LESSON 11 GRAMMAR ‘Noun formation. Inthe preceding lessons we have seen many ways of making nouns from verbs or adjectives. Nouns are ‘of different kinds. In addition o those formations inherited from Old Iranian, numerous indigenous Sogdian ones exist, These are summarized and supplemented here. The list is not complete, of course. A. Nouns from verbs, 1. Noun = present stem, eg.,anym “end,” dans “fight,” §826“harm,” parBer “deliberation,” wat joy." ete ‘Sometimes the noun differs from the present stem only by the quality or quantity of the vowel, eg, opr “gift” ~Bopor- “to give.” 2. Noun = present stem (or “root +4.e.g. ppdte“adomment,” and— with different vowel—aspasé apes “to serve,” root 29725. 3. Noun = present stem +, eg, amard “thought.” 4. Noun = present stem + mandi, see lesson 5, 5. Noun = past stem +yd (light) or (heavy), eg, arya “deed, act,” wydBort “speech: BB, Nouns from adjectives (or nouns). 6. Noun = adjective + yd (light) or-1 (heavy), eg, und “hardship.” frit (Siraktyd) “beneficence.” 7.Noun = adjective or noun + yak (light) or yd (heavy), e.g, sand “judgement,” yrpakye ‘wisdom. 8. Noun = adjective + “thickness.” jective + dni, eg, mastdni “drunkenness,” kambdnt “inferiority, “less-ness 11, Noun = noun + -dan2, designating container, e.g. 22k8oné “womb” < 20k “child.” 12, Noun = noun + stan, designating place, e.., Bddeston" garden” < Bbd “fragrance,” éinastan "China." 13, Noun = noun + kar, designating action or profession, “goldsmith 1 zarmkaré “hurting,” érnkaré 20/03 nP.O, Skjervs. Manual of Sogdian Verbs. Intransitive ~ transitive ‘Many Sogdian verbs can be grouped in pars of intransitive ~ transitive with passive ~ active or active ~ ‘causative meaning. There are several types, but two of the most common are 1. Intrnsitive with shor vowel ~ transitive causative) with long vowel, usually -é-. The pas stems of such pairs are usually the same for both, ¢.. Iniransitiv Past stem ‘Transitive san- “to rise, 0 Up" sts s@n- “to raise lead up” aur “to eat” sunt 2over- "to feed” ‘anwar- Caw2-> “to gather” anudt Snwkt> ‘anwe®- "to gather” 2. Intransitive in also called inchoatives,e-. asus. As we see, the presents in-s- serve as passive forms of the corresponding transitive verb. Note the following iregular formations: Bit (itay-) “to stand” stat ‘Nove: ILis not certain what the past stem of naléBis. TEXT (Manichean cosmogony, contd) Students should review the formation of the imperfect in lesson 4 "toe purified” —_pasuel pasdic- “to purify” be perverted Ayn

Ayamb- “to pervert” palyans- “to end, stop” —_patyamt patydm. “toend” Ostay-(Ost-) “to place” 1ni6 “to sit down)” ast naié6- “to seat, place” Vesa uote tn «+ agincindnn Atk ab 12 12 sneruncin anise bie hentia gag Sinn antginnaass bate pinto taclagy ta atch 4 4 anced inet nel eenromtentl nd, abate 10 cavn att «tgs ana tant et nn anda an 6 6nkS nan nat tas egg non Sunaroncn wen teay abhisd 12 12 Aaa sitn30 30 aran tacha aut net ta ae ttt tah strane Sac 180 cic ne net eet 12 12 sanguin nt net et oe Nenad Sa eons rebeunie aa annn at Set 180 aan ASRS tn Sat cameoumeia yl etennte yale ten ane date eatanemite Sar urttaass tie an neste hea Syeshavennn an tataioen ai ienaa ine neBga ert Susie roan tei nyo ta Ta urea saleg te pena ashen St kde ren Scat na el gaat Sualatkan fedbdecnnps Sgn sondage bacn ghee agenda TS 12 Sues crn age eae am tr lan ede vgn sgn eechanae Syen ena pt a7 Set wreadaaeren dea athe san 2710103 nLesson 11 aaa Senator ab eons anata cin deaiag tend aaaeen ged 19 nee at tase 0G near mat ry tn Sate eBid Sent dh et navn tadconen cannsoia neiah? mute angina Leng tpt J ast Sot umn et (end of Manichean cosmogony) EXERCISES 1. Transliterate, transcribe, and translate into English. Then change simple past tense into imperfect and imperfect into simple past tense. Then write the whole in subjunctive and then in optative, they ears ata agg nent dhe asanign teagtgeniniy Heatie anon ahh Hs Gren Cond bie ate toon arosebe OE ane (gt gh HUM Sit na et 2. Translate into Sogdian: ‘The 6 led three souls upto paradise. ‘The demons gathered before the city and deliberated, ‘Thus they said: "Let us gather a large army so that we can kill brave Rustam!” ‘The evil Chinese began to pervert the pure Sogdians. But the Sogdians departed from China and came to Samarkané. GLOSSARY 11 > yl "yB diya dap: to become perverted yb "yBtdyamb- dyed: to pervert. aamkry dzarmbaré:huring awe yt dk. diy: 0 suspend, hang up Sns'e-sytansad- ansayd: to arrange 2nxr ama: star, constellation “nxrwananxar-wazan: diac “spsyospase servant >wrb6r08: there 2xSwn8' axkdwondir: ruler °nBy8.060: ruler “yin wy nai worthiness “yw wayy Sy dv wine Sia: one another "yak da: street puck’ wy éfancokawe thickness Bon Bun: botom Bwéstn Bogoson: garden By Bet fem. evil brcyk 6ddork: which is below Bev earsar: downward) endr andar: within exe daar wheel fs fas: Fasang Pm fae xy p38 apt shop, *stal, “room kyr kr: dvetion; an kiran: from the sidelirestion of mstwny mast: drunkensess 2110103 BP.O. Skierve, Manual of Sogdian Say ndSond: rolling, turning nyB- nystnfB-nft: wo sit down) nytk ndrot: male prs pors fem. side, lane SWAS- pawyt paruxs- pasurd: tobe purified Bind porBand: link, tie, bond IW panwdfs to weave piy'm- ptymt parydm- patyamt: to end, stop (trans.) ply'rparydr: opposition, counterpart ym potin: separate(ly) wry pi-ary. priceless, valuable ry paxré: planet pBynd *paéénd: threshold p8ynpatén: guardian Pk rk vein ssavnxfy8 smdnxdé6: Ruler of Heaven, Rex Honoris se tsan- 52:10 rise, go up Syray Hrdk: beneficence tunyk tamil: of darkness, pertaining to Hell Westy: < sty ‘wy’Br wydBar:explanation, word ‘wy’Bity waar: speech \wydp'ty wedpare: at that time, thereupon wyiiprkr welparkar: Spiritus vivens (Vai wyx wer fem. root -xwsnd susand: satisied xwyr- adr: (0 feed, vy yak: yaksa ‘Pkbny 2dkéoné: womb zymizy zérnkoré: goldsmith 210103 ”