Renewable energy supply of buildings

Lecture 07
Wind Power
12.06.2023

Fatma Deghim, M.Sc.

Lehrstuhl für energieeffizientes und nachhaltiges Planen und Bauen Prof. Dr.-Ing. Werner Lang
Semester plan
Date Lecture Exercise

17.04.2023 L 01 Introduction

24.04.2023 L 02 Technical basics (online)

01.05.2023 - -

08.05.2023 L 03 Demand assessment E 01 Demand assessment of a building

15.05.2023 L 04 Solarthermal power E 02 Exercise solarthermal power

22.05.2023 L 05 Photovoltaics E 03 Exercise PV

29.05.2023 - -

05.06.2023 L 06 Geothermal heat and heat pumps

12.06.2023 L 07 Wind power

19.06.2023 L 08 Biomass

26.06.2023 L 09 Energy storage systems for buildings

03.07.2023 L 10 Power and heat networks

10.07.2023 - Digital excursion Oscar von Miller Forum

17.07.2023 - Q+A

24.07.2023 - Exam

Institute of Energy Efficient and Sustainable Design and Building | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Werner Lang |2
 Sources of Energy and Form of Appearance
Fusion Light

Non-Renewable
Atoms Heat
Fission

Energies
Coal
Oil
past solar radiation
Gas
Other fossil biogen fuels

Solar Global Radiation

Radiation
nuclear

Heat of the atmosphere

Heat of the seas
Heat within the earth‘s surface

Renewable Energies
present solar radiation Evaporation and precipitation
Wind
Waves
Sea current
Biomass

Geothermal
Heat
Heat
nuclear
not

Gravitation Tides

Kaltschmitt, Streicher, Wiese; Erneuerbare Energien: Systemtechnik, Wirtschaftlichkeit, Umweltaspekte. Berlin Heidelberg New York. Springer-Verlag, 2013

Institute of Energy Efficient and Sustainable Design and Building | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Werner Lang |3
Content of the lecture

1. Current status of the use of Wind Power

2. Physical Basics of Wind
3. Working principle of a wind turbine
4. Designs of wind power plants
5. Use of wind power on buildings

Institute of Energy Efficient and Sustainable Design and Building | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Werner Lang |4
Content of the lecture

1. Current status of the use of Wind Power

2. Physical Basics of Wind
3. Working principle of a wind turbine
4. Designs of wind power plants
5. Use of wind power on buildings

Institute of Energy Efficient and Sustainable Design and Building | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Werner Lang |5
Distribution of the total final energy generation from
renewable energies in Germany in 2022

https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/themen/klima-energie/erneuerbare-energien/erneuerbare-energien-in-zahlen#ueberblick

Institute of Energy Efficient and Sustainable Design and Building | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Werner Lang |6
Gross electricity generation by energy source in Germany
from 2000 to 2022 (in terawatt hours)

Institute of Energy Efficient and Sustainable Design and Building | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Werner Lang |7
Gross electricity generation from wind power in Germany
from 2000 to 2022 (in terawatt hours)

Institute of Energy Efficient and Sustainable Design and Building | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Werner Lang |8
Distribution of electricity generated from renewable energies
in Germany in 2022, by energy carrier

Institute of Energy Efficient and Sustainable Design and Building | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Werner Lang |9
Electricity mix (net electricity production) Germany 2022

https://strom-report.com/

Institute of Energy Efficient and Sustainable Design and Building | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Werner Lang | 10
Wind Power – Potential in Germany
Wind speed at 120 m height Distribution of wind turbines in Germany

https://www.unendlich-viel-energie.de/ https://www.bfn.de/

Institute of Energy Efficient and Sustainable Design and Building | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Werner Lang | 11
Wind Power – Potential Worldwide

Institute of Energy Efficient and Sustainable Design and Building | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Werner Lang | 12
Installed wind capacity worldwide 1994 - 2020

https://www.volker-quaschning.de/datserv/windinst/index.php

Institute of Energy Efficient and Sustainable Design and Building | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Werner Lang | 13
Content of the lecture

1. Current status of the use of Wind Power

2. Physical Basics of Wind
3. Working principle of a wind turbine
4. Designs of wind power plants
5. Use of wind power on buildings

Institute of Energy Efficient and Sustainable Design and Building | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Werner Lang | 14
Global air circulation systems

• Solar radiation which hits the earth is

being absorbed and warms up the earth

• At the equator more heat is being

absorbed than emitted back into space,
on the poles more heat is bein emitted
into space than being absorbed

• This leads to an energy transport from

the equator to the poles maily through a
global exchange of air masses

• The rotation of the Earth deflects these

currents, which creates relatively steady
winds
Quaschning, Volker; Regenerative Energiesysteme – 8. Auflage;
Hanser Verlag

Institute of Energy Efficient and Sustainable Design and Building | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Werner Lang | 15
Wind in verschiedenen Luftschichten

https://content.meteoblue.com/de/meteoscool/wetter/wind

Institute of Energy Efficient and Sustainable Design and Building | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Werner Lang | 16
Local air circulation systems

Daytime Nighttime

Land is warmer than the sea Land is cooler than the sea

 Air rises faster over land  Air rises faster over the sea

 High-pressure system builds up over land

 Low-pressure system builds up over land
 Air flows from the land to the sea
 Air flows from the sea to the land

H: High-Pressure
T: Low-Pressure

TUM, Lehrstuhl Ökoklimatologie

Institute of Energy Efficient and Sustainable Design and Building | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Werner Lang | 17
Height dependence of the wind profile

Kaltschmitt, Martin ; Streicher, Wolfgang ; Wiese, Andreas: Erneuerbare Energien : Systemtechnik, Wirtschaftlichkeit, Umweltaspekte. Berlin Heidelberg New York: Springer-
Verlag, 2013.

Institute of Energy Efficient and Sustainable Design and Building | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Werner Lang | 18
Height dependence of the wind profile
Roughness class 0
 water surfaces like oceans and lakes

Roughness class 1
 open areas with few wind obstacles (prairies, airport runways, large
fields without trees, etc.)

Roughness class 2
 landscaped areas with wind obstacles at least 1 km apart and
individual houses

Roughness class 3
 smaller villages, forests, agricultural land with many trees, etc.

Roughness class 4
 large cities with high-rise buildings, unsuitable for wind-energy use
TU Berlin, Dr.-Ing. York Neubauer: Windkraft

Institute of Energy Efficient and Sustainable Design and Building | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Werner Lang | 19
Local air circulation systems

• Heating up of the air over different surfaces

• Antitrust Winds:
• Land and sea wind
• Uphill and downhill wind
• Thermal up and down winds
• Local phenomena dominate at lower altitudes
• The roughness of the surface plays an important
role for the wind speed close to the ground

Institute of Energy Efficient and Sustainable Design and Building | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Werner Lang | 20
Where does wind come from?

• Global Wind System and local wind system

• Solar radiation maintains movement of air masses

• Wind energy = Secondary solar energy (generated

from the solar radiation on earth)

• Balancing flow due to different warming of the earth's

surface

• Interaction of global and local air currents (local air

circulation systems increasingly overlay global ones at
lower altitudes)

• Influenced by terrain structure

• Subject to seasonal fluctuations

Institute of Energy Efficient and Sustainable Design and Building | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Werner Lang | 21
Power of the wind

• Radiation power of the sun ca. 1 kW/m²

• Power density of wind

• Average wind (5 m/s) ca. 0,075 kW/m²

• Storm (22 m/s) ca. 10 kW/m²

• Hurricane (35 m/s) ca. 30 kW/m²

 Wind forecasts are extremely difficult to make, since not only the weather but also the
ground conditions (buildings, trees, terrain profiles etc.) influence the wind conditions

Institute of Energy Efficient and Sustainable Design and Building | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Werner Lang | 22
Content of the lecture

1. Current status of the use of Wind Power

2. Physical Basics of Wind
3. Working principle of a wind turbine
4. Designs of wind power plants
5. Use of wind power on buildings

Institute of Energy Efficient and Sustainable Design and Building | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Werner Lang | 23
 Energy of the Wind

Ideal Wind Turbine

3 characteristic cross sections
• S1: far in front of the rotor
• S2: at the rotors
• S3: far behind the rotor

The flow-through area

changes but the mass flow
stays the same
 The speed of the wind
changes

Kaltschmitt, Martin ; Streicher, Wolfgang ; Wiese, Andreas: Erneuerbare Energien : Systemtechnik,

Wirtschaftlichkeit, Umweltaspekte. Berlin Heidelberg New York: Springer-Verlag, 2013.

Institute of Energy Efficient and Sustainable Design and Building | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Werner Lang | 24
Energy of the Wind
Kinetic energy of the wind

1 m2
E = ∗ mL ∗ v 2 kg ∗ 2 = 1Ws
2 s

Volume flow rate

m m³
Q=A*v [m² * = ]
s s

Mass flow of air on a cross-sectional area

kg 2
m kg
mሶ L = ρ ∗ A ∗ v ∗ m ∗ =
m3 s s

Power of the air at the cross-sectional area through which it flows

1 kg m3 kg ∗ m2
P = ∗ ρ ∗ A ∗ v3 2
∗m ∗ 3 = =W
2 m3 s s3

Institute of Energy Efficient and Sustainable Design and Building | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Werner Lang | 25
Energy of the Wind

Power of the air at the cross-sectional area through which it flows

1
P= ∗ ρ ∗ A ∗ v3
2

 The wind speed (starting at approx. 2-3 m/s) is included in the power of a turbine
with the third power
 If twice the wind speed is measured at location 'x' than at location 'y', then location
'x' produces eight times the yield
 But also:
 half the wind speed means only 1/8 of the yield!
 a forecast error of 10 % for the wind means that the power decreases to
0.9 * 0.9 * 0.9 = 0,729 = 73 %

Institute of Energy Efficient and Sustainable Design and Building | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Werner Lang | 26
Energy of the Wind
nominal speed

• The rotors start turning at a speed of 2-3 m/s

• The rated output ist reached at a nominal
speed of 10-15 m/s
• At speeds of 20-25 m/s and higher the turbine
switches off to be protected from damage
• The generator is designed for a maximum
power output, which is reached when the wind
speed is between the nominal speed and the
switch off speed

switch on speed Einschaltgeschwindigkeit

switch off speed Abschaltgeschwindigkeit
rated output Nennleistung
nominal speed Nenngeschwindigkeit
switch on speed switch off speed

Institute of Energy Efficient and Sustainable Design and Building | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Werner Lang | 27
Wind Power

Wind Power

Resistance principle Lift principle

(„Widerstandsprinzip“) („Auftriebsprinzip“)

https://de.wikipedia.org https://de.wikipedia.org

Institute of Energy Efficient and Sustainable Design and Building | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Werner Lang | 28
Historic use of Wind Power

https://www.myheimat.de/ https://erneuerblog.de/windenergie-die-basics/

Institute of Energy Efficient and Sustainable Design and Building | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Werner Lang | 29
Resistance Principle
The wind hits a surface  exerts a force which is bein
transformed into a movement of the system

The force depends on

• The speed of the wind
• The area of the surface
• The characteristics of the surface, described with a
resistance coefficient

1
Pw = cw ∗ ∗ ρ ∗ A ∗ v 3
2

Quaschning, Volker; Regenerative

Energiesysteme – 8. Auflage; Hanser Verlag
Institute of Energy Efficient and Sustainable Design and Building | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Werner Lang | 30
Modern use of Wind Power

https://www.deutschlandfunk.de/brandenburg-bauprivileg-fuer-windkraftanlagen-soll-fallen.697.de.html?dram:article_id=433382

Institute of Energy Efficient and Sustainable Design and Building | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Werner Lang | 31
Lift Principle

• Modern wind turbines use the lift principle to transform wind speed into
mechanical movement

• The shape of the rotor leads to a larger surface on the top than on the bottom
 air molecules on the upper side move faster than those on the lower side
 negative pressure on top, overpressure at the bottom
 A lift is created (a force that pushes rotor upwards)

1
PL = cp ∗ ∗ ρ ∗ A ∗ v 3
2

Top: large surface  long way  fast moving particles

Bottom: small surface  short way  slow moving particles

https://www.wind-energie.de/infocenter/technik/funktionsweise/auftriebslaeufer

Institute of Energy Efficient and Sustainable Design and Building | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Werner Lang | 32
Energy conversion chain of a wind power plant

Kaltschmitt, Martin ; Streicher, Wolfgang ; Wiese, Andreas: Erneuerbare Energien : Systemtechnik, Wirtschaftlichkeit, Umweltaspekte. Berlin Heidelberg New York: Springer-Verlag, 2013.
Godswill Ofualagba; Emmanuel Ubeku: Wind energy conversion system- wind turbine modeling, 2008

Institute of Energy Efficient and Sustainable Design and Building | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Werner Lang | 33
Energy conversion chain of a wind power plant

Kaltschmitt, Martin ; Streicher, Wolfgang ; Wiese, Andreas: Erneuerbare Energien : Systemtechnik, Wirtschaftlichkeit, Umweltaspekte. Berlin Heidelberg New York: Springer-
Verlag, 2013.

Institute of Energy Efficient and Sustainable Design and Building | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Werner Lang | 34
Content of the lecture

1. Current status of the use of Wind Power

2. Physical Basics of Wind
3. Working principle of a wind turbine
4. Designs of wind power plants
5. Use of wind power on buildings

Institute of Energy Efficient and Sustainable Design and Building | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Werner Lang | 35
Types of wind turbines

Wagner, H.-J..: Wind energy conversion. in: Landolt-Börnstein New Series VIII/3C

Institute of Energy Efficient and Sustainable Design and Building | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Werner Lang | 36
Wind turbines with vertical axis

• Rotating axis is vertical or

perpendicular to the ground

• Primarily used in small wind projects

and residential surroundings

• Wind can come from all directions

• Used when wind conditions are not

consistent

Quaschning, Volker; Regenerative Energiesysteme – 8. Auflage; Hanser Verlag

Institute of Energy Efficient and Sustainable Design and Building | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Werner Lang | 37
Wind turbines with horizontal axis

• Rotating axis is horizontal or parallel to

the ground

• Primarily used in big wind projects

• Can produce most electricity of all types

of wind turbines

• Needs constant winds, does not perform

well in turbulent conditions

Quaschning, Volker; Regenerative Energiesysteme – 8. Auflage; Hanser Verlag

Institute of Energy Efficient and Sustainable Design and Building | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Werner Lang | 38
Increasing performance of wind power plants

https://www.energieportal-mittelhessen.de/startseite/grundinformation-erneuerbare-energien/windenergie.html

Institute of Energy Efficient and Sustainable Design and Building | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Werner Lang | 39
Offshore Systems

Advantages
• The ocean is a surface with little roughness
• Few to no obstacles
• Lowe hub height necessary  cheaper
• Less turbulence  longer service life

Disadvantages
• corrosive environment https://www.dnvgl.com/services/offshore-wind-turbine-foundation-analysis-
sesam-for-offshore-wind-2438
• special foundations required

Kaltschmitt, Martin ; Streicher, Wolfgang ; Wiese,

Andreas: Erneuerbare Energien : Systemtechnik,
Wirtschaftlichkeit, Umweltaspekte. Berlin
Heidelberg New York: Springer-Verlag, 2013.

Institute of Energy Efficient and Sustainable Design and Building | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Werner Lang | 40
Environmental aspects

• Sound of hearing

• Infrasound

• Bird protection

• Disco effect

• Shadows

• Ice drop risk

• Landscape image

https://www.manager-magazin.de/unternehmen/energie/stromerzeugung
-windraeder-erstmals-gleich-auf-mit-braunkohle-a-1065632.html

Institute of Energy Efficient and Sustainable Design and Building | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Werner Lang | 41
3 basic rules to remember considering wind power

• The wind speed is included in the 3rd power in the formula to calculate the power
 double speed delivers 8 times the power

• Current wind turbines work according to the lift principle

 just as it is the case with airplanes and helicopters

• The efficiency that wind turbines actually achieve is about 50%

 about half of the energy contained in the wind is actually converted into electricity

Institute of Energy Efficient and Sustainable Design and Building | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Werner Lang | 42
Content of the lecture

1. Current status of the use of Wind Power

2. Physical Basics of Wind
3. Working principle of a wind turbine
4. Designs of wind power plants
5. Use of wind power on buildings

Institute of Energy Efficient and Sustainable Design and Building | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Werner Lang | 43
Wind on a building

• When buildings stand in neighborhoods with other buildings, the wind speed right above
the roof is usually low
• Free standing buildings have better conditions for using wind power on the roof
• The wind conditions have an essential influence on the power production and therefore
on the feasibility of a small wind turbine project

https://www.klein-windkraftanlagen.com/basisinfo/standort/windrad-auf-dem-dach-eines-einfamilienhauses/

Institute of Energy Efficient and Sustainable Design and Building | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Werner Lang | 44
Wind power on a building

• Central application concept:

• self-sufficient energy production
• location directly at the consumer
• Small wind power systems reach up to a power of 100 kW
• As the installation height is very low, good wind conditions are of crucial importance

https://www.klein-windkraftanlagen.com/basisinfo/standort/windrad-auf- https://transitionsblog.de/content/kleinwindkraftanlagen-urbane-windenergie-auf-dem-vormarsch/
dem-dach-eines-einfamilienhauses/
Institute of Energy Efficient and Sustainable Design and Building | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Werner Lang | 45
Wind power on a building

• Self consumption of the produced electricity is essential for an economical operation

• In some german states small wind turbines up to 10 m do not need an official permit
 Approval of the neighbors and the authorities should be checked in advance
• Designs cover horizontal and vertical axis systems
 3-rotos horizontal axis systems which are directed against the wind are most used

https://www.klein-windkraftanlagen.com/technik/bauformen/

Institute of Energy Efficient and Sustainable Design and Building | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Werner Lang | 46
Cost of small wind power

• End of life of small wind power systems: after ca. 20 years

• Cost for producing elecrticity is high, compared to big wind power systems or PV
systems  only feasible in a good location!
• Investment costs
• Wind measurement
• Consulting, planning and approval
• Cost of the wind turbine and installation
• Site development and connection to the power grid
 3.000 – 9.000 €/kW
• Operating costs
• Insurance of the plant
• Maintenance and repair work
• Reserve for plant decommissioning

Institute of Energy Efficient and Sustainable Design and Building | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Werner Lang | 47
Copyright

© 2023
Renewable Energy Supply of Buildings

Technical University of Munich

TUM School of Engineering and Design
Chair for Energy Efficient and Sustainable Design and Building

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