i

COLLEGE OF OPTOMETRY
Villa Aznar, Urgello Street, Cebu City
415-5555 loc 310

VISUAL SKILLS ASSESSMENT OF SIGLAKAS

VOLLEYBALL SPORTS PLAYERS OF
SOUTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY PHINMA

A Research Paper
Presented to the Faculty of the College of Optometry
Southwestern University PHINMA

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree

Doctor of Optometry (OD)

By

DEITHER C. ALFORQUE

HAZEL LOUISE P. CAINGCOY

DENEB D. SURBAN, MATS, OD

CO-AUTHOR/ADVISER
MARCH 2023
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APPROVAL SHEET

This research paper entitled “VISUAL SKILLS ASSESSMENT OF SIGLAKAS

VOLLEYBALL SPORTS PLAYERS OF SOUTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY PHINMA” prepared
and submitted by DEITHER C. ALFORQUE and HAZEL LOUISE P. CAINCOY, in partial
fulfilment of the requirements for the degree DOCTOR OF OPTOMETRY has been examined
and recommended for acceptance and approval by the College of Optometry.

THESIS COMMITTEE

DENEB D. SURBAN, O.D., MATS

Research Co-author/Adviser

NOEH O. FERNANDEZ JR., O.D., MATS RUTH M. ORTIZ, O.D., MATS

Proposal Panelist 1 Proposal Panelist 2
PANELIST OF EXAMINEE

APPROVED BY THE COMMITTEE ON Oral Examination with a grade of ___.

NOEH O. FERNANDEZ JR., O.D., MATS

Chairperson

LINDLEY LEVI R. REYES, O.D., RN, MAN RUTH M. ORTIZ, O.D., MATS
Member Member

DENEB D. SURBAN, O.D., MATS

Research Co-author/Adviser
Accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF
OPTOMETRY (OD)
Date of Oral Examination: March 27, 2023

DENEB D. SURBAN, O.D., MATS NOEH O. FERNANDEZ JR., O.D., MATS

Research Co-author/Adviser Dean of Optometry
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page i
Approval Sheet ii
Acknowledgement iv
Abstract v

CHAPTER I. THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE

Rationale of the Study 1
Statement of the Problem 2
Scope and Limitation 3
Significance of the Study 4

CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Review of Literature 5

CHAPTER III. METHODOLOGY

Research Design 12
Research Respondents 12
Research Instruments 13
Research Procedure (Data Gathering & Data Analysis) 13
Visual Skills Testing 14
Research Material 14
Definition of Terms 14
Flow Chart 17

CHAPTER IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Part 1. The Demographic Profile of the Respondents 18
Part 2. The Extent of Visual Skills in Each Domain 20
Part 3. The Summary of the Results 26

CHPATER V.
Summary 27
Conclusion 27
Recommendation 28
References 29

APPENDICES
APPENDIX 1 34
APPENDIX 1B 35
APPENDIX 2 37
APPENDIX 3 40
APPENDIX 4 41
APPENDIX 5 42
APPENDIX 6 46
Curriculum Vitae 47
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The researchers would like to extend their warmest gratitude to the

following people who gave their insights and abilities in making this research

successful.

To our Father above, in giving them gift of wisdom and knowledge. For

His unending love, showering them with hope, strength, and protection as they

had taken their study.

To Dr. Deneb Daymon-Surban, co-author and research adviser, for

helping and guiding them throughout the probe. For her comments which

helped to the improvement of the manuscript.

To the panelists, Dr. Ruth M. Ortiz and Dr. Levi Lindley Reyes, for giving

their time in evaluating this research.

To the Faculty, for molding them and letting them go out of their comfort

zones. For pushing them beyond their limits and inspiring them to become the

best that they can be.

To the respondents, for their cooperation and patience.

To their parents, for their hard work and never-ending support.

The Researchers
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ABSTRACT

The study assessed the confidence level of SIGLAKAS Volleyball players

in relation to their visual skills and how it impacts their sports performance.

The survey results showed that the majority of the respondents were aged

between 21 to 24, female, and from the MedTech department. The players

reported moderate confidence in their visual skills, with depth perception

ranking the highest and balance the lowest among the tested skills. While

most of the players felt reasonably confident, they acknowledged that there

was still room for improvement.

The high confidence levels in visual skills among the majority of

participants provided a strong basis for developing effective training programs

to enhance these skills and improve performance in volleyball. The study

emphasized that conducting a subjective evaluation of visual skills was

essential for pinpointing specific areas that required improvement. Further

research was needed to explore the relationship between subjective

confidence and objective measures of visual skills and to develop validated

training programs to improve these skills among individuals.

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CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE

INTRODUCTION

Rationale of the Study

The research paper aimed to highlight the importance of visual

skills assessment in sports, specifically in volleyball, and raised

awareness of the lack of such assessments in the Philippines, focusing

on SIGLAKAS Volleyball Sports players of Southwestern University

PHINMA.

Visual skills were crucial for athletes as they affected depth

perception, visual acuity, peripheral vision, and eye-hand coordination,

all of which were vital for sports performance.

Assessing players visual abilities could identify strengths and

weaknesses, enabling the development of individualized training

programs and drills to enhance performance. However, in the

Philippines, visual skills were often overlooked, and most coaches and

players focused solely on physical fitness and technical skills.

As a result, athletes were unable to reach their full potential, and

their performance may have suffered. Therefore, this research paper

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served as a call to action for coaches and sports organizations in the

Philippines to prioritize visual skills assessments and training programs.

By prioritizing visual skills assessments and training programs,

athletes could improve their visual skills, enhancing their sports

performance, and achieving their full potential.

THE PROBLEM

Statement of the Problem

The study aimed to assessed the visual skills of the SIGLAKAS

Volleyball Sports Players in SWU PHINMA.

Specific Objectives

1. To define the respondent’s profile based on

1.1 Name

1.2 Age

1.3 Gender

1.4 Course

2. To identify the respondent’s different visual skills such as

2.1 Balance

2.2 Depth Perception

2.3 Eye-Hand-Body Coordination

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2.4 Tracking

2.5 Visual Memory

2.6 Focus

Scope and Limitations

While the questionnaire may not have accurately measured the

visual skills of professional volleyball players or those who trained

frequently, it was a valuable tool for gaining insight into the self-

perception of amateur players. The results provided a starting point for

further assessment and training.

However, the intended margin of error was not met, and instead,

a margin of error of 5.44 was established for a sample size of 150

participants. It was important to note that self-reported data may not

have been entirely reliable, as individuals may have overestimated or

underestimated their abilities based on various factors. Therefore, the

questionnaire can provide valuable insight into an individual's self-

perception of their visual abilities, but it should not be relied upon as

the sole measure of their visual skill level.

Significance of the study

Respondents. Visual skills assessments give both the athletes and the

coaches an insight into how visual skills were used in sports as well as
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the knowledge of how these skills affect their gameplay. The study was

backed by a level of experience and training in the sport. The subjective

data counted for an experience-based assessment of their visual skills,

which could serve as a stepping stone for training programs that would

better impact their performance.

Optometrists. It allowed optometrists to have a basic understanding

of the sport in which the patient participated, as well as the visual skills

required by the sport. This also assisted eye care professionals to

provide management that met the needs of patients.

Optometry Students. This allowed them to emphasize the significance

of visual skills on the players in connection to the sport and assisted

students in identifying and managing athletes.

Community. This helped raise people’s awareness that an athlete’s

vision assessment can identify areas of comparative strength and

weakness in order to create an appropriate training program to help

develop maximum visual skills. It was crucial to highlight that testing

and improving visual skills for optimal athletic performance varies

depending on the sport.

Sports Players. That provided knowledge about their sport’s visual

skills and the awareness that improvement of said skills could lead to

enhancement in sports performance.

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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Related Literature

Optimal sports performance depends on seeing and responding

appropriately. For optimal performance, it is essential to observe and

determine the motion of the target, whether it is an opponent, a moving

object, or the goal itself (Rodrigues, 2020).

There are a number of skills in sport that are directly related to

the visual process, such as hand-eye coordination and visual memory.

(Miller Et Al, 2011). There are many visual abilities apart from static

acuity of vision that may aid in performance in a range of fast-paced

sports. Among them are peripheral vision, choice reaction time, and

dynamic vision.

Sports vision training has been known to improve visual skills in

the hopes that the improvement of balance, depth perception, eye -

hand/body coordination, tracking, visual memory and focus can be

translated into improvements in a specific sport.

In sports, it has been proven that balance helps your body react

to minor divots. For endurance athletes, balance helps you run harder,

bike longer, and swim stronger. (Harper, 2013) Stereopsis—as the

ability to perceive depth—in sport performance is mainly involved in

catching or interceptive actions of ball sports. (Brachman et al., 2017)

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A study on eye-hand coordination also showed that there is a difference

of accuracy in the forehand topspin strokes between trained students

with massed practice and distributed practice. (Safari, Suherman, & Ali,

2017). Tracking or eye movements are essential to collect accurate

visual information from relevant scene locations, allowing optimal

control of human movements in sports and active living. (Barbieri &

Rodrigues, 2020) When it comes to focus, the ability to create a single

image with both eyes is essential in sports. When binocular vision isn’t

operating at peak capacity, it impacts an athlete’s reaction time and the

speed and accuracy of their movements. (Visual Symptoms Treatment

Center, 2021) And in another case, visual memory is associated in

identifying athletes who are at risk for musculoskeletal injury. (Monfort

et al., 2019)

There is no doubt that visual skills greatly impact an athlete’s

ability to perform well in their specific sport. Studies have proven time

and time again that vision training can improve certain visual skills

namely tracking, visual memory, eye-hand coordination, focusing,

balance and even depth perception.

Several studies abroad have shown promising results of using

sports vision training as a means to improve performance in certain

sports. In a study conducted by Kumar and Kadhiravan as well as Starks

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and Ericsson, it showed that sports vision training has significantly

improved the athletes.

In Kumar and Kafhiravan’s study of male cricket players, eye-

hand coordination, depth perception and eye-foot coordination has

helped in the battling performance of the athletes. A study found that

they were able to improve the athlete’s ability to maintain fixation on

moving objects through pursuit eye movements and saccadic eye

movements for direct fixation. Thus, improving tracking. (Krzepota et

al.)

In another study to test the efficiency of two sports vision training

programmes, undergraduate physiology students of various ethnicities

(aged 18-25 years), during a 6-week training period were tested and

compared. Both hardware and software skills were tested in the groups,

which include: visual acuity, focusing, tracking, vergence, sequencing,

eye-hand coordination, and visualisation (visual memory). (Du Toit et

al.) This study emphasised that eye-hand coordination can greatly

improve with training.

Another study conducted by Rameshpandian and Rajeswaran on

badminton players has also proved the efficacy of sports vision training.

Based on their study, drills were employed to strengthen muscle

memory of basic badminton movements and perceptual abilities to

develop visual abilities. Through such drills, the subjects are able to
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improve their saccades movements, coordination of the eyes and feet,

depth perception, awareness of the eye, tracking skills, accuracy,

peripheral awareness, perception, apprehension, perception, visual

reactions, and visual concentration.

But the results of many sports vision training programs have had

mixed conclusions. It usually shows that only certain visual skills are

improved and not all of them are enhanced during a vision training

program. The type of skill that would be enhanced also depends on the

sport. For example, according to Madsen and Pennington’s study of

Oregon State University softball players, sports vision training does not

enhance offensive performance statistics in softball players. However,

athletes did show significant improvement in visual test performance in

eight out of the ten tests. A study conducted by Du Toit et al. examined

the effect of sports vision training on the visual skills of rugby players

following eight weeks of training. According to this study (Du Toit et al.,

2012), sports vision exercises improve reaction times, eye-hand

coordination, accuracy, and visual memory.

Schwab and Memmert (2012) found that a group of young field

hockey players improved their performance on a visual test after

completing a 6-week intervention which included practice with a

Dynavision D2® Trainer, Eyeport, Vision Performance Enhancement

Program, Hart Charts, and P-Rotator. The functional field of view task
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and a second measurement of transfer, however, did not show any

improvement (multiple object tracking).

Many sports-specific vision training programs use tests to assess

vision. These tests may be valuable for screening and testing vision. It

is possible for an athlete’s visual system to malfunction, resulting in poor

performance and general health. (e.g., Goodrich et al., 2013).

Visual skills may differ depending on how vision is used.

Discrepancies in results may also be related to the participants’ ages.

As children grow, some of their visual abilities don’t fully develop, and

as they age, their abilities decrease.

In their review of seventeen sports, Wilson and Falkel

acknowledged that the visual requirements of each sport differed.

Diving, for example, has been mentioned as not having an important

visual need for convergence and divergence, but it is one of the

important visual needs in baseball, basketball, American football and

gymnastics. (Wilson & Falkel, 2004).

The effectiveness of visual skill training in volleyball has had mixed

results. One study showed that there were no significant differences

when the groups of volleyball players and athletes from other sports

were compared in all game situations. (Castro, Praça, Costa, Pedrosa,

& Greco, 2016) But in another study as well, improvement in spiking

performance was seen when the target was indicated before spike
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execution but not when it was indicated during execution. There was

some retention of the spiking improvements 1 month after visual task

training. (Zhou, Chen, & Muggleton, 2020). Visual training has also

improved the volleybally players’ ability to predict movements and

formulate accurate responses to said movements. (Ottoboni, Nicoletti,

& Tessari, 2021)

But despite inconsistencies in results and factors such as age that

needed to be taken into consideration, the studies have proven that

cognitive and perceptual skills, as well as the motor and physical

abilities, are all important in sports performance. There have been

relatively few studies focused on improving athletes’ perception skills

here in the Philippines. However, more studies are underway and more

light is being shed on the status of visual skills and the need for sports

vision training in the Philippines.

More understanding and in-depth studies need to be conducted

and we wish to add to the wide variety of studies conducted on the

effectiveness of sports vision training through our research.

Almost all sports require excellent coordination between eye-

hands or eye-feet, which in turn is directly related to vision and motor

responses. Detecting movements or situations a split second earlier than

an opponent can give athletes a decisive advantage in ball sports as well

as many other sports. Sporting activities that don’t require choice

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reaction time are quite rare. Thus, one must examine the time needed

for the brain to recognize a visual stimulus, and the time required for

the body part to respond appropriately.

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CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

Research Design

The study made use of the descriptive survey design which

allowed the researchers to assessed the visual skills of the identified

sport and athletes through data collection. The purpose of the study was

to assessed the range of the player’s visual skills on a subjective level.

Research Respondents

Respondents were both female and male Volleyball sports players

of Southwestern University – PHINMA, Urgello St. Cebu City Philippines.

The inclusion criteria consisted of 300 sports players aged 17-34 years

old who had been playing the sport consistently for at least 2-3 weeks.

Exclusion criteria included players not representing Southwestern

University – PHINMA, players above the age of 34, and PHINMA varsity

players or other semi-professional and professional players. The study

was solely aimed at assessing the subjective perception of visual skills

of amateur volleyball players of SWU-PHINMA.

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Research Instrument

Full consent was required by allowing the respondents to read the

disclosure onsite. Upon agreement, they needed to affix their signature

on the hard copy of the survey and consent form. No respondents were

forced or coerced to take part in the said survey.

Research Procedure - Data Gathering and Analysis

Data Gathering

Because there were time constraints and logistical limitations, the

study was conducted using an assessment form that measured the

subjective perception of visual skills in an in-game or practice setting.

As a result, the researchers were unable to meet the players face-to-

face.

Data Analysis

We gathered information in three ways:

(1) Through a hard copy of the assessment form;

(2) By reaching out online to answer a soft copy of the assessment

form; and

(3) By reaching out in person to answer a soft copy of the

assessment form.
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Visual Skills Testing

The following were included for the visual skill testing: (1) eye-

foot/hand coordination; (2) depth perception; (3) visual memory; (4)

focusing; (5) balance; and (6) tracking.

Research Material

The visual skill assessment questionnaire evaluated the

individual’s ability in various visual skills related to volleyball such as

balance, depth perception, eye-hand coordination, eye tracking, visual

memory, and focus.

The survey consisted of questions that asked participants to rate

their perceived performance on specific tasks related to volleyball

training and play. It was important to keep in mind that the responses

were subjective and reflected the individual's level of confidence in their

visual abilities rather than an objective measurement of their skill level.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Sport – An activity involving physical exertion and skill in which an

individual or team competes against another or others for

entertainment.
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Sports Players – An active person playing sports such as Volleyball,

Badminton, and Basketball.

Volleyball – A team sport that consists of 2 teams with 6 players on

the court.

Siglakas – A yearly event in SWU also known as Intramurals.

Visual Skills – Visual skills refer to the eye’s ability to do visual tasks

such as focusing, teaming, movement, spatial awareness, and depth

perception.

Eye Movement – Ability to accurately track and follow with our eyes.

Inaccurate tracking skills can cause loss of place when reading, skipping

over words/lines, poor reading fluency, “careless” errors, and difficulty

with eye-hand activities including sports.

Teaming – The ability of the eyes to work together as an efficient,

coordinated team to create a clear and single picture when looking near

or far.

Balance – The ability to stay in a steady position so that one does not

fall.

Depth Perception – The ability to see an object (moving or stationary)

and make a judgment about its distance and speed.

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Tracking – Tracking is the ability to visually follow a moving target or

switch attention from one object to another.

Fixation – The ability to look directly and steadily at a specific object.

These skills permit easy shifting of the eyes along the line of print in a

book, a rapid and accurate return to the next line, and quick, accurate

shifts between desk and chalkboard.

Visual Memory – The ability to process and remember a fast-moving,

complex picture of people and things. Visual memory allows the athlete

to anticipate fast-moving objects.

Eye-Hand-Body Coordination – The ability to do activities that

require the simultaneous use of your hands, eyes, and/or body.

Visual Focus – The ability to shift and change quickly and accurately

between two distances (near and far).

Visual Performance Test – A series of procedures done to measure

one’s visual skills.

Visual acuity (VA) – It is the measurement of the ability of the eye to

distinguish shapes and the details of objects at a given distance.

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FLOW CHART
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CHAPTER IV

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

A total of 150 respondents gave their consent to participate in the

survey. This chapter presents, analyzes, and interprets the data

collected from the survey.

PART 1. THE DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE OF THE RESPONDENTS

FIGURE 1. Profile of respondents according to age

Based on the result, the majority of the respondent were aged 21

to 24 (50%), followed by ages 17 to 20 (47%) thirdly from 25 to 29

(2%), and lastly 30 to 34(1%).

FIGURE 2. Profile of respondents according to gender

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As shown in the pie graph, majority of the respondents were

females accounting to 59% of the total sampled respondents.

FIGURE 3. Profile of the respondents according to course

Based on the results of the survey, the Med-Tech department held

the highest percentage at 11.33%, followed by Dentistry and B-School

at 10%. SD+C and Pre-Med held the next highest percentage at 9.33%,

followed by Opto, Pharma, SOE/SHS, and Rehab at 8%. Nursing held a

percentage of 6.67%, while Rad-Tech and Vet-Med held the lowest

percentages at 2.67% and 2%, respectively.

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PART 2. THE EXTENT OF VISUAL SKILLS IN EACH DOMAINS

NOTE:
1.00 to 1.79 Poorly
1.80 to 2.59 Somewhat poorly
2.60 to 3.39 Neutral
3.40 to 4.19 Somewhat well
4.20 to 5.00 Well

TABLE 1. The Visual Skills in terms of Balance

Balance Weight SD Description

Mean

1. How comfortable are you standing 3.49 1.12 Somewhat well

on one foot for an extended period of
time?

2. How well do you maintain your 3.91 0.78 Somewhat well

balance when walking in a straight line,
heel-to-toe?

3. How well do you maintain your 3.75 0.90 Somewhat well

balance when walking on an uneven
surface, such as a beam or balance
board?

4. How well do you maintain your 3.79 0.96 Somewhat well

balance when standing on a moving
surface, such as a trampoline or a
rocking boat?

5. How well do you maintain your 3.99 0.79 Somewhat well

balance when performing activities
that require dynamic balance, such as
jumping or hopping?

Factor Average 3.79 0.91 Somewhat well

In terms of balance, the respondents generally claimed that they

had perceived themselves as somewhat well (3.79) during the survey.

This was well espoused with the good skills rating on “maintain their

balance when performing activities that require dynamic balance, such

as jumping or hopping” with 3.99.

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TABLE 2. The Visual Skill in terms of Depth Perception

Depth Perception Weight SD Description

Mean

1. How accurately do you judge the 4.17 0.80 Somewhat well

distance of objects in your environment?

2. How well do you judge the relative 4.00 0.87 Somewhat well
distance of objects in your environment?

3. How well do you judge the relative 4.14 0.76 Somewhat well
distance of objects in your environment
when you are moving, such as when
driving a car or riding a bike?

4. How well do you judge the relative 4.18 0.76 Somewhat well
distance of objects in your environment
when you are looking at them through a
medium, such as goggles or glasses?

5. How well do you judge the relative 4.01 0.82 Somewhat well
distance of objects in your environment
when you are in a low-light or high-
contrast environment?

Factor Average 4.10 0.80 Somewhat well

In terms of depth perception, the players were able to ascertain

that they felt that they somewhat were well (4.10) when the survey was

conducted. This meant that they were somewhat well in terms of their

ability to see an object (moving or stationary) and make a judgment

about its distance and speed. In fact, the item “judge the relative

distance of objects in your environment when you are looking at them

through a medium, such goggles or glasses” was rated the highest with

4.18.
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TABLE 3. The Visual Skill in terms of Eye-Hand Coordination

Eye-Hand Coordination Weight SD Description

Mean

1. How well do you coordinate your eye 4.13 0.73 Somewhat well
movements with your hand movements when
catching or hitting a ball?

2. How well do you coordinate your eye 4.12 0.78 Somewhat well
movements with your body movements when
moving to intercept or follow the path of a
ball?

3. How well do you coordinate your hand 4.19 0.77 Somewhat well
movements with your body movements when
catching or hitting a ball?

4. How well do you coordinate your eye 4.13 0.75 Somewhat well
movements with your hand and body
movements when reacting to a ball moving at
different speeds and trajectories?

5. How well do you coordinate your eye 4.04 0.83 Somewhat well
movements with your hand and body
movements when performing complex ball-
handling skills, such as dribbling or juggling?

Factor Average 4.12 0.77 Somewhat well

In terms of eye-hand coordination, the players were able to

ascertain that they felt that they somewhat were well (4.12) when the

survey was conducted. This meant that they were somewhat well in

terms of their ability to coordinate their eyes together with their hands

and body. In fact, the item “How well do you coordinate your hand

movements with your body movements when catching or hitting a ball?”

was rated the highest with 4.19.

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TABLE 4. The Visual Skill in terms of Eye Tracking

Eye Tracking Weight SD Description

Mean

1. How well do you track a 4.17 0.78 Somewhat well

moving object with your eyes?

2. How well do you maintain your 4.03 0.76 Somewhat well

eye contact with a stationary
object while moving your head or
body?

3. How well do you switch your 4.07 0.75 Somewhat well

gaze between two or more
objects in your environment?

4. How well do you track a 4.16 0.75 Somewhat well

moving object with your eyes
while also performing a
secondary task, such as
speaking or typing?

5. How well do you track a 4.09 0.88 Somewhat well

moving object with your eyes
while also maintaining your
balance or coordination?

Factor Average 4.11 0.78 Somewhat well

In terms of eye tracking, the respondents generally claimed that

they had perceived themselves as somewhat well (4.11) during the

survey. This was well espoused with the good skills rating on “How well

do you track a moving object with your eyes?” with 4.17.

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TABLE 5. The Visual Skill in terms of Visual Memory

Visual Memory Weight SD Description

Mean

1. How well do you remember 4.09 0.77 Somewhat well

the positions and movements of
your teammates during a game
or practice session?

2. How well do you remember 4.04 0.78 Somewhat well

the positions and movements of
your opponents during a game
or practice session?

3. How well do you remember 4.10 0.78 Somewhat well

the layout and features of a
playing field or court, such as
the location of boundaries,
obstacles, or scoring zones?

4. How well do you remember 4.12 0.74 Somewhat well

the specific plays or strategies
that your team has practiced or
discussed?

5. How well do you remember 4.13 0.75 Somewhat well

the specific tactics or techniques
that your opponents have used
or are likely to use during a
game or practice session?

Factor Average 4.09 0.76 Somewhat well

In terms of visual memory, the players were able to ascertain that

they felt that they somewhat were well (4.09) when the survey was

conducted. Thus, the item on “How well do you remember the specific

tactics or techniques that your opponents have used or are likely to use

during a game or practice session??” was rated the highest with 4.13.
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TABLE 6. The Visual Skill in terms of Focus

Focus Weight SD Description

Mean

1. How well do you maintain your 4.09 0.77 Somewhat well

focus on a specific object or
target, such as a ball or a goal,
during a game or practice
session?

2. How well do you track a 4.05 0.75 Somewhat well

moving object, such as a ball or
a player, with your eyes during a
game or practice session?

3. How well do you switch your 4.11 0.78 Somewhat well

gaze between different objects
or targets, such as a ball and a
teammate, during a game or
practice session?

4. How well do you maintain your 4.12 0.83 Somewhat well

focus on a specific object or
target while also performing a
secondary task, such as
speaking or listening?

5. How well do you maintain your 4.17 0.71 Somewhat well

focus on a specific object or
target while also maintaining
your balance or coordination?

Factor Average 4.11 0.77 Somewhat well

In terms of focus, the respondents generally claimed that they

had perceived themselves as somewhat well (4.11) during the survey.

This was well espoused with the good skills rating on “maintain your

focus on a specific object or target while also maintaining your balance

or coordination?” with 4.17.

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PART 3. SUMMARY OF THE RESULTS

In summary, in terms of the visual skills of the respondents, it

was eye-hand body coordination that was rated the highest. This was

closely co-equally followed by tracking and focus and depth perception

came in third. The last-rated visual skill in this survey was balance.
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CHAPTER V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION

SUMMARY

The majority of the respondent belonged to the age group of 21

to 24. The majority of the respondents were female (51%) and most of

the respondents came from the MedTech (11%) department.

The respondents reported that they had perceived themselves as

somewhat well in balance (3.79), depth perception (4.10), eye-hand

coordination (4.12) , eye tracking (4.11), visual memory (4.09), and

focus (4.11).

This survey also shows that although they were somewhat

confident in their ability their perform visual tasks, many players were

not fully confident yet and were aware that they can still improve their

visual skills.

Balance has the least mean while depth perception ranked the

highest.

CONCLUSION

Based on the survey results, the majority of SIGLAKAS Volleyball

players had a moderate level of confidence in their visual skills related

to sports performance. This meant that most players felt reasonably

confident in their ability to use their vision effectively when playing

 28

volleyball, but not to the extent that they would consider themselves

experts or highly skilled in this area. Although the general consensus of

the survey was that they felt "somewhat well" in their ability to perform

visual tasks, there were still specific visual skills that scored low in the

statistical data, specifically balance.

RECOMMENDATION

This study highlighted the need for visual skills training in the field

of sports.

For Optometrists and Visual Therapists:

● Further studies to determine the accuracy of athlete’s subjective

assessments of their visual skills and confidence levels.

● Further studies to correlate subjective perception and objective

measurements to visual skills.

● Include sports vision training as part of the services offered or

services recommended by the optometrist.

For Coaches

● Include vision training exercises as part of the training program.

● Know more about the visual skills that are necessary and learn more

about how to train them.

 29

References

Journal

1. Barbieri, F. A., & Rodrigues, S. T. (2020). Editorial: The Role of

Eye Movements in Sports and Active Living. Frontiers in Sports and

Active Living, 2. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2020.603206

2. Castro, H. D. O., Praça, G. M., Costa, G. D. C. T., Pedrosa, G. F.,

& Greco, P. J. (2016). Comportamento visual e qualidade da tomada

de decisão no voleibol. Brazilian Journal of Kinanthropometry and

Human Performance, 18(6), 638. https://doi.org/10.5007/1980-

0037.2016v18n6p638

3. Du Toit, Peet J., et al. “Influence of Two Visual Skills Training

Techniques on Performance of University Students.” Medicine &Amp;

Science in Sports &Amp; Exercise, vol. 47, no. 5S, Ovid Technologies

(Wolters Kluwer Health), May 2015, p. 661.

https://doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000478520.46240.bc.

4. Krzepota, Justyna, et al. “The Efficiency of a Visual Skills Training

Program on Visual Search Performance.” Journal of Human Kinetics,

vol. 46, no. 1, Walter de Gruyter GmbH, June 2015, pp. 231–40.

https://doi.org/10.1515/hukin-2015-0051.

5. Monfort, S. M., Pradarelli, J. J., Grooms, D. R., Hutchison, K. A.,

Onate, J. A., & Chaudhari, A. M. (2019). Visual-Spatial Memory

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Deficits Are Related to Increased Knee Valgus Angle During a Sport-

Specific Sidestep Cut. The American Journal of Sports Medicine,

47(6), 1488–1495. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546519834544

6. Ottoboni, G., Nicoletti, R., & Tessari, A. (2021). The Effect of Sport

Practice on Enhanced Cognitive Processing of Bodily Indices: A Study

on Volleyball Players and Their Ability to Predict Hand Gestures.

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health,

18(10), 5384. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18105384

7. Safari, I., Suherman, A., & Ali, M. (2017). The Effect of Exercise

Method and Hand-Eye Coordination Towards the Accuracy of

Forehand Topspin in Table Tennis. IOP Conference Series: Materials

Science and Engineering, 180, 012207.

https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/180/1/012207

8. Zhou, Y., Chen, C. T., & Muggleton, N. G. (2020). The effects of

visual training on sports skill in volleyball players. Progress in Brain

Research, 201–227. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.pbr.2020.04.002

9. Brachman, A., Kamieniarz, A., Michalska, J., Pawłowski, M.,

Słomka, K. J., & Juras, G. (2017). Balance Training Programs in

Athletes – A Systematic Review. Journal of Human Kinetics, 58(1),

45–64.

10. Du Toit, P. J., Kruger, P. E., Naicker, L.-A., Govender, C., Jay-

Du Preez, T., Grobbelaar, C., . . . Mercier, J. (2012). Evaluation of

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visual skills in sedentary and active work environments. African

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Performance”. Acta Scientific Ophthalmology 3.5 (2020): 61-68.

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training program in youth field hockey players. Journal of Sports

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better performance: Human Kinetics 1.

Website

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2. Harper, L. (2013, September 9). How Balance Training Improves

Athletic Performance. Retrieved October 5, 2022, from

 32

https://www.active.com/fitness/articles/how-balance-training-

improves-athletic-performance

3. Letts, G. (2017, July 4). Sports and Athletics: Keeping Your Eye

on the Ball in Table Tennis/Ping-Pong. Retrieved September 23,

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tennis-3174304

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Skills Training On Abilities Of Balance And Depth Perception Among

The Players Of Badminton.” Journal Of Emerging Technologies And

Innovative Research, Vol. 8, No. 8, Aug. 2021,

Www.jetir.org/papers/jetir2108539.pdf.

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Retrieved October 6, 2022, from

https://medicaldictionary.thefreedictionary.com/sports+vision

7. Starks, J. L., & Ericsson, K. A. (2003). Expert performance in

sports: Advances in research on sport expertise. Champaign, IL:

Human Kinetics. Visual Symptoms Treatment Center. (2021, March

 33

29). The Importance of Binocular Vision in Sports. Retrieved October

5, 2022, from

https://www.visualsymptomstreatmentcenter.com/2021/03/29/the

-importance-of-binocular-vision-in-sports/
 34

APPENDIX 1

Letter to the Head Office

 35

APPENDIX 1B

INFORMED CONSENT (ENGLISH)

The researchers would like to ask for your consent for participation in
the probe. Signing this consent means you agree to do the following:

1. I agree to take part in the research study. I understand the

purpose and nature of this study and I am taking part voluntarily.
2. I am a volleyball player that represents SIGLAKAS of
Southwestern University PHINMA.
3. I understand that I can withdraw from the study at any time,
without any penalty or consequences.
4. I allow the researchers to record a video or to take a picture
as a basis of evidence.
5. I shall be assured of the rights of privacy and confidentiality.
6. I can call the following persons mentioned below if I have
questions about the study, any problems, unexpected
psychological discomforts, or think that something unusual or
unexpected is happening.

ALFORQUE – 09760193998, CAINCOY - 09201361455

Participant signature over printed

Name: Date:
 36

INFORMED CONSENT (BISAYA)

Ang mga tigdukiduki kay nangayo ug pagtugot sa mga partisipante sa

imbestigasyon. Ang pagperma ani kay dunay permiso nga nag tugod
kamo sa mga sumosunod:

1. Miuyon ko nga moapil sa pagtuon sa panukiduki. Nakasabot ko

sa katuyoan ug kinaiyahan niini nga pagtuon ug boluntaryo kong
miapil.
2. Isa ako ka volleyball na magdudul nga naga representar sa
SIGLAKAS sa Southwestern University PHINMA.
3. Nakasabut ko nga mahimo kong mo-withdraw gikan sa pagtuon
bisan unsang orasa, nga wala’y bisan unsang silot o sangputanan.
4. Gitugotan nako ang mga tigdukiduki sa pagrekord sa usa ka
video o pagkuha og litrato isip basehan ug mga ebidensya.
5. Ako mopasalig uban sa mga katungod sa pribasiya ug
kompidensyal.
6. Matawagan nako ang mosunod nga mga tawo nga nahisgutan
sa ubos kung naa koy mga pangutana bahin sa pagtuon, bisan
unsang mga problema, wala damha nga sikolohikal nga kahasol,
o naghunahuna nga adunay dili kasagaran o wala damha nga
nahitabo.

ALFORQUE – 09760193998, CAINCOY - 09201361455

Ang pirma sa partisipante labaw sa giimprinta

Pangalan: Petsa:
 37

APPENDIX 2

Preliminary Questionnaire

Consent

1. Informed Consent

Demographic Information

1. Name
2. Age
3. Gender
4. Course
5. Email Address
6. Contact Number
7. Signature

Sample Questionnaire
38
39
 40

APPENDIX 3

TIME TABLE
TASK START DATE END DATE DURATION

TITLE 09-12-22 09-15-22 3

RATIONALE 09-19-22 09-23-22 4

GENERAL & SPECIFIC 09-19-22 09-23-22 4

PROBLEM

STATEMENT OF THE 09-19-22 09-23-22 4

PROBLEM

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE 09-19-22 09-23-22 4

STUDY

REVIEW OF RELATED 09-19-22 09-23-22 4

LITERATURE

THEORETICAL 09-19-22 09-23-22 4

FRAMEWORK

METHODOLOGY 09-26-22 09-30-22 4

DEFINITION OF TERMS 09-26-22 09-30-22 4

REFERENCES 10-03-22 10-06-22 3

APPENDICES 10-03-22 10-06-22 3

CURRICULUM VITAE 10-03-22 10-06-22 3

AFTER PROPOSAL

REVISION 10-12-22 10-15-22 3

GATHERING OF DATA 11-05-22 03-15-23 133

DATA TABULATION 03-15-23 03-17-23 3

DATA ANALYSIS 03-15-23 03-17-23 3

FINALIZATION OF 03-20-23 03-24-23 5

MANUSCRIPT

ORAL DEFENSE 03-27-23 03-28-23 2

 41

APPENDIX 4

PROPOSED BUDGET SUMMARY

PARTICULARS AMOUNT

● Office Supplies:
Photocopy Php 500.00
Print Ballpen Php 100.00

● Book Binding Fee Php 500.00

● Transportation and food Php 2,500.00

● Research Proposal Fee Php 1200.00

● Statistician Php 3,000.00

● Research Defense Fee Php 2,000.00

● Grammarian Php 1,500.00

TOTAL Php 11,300.00

 42

APPENDIX 5

DOCUMENTATION
43
44
45
 46

APPENDIX 6

MAP OF THE ENVIRONMENT

 47

CURRICULUM VITAE
 48

CURRICULUM VITAE

CURRICULUM VITAE
 49

DENEB DAYMON - SURBAN, O.D., MAT-S

Home Address: Rosaldo Drive, Sitio
Hoyohoy, Brgy Busay, Cebu City
E-mail Address: ddaymon@gmail.com
Cellphone #:
09270374603/09423654924

EDUCATION AND Southwestern University 2011-2013

ACHIEVEMENT Masters in Teaching, Major in Science
Cebu Doctors’ University 2002-2008
College of Optometry
Optometry Board Passer (August 2008)
License No.: 10158

WORK ENTREPRENEUR
EXPERIENCE Deneb Eyebar Optical Clinic
Piazza Elesia, Governor M. Cuenco
Talamban
August 8, 2019
FACULTY MEMBER - College of
Optometry
Southwestern University
Villa Aznaer Urgello Street,
Cebu City
June 13, 2011 – present
OPTOMETRIST / Reliever
Sight Haven Optical
Parkmall Reclamation Area,
Mandaue City, Cebu
Nov 2011 – present
CLINCAL OPTOMETRIST / Proprietor
Daymon Optical Clinic
Nivel Hills Busay,
Cebu City
January 2010 – October 2012
 50

Externship Training CLINCAL OPTOMETRIST

George Optical Cebu
2nd level SM Cebu,
Cebu City
June 2010 – January 2011
ON-CALL OPTOMETRIST
Fernandez Eye Clinic
Mactan Island Fiesta Mall, Mactan
Island, Cebu April 2009
HEAD OPTOMETRIST
Eyes Candy Optical Boutique
3rd Level, Ayala Center Cebu
Cebu City, Philippines
November 9, 2008 to March 14, 2009
CLINICAL OPTOMETRIST (Reliever)
Abesamis Eye Care And Contact Lens
Center Unit 261 Southwing Mall of Asia
Pasay City, Philippines
September 5, 2008 to November 5, 2008
Del Mundo Pediatric And Adult Eye Clinic
Mentor: Dr. Cynthia V. Del Mundo
July, 2008 to November 2008
Eye Associates
Mentor: Dr. Antonio Joson, Jr.
June 2008
Abesamis Eye Care and Contact Lens
Center
 51

VOLUNTEER Mentor: Dr. Carmen Abesamis-Dichoso

EXPERIENCE April 2008 to June 15, 2008
January 5, 2007
Olango Island 1-Day Free Clinic
Sponsored by: Government Agencies
May 1-5, 2006
Ormoc Eyeglass Program Operation
Sponsored by: KAHAYAG
October 8, 2005
Health Education and Health Services
Sponsored by: University of San Carlos
Basic Education, South Campus Parents
Teachers Association, Inc.
2005 to 2007
Kapwa Ko Mahal Ko Foundation Inc.-
Cebu

SEMINARS 18th PCO Forum- Cebu

ATTENDED August 18, 2013
Quest Hotel, Archbishop Reyes Avenue,
Cebu City
OUTCOMES-BASED EDUCATION(OBE)
SYLLABUS WRITING
WORKSHOP
January 11, 2013
Southwestern University
Cebu Regional Optometric Conference,
Optometry Updates: Series 3
“At 40 and Beyond” November 18, 2012,
Grand Majestic Convention Center, Cebu
City, Philippines
17 PCO Forum- Cebu
th

August 19, 2012

Quest Hotel, Archbishop Reyes Avenue,
Cebu City
OUTCOMES-BASED EDUCATION(OBE)
SYLLABUS WRITING
WORKSHOP
May 27, 2012
Southwestern University
Optometry Updates: Series 2, Cebu
Inter-regional Conference,
 52

Golden Prince Hotel and Suites, March

11, 2012
V2020 Advocacy Workshop for
Physicians for Peace
March 10, 2012
Sacred Heart Center, Cebu City,
Philippines
16th Philippine College of Optometrists
(PCO) Forum
August 28, 2011
Radisson Blu Hotel, Cebu City,
Philippines
Clinical Diagnosis and Management of
Presbyopia
August 17, 2008
Waterfront Hotel Lahug, Cebu City
Exploring Blurred Vision
November 20, 2007
Wack-Wack Country Club, Mandaluyong
City
“Pursue Experitse and Expand the
practice: Responding to the Challenge of
Total Eye Care.”
April 29, 2007
Bagiuo Country Club

Academic and March 1, 2008

Non-academic Most Outstanding Clinical Extern of
Awards Batch 2007- 2008
March 9, 2007
Best in Community Service
Most Obedient Award

Computer Skills Microsoft office 95/ 97 / 2000/ XP

(Word, Excel And Powerpoint)
 53

Organizations August 2008 to present

· Optometric Association of the

Philippines (OAP)

· Philippine College of
Optometrists (PCO)

· Cebu Optometric Society

(COS)

June 2006

· Junior O.A.P. Auditor CDU College of

Optometry

February 2005

· KKMK Foundation Volunteer Cebu

Chapter
 54

PLANNING, INSTRUCTIONAL AND

RESEARCHES ASSESSMENT
COMPETENCIES OF FACULTY IN THE
COLLEGE OF
OPTOMETRY
CO-AUTHOR: Bryant Acar
Presented at Southwestern University
Graduate School

THE EFFECT OF “NO RUB”

MULTIPURPOSE
SOLUTION AND CONVENTIONAL
MULTIPURPOSE SOLUTION IN
REMOVING MICROORGANISM IN SOFT
COLORED CONTACT LENSES
CO-AUTHORS: Paolo Alvarez, Wheena
Grace Onanad, Alaine
Marfe Tan
Presented at Cebu Doctors’ University
March 2008

COMPARING THE REFRACTION

DERIVED FROM CANON RK3, HUVITZ
HRK-7000, AND Z-MAP
ABERROMETER WITH SUBJECTIVE
REFRACTION
Mentor: Dr. Cynthia V. Del Mundo
Presented at Philippine College of
Optometry
November 20, 2007