LESSON 12 GRAMMAR Formation of adjectives. Like nouns, adjectives are of different kinds. In addition to formations inherited from Old Iranian, ‘numerous indigenous Sogdian ones exist. Following isa list of the most commen, 1. By far the most common ajective ending is -2, which is added to old adjectives, immortal” (Olr. Yanaua:), fakowe “dry” (Ol. husk), aspéte * a nd¥e ite” (Ole. *spait-). 2. The ending-ak s a kind of “reinforced variant ofthe ending -2, making new adjectives from Sogdian 18, €.8 Sir and Sirak “good,” kofin and kaBnak “litle, few,” agpatd and aspotak -omplete.” : 3. The ending it is one of the most common denominal endings, making adjectives from nouns with the meaning “consisting of, pertaining to,” ec. .g. dpi “of water, living in water,” ramik - “pertaining to Hell," supdik “made by Xormazd.” ‘Composite suffixes containing -ik are numerous. 2, fem. ~ané, and ~dntk make possessive adjectives, eg. puldné “ofthe buddha,” ‘mune, Fer, muyiné “oF the Magi,” Baydnik “of the gods, divine.” ‘The fem, -dn is also used as an individual sufix to denote female persons of a specific class, eg. “hearer, auditor,” fem. nayiéakané “female hearer, audirix"; éndBaré “elect,” fem. SéndBordne“elecia"; foman “Buddhist monk, "In the plural the & becomes Fund the mis lost befor it, e.., SendBardst"lecrae. ‘The noun pandné “co-wife” seems to be made in analogy with the last group from a non-atested or outdated pan fem, “eo-wite. 5. The suffix 2k, which alternates with 7, has two functions, one to make adjectives from nouns, adverbs, and verbs, e.g. prydmgik “final,” askdéik “superior, above,” CdGaréT and di6or“ik “inferior, below," ‘awe and faweTk “sufficient” (see also lesson 5) 6. The suffix -éné (or -ené, fem. -éné, makes adjectives from nouns and denotes “consisting of, relating to” eg. marééné, fem. marééné“of death,” kirmené “worm-eaten,” £dréné “fll of poison,” rddené, fem. r388n8 “of copper.” 1. The suffix -kén makes adjectives of nouns and means “full of,” e.g, dwarkén “powerful,” phen “diseased. 9. The suffix, fem. -mié makes adjectives from nouns, e.g, dzmik“of greed,” fowdnmié “of life.” 10, The suffix ing, fem, -yin, erally means “kind, color,” e..,z2r7Uné “of green color,” wispyone “of all kinds’ 2110103, 8P.O. Skjerve. Manual of Sogdian 11. The suffixes -karé and ~Adré (-angaré) designate the doer of something, e.g, zérankaré “goldsmith,” ‘yewinkaré “sinner,” axiskaré “soldier,” dzarmkaré “someone who hurts”; awald-kdré“kiling, Kier,” mast-kdré “intoxicating”; 2Batangdré“evil-loer,” firangaré “pious.” 13. The suffixes -Aoré and -foran designate the holder, bearer, sufferer of something, €g. ipak-faré “angry” fe Baré “suffering, needy,” fo6Boran “incense-holder,” BoSonporan “fragrant.” 14, The suffix dw makes adverbs denoting language: suySlydw “in Sogdian.” Verbs. The perfect participle. ‘The perfect participle is a vocalic-stem adjective formed from the past stem (past participle), eg, akt-é, fem, at-fa “done”; dyaté, fem. dyai-é “come, atived.’ ‘The perfect participle is very commonly used as an adjective. The present perfect. ‘The perfect participle is also used to form the so-called “present perfect,” a perfect tense in which the ‘emphasis ison the state reached by performing an actor by undergoing a process. Its formed from the simple past tense by substituting the perfect participle forthe past stem The perfect participle is then declined like an adjective. Ithas all the modes. Examples: Present perfect indicative intransitive (“I haveyhad entered” and am now inside) Indicative Preteite Sing. 1 tayaté em-eny ‘ym> 2 taped eb epy ‘yi 3 tayote asic 'sy> fayoté uma fem. toyota asti Plur, 1 tayatét emery ym> 2 Mayatét as0a" etpyt's8> 3 tapatérxand-cepyt xnd> taper umdtand city wo tnd> Note: Instead of 2m" am.” et., we also find askaw-, e.g. fayté askowe “you have entered” and uf e.g. aré ‘Bar *may have passed.” Feminine and modal forms are rare. af m9 xarté ast |..] ftw (Rethi [.] eet ath ane Age “as many days have passed [..] increase" (M767iR) matin ronan Meng ta gt wna Latin, afore sts xarte or éafare6 patimar ype “however many minutes have passed, let the count be that much” (M767iV) pordyatet askwand “they have arived (and are now here)" rang cantata, ‘Botasté unde“ had mounted (the horse)" M 127V11)) Neon staan itt umdtond "they bad been bom” (Kaw G 17-18) cateeain Hadas 210/03 6Indicative Simple past Sing. 1 Basté ém 2 Baste €F 3 Basé ast Basié uma fem. Basta astilcati Pr. [paste em 2 *Bactée asda 3 aster xand [Bastet umatand akan wthonatia sarniian gt wtita nk cyst caabiin Sart ‘ati tend rat x6 paifand én anxarwarnlpotpiosté asi “andthe tie of the windy veins is ted tothe zodiac” (Kaw) suit Eendar potmuydé ast sheet etantan ange and (yet “Aa (sels lad inside (wears the body asa garment)” ti wand patsayia xa xd ruxindyaraéman va Bgaganiat uth sage apphaden nartn tie “and thus isthe Light Paradise (now) constructed” sn tatTen diet gal hon a deans aatatien ten Teagan aati gt Set a1 Ean wisp Bovat kat wy ancarwaznt Bose xand wex rk at patpand wafond “and from all the demons that are (now) bound othe zodiae they wove roots, veins and ies” Present perfect subjunctive wansiive-pusive: l(t atixat“shall have been made” th eens atin éariéaskwt“sall have boon established” teagan tie Present perfect indicative transiive-active. Only progressive forms attested: Indicative Sing. 1 osté Bram lit “I hold bound” Pr. 1 Based Birém- san cowted entiig on nat ousoessd tat tai arn tamibir 6BGiené yoriw ké patmuplé Birom-skun “the heavy, harmful self that | (have pat on and) am (now) wearing” (BBB) Santaantal ubasita antcnala dea] comennen eben i widwikyd [at] wistdw parton Barém-skun 1c have accepted the testimony [and] oath ofthe gods (and are now bound by them)" (MI16R) 271003 7P.O. Skjerve. Manual of Sogdian TEXT 1 (KawG) reset ss ereaar orn (go taeaon theta eetasoon (ty [] 4ssen abit svar eh Sue 4 ta ten SRR ot sean be» han FARka yt ena ‘gt oweanedban sng « + wih bigtie ede San 32 gg ana wtih «taeda cea anaes t+ Coun abot ahaa ranma TEXT2 (Tale B) ‘na ate tytantt want (yt obean th ony ataland natin veh bend athe nase caneastl tg basa Groen at hte + ba net Lint tea eboan, santids euanint Mah in oc anincan unt optgteas inet et nab ie cet sabeak sates Lek nhagn nana abet ete stnent ta int dt rant cuneate 2 La eaten - wal Hay td abn ae age uae tbenagt heowes sng Letene fra cmwta pind onagiangeta 909 acta ts cet aartte a cab ater abi hice eayn genet nia capigee wand chr cassette tuned wenthne dteaen 3 (crete Gah ate ate eoniia cartes hE tenet (gt ag ea Set na et Teo agen ma et ores eta who _aata3taMen 4 Reckteatd ero arrorelis iS ebentd von att rnd nia | tad waht asta 3 ota Leu eal wantentl fer geil eas “eg het hap a A, tag eae et nate etna mab Lanes s+ tenn sat eS a sh yatta rth euamata uae nla egahnugt ate actly ta carta aetch 5 1 tARS sak mS ai AL aad Sin al gah coc natn Lad oe sin hahaa aca aga tes wt tan ci oe EXERCISES 1. Conjugate in the present perfect pards-, dyafs, andpatmen}. 2. Translate into Sogdian using the perfect tense: ‘My work has now been finished. All men have been delivered. They have no more sin(s). They have all gone to the Light Paradis, before the great god Zorwan, have done everything which you told me t do. Did you (plur.) see the two statues which have now been fashioned and placed in the temple? “The chief saw the enemies coming (= saw the enemies that they were coming) and thought thus: Either Rustam has been killed or e has fled to into the city. 3, Translate into Sogdian: ‘Those spirits, upon seeing the angel, became extremely happy, and all gathered before him. ‘And then those powerful spirits said thus to the beneficent angel 2/10/03 8Lesson 12 GLOSSARY 12 yk pit: of water, living in water >y'skay dedstaré: soldier >ykwncyk dykincik: etemal amy dzarmbaré: someone who hurts > ayr-daér-: to harm, torment °Bing’ry 2Bofangdré:evil-doer “Ban “ozone recognition >is ‘nftsy anfrdsé: *quarel *ry'n wyjn arn wéton: (Zor) the Aryan Expanse, the mythical homeland of the Iranians “zon acpart pore Brwcytk) Baw’, awe: sufficient Brinyk Aoyenik: divine By nyk Boyntl: ofthe gods, divine Byler Bet Bor: suffering, needy © rey(k) Lager, ead: inferior, below BySny feiené: harmful Syn"Bry, fem. yn'Pne Bendpare Bynmyne enméné: ofthe religion “Bly vue: "strenuous, exhausting ‘winkry yowdnkoré: sinner Jim Zam: politely (2) kes karpoé: way 13> Ct: ha (a)kae ti, sow yr “either okt t til smrymtny mari mani: Mar Mani rstkry mastkiré:imoxicating wy ny, fem. mwr?ne mun, muy: ofthe Magi inyw8ienc naydkdné fem: female hearer rnm’e Br- noma or-: to do homage, obeisence nymy némé: one half 5. pa fot (of mountain) Sinn padman: skiet (of mountain) p’ne pandné fem. co-wite Pa pardon: sale pkn- peknd pardkand- 0 seater, sow park’ patarkdn: estate, inheritance poy’meyk parimcit: final, pw "ry pi-ary priceless i Pikyn raftén: diseased P5rd0 fem. road ‘Strait: straight -wbay, fem, rwéyne riBené, rB8Ené of copper smyrysamiryar: Mt. Sumeru, the mountain in the middle of the world ‘mmc Somandne fern: Buddist aun Syme’ Sirangdré: pious, beneficent Pw ta: might tmb'nmyne tambarmén ofthe body Ww jywndy wed Ziwandé: (Path, the Living Spirit endperdan’, plur. Benaperast: male/female elect aluable 20103 yP.O. Skjerve, Manual of Sogdian Winy watend: of wind, windy swByr- wart ubir- dort: to hold out, arrange. \wy"Br wor: explanation ‘wi (pert, wy) ura imu): 10 rejoice vwye'wky” widdwikyd: testimony ‘wysprwny wisppiné ofall kinds ‘wyzewizar: straight rye xi: purchase xwrsn xrson: sunrise, eat axwrinyz arioxéz: sunset, west xwsnd musand: happy, content pry ipak-Boré: angry ayn ayt zi 2 to take (from); passive: 0 be deprived (of 2n0/03 80