Tribhuvan University

Institute of Engineering
Pulchowk Campus
Department of Mechanical Engineering

Master of Science in Engineering in

Energy Systems Planning and Management
(II Year I Part)
Energy Efficiency & Audit
(Introduction to course)
by:
Bikal Adhikari
(B.E., M.Sc. Engg.)

Date:- 7th May, 2019

 About the Instructor
Academic Degrees:
B.E. in Electronics & Communication Engg.(IOE WRC)
M.Sc. Engineering(IOE Pulchowk Campus)
Thesis: Design and Testing of a DC Powered Induction Cooker
Award:
Received Nepal Bidhyabhusan ―Kha‖ from Honorable Rt. President
Publications:
Journal:
A New Approach to the design of DC Powered Induction Cooker.(KJEM)
Books:
Fundamentals of Electronics and Communication(2015)
Electronic Devices and Circuits(2015,2016)
Basic Electronics Engineering(2017)
Computer Programming(2019)
Conference Proceedings(Selected)
Design and Simulation of DC Powered Induction Cooker using QR Topology(IOE
Graduate Conference)
Performance Evaluation of Telecommunication Sector in Nepal using Operations
Research(DAV Int’l Conference)
 REVIEW of
Different Aspects of
Energy
 Energy, Environment and Society
 Energy is needed to function the society. It provides
the basic needs and services such as lighting, running
health clinics, travelling etc.
 Energy is needed to run the business. For example;
production, transportation of commercial goods to
market etc.
 With increase in world population the demand for
energy also increases. The conventional energy
sources are diminishing and therefore, the demand for
the use of renewable energy resources is growing.
 The most available and affordable sources of
energy are fossil fuels (about 85% of all commercial
energy). This is causing GHG emissions.
 Efficiency improvements and new technologies are
part of solution to meet the growing demand.
 The concern is not to damage the environment by
the use of fossil fuels.
 Residential energy needs:-
 Domestic electricity: lighting, use of electric
appliances, heating etc.
 Cooking
 Heating
 Transport
Conclusions
 Use energy efficient devices to reduce fuel
consumption as well as GHG emissions.
 Try to switch to renewable energy sources as far
possible for heating, electricity generation etc.
 Avoid unnecessary use of electricity by switching off
the devices when not in use.
 Use mass transport as far possible.
 Use only quality products.
 What is Energy?
Energy is commonly defined as the ability to do work
or to produce heat. Normally heat could be derived by
burning a fuel—i.e. a substance that contains internal
energy which upon burning generates heat, or through
other means—such as by capturing the sun’s rays, or
from the rocks below the earth’s surface (IEA, 2004).

Similarly, the ability to do work may represent the

capability (or potential) of doing work (known as
potential energy as in stored water in a dam) or its
manifestation in terms of conversion to motive power
(known as kinetic energy as in the case of wind or tidal
waves).
 The energy manifests itself in many forms: heat,
light, motive force, chemical transformation, etc.
 Energy can be captured and harnessed from very
diverse sources that can be found in various physical
states, and with varying degrees of ease or difficulty
of capturing their potential energies.
 Initially the mankind relied on solar energy and the
energy of flowing water or air.
 Then with the discovery of the fire-making process,
the use of biomass began.
 The use of coal and subsequently oil and natural gas
began quite recently—a few hundred years ago.
 Laws Governing Energy Flow:-
According to the physical sciences, two basic laws of
thermodynamics govern energy flows. They are:-
1. First Law of Thermodynamics:-
 It is a statement of Material Balance
 A mass or energy can neither be created nor
destroyed—it can only be transformed.
 This indicates the overall balance of energy at all
times.
2. Second Law of Thermodynamics
 It introduces the concept of quality of energy.
 It suggests that any conversion involves generation of
low grade energy that cannot be used for useful work
and this cannot be eliminated altogether. This imposes
physical restriction on the use of energy.
 Different forms of Energy
1 2
Kinetic Energy: mv 2

Potential Energy:- mgh

Internal Energy of a gas:- CV ΔT

Electrical Energy:- I2Rt

Energy in a photon:- hν
2
Relativity formula:- E = mc

- a 2 trillion dollar(2 × 1012) per year global industry

1 trillion = 1000 billion, 1 billion = 1000 Million, 1 Million = 106 = 10 Lakhs
 Classification of Energy
1. Primary and Secondary Forms of Energy:-
Primary energy is the energy in its natural and
technically unconverted form, such as coal, crude oil,
natural gas, uranium, sunlight, wind, wood and cow dung
(biomass).

Secondary energy are those energy sources which

derives from the transformation of primary energy. This
includes natural gas, petrol, heating oil, electricity and
district or community heating (the use of a centralized
boiler installation to provide heat for several buildings).
 Major primary and secondary sources
Source Extraction Processing Primary energy Secondary
Energy
Open Steam
Coal or deep Grading Coal
mines
purification Coke

Hydro

Nuclear Power
Mining Enrichment station Electricity

Natural gas
Gas well Treatment Natural gas

LPG
Petroleum Cracking Petrol
Oil
and refining Steam
well Diesel/fuel oils
Petrochemical
 2. Renewable and Non-Renewable sources of Energy:-
Renewable source of energy is naturally replenished
over short period of time and cannot be diminished. They
also create less harmful impacts on the environment,
specifically pollution. However, the global industry uses
only about 16% of energy from renewable sources,
mainly because they are much more expensive and
transition is both costly and time consuming.
Example: Solar, Wind, geothermal, micro hydro etc.
Non-Renewable source of energy (also called a finite
resource) is a resource that does not renew itself at a
sufficient rate for sustainable economic extraction in
meaningful human time-frames.
Example: Coal, Petroleum, Natural Gas, etc
Some Examples of Renewable Sources of Energy
Geothermal Energy: Energy obtained by tapping the
heat of the earth below its surface. Hot underground
water or steam is used to produce electricity.
Biogas: produced from wastes of paper and sugar
industries, animal and so on. CH4 is the product.
Bio-fuel: Biodiesel, ethanol etc. are derived from plants.
Solid Biomass: Wood fuel, biogenic portion of municipal
waste, certain plants. Biomass mass may be used in a
number of ways to produce energy. The common methods
are gasification, combustion, fermentation and anaerobic
digestion. Nepal is very rich in biomass.
Contd…
Hydro‐thermal: Energy in water in the form of KE,
temperature difference.

Wind Energy: Energy possessed by air in motion.

Caused due to uneven heating. Derivative of solar energy.

Solar Energy: Energy collected from sunlight. It can be

used in many ways:
Generate electricity using photovoltaic cells.
Generate electricity using concentrating solar power.
Photovoltaic cells have a low efficiency factor
 Some Examples of Non-Renewable Sources of Energy
Coal:
Coal is formed by the prolonged action of geological
forces on the plant and vegetal matter accumulated below
the earth crust. The process is called
―COALIFICATION‖. Coalification is both time and force
dependent. Coalification brings following changes to the
accumulated plant:
Petroleum:
Petroleum is formed in the earth’s crust from the
accumulated vegetal and animal matter metamorphic
processes similar to coalification. From crude petroleum
gasoline, lubricating oil, fuel oils etc. are obtained.
Natural gas:
It is used directly.
3. Conventional and Non-Conventional Energies:-
Conventional sources of energy are those sources of
energy which have been in use for a long time.
Example: Coal, Petroleum, Natural gas and Water power.
 They are exhaustible except water.
 They cause pollution when used, as they emit smoke
and ash.
 They are very expensive to be maintained, stored and
transmitted as they are carried over long distance
through transmission grid and lines.

Non-Conventional Sources of Energy are the resources

which are yet in the process of development over the past
few years.
Contd…
 It includes solar, wind, tidal, biogas, and biomass,
geothermal, etc
 They are inexhaustible.
 They are generally pollution free.
 Less expensive due to local use and easy to maintain.
4. Commercial and Non-Commercial energy
Commercial Energy
The commercial energy has great economic value.
This energy pollutes the environment badly.
This types of energy are limited in nature.
High capital investment is required in the purification.
It is used in urban as well as rural areas.
Coal, petroleum, natural gas and nuclear energy.
Non-Commercial Energy
The non-commercial energy is cheaper.
This is pure and keeps the environment clean.
Abundant in nature.
It can be used in raw form.
It is dominantly used in rural areas.
Cowdung, charcoal, firewood and agricultural waste.
Common Units of Energy: Wh, kWh, J, GJ etc

Common Units of Power: W, kW, hp (746 W)

 CES’s Classification of Energy
ENERGY
RESOURCES

FOSSIL RENEWABLE NUCLEAR

FUELS ENERGY ENERGY

PETROLEUM NEW
NATURAL GAS COAL CONVENTIONAL FISSION FUSION
PRODUCTS RENEWABLES

PETROL HYDRO BIOMASS SOLAR

SOLAR SOLAR
DIESEL LARGE TRADITIONAL MODERN
THERMAL PV

KEROSENE MEDIUM FUELWOOD CHARCOAL WIND

AVIATION WIND
SMALL DUNG BRIQUETTE WIND PUMP
FUEL GENERATOR

BIO-LIQUID
LPG MINI AGRI-RESIDUE GEO-THERMAL
FUEL

Other Petroleum
MICRO BIOGAS HYDROGEN
products

PICO OTHERS

Source: (CES, 2016)

 CURRENT ENERGY ISSUES OF THE WORLD
 Increasing energy demand by increasing population
 Associated CO2 emissions and accumulation
 Depletion of petroleum and other resource reserves
 1.6 billion people without access to electricity or other
forms of ―clean‖ energy
 Energy-related security challenges, including --uneven
distribution of resources
 Geopolitical instability and tensions --nuclear weapons
proliferation
OPTIONS FOR MEETING WORLD’S ENERGY
NEED AND REDUCING GHG EMISSION
Hydropower: 0.7 ~ 2.0 TW … if we dam all remaining rivers on earth
Nuclear: ~ 8 TW … if we build and commission one new nuclear power plant
every two days for the next 45 years
Wind: 2.1 TW … if we place windmills everywhere that the mean wind
speed exceeds 5.1 m sec-1 at 10 m above the ground
Biomass: 7 ~ 10 TW … if the entire arable land mass is used to grow crops
for energy, not for food
Solar: 120,000 TW of radiant energy is intercepted by the Earth … this is
10,000 times the energy we actually use but it is dispersed and intermittent
--D. Nocera, Dædalus, Fall 2006, p. 112 – 115
Geothermal: 15 million exaJ stored energy in US alone (J.Tester)
corresponds to 500,000 Terawatt-years … if technologically and
economically feasible
Energy efficiency and conservation are essential — but improvements in
efficiency are usually overwhelmed by increases in consumption (bigger
cars,bigger homes, more computers, etc.)
Fusion? Solar collectors in space? And what about hydrogen???
Energy Consumption Pattern of Nepal

Figure:- Energy Consumption by fuel types

Source: (WECS, 2014)
Energy Consumption Pattern of Nepal contd…

Figure:- Energy Consumption by economic sectors

Source: (WECS, 2014)
Energy Consumption Pattern of Nepal contd…

Figure:- End-use energy consumption in residential sector of Nepal

Source: (WECS, 2014)
ANNUAL PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION OF
ELECTRICAL ENERGY(As of 2015)

Nepal: 169 kWh

Canada: 17000 kWh (100 times Nepal’s)
USA: 13000 kWh (77 times Nepal’s)
Japan: 8000 kWh (47 times Nepal’s)
UK: 6200 kWh (37 times Nepal’s)
Russia: 5600 kWh (33 times Nepal’s)
Energy Politics,
Energy Security
etc…
 Rs. 375 in 2041
Rs. 1470 in 2072 (with about Rs 500 Subsidy?)
? in 2075

Courtesy:
Prof. Dr. Jagan Nath Shrestha
 Fuel wood distribution
Cost Rs17/kg 2072/07/29 (15 Nov 2015)

Courtesy:
Prof. Dr. Jagan Nath Shrestha
Courtesy:
Prof. Dr. Jagan Nath Shrestha
 Source: Nagrik News 14 Mansir 2072 (30 Nov 2015)
118 LT Transformers are reported faulty ( Source:Newspaper Rajdhani dated 2 Dec 2015)
Impact of Induction Cooker

Courtesy:
Prof. Dr. Jagan Nath Shrestha 37
 Energy Issues in Nepal
 Sustainable solution of Load Shedding.

 Over dependence on fossil fuel for transportation.

Heavy import dependency.

 Lack of energy mix. Full focus on Hydropower

but not yet developed.

 Lack of energy efficiency and energy conservation.

 Lack of good energy policy.

Way Forward for Sustainable Energy Supply
 Adopt energy mix. (i.e. Hydro + Solar + Wind +
…and other Renewable Energy Technologies
(RETs) etc.

 Reduce Import and become self dependent.

 Sustainable energy policy of the nation. Subsidy

and Tax adjustments.

 Energy Efficiency. (Example: LED in place of

CFls)
ANNUAL PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION OF
ELECTRICAL ENERGY(As of 2015)

Nepal: 169 kWh

Canada: 17000 kWh (100 times Nepal’s)
USA: 13000 kWh (77 times Nepal’s)
Japan: 8000 kWh (47 times Nepal’s)
UK: 6200 kWh (37 times Nepal’s)
Russia: 5600 kWh (33 times Nepal’s)
Energy distribution – developing
and developed countries
 ENERGY SECURITY

• Building stock piles

• Diversification of energy supply sources
• Increased capacity of fuel switching
• Demand restraint,
• Development of renewable energy sources.
• Energy efficiency
• Sustainable development
 ENERGY CONSERVATION AND ITS
IMPORTANCE

60% of resources
consumed so far

85% of raw energy comes

from non-renewable
sources and hence not
available for future
generation
ENERGY CONSERVATIONS VS
ENERGY EFFICIENCY
Energy Efficient Equipment uses less energy
for same output and reduces CO2 emissions

Incandescent Lamp Compact fluorescent Lamp

60 W 15 W

CO2 Emission – 65 g/hr CO2 Emission – 16 g/hr

Figure 1.14
ENERGY STRATEGIES FOR THE FUTURE

ENERGY STRATEGIES-IMMEDIATE TERM

 Rationalizing tariff structure of various energy
products
 Efficiency in production, reduction in distribution
losses
 Promoting R&D and use of energy efficient
technologies and practices
 Promoting energy efficiency standards
ENERGY STRATEGIES-MEDIUM TERM
Demand management
Optimum fuel mix
Increased dependence on rail than road for
goods and passenger movement
Recycling
Shift to inexhaustible sources of energy
such as solar, wind and biomass energy
ENERGY STRATEGIES-LONG TERM

Increased utilization of domestic fuel

sources
Improved energy infrastructure
Enhancing energy efficiency
Deregulation and privatization of energy
sector
Legislation to attract foreign investment
 ASSIGNMENT #1

Q. Write short note on interesting energy

issue or issues that is happening/that has
happened in the world and prepare for a
brief presentation in class.
Q. Prepare your own energy strategies for
sustainable development of our nation.

Submission Deadline: 14th May, 2019

Definition of Energy Management

“The judicious and effective use of energy to

maximize profits (minimize costs) and enhance
competitive positions”
“The strategy of adjusting and optimizing
energy, using systems and procedures so as
to reduce energy requirements per unit of
output while holding constant or reducing
total costs of producing the output from these
systems”
 Objectives of Energy Management

• To achieve and maintain optimum energy

procurement and utilization, through out the
organization
• To minimize energy costs / waste without
affecting production & quality
• To minimize environmental
effects.
 Definition of Energy Audit
• Energy Audit is defined as

• the verification, monitoring and analysis of use of

energy including submission of technical report
containing recommendations for improving energy
efficiency with cost benefit analysis and an action
plan to reduce energy consumption
Thank You!!!
Any Queries?