclined plane is increased.
c. The acceleration of the rolling ball stayed the same as the steepness of the plane
was increased.
d. The acceleration of the rolling ball became zero as the steepness of the plane
was increased.

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7. Three objects A, B, and C with masses 5 kg, 8 kg, and 15 kg, respectively,
were dropped simultaneously. Neglecting air resistance, which object will
have the greatest acceleration upon reaching the ground?
a. Object A will have the greatest acceleration.
b. Object B will have the greatest acceleration.
c. Object C will have the greatest acceleration.
d. The three objects will have the same acceleration.

8. When a ball rolls on the floor, it will eventually stop. What force causes the ball
to stop?
a. inertia c. friction
b. weight d. gravity

9. Which of the following is Galileo’s assertion on horizontal motion?

a. When anobject is left alone, it will continue to move with constant velocity.
b. The inertia of an object will keep the object moving with constant velocity.
c. No force is needed to start the motion of an object.
d. No force is required to decrease or increase the motion of an object.

10. What is the difference between Galileo’s assertion of horizontal motion and
Newton’s 1st law of motion?
a. Newton’s 1st law emphasizes that a force is required to keep the motion of the
object.
b. Galileo did not use the concept of force in his assertions but only used “push or
pull”.
c. Newton’s inertia is based on mass, while Galileo’s inertia is based on weight.
d. Galileo asserted that a force is needed to keep the motion of the object.

Congratulations on finishing the supplementary

learning module! You have just had an
amazing learning journey and for sure, you will
have the same in the succeeding modules.
,

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TRY THIS
1. A 6. D
2. A 7. D
3. B 8. D
4. A 9. B
5. B 10. B

ACTIVITY 1 (Expected Answers)

1. Image 1 - the cartwheel moves because of the external force (pull) applied by the horse
and the arrow will also move because of the force applied by the stretched bow.
Yes. Similarities – both objects move because of the applied external force and they both
exhibit horizontal motion. Differences - They differ on the amount of force being exerted
or applied
2. In Image 2, the smoke naturally rises moving upward.
3. Image 1 VIOLENT MOTION, requires an external force (push or pull) for the object to
move. Image 2 NATURAL MOTION, motion that an object does naturally,
4. The motion shown in image 1 is a violent motion while image 2 is a natural motion.

ACTIVITY 2 (Expected Answers)

1. Galileo was right, because objects of different masses dropped from the same height will
reach the ground at the same time, in the absence of air resistance.
2. If two objects of the same size but of different masses are dropped from the same
height, they reach the ground at the same time. This is because if air resistance is
negligible, all objects fall at the same rate regardless of their masses.
3. Galileo conducted experiments with gravity, such as dropping cannonballs from the
Leaning Tower of Pisa. He discovered that they hit the ground at the same time despite
having different weights.
ACTIVITY 3 (Expected answers)

Task Observation Explanation

The piece of paper fell slower than
the book because of air resistance.
The book reached the ground first.
1 Since the paper is of very low mass,
air resistance appreciably alters its
motion.
Galileo’s findings that when there is
The book and the crumbled paper, dropped
little or no air resistance, objects that
simultaneously from the same height, reached the
2 are dropped simultaneously will reach
ground at the same time even though they have
the ground at the same time,
different masses
regardless of their masses

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 The coins hit the ground at the same
time because both are influenced by
Both coins, released from the same height, hit the gravity and therefore have the same
3
floor at the same time. acceleration. The horizontal motion of
the coin in projectile motion does not
affect its vertical motion.

ACTIVITY 4
1. The speed of the ball increases as it falls through AB while the speed decreases as it
rises through BC, BD, and BE.
2. (a-c) The ball will be able to reach only nearly the same height as A. (d) No. Instead,
the ball will continue to move in a straight line.
3. Friction and gravity

APPLY WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED

LESSON 1
ARISTOTLE CONCEPTION GALILEO
CONCEPTION
Contribute to science progress about Contribute to science
Similarities motion progress about motion

Vertical Motion The element Earth moves down If two objects of different
towards its natural resting place. weights are dropped
from the same height,
both will hit the ground at
the same time, in the
Differences absence of resistance.
Horizontal Bodies need to be pushed or pulled An object in motion, if
motion to maintain horizontal motion. unimpeded, will continue
to be in motion.
Projectile Motion An object is influenced by the downward Projectiles follow a curved
force of gravity. path

LESSON 2
1.
Time Speed (m/s)
0 0
1 5
2 10
3 15
4 20
5 25
2. Both balls will have the same acceleration which is due to gravity.

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LESSON 3

1. a. You will fall as you will keep moving forward while the skateboard is stopped
suddenly by the object.
b. The dishes will remain on top of the table.
c. Because of inertia, one would have to exert an effort (a push or a pull) to move a
dead car.
d. There would be less friction in an asphalted road which will require less effort to
push a car than in an unpaved road.
2. Inertia is neither good nor bad. Inertia can be necessary to keep objects moving or in
place. On the other hand, it can get tough when moving a stationary object or
changing the direction of a moving object.
REINFORCEMENT (answers may vary)
ASSESS WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED
1. D 6. A
2. D 7. D
3. A 8. C
4. C 9. A
5. C 10. B

n.d. https://www.quipper.com/ph/teacher/.
n.d.http://www.batesville.k12.in.us/physics/phynet/mechanics/newton1/Aristotle.html.
n.d. http://www.physicsclassroom.com/Class/vectors/u3l2a.cfm.
n.d. http://slideplayer.com/slide/7941245/.
Bulataran, R., R. Olipane, and J. Santos. 2016. Conceptual science and beyond:
physical science.
Caintic, Helen E. 2016. Physical Science.
Commission on Higher Education. 2015. Teaching Guide of Senior High School
Physical Science.
Giancoli, Douglas C. 1991. Physics: Principle with Application. Englewood Cliffs,
New Jersey: Prentice-Hall International, Inc.
Giordano, Nicholas. 2013. College Physics: Reasoning and Relationships. 2nd.
Boston, Massachussets: Brooks/Cole.

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