LESSON 7 GRAMMAR Past stems. ‘The relationship between present and pas stems in Sogdian is of two kinds: 1. the present stem can be predicted from the past stem (“regular” past stems), 2 the present stem cannot be predicted from the past stem (“iregular” past stems). Both stems must therefore always be learned together. Notes: ‘The past stem can not usually be predicted from the preseat stem, ‘The past stem is from an old “past participle” with active meaning when from intransitive verbs, but passive when from transitive verbs. | Regular past stems. Many Sogdian verbs make the past stem by suffixing -d to the present stem, e.g. arb yorBt eB 7); cakO-takdtt (iow ckw'P “to listen.” ‘Note: Even here the forms are not always clear, #s many “irregular” past stems also end in “to carry (away)” —tur-aurt “to cat” smir- must “to die” Oia Onfart “to follow” swde- up “to release” 10% tay ts wy> “to redeem, pay” pasoe- pasuyd "to purify, clean” dsuxs- dau <'wswxs *wswy> “to be purified” aren}. zarayel “to deliver” saraxs-corayd “to be delivered” siimb sup “to bore, pierce” Spat-dpast pt -wpst> “to fall ppd pist(pyast-) “to adorn” patréb. patrist “to mix” 708 rust "to grow" an: it “to strike” 221+ 2a "to bear (chiléren)” “frin- afr “to bless” patsrin-paterit- “to hire” wén- wit cwyn wyb> “to see” patatkway- pataitodt “to ordes” ‘naméy- namdt “to judge” pas: fora}it, fat “to ask, punish” xd anwar nuit Cnw2-"nwSt> "to gather” (intrans.) —_anwef. anutt<' és. dyar “to say ‘Note: Originally the infinitive of verbs ending in -r was a heavy stem, while the past stem was light, ef. 2710903 aP.O. Skjerve, Manual of Sogdian =swart “food” (= inf.) ~ 2urt “eaten.” The heavy stem tended to spread, however, hence we find both furt and fr ‘The simple past tense. “There is a Fundamental split inthe formation of tenses from the past stem (and the perfect participle, see lesson 12) between intransitivefpassive and transitive (active) forms. The intransitive simple past i formed with the past stem and the auxiliary verb “to be,” while the transitive simple past is formed with the past stem and the auxiliary verb “to have”: &ar-, ‘The Sogdian simple past tense corresponds to the English imperfect and perfect, “I did, have done,” “TL went, have gone," etc, The imperfect of the simple past tense (the auxiliary isin the imperfect) corresponds to the English pluperfect, “I had done,” “I had gone,” etc ‘The simple past tense has all the moods. ‘The intransitive simple past tense. In the intransitive simple past the verb “to be" is added on to the stem as endings, except inthe 3 sing, where the verb is usually let out, In the 3 sing. and when the verb is written separate (ein the subjunctive and optative),light-stem past stem takes the ending ~i(-): ‘When a transitive verb is inflected intransitive its meaning is passive, but this is are and relatively ‘common only inthe 3 sing. Normally the passive ofthe simple past tense (see lesson 13) is expressed with the auxiliary “to do,” which, when inflected intransiively, has the meaning “to become” Paradigms. Intransitive simple past tense indicative: Light stems Heavy stems Sing. 1 ptemstmym> —aktém atm <"iytym> atm 2 napatétcrpy> ——akrdB ana —_ ayaa py 3 papati alil ay> ancy apy Plur. 1 payatémecenym> —aktim cktym> aid <"jytym>—_dyatém 2 rayorasBactysS’> — aliasOackts> ——ailasOa<"jytsB> —dyatasBa<"t38'> 3 ayotand —aktand kind> §—tand —_adyatand <>nd> Note especially: umarém'I was,” ete; aktém “I became,” et. Example sraabisingn guaahs ata uae ea seng duet aanaign beg bynesaiy estiae etna ben w25pattsaydomdn nayitakt ir wiyuiand, oti xusand aktand paré Payinik waydpartt "at that time, all the hearers were very happy and became content with the divine explanation” Fale) then nals Magen hen abe ead anita cangtt weak vance Lenin, pardmé5 sim xutok® marténé patrip Harané *i8t astakanal tambdr BBcdm “Twas bon in this terrifying *structure, deadly *fortess, poisonous *form, *skeleton body” (BBBb) Reo wnabieatercntene ERS aetna et oe btn Cheamattiag an Chet Sat Lhamn sansaint ste ena net 886 dat kil martaxmét sar. ti Almay SosiBaréniyas, partis tambar tawande ati ruxi wd. “He came from that 10 mankind. And he took Eve as his representative, for her body was strong and shining.” (M129) ‘Uses of the locative, 2/10/03 48Lesson 7 1. The main function ofthe loc. is to express place where or where (int: sya Kant éw martiy uma “there was a man in the city” eta sti nee are ten 1d aludnikrés uya tomya Opatand-kim ty, Uae oy ten aetgeaneg eth “sinners will fll into hell” 2. Appositions to words inthe loc. are in the loc. Sarva usa mazes kandt ashame gah ten stated “in Qrawan (Dunhuang), the great city” TEXT 7.1 (from the Rustam story) shade vahan it heuon aban stn atean tench Nednosta tatrdgentancbnd, sendaen oan hens Gta dass Note: parayé umatond “were/had been left behind” is perfect intransitive/passive (lesson 12). TEXT 7.2 (che Peas-horer cont'd) sant te Latah 1000 gan Leu unadiaad deat gah sti 12 vr eabtiaa ahs tnan Lee onueing Kinane Bade eatin, Taye wat ng es chen An ek te Ea tenis encomgtath Map banca tia 13 (ol nth a + saan nparano rua ARs bg NOTES 12 pweskfty: the prefix pi indicates lack of something; adjectives and nouns in pa- can be translated by English adjectives in "-less” and nouns in “lessness” or by circumlocutions such as “without...” “having no .." ete. {04 the imperfect stem of. = presen stem. 13 The text is incomplete atthe end. TEXT 7.3 A fragment of the Manichean cosmogony. ‘The frst part ofthe text, the beginning of which is missing, contains a description of the Light Paradise and the Five Greatnesses: the Father (missing) the Twelve Acons of the Father, the Aeons of Aeoms =the Blessed Places, the Pure Air, the Light Earth, and the inbabitants ofthe Light Paradise [Next the creation ofthe world is described: the Father orders the Living Spirit and the Mother of Life to create the world, andthe Living Spirit and the Mother of Life begin the creation, first the ten heavens, then the zodiac. ‘Then the text breaks off 2110903 49P.O, Skjerve, Manual of Sogdian Neskdiasead une egyteener..] mrnecanedan cock ins ata Racal nnit ceaniat Ret aan Wesens Gesatan a nett andar geinraatint tgeth geben dhe 3 asntan datleua one ts dae hebanth Wands peas ntath ananens Seale tet 5 + Acces cart sutra tna tun celal trabeos are amuse hot ta NOTES 1, The first sentence is incomplete 3 kw "ty w8yy8e “literally “where there.” EXERCISES 7 1. Conjugate inthe simple past tense indicative the verbs zaraxs- and parés. 2. Translate into Sogdian (use imperfect fr transitive verbs, imperfect or simple past tense for intransitive verbs): Did you (all) see usin the town? We saw Rustam there. Why (Cu) dida’t you (sing.) go with that man? We dwell in a city where all (everything) is happiness. knew the man whose house is in the garden. In the house there were two men, who Were adoring with wondrous adomment a green tee ‘When he came tothe town, he entered and saw many beings who were blessing the Lord Mani, ‘When did you come (= arrive) 10 China? I came yesterday. My mother is coming tomorrow morning, My work is now finished. All men have been delivered. They have no more sin(s). They have all, ‘Zone tothe Light Paradise, before the great god Zarwan, GLOSSARY 7 {ir to be born apr bless fryn- “ryt dfrin- afi: to bless “hwy alnwdy: Eve terny-k’ty akortant “nym anydne end “ayms-“aymtanyams- anyamt: tobe finished, done for "rewspy’ aradwaspyé righteousness, the community of the righteous "stk astatanjl: of bone °styk abt: tind >wswas "ww dines (ndsws-) dure to be purified we dtd: place “zy my6 22{y)i mao: yesterday BY Ady garden Drnyk papa: divine Sew'n Qorwdn: Throana, Dunhuang sty Ssiforé: guide, representative yn in fom. religion ‘ymbn yamban: trouble, exertion, til, hardship 2n010s 50Lesson 7 “iby yamban- ford who suffers hardship erat pwn yowar: sin “tw awcy yond: forgiveness fr sins ‘my Zarené: poisonous, full of poison Sayan kofnic: *meager remnant mwincy’garnawdnéyé erat th ke bar. ht ether oF ker fardr or, whether yty kat < kat my = mySmé6: thus rmyn- mén-t0 dwell ‘n-swBt nd-supd: un-bored sm’ ny raminé: regret ity par for i partor: higher, foremost Ive pr pares: panda: rive imyne-plirtpormen}-(atimen)potmue wo don, put on clothes plripparrdp: *fortess uy. ply pare pote to mix, mingle iim pati count wskply pi-skaié: “helpless py't pyst pydt- pyast to adom Py'y pyité: adornment WB: rst rd8- rust: grow sym sme: earful ‘Pwngy vandé: mighy, song ‘wt rap 0 pay, redeem Iys- ts 70 oenter wy uyai: joy wy’ Dirt waydBarr: speech, exposition wySp'ty wédpari: at that time wand xusand: happy, content wily sua: structure bw #18: "shape ‘yany ixoné: remainder 7) Pret wo know aywny za fem. zarwonae: green 210108 31P.O. 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