LESSON 9 GRAMMAR Indefinite pronouns. “The relative-interogative pronouns aso function us relative-indefinite pronouns, ¢.g..Aé “whoever.” etc ‘The other indefinite pronouns are 46¢ and 268 “some, somebody,” negated nd... 82 not .. any(body)." [In the plural, and sometimes inthe singular, the meaning ofthe pronouns is “person” Sing ‘om.-acc., endat. ase inst-abl 6a Pir. dir. see obi. 68 Examples: 468 né yarafdi“nobody knows” Bese edin Ean 28d sofite ati dite née x30 ath ae ett oye eat ae ethan “has not been created and blessed by anybody” (M264aR) par any a8 yi8ép xusandya dart Weird secaagnd song oecbeet nae ia, “he rejoices atthe misfortune of someone else” atm #68 [..] any 656 [ol her mane fo] de cad “whoever... anyone else.” 388 488 sar szwart an kya *rift nid aa easint ane ge tinge ne abut Bs “he retums to that person from whose mouth. he eame out” (M117) Sagan waren Bi a (rhc) macht Ath aps ng tind mortoum 2 yr abet @8E) xdwat, yar eH umarad “that human being who strikes many persons (and) destroys many persons” ‘To add indefiniteness to other pronouns, adverbs, or conjunctions the compounds 48u, 2é or 268, 28 “whatever, (not ..) ata” are used. The meaning of these words sometimes approaches “thing” ua xt “whatever you as fr" ead cut ye ‘nyu a xbtata (adda) “as fr anything ele!” ak ena dix wisp Sra e686 ar tran meant gehen ata inna Se “and every good thing is bom from this" ke oivson afoambo5t 88 pabufsiné Bit tas wamamabnSn shear aqabaunyibt be 25 “anything ofthe word thats sticking to them" (MS030V) {awa xd d€ xan nést Rema greta tet tanh wnt “your sisters not sickly tal” A similar function is fulfilled in Buddhist Sogdian by the combination param or *yanu G6parom. ‘The particle -éis found also in ka8ié“any time, RoBi ..né™*never” 1 Bord kobié né orézat (Grete “the fruit never drops” Nein ane gta sna 20103 9P.O. Skjerve, Manual of Sogdian ‘See addtional examples below under uses ofthe subjunctive. Verbs. ‘The present subjunctive, Heavy stems -an tat <2, em O(a) <80)> sand <-nd, 'nd> Heavy stems wenan wena weak wéném- swéna8a) ‘wenand ‘The attested present subjunctive forms of “to be” are: Sing 1 2 3 Pr i 2 3 Paradigms Light stems Sing 1 fordén- 2 pord 3 Berdrepre Prot 1 *parémtrym> 2 ford 8 > 3 Bordnd Verbs. “To be.” Sing. 1 xan “upon 2 2 3 area > pdr cwP'D, lt

Phar ‘Band, Band ‘The suffie km can be atached to the subjunctive: vps at-kam “he shall be(come)” ‘The subjunctive ofthe simple past tense is adr “will have become. Uses ofthe subjunctive. ‘The basic function ofthe subjunctive is that of prospective or eventual future, I is therefore used in 2. temporal clauses: clauses, see relative clauses below. ‘kaa. mé9 kan askawdt “when the day becomes less” (BBB4) Runge sia Sevan, 2n0903 ooLesson 9 3. final clauses: Wn kif [J nomydk ti patédya m8 kunt Ceanirm san eae hos yan [] sb ae “in order that he should not belittle and offend you" (M117) sess Werks acinninon age quanta te pnhrnen Luda aut sth noodle Lega ned Qouapny, aed at dae Meus seared, pew nia Mania saetaqan nase nanin apa Sat ta Sted alate sess oasin de Atri potaxdo8 mang-xé2éran; par poomik Su aspurnu patwe6or une xépAdwandi meat ne pareso0 dai max xy; p20 atu par ny dru Bra par maz xansya wend at-fu mand-Zopart na (porséra® pardSakawe at no fd ixdnt “and receive it ike gold recognize i fully at its) measure (as that) of (ts) master, so that you do not come othe great judgement; protect tin dep (= conscientiously), and keep it with great fines, so that you do not lett become impure through éy or wet blood” (BBB) 4. relative clauses: Corban) ayaa AS Magn stb neta A naan apts saga bie Net (uon etnclatt A ole enantio benth, ti xiné marcaxmé ké ai arf yandak okay kundt, yarf a68H (868t) xawat pateway, ati yar a ‘umorzat"and that human being who may perform much bad action, may strike and kill many ‘persons, and may destroy many persons” (BBBe) segahuos grassed . uasmaaad ian uotrun tins ip iae 3 aka ayt edtiaese eames 61 pord 26ré sorBangtt nawdrt: dzomit, ABorousiméné, rurtydméné mand -x6pé amaird abmart-Biran “whatever groedy, lustful, shameless, (or othet) un-good thought I may have thought against the “injunctions ofthe three leaders” (BBD) 5. hypothetical clauses: Grt-kab Cw prior 86ak BoB8 est Leecone anit hen Gaia Lena Lats and if later than this (in the future any harm comes TEXT I (BBE) teat vin See tenen nes nanbins bane wns glen faiah Lenny aiatio, se aaraniet an bees on dare aan’ Gant ata, TEXT2 (Manichean cosmogony, cont'd) Ses val Gpaqashnt cttiae saan Casas cases tatiana Cesktniaah shee rabegans Pan dt tong et sae asta et oat nn Set ++ SABA eet ea Se SARA sashenye cyan Manta valtGyaquahnt ath appt ayahacan nas att ‘eet aa wan onset et ean et outed at 210103 6P.O. Skjerva. Manual of Sogdian AN Wand (ona ata « Remwan aot nb odering an ameegnanmbataia 9 Resets Guinan canatepng wean aks Ania tana ta bemeas cee conbee PRean tame unetepng Genaetl aka Gunboond ana oem’, Ai, ean na aan (ky wa ‘nan Seccnnnna tnd cantons aia Meonenn wigan depann Genk guankiaia 10 = tart aa nan aie cas nn erate NOTES 8 pwnd: Scribal eror for ptznad. 9 This paragraph contains a series of sentences beginning with par. (askawand) ku ati. “(they live) in. in which ..” ‘The forced parallelism makes for some strange literal translations. yyy: Gen.-dat ending for ace. ending. ‘wymndyy: wiyande “is destroyed” 3 sing. middle (see lesson 13). kw "yByy prw: ku ati pardis best taken, | think, a5 “in which through it (they ..).” EXERCISES 1. Conjugate in the subjunetive the verbs apastow" and pir 2. Translate into Sogdian: He who does not do any sin shall see paradise Do (sing.) wel, so that you shall obtain eternal life. ‘When shall I sce my great leader again? ‘You should deliver all living beings from (re)births. He toiled hard, so that his father, mother, wife, and children might be happy. GLOSSARY 9 Bexsymyne dfaraxsimené: of lust jwn aon: birth (~ gat, Budd), child umyc dzamit of desire, greed °mbyr- amber o fill (rans.) °ndvxc andoxé: sorrow °spne aspant: mansion, guest-house “sr “i'n = SS (28a (Tare) (28m: to think “Son aimdrd: thought wn Gram: *ealm 2xwy- aw tanedy- anede to brea, infringe °awt = awit ‘ex®'pe daxkdpar: commandment fny- fanay: Prenounce (sth. for: pars +) fry'nw2friyameds: company of friends fry'wy friyawe: love ‘yepir late Jwky' Ha: (good) health Jystwe 2ikdwae = jystwe KS ad = kaa mndxwpyy mand-xdpé: lacking, goodness 210103 aLesson rndzprt mand-zapart: unclea ‘ry mary fem.: meadow zyxy’ mazéxya: greatness rmy’k nampa: belting wrt “nawdirt: contradiction, provocation (2) wit ndiaftak: flowing with ambrosia nyxy” nbiyd: depth, care pekwyr patkwer: fear pit partaw: *bench prwytt- parwert: to let become psy6 paréé: diminishing Pry6y’ parébya: offense iz’n- paizan-= to know, recognize w-s'k piesa: countless P¥raf: illness Pyrap. plain wh “raf mouth rerty'mync ruryaméné: of insolence sxBng sordang: chief, leader Bykn faykan: palace Se St = "ine eet wre umars-: to destroy wim uran: quietness \wty’utyd: hardship; + Bor-"to toil” + par- (ef. yambon Bor-) wypin wigdr: destruction wyka-, wyyn-witan-, iyo: to destroy ewe ads strike aeasry xdxsaré: spring xnsy"xansyd: firmness xwen’k awa¢and: sickly yw'r id: separation ‘yawn ixdn: blood 2110/03 6P.O. Skjervs. Manual of Sogdian 2n10)03 6